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This is a reprint of a Cochrane protocol, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane
Library 2011, Issue 4
http://www.thecochranelibrary.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HEADER . . . . . . . . . .
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . .
BACKGROUND . . . . . . .
OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . .
METHODS . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
. . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES . . . . . . . .
HISTORY . . . . . . . . . .
CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTHORS
DECLARATIONS OF INTEREST .
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[Intervention Protocol]
of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guang An Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing,
China
Contact address: Cui Mei Liang, Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guang An Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese
Medical Sciences, No. 5, Bei Xian Ge Street, Xuanwu district, Beijing, 100053, China. christine_lcm@live.cn.
Editorial group: Cochrane Stroke Group.
Publication status and date: New, published in Issue 4, 2011.
Citation: Liang CM, Peng W, Ma XJ. Acupuncture for post-stroke upper limb pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011,
Issue 4. Art. No.: CD009087. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009087.
Copyright 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ABSTRACT
This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:
To assess the efficacy and possible adverse effects of acupuncture for the treatment of post-stroke upper limb pain.
BACKGROUND
medicine, has recently gained popularity within Western medicine
(Johansson 1993; NIH 1998; NS 2007; Singer 2006).
Types of interventions
We will consider trials comparing any type of acupuncture therapy with placebo or no intervention, but all other standard care
should be the same and represent the best care available. We will
exclude studies of acupuncture plus another active therapy versus
the same active therapy. We will also exclude studies that compare
different types of acupuncture. Acupuncture therapy will be defined as body acupuncture, scalp acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, or warm needling, but not ear acupuncture. We will also
exclude acupuncture therapy combined with medication. If sham
(placebo) acupuncture is used, this will be defined as the needling
of non-acupuncture points without needle manipulation, done either proximally or distally, or both, to the true acupuncture point.
OBJECTIVES
Primary outcomes
METHODS
Types of studies
Randomised controlled trials investigating acupuncture for poststroke upper limb pain will be eligible for inclusion, regardless
of language and publication type. We will include studies that
compare acupuncture with placebo/sham acupuncture or no intervention. For randomised crossover studies, we will only include
the first phase of treatment. We will exclude confounded trials in
which the treatment or control group received another active therapy (e.g. acupuncture versus another intervention or acupuncture
plus another intervention versus control).
Types of participants
Participants of any age, gender or ethnicity with a diagnosis of
stroke according to accepted criteria and then suffering upper limb
pain will be eligible for inclusion. The diagnosis of upper limb
pain will be based on symptomatology. We will exclude studies
where acupuncture is provided with the aim of preventing pain in
a population who may not all have pain. Participants living in their
own homes or in residential care settings and accessed through
hospital inpatient or outpatient departments will be eligible for
inclusion.
Electronic searches
We will search the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register, the
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The
Cochrane Library, latest issue), the Chinese Stroke Trials Register,
the Chinese Cochrane Centre Controlled Trials Register, the Chinese Acupuncture Trials Register, MEDLINE (1950 to present)
(Appendix 1), EMBASE (1980 to present), CINAHL (1982 to
present) and ACUBRIEFS (http://www.acubriefs.com/). We will
also search the following Chinese databases: CBM (Chinese Biological Medicine Database), CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge
Infrastructure), CMCC (Chinese Medical Current Contents), Vip
database (Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database),
WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (
http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/).
We will develop separate search strategies for each database in
consultation with the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Search Coordinator.
and Chinese.
Selection of studies
Two review authors (Liang and Peng), working independently, will
select studies for inclusion and extract data. We will screen all the
references from the database searches based on title and abstract.
We will exclude those that are definitely not relevant. We will
then obtain the full text of articles for those references that may
be relevant, and the same two review authors will select trials for
inclusion. The two review authors will resolve any disagreements
by discussion, with reference to a third review author (Ma) if
necessary. We will list excluded studies and provide reasons for
their exclusion.
In an effort to identify further published, unpublished and ongoing trials we will undertake the following.
1. Handsearch the following Chinese journals from the date of
first publication (in an effort to avoid duplication of effort we
will not search issues already listed as searched on behalf of the
Cochrane Collaboration) (http://apps1.jhsph.edu/cochrane/
NSmasterlist.htm)
i) Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion (1981 to
present);
ii) Journal of Clinical Acupuncture and Moxibustion (1985
to present);
iii) Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1960 to
present);
iv) New Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1969 to
present);
v) Research of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (1976 to
present);
vi) Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion
(1982 to present).
2. Identify and search relevant conference proceedings.
3. Search the following ongoing trials and research registers:
i) ClinicalTrials.gov (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/);
ii) Current Controlled Trials (www.controlledtrials.com);
iii) Stroke Trials Registry (www.strokecenter.org/trials/).
4. Search reference lists of all relevant articles identified,
including reviews.
5. Contact authors of published trials and other researchers
working in the field.
6. Search Wanfang Data (www.wanfangdata.com).
We will search for trials in all languages and arrange for the translation of relevant articles published in languages other than English
The same two review authors (Liang and Peng) will independently
enter data onto a data extraction form. The third review author
(Ma) will resolve any discrepancies. We will obtain missing data
from trial authors when possible. Two review authors (Liang and
Peng) will check the data and enter them into Review Manager
(RevMan 2008).
Extracted data
across trials.
Assessment of heterogeneity
We will present overall estimates of the treatment difference. In all
cases we will present the overall estimate from a fixed-effect model,
and we will test for heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. If, however,
there is evidence of heterogeneity of the treatment effect between
trials then we will either pool only the homogeneous results or
we will use a random-effects model (in which case the confidence
intervals (CIs) will be broader than those of a fixed-effect model).
Data synthesis
We will make overall comparisons between patients receiving
acupuncture and controls (receiving placebo/sham acupuncture or
no intervention). We will exclude other controls such as Western
medicine (both oral intake and external use), Chinese herbs (both
oral intake and external use), surgical operation, physiotherapy,
rehabilitation, etc. We will also exclude trials of acupuncture plus
other treatment versus the same treatment. We will calculate both
relative and absolute risk reductions for each dichotomous outcome. We will test for heterogeneity between trial results using a
standard Chi2 test. We will report the results as ORs with corresponding 95% CI for dichotomous data using the Peto fixedeffect method (APT 1994). For continuous data, we will compute
the MD for outcomes measured using the same scale, and we will
calculate the SMD when the same outcome (e.g. upper limb function) is measured using different scales.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the Cochrane Stroke Group for their assistance in
preparing the protocol. We would also thank all those who provided information about their own or other trials.
Sensitivity analysis
REFERENCES
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APPENDICES
HISTORY
Protocol first published: Issue 4, 2011
CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTHORS
Liang wrote the protocol, wrote and performed the literature searches; will screen the titles and abstracts; will apply inclusion criteria
and methodological quality assessments; will extract and analyse data and enter this into RevMan; will analyse and interpret data; will
write and enter text into RevMan.
Peng has assisted in the design of the protocol; will screen the titles and abstracts; will apply inclusion criteria and methodological
quality assessments; will extract and analyse data and enter this into RevMan; will provide critical comment on interim drafts of the
review.
Ma will apply inclusion criteria and methodological quality assessments; will extract and analyse data; will provide critical comment
on interim drafts of the review.
DECLARATIONS OF INTEREST
None known