Engineering Book-Chapter 1-6 Dulu

ENGLISH FOR ENGINERING
WRITTEN BY
Drs. Eko Budiyadi

A. Sofyan Sahrullah, SS.
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF
SURAKARTA
FOREWORDS
In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. I would like to express our deeply
thanks to Allah who has blessed me to finish this text.
This is a text in conversational and situational English for beginner and intermediate
students. It focuses on understanding the language that people use in everyday life
communications by listening practices. It is design for students who have some background in
English, but who also have gaps, lack of variety or other problems in using English to
communicate in everyday life.
This text is written to develop active, aware and independent learners. It is a listeningoriented text, so students need to listen, think about, discuss and practice the Examples, Models,
and Exercises in each target. In doing so, they actively internalize the language related to the
conversations and situations in the book so that they can use them in everyday life.
The text helps to develop aware students who can recognize a particular situation and
what is being called for as a response to the situation. Lastly, the present text is on that students
can learn to use by themselves, independently, outside of class or after class has finished. If we
can help students to become active, aware and independent learners, we are helping them to
become people who can use English to accomplish what they want to in English.
The writer also invites some construction and suggestion, opinions and ideas from those
who are interested in this publication.
Surakarta, September 2013
Table of contents
Foreword
Unit 1:
- Reading comprehension: Space Exploration -Voyagers 1 and 2
- Grammar: Noun, Pronoun article
Unit 2:
- Reading comprehension: Chemical Elements
- Grammar: Adjective, Adverb, Degree of Comparison
Unit 3:
- Reading comprehension: Biofuels and the Environment
- Grammar: Verb
Unit 4:
- Reading comprehension: Source of Energy
- Grammar: Tenses
Unit 5:
- Reading comprehension: Pollution
- Grammar: Conjunction, Preposition
Unit 6:
- Reading comprehension: Houses around the World
- Grammar: Modifier and Abridgement.
Unit 7:
- Reading comprehension: The Atoms
- Grammar: Subject-Verb Agreement
Unit 8:
- Reading comprehension: Sounds
- Grammar: Noun Phrases
Unit 9:
- Reading comprehension: Power of the Sun
- Grammar: Adjective, Adverbial, prepositional, Participle Phrases
Unit 10:
- Reading comprehension: Electrical Field
- Grammar: Simple Sentences and Compound Sentences
Unit 11:
- Reading comprehension: Solid, Liquid, and Gases
- Grammar: Complex Sentences
Unit 12:
- Reading comprehension: Temperature
- Grammar: Compound Complex Sentences
UNIT 1
READING COMPREHENSION
Space Exploration -Voyagers 1 and 2
The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts left Earth in 1977 on a five-year mission. Their mission was to
reach Jupiter and Saturn and send information back to earth about them. Jupiter and Saturn are
the largest planets in the solar system. In 1981, they finished their mission. But, they kept going.
Scientists decided to plan a longer trip for them: they would travel even further until they
reached Uranus and Neptune.
Voyagers 1 and 2 are very efficient. They were built with no moving parts. They use the
breakdown, or the decay, of the space element plutonium to create fuel. They can each get the
equivalent of 30,000 miles per gallon of gasoline! They were made to be able to work in
radioactive environments. The gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are very
radioactive places.
So far, Voyagers 1 and 2 have sent information back to Earth from farther away than any other
spacecraft. Scientists have learned about the atmospheres, interiors, and rings of the gas giant
stars. They have also learned about the moon of these stars. Scientists think that they will keep
getting information from Voyagers 1 and 2 until about 2020. At that time, the power on the
Voyagers 1 and 2 will not be strong enough to send information back to Earth.
(source :www.englishforeveryone.org.)
A. Comprehension Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are Voyagers 1 and 2?

Why did the scientist decide to plan a longer trip for them?
What do the spacecrafts use for fuel?
What happened in 1981?
How did the spacecraft revolve around the Earth?
B. Choose the correct answer

1. A mission is a
a. job or occupation.
b. trip or outing.
c.
d.
plan or goal.
moon.
2. Another way to say efficient is

a. productive without wasting much.
b. radioactive and dangerous.
c. very informative.
d. extremely large.
3. What is the best synonym for decay?

a. Fuel
b. Rings
c. breakdown.
d. environment.
4. What does equivalent mean?

a. Something that is of different value c. something of value.
b. Something that has little or no value d. something of similar value
5. Environments are
a. parts.
b. ideas.
c. giants.
d. places.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
NOUN (Kata benda)
Kata benda adalah kata untuk penamaan suatu benda yang bisa berupa barang, orang. Dalam
bahasa Inggris, kata benda dibagi menjadi 2 bagian, yaitu kata benda yang dapat dihitung atau
dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Countable Nouns, dan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung atau
dalam bhs inggris disebut Uncountable Nouns.
Countable Nouns
Kata benda yang bisa dihitung mempunyai bentuk tunggal ( singular) dan bentuk jamak (plural).
Bentuk tunggal ditandai dengan kata sandang a, an. A untuk kata benda yang huruf depannya
huruf mati atau pengucapannya huruf mati/konsonan, sedangkan an untuk huruf hidup atau
pengucapannya hidup /vocal. contoh:
book/buku
earaser/penghapus
house/rumah
hour/jam
a book/sebuah buku
an earaser/sebuah penghapus
a house/sebuah rumah.
an hour/satu jam
Bentuk jamak/plural ditandai dengan penambahan huruf s;-es; atau ies. Penambahan bentuk
jamak dengan huruf es, apabila kata bendanya berakhiran dengan huruf-huruf x; s; ch; sh; dan o
yang sebelum huruf o tersebut didahului dengan huruf mati. contoh:
Box----boxes
Bus----buses
Watch----watches
Penambahan bentuk jamak dengan huruf ies apabila kata bendanya berakhiran huruf y sebelum
y huruf mati/konsonan. kemudian huruf y tadi dirubah menjadi i kemudian baru ditambah es,
sehingga menjadi ies. Contoh:
City----cities
Baby--babies
Penambahan huruf s untuk bentuk jamak bilamana kata benda yang akan kita rubah bentuk
menjadi jamak tidak termasuk di kedua aturan tersebut di atas.contoh:
a boy---boys
an egg--- eggs
a pen--- pens
Ada beberapa kata benda yang berbentuk jamak yang tidak mengikuti aturan tersebut di atas.
contoh:
Man----men
Woman----women
Mouse----mice
Tooth----teeth
Ada pula beberapa kata benda yang selalu berbentuk jamak dan tidak mempunyai bentuk
tunggal, kalaupun ditunggalkan, akan salah, baik arti maupun tata bahasanya. contohnya sebagai
berikut:
garments, clothes, pants, trousers, shorts, pajamas
peralatan yang mempunyai dua bagian: scissors, shears, scales, spectacles, shoes,
binoculars
Ada beberapa benda yang mempunyai bentuk jamak dan bentuk tunggal sama. Contoh:
Deer, bison, fish, wood, salmon, species, series, wages, space craft.
Bentuknya jamak akan tetapi bentuk tunggal.
Mathematics, economics, technics, politics, dll.
Uncountable Nouns
Kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung biasanya bentuk/wujud dari pada benda cair seperti water,
milk, coffee, tea dll. dan dalam bentuk kristal seperti sugar, sand, rice, dll. beberapa kata benda
bentuk tunggal berupa benda abstrak, seperti beauty, advice, death, fear, dll. Beberapa kata benda
bisa dianggap uncountable sekaligus countable tergantung penggunaannya, sebagai contoh: hair
dan paper
His hair is black, but whenever he finds a grey hair, he pulls it out.
She wants to write some notes, so she needs some paper.
She wants something to read, so she is going to buy papers.
Pronouns
Pronouns adalah kata ganti, yaitu kata yang mengganti benda, orang, beberapa benda, dan
beberapa orang. Ada bebeapa bentuk pronouns, yaitu kata ganti sebagai subjek; kt. ganti sebagai
objek, possessive adj., possessive pronoun, reflexive pronouns,
Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive
pronoun
pronoun adjective
pronoun
reflexive
pronouns
me
my
mine
myself
He
him
his
his
himself
She
her
her
hers
herself
It
it
its
itself
We
us
our
ours
ourselves
They
them
their
theirs
themselves
You
you
your
yours
yourself/yourselves
Contoh penggunaan dalam kalimat.

Subjective pronouns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He goes to school every day.

It was he in the park last night.
He is better than she is at running.
He runs faster than she (does).
She is not as big as he (is).
Objective pronouns
1.
2.
3.
4.
I love you.
He studies French with her.
He likes me more than her.
You can not go with them.
Possesive adjective
1. It is my pen.
2. It is your book.
3. They go to school with our bikes.

4. It is his car.
Possessive pronouns
1. This pen is yours.
2. Mary is a friend of mine
3. His motorcycle is cheaper than hers.
Reflexive pronouns
1. Mary cut herself when she was cooking this morning.
2. I did myself for the homework.
3. He can do it by himself.
4. He himself did it last night.
Indefinite pronouns
Indefinite pronouns adalah kata ganti yang merujuk pada seseorang atau suatu benda yang tidak
tentu
Somebody
Everybody
Anybody
Nobody
someone
everyone
anyone
no one
something
everything
anything
nothing
Some dan every digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat positif.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Someone will help you

Something in the cupboard smells odd
Somebody has stolen the money
Everybody can do it
Everyone needs money
Everything is all right
Any dan no digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat negatif dan kalimat

tanya.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I didnt find anything in the room yesterday.

Nobody likes it.
No one goes there on Sundays.
Did anyone come here last week?
Did you meet anybody in the room yesterday?
Did you find anything important in the room?
ARTICLE
Article adalah kata sandang yang dipakai di depan kata benda untuk menunjukkan kata benda itu
sendiri. Ada beberapa artikel/kata sandang itu, yaitu kata sandang yang tidak tentu/indefinite
article; kata sandang yang sudah tentu/definite article.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE : A, AN
a/an disebut kata sandang tak tentu karena a/an dipakai di depan kata benda yang tidak tentu.
Penggunaannya sebagai berikut:
1. Kata benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung

Dipakai di depan kata benda tunggal yang berarti satu atau sebuah.
1. I have a pen (saya mempunyai sebuah bulpen)
2. I like an apple ( aku suka sebuah apel )
2. General statement
Dipakai di depan kata benda yang memiliki arti secara umum.
A house has a door ( sebuah rumah memiliki sebuah pintu ).
3. First mentioned
Untuk memperkenalkan sebuah kata benda yang belum pernah disebut sebelumnya.
She bought a new house (dia beli rumah baru)
4. Does not know which
Dipakai kalau orang lain tidak tahu siapa atau apa yang kita maksudkan.
I met a man on a street ( saya bertemu seorang pria di sebuah jalan ).
Artinya, kita tidak tahu pria yang mana dan di jalan apa.
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

Kata sandang the dapat digunakan di depan kata benda yang sudah tertentu, sehingga the
disebut definte article. Berikut penggunaannya:
1. Mentioned before
Digunakan di depan kata benda yang telah disebut sebelumnya:
I have a car. The car is red.
2. Referred to
Kata the dipakai di depan kata benda yang sudah dipahami maksudnya dari kalimat sebelum
atau sesudahnya.
The house I saw was big. (rumah yg saya lihat itu besar)
Kata house yang dimaksudkan sudah tertentu yang sudah pernah dilihat sebelumnya.
3. The only one

Digunakan di depan kata benda yang telah diketahui secara umum dan hanya ada satu di alam
raya ini.
The earth always revolves around the sun. ( bumi selalu mengitari matahari ).
4. Geographical place/yang berhubungan dengan geografis.
Digunakan di depan nama negara atau negara bagian yg mencantumkan kata. of, tipe
pemerintahan.
the United States of America
the Philippines
the republic of Indonesia.
5. Groups of people
Digunakan di depan kata.sifat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda untuk menunjukkan kelompok
tertentu. the juga dipakai di depan kata yang ada hubungannya dengan kebangsaan. contoh:
the have. ( kelompok. orang-orang kaya )
the black. ( kelompok.orang-orang hitam )
the Japanesse. ( kelompok.orang-orang Jepang )
hes collecting money for the blind.
6. Time
Digunakan di depan kata keterangan waktu: morning, afternoon, dan evening.
in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening.
7. Musical instrument.
Digunakan di depan nama alat musik. Contoh: she plays the guitar. (dia bermain gitar )
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Chose the correct answer
1.
I have a brother . name is Jack.

a.
her.
c.
b.
his.
d.
our.
your.
2.
X:
Y:
a.
b.
Tell me, isnt thatold car over there?.

Oh no. It was ..yesterday, but I sold it to a friend of..
your mine mine.
c.
our mine me.
my yours me.
d.
your yours me.
3.
David cut when he was shaving yesterday morning.

a.
his
c.
himself.
b.
he
d.
itself
4.
I didnt know about computers until I started this job.

a.
something
c.
everyone.
b.
anyone
d.
anything.
5.
Mr. Harry wanted to talk to someone, but had gone home.

a.
he
c.
you.
b.
we
d.
they
6.
John is coming here tomorrow to visit father.

a.
her
c.
his.
b.
him
d.
he.
7.
There are a lot of .. at school.

a.
child
c.
b.
some ones
d.
children
student
8.
Three.came here last month to meet her.

a.
woman
c.
mans
b.
child
d.
women
9.
The plural of potato is

a.
poetatos
b.
potatoes
10.
c.
d.
potato
poetatos
Politics my fathers interest now.

a.
is
c.
was
b.
are
d.
were
11.
. is usually contracted during old ages.

a.
measle
c.
rickets
b.
measles
d.
ricket
12.
Im going to buy
a.
a cheese
c.
b.
some cheese
d.
some cheeses
an cheese
13
..Earth always revolves around the sun.

a.
a
c.
the
b.
an
d.
some
14.
Have you finished with . novel I lent you last month?

a.
a
c
the
b.
an
d.
no article
15.
After .. lunch, well`have a walk to the city hall.

a.
a
c.
the
b.
an
d
no article
16.
It is . sunny day. Look, ....... sun is shining brightly in .. sky.

a.
a the the
c.
the a the
b.
a a the
d.
the the the
17.
After.breakfast, we went to school by.

a.
b.
18.
no article the.
a the.
c.
d.
the the.
a a.
.oranges are good for you.

a.
a.
c.
b.
an.
d.
the.
no article.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
Find the word or phrases which need to be written or corrected
1.
2.
The books in my room is very important.

A B
C
D
They children usually watches cartoons on TV every week.
A
B
C
D
3.
Nanda has a boyfriend but her does not like him.

A
B C
D
4.
Nadia insisted to see his lawyer who lives in Jakarta.
5.
A
B
C D
There some serious problem that we are going to discuss in the meeting.
A
B
C
D
6.
The boy always read the new novels in the library every day.
A
B
C
D
7.
Mathematics are not my favourite lesson at school.

A
B
C
D
8.
Several baskets of fruits were sent to the hotel.

A
B
C
D
9.
A manager needs the good staff to make a department operate smoothly.

A
B
C
D
10.
A president of America is elected every four years.

A
B
C
D
11.
According to John and him, this is a best course youll ever take.
A
B
C
D
12.
The more you eat a fatter you will get.

A
B
C
D
UNIT 2
Chemical Elements
Elements make up everything in the world. Elements are the basic substances that we cannot
divide into simpler substances. We group elements by the things they have in common what
they look like, how they react with other substances, if they conduct electricity, etc. We group
elements into nine official groups. The element, Hydrogen is in a group by itself. It is different
from all the other elements.
Hydrogen is a basic substance. 90% of all atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen
atoms are the lightest atoms. Hydrogen got its name from the scientist Lavoisier. Lavoisier
noticed that hydrogen atoms are always present in water. The word root Hydro means water.
Therefore, it was intuitive to represent hydrogen with the letter H.
The second group is the alkaline-earth metals. You can find these elements in the earths crust.
They react with water. This group of elements contains elements such as Calcium. Calcium is a
basic substance found in substances like milk and chalk. It is a member of the second group of
elements. Some other members of the second group are beryllium and magnesium.
The third group is the alkali metals. These elements react very strongly with water. They might
even explode if they touch water. This group of elements contains elements such as Sodium.
Sodium is an element found in table salt. Scientists represent sodium with the letters Na. Some
other members of the third group are lithium and potassium.
The fourth group of elements includes metals. It is the largest group of elements. It includes iron,
silver, gold, nickel, platinum and titanium. Elements in this group conduct electricity. They are
hard and shiny. Members of this group are called the transition metals.
The fifth group of elements is the actinides. The elements in this group are radioactive metals.
Most of the members of this group are synthetic elements. They are non-natural elements. They
are made in special labs. Some members of this group are uranium and plutonium.
The sixth group of elements is the lanthanides. Some people call this group the rareearth
elements. Some people call them the innertransition elements. These metals are silver or
silverywhite. They conduct electricity very well. They tarnish when they come into contact with
air.
The seventh group consists of the nonmetals. Carbon is a member of this group. Every living
thing depends on carbon. Oxygen is also a member of this group. We take in oxygen and exhale
carbon dioxide (which is a combination of carbon and oxygen) when we breathe.
The eighth group consists of the inert gases. They are called inert gases because they do not
react easily with other substances. Most of these gases are present in lighting. When a current of
electricity goes through neon, it glows red. Some other members of this group are argon and
xenon. This group is sometimes called Group Zero or Group 0.
The ninth group consists of the poor metals. These metals are different from the metals in the
fourth group because these metals are soft. These metals melt easily. They also mix well with
other metals to form alloys. Both lead and aluminum are poor metals.
The last group consists of the semimetals. The members of this group are like metals in some
ways. They are also like nonmetals in some ways. Some semimetals are arsenic and bismuth.
Depending on which other substances touch them, they can be conductors of electricity or they
can insulate, or rotect, substances from electricity. Some scientists call the semimetals double
metals because of their structure.
A. Comprehension Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What did Lavoisier notice about hydrogen?

Where can calcium be found?
What do the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth groups have in common?
Why are uranium and plutonium grouped together?
Why are lead and aluminum grouped together?
B. Choose the best answer

1. The best synonym for intuitive is
a.
non-natural.
b.
inclined.
c.
d.
simple.
passionate.
2. Something synthetic is
a.
non-natural.
b.
manmade.
c.
d.
artificial.
all of the above are correct.
3. When you exhale, you

a.
breathe out.
b.
take out.
c.
d.
consist of.
both a and b are correct.
c.
d.
reactive
shiny
4. Inert means
a.
nonreactive
b.
radioactive
5. An alloy is
a.
a combination of carbon and oxygen c.
b.
a mixture of metals.
d.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
a chemical laboratory.
a soft metal.
ADJECTIVES
Adjective (kata sifat) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk memberi sifat pada kata benda. Ada 7
jenis kata sifat :
1.
2.
Proper adjective (kata sifat nama diri)

Descriptive adjective (kata sifat deskriptif)
3.
Possessive adjective (kata sifat untukkepemilikan)
4.
Quantitative adjective (kata sifat kuantitatif)
5.
Numeral adjective (kata sifat numeral)
6.
Demonstrative adjective (kata sifat demonstratif)
7.
Distributive adjective (kata sifat distributif)
1.Proper adjective
Kata sifat yang melukiskan suatu benda dengan suatu kata benda nama diri tertentu. Proper
adjective harus dimulai dengan huruf besar.
Contoh: An Indonesian pilgrim. Peziarah Indonesia
Pembentukan kata sifat dari kata benda nama diri:
(a) Dengan menambahkan -n
Kata benda
Austria
Sumatra
Africa
Kata sifat
Austrian (yang berhubungan dgn Austria)
Sumatran (yang berhubungan dgn Sumatra)
African (yang berhubungan dgn Afrika)
(b) Dengan menambahkan -an

Kata benda Kata sifat
Europe
European (mengenai Eropa)
Troy
Troyan (mengenai Troya)
(c) Dengan menambahkan -ian
Mongol
Mongolian (mengenai Mongolia)
Paris
Parisian (mengenai Paris)
(d) Dengan menghilangkan -e atau -y dan menambahkan -ian

Aristotle
Aristotlian (mengenai Aristotle)
Italy
Italian (mengenai Itali)
(e) Dengan menghilangkan -s dan menambahkan -tian
Mars
Martian (mengenai Planet Mars)
(f) Dengan menambahkan -i
Iraq
Iraqi (mengenai Irak)
2. Descriptive Adjective
Kata sifat yang melukiskan sifat dan keadaan seseorang, hewan atau benda.
a brave girl. Seorang gadis yang berani

a beautiful woman. Seorang wanita yang cantik
a sick dog. Seekor anjing yang sakit
3. Possessive adjective
Kata sifat ini digunakan di depan kata benda atau di depan gerund.
.
My pen is on the desk.
I saw her standing there
4. Quantitative Adjective
Kata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak (how much) sesuatu benda yang dimaksudkan.
Kata-kata sifat utama yang termasuk kategori ini meliputi:
much (= a large quantity of) banyak

little (= a small quantity of) sedikit
no (= not any) tak ada sesuatu apapun
some (= a certain quantity of) sejumlah tertentu
any ( = any quiantity of) sejumlah sedikit
enough (= sufficient) cukup
whole seluruh
half setengah
Adjective of quantity selalu diikuti oleh kata benda tunggal, dan kata benda ini harus selalu
merupakan kata benda material atau kata benda abstrak, misalnya much bread, much butter,
much sugar (material), much pain (= a high degree of pain) rasa sakit yang sangat (kata benda
abstrak). Oleh karena itu adjective of quantity disebut juga adjective of degree.
5. Numeral Adjective
Kata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak (how many) benda atau dalam urutan berapa.
Numeral adjective dibagi kedalam dua golongan :
(a) Definite numeral (bilangan tertentu)
Bilangan-bilangan yang menunjukkan berapa banyak benda yang ada yaitu bilangan cardinal
(one, two, three), bilangan ordinal (first, second, third) dan bilangan multi-plicative (one only,
twofold, threefold).
(b) Indefinite numeral (bilangan tak tentu)
Menunjukkan bilangan jenis tertentu tanpa mengatakan secara tepat berapa jumlahnya. Seperti
all, some, enough, no, many, few, several, dan sundry.
Definite numeral dapat dijadikan indefinite dengan meletakkan kata some atau about di
depannya,
Some ten men were absent. Kurang lebih sepuluh orang tidak hadir
6. Demonstrative Adjective
Kata sifat ini membatasi pemakaian kata benda pada orang atau benda itu diharapkan supaya
ditunjukkan oleh kata sifat itu. Kata-kata sifat jenis ini dibagi lagi dalam dua golongan utama:
(a) Definite demonstrative (kata sifat penunjuk tertentu)
Apabila orang atau benda ditunjukkan secara tepat, misalnya this woman, kata sifat itu disebut
definite demostrative.
the
this/these
that/those
yon, yonder
such
the same
self-same
the other
(b) Indefinite demonstrative (kata sifat penunjuk tak tertentu)
Apabila orang atau benda ditunjukkan dalam suatu pengertian umum/tidak secara tepat, kata sifat
itu disebut indefinite demonstrative.
a,an
one
any
a certain
such
some
another/other
any other
Kata sifat the umumnya disebut definite article (kata sandang tertentu) dan a atau an disebut
indefinite article (kata sandang tak tertentu).
7. Distributive Adjective
Membatasi pemakaian kata benda dengan menunjukkan bahwa orang atau benda yang
ditunjukkan oleh kata benda digunakan satu demi satu, atau dalam bagian-bagian yang terpisah.
Kata sifat golongan ini ada empat buah : each, every, either dan neither.
(a) Each
Each berarti salah satu dari dua benda, atau salah satu dari dua bilangan apa saja yang melebihi
dua. contoh:
The two students had each a pen. Dua orang siswa ini masing-masing mempunyai sebuah pena
(b) Every
Every tidak dipakai untuk salah satu dari dua, melainkan untuk bilangan tertentu yang melebihi
dua. contoh:
Every man (out of the fifteen present) had a gun. Tiap orang (dari lima belas orang yang hadir)
mempunyai sebuah senapan.
Catatan :
Every adalah kata yang lebih kuat daripada each dan berarti tiap-tiap tanpa kecualian .
Every five hours berarti setiap jangka waktu lima jam, lima jam diambil secara kolektif
sebagai satu periode/jangka waktu.
Every other berarti setiap yang kedua, setiap dua sekali atau berselang, seperti every
other day (dua hari sekali), every other week (dua minggu sekali).
(c) Either
Ini mempunyai dua arti: salah satu dari dua, atau setiap dari dua, yaitu keduanya. contoh:
You can take either side, that is, one side or the other. Anda boleh mengambil salah satu
sisi, yaitu sisi yang satu atau sisi yang lain
(d) Neither
Ini adalah bentuk negatif dari either dan berarti yang satu tidak, yang lain juga tidak (keduaduanya tidak). contoh:
You should take neither side, that is, neither this side nor that, neither the one side nor
the other. Anda seharusnya tidak mengambil salah satu sisi, yaitu sisi yang ini tidak, sisi
yang itu juga tidak, sisi yang satu tidak, sisi yang lain juga tidak
Dua Cara Pemakaian Kata Sifat

1) Attributive use (pemakaian atributif)
Suatu kata sifat dipakai secara atributif, apabila kata sifat digunakan di depan kata benda yang
diterangkan:
A noble deed
A lame cat
Semua kata sifat asli dapat dipakai secara atributif, kecuali glad lazimnya hanya dipakai secara
predikatif, misalnya I am glad to meet you.
Participle atau verbal adjective dapat dipakai sebagai kata sifat, contoh :
A retired president. Seorang presiden purnawirawan

Retired pay. Uang pensiun
Adverb (kata tambahan) dengan participle (partisip) tertentu dapat digunakan untuk adjective.
contoh:
The then King.
Gerund (kata kerja bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda) dipakai sebagai kata sifat.
contoh:
A bathing place.
A swimming pool
2) Predicative use (pemakaian predikatif)

Suatu kata sifat dipakai secara predikatif, apabila kata sifat digunakan setelah predikat
suatu kalimat.
Her character is noble.
That cat went lame.
ADVERBS
Adverb (kata keterangan) adalah kata yang dipakai untuk menerangkan bagian dari tata bahasa
yang mana saja kecuali kata benda dan kata ganti. Berikut beberapa fungsi adverb.
Adverb menerangkan kata kerja
She speaks English fluently. Ia berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan fasih
Adverb menerangkan kata sifat
Its now too hot to play tennis. Sekarang udara terlalu panas untuk bermain tenis
Adverb menerangkan kata adverb lainnya
She sings very well. Ia menyanyi dengan baik sekali
Adverb menerangkan preposisi
The cat was sitting almost outside the door. Kucing itu sedang duduk hampir di luar
pintu.
Adverb menerangkan kata sambung
I want to know precisely how the accident happened. Saya ingin mengetahui secara pasti
bagaimana kecelakaan itu terjadi
Adverb dapat menerangkan bukan saja kata-kata yang terpisah tetapi juga sebuah kalimat asertif
(yaitu kalimat yang hanya menegaskan atau menyangkal sesuatu). Dalam hal ini adverb harus
ditempatkan di posisi awal kalimat
Evidently your success depends chiefly on yourself.
Unfortunately, we dont know much English.
Jenis adverb
Adverb of time (kata keterangan waktu)
I did this before, and he has done it since. Saya melakukan hal ini dulu, dan ia
telah melakukannya sejak waktu itu
Beberapa contoh tipe ini adalah: now, then (pada waktu itu), since (sejak waktu itu), before (lebih
dahulu), ago (dulu, dahulu),already (sudah), soon (segera), immediately (segera, dengan segera),
instantly (dengan segera), presently (segera, sekarang), late (terlambat),lately (akhir-akhir ini),
early (pagi-pagi), afterwards (sesudah itu, kemudian), today (hari ini), yesterday (kemarin),
tomorrow (besok), dsb.
Adverbs of place (kata keterangan tempat)
You may sit here. Anda boleh duduk di sini
Beberapa contoh tipe ini adalah: here, there, hence (dari sini), thence (dari sana), above (di atas),
below (di bawah, ke bawah), in (di atau masuk ke tempat, posisi dsb, ada/tidak absen), out (di
luar, tidak di rumah), inside (di dalam, ke dalam), outside (di luar, ke luar), hither (ke/menuju
tempat ini, di sana, ke sana), within (dalam), without (luar, di luar), far (jauh), near (di atau ke
suatu jarak yang dekat, tidak jauh),dsb.
Adverbs of number (kata keterangan bilangan)
I did it twice. Saya melakukannya dua kali
Beberapa contoh tipe ini adalah: once (satu kali, sekali), twice (dua kali), thrice, again (lagi),
firstly (pertama, pertama-tama), secondly (kedua), always (selalu), never (tak pernah),
often (sering), seldom (jarang), sometimes (kadang-kadang), dsb.
Adverb of manner, quality, or state (kata keterangan cara, sifat atau
keadaan)
She did her work quickly. Ia mengerjakan pekerjaannya dengan cepat
Termasuk golongan adverb ini adalah: well (dengan baik), ill (jelek, dengan jelek), badly (jelek,
kurang senonoh), amiss (salah), fluently (dengan lancar), probably (mungkin),
possibly (mungkin), maybe (mungkin), perhaps (barangkali), must be (tentu/pasti),
thus (demikian), so (begitu, amat), dsb.
Adverb of quantity, extent or degree (banyaknya, taraf atau tingkat)
He is almost a heavyeater. Ia hampir menjadi jago makan
Termasuk adverb golongan ini: very, too (terlalu), quite (sungguh), much, almost, little (sedikit
sekali), a little (sedikit), somewhat (agak), rather (agak, cukup), so (begitu dalam arti sampai
sedemikian luas/besar), half (setengah), partly (sebagian), wholly = completely = entirely =
totally (sama sekali), really (sesungguhnya), actually (sesungguhnya), honestly (secara jujur),
truthfully (dengan sebenarnya), dsb.
Degrees of Comparison
Ada 3 (tingkatan) tingkatan perbandingan.
1. Positif yaitu menerangkan/menjelaskan sesuatu
2. Comparative untuk membandingkan dua benda atau dua hal.
3. Superlative untuk membandingkan lebih dari dua benda/hal.
Kalau sebuah kata bersuku kata satu, komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan -er dan
superlatif dengan menambahkan determiner the dan -est.
Kalau sebuah kata bersuku kata dua atau lebih, maka tingkatan komparatif dibentuk dengan
menambahkan more dan superlatif dengan menambahkan the most
Positif
Komparatif
Superlatif
handsome
more handsome
the most handsome
beautiful
more beautiful
the most beautiful
interesting
more interesting
the most interesting
Jika sebuah kata sifat bersuku kata dua yang berakhiran dengan y, ly, ow, le, er,
ure, maka tingkatan komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan er dan superlatif dengan
menambahkan the est.
Positif
Happy
Komparatif
happier
Superlatif
the happiest.
Clever
narrow
cleverer
narrower
the cleverest.
the narrowest.
Jika sebuah kata sifat bersuku kata dua yang berakhiran dengan full, less, ish, le, er,
ure, maka tingkatan komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan more dan superlatif dengan
menambahkan the most.
Positif
childish
carefull
careless
Komparatif
more childish
more carefull
more careless
Superlatif
the most childish.
the most careful.
the most careless.
Beberapa kata sifat mempunyai bentuk perbandingan yang tidak teratur.

Positif
Komparatif
Superlatif
good
better
the best
bad
worse
the worst
forth
further
the furthest
far
farther
the farthest
much
more
the most
little
less
the least
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the correct answer
1.
I watched her beautifully last night.

a.
dance
c.
danced.
b.
dances
d.
to dance
2.
The man walked.

a.
slowest.
b.
slow.
3.
c.
d.
Santy is a singer who always sings..

a.
beauty.
c.
slower.
slowly.
graceful.
b.
beautiful.
d.
gracefully.
4.
I want to drink water in the glass on the table but the water is.
a.
so hot.
c.
very hot.
b.
enough hot.
d.
too hot.
5.
The apples in the basket are...

a.
worst
b.
best
6.
c.
d.
Kusno works hard. We can say

a.
He works hardly.
c.
b.
He is working hardly.
d.
well
good
he hardly works.
he is a hard worker.
7.
Andi is a fast runner. We can say that he can run very.

a.
fastly
c.
fastness.
b.
fast.
d.
fastest.
8.
My uncle is ..upset about losing his job.

a.
terribly
c.
terriblest.
b.
terrible
d.
terribler.
9.
They grew up in .. house in Solo.

a.
comfortable a little
c.
b.
a little comfortable
d.
a comfortable little.
little a comfortable.
10.
The accident destroyed his motorcycle, but luckily he was .. insured.

a.
full.
c.
fullness.
b.
fully.
d.
a full.
11.
The department store is.to the post office.

a.
close.
c.
closely.
b.
closed.
d.
a closely.
12.
Johnsons Delivery is . than messenger service in town.

a.
the faster.
c.
fastest.
b.
faster.
d.
the fastest.
13.
Miss Uvis typesthan Mr. Antonius.

a.
accurately.
c.
b.
more accurate.
d.
more accurately.
the most accurate.
This idea is . the previous one.

a.
good as
b.
as good as
c.
d.
14.
better as
the best as
15.
The building was the . in the city.

a.
more big
b.
most big
c.
d.
bigger
biggest
GRAMMAR TASK 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
The clients criticize of his work made the secretary try harder.
A
B
C
D
This old bridge was hit by a large ship during a suddenly storm
A
B
C
D
last week.
The stars and the moon have always fascinating man.
A
B
C
D
Fastly growing sales raises the confidence of the companys sales force.
A
B
C
D
The HRD manager gives a well advise about problems at work.
A
B
C
D
Most of the people are pessimistically towards their present position.
A
B
C
D
My friend, Ananda, is very diligently and beautiful.
A
B
C
D
The books in my room are very importance.
A
B
C
D
The three-days meeting will be very tiring and boring.
A
B
C
D
She had so much business to conduct in Indonesia that they did not expect
A
B
the returns until the twelfth.
C
D
Items on sale in department stores are expensive than usual.
A
B
C
D
Her neckle is far most expensive than yours.
A B
C
D
This is the better advertising campaign in several years.
A
B
C
D
It is difficult to achieve the success in a competing market.
A
B
C
D
The more you give the most you will get from others.
A
B C
D
UNIT 3
Biofuels and the Environment
Leading investors have joined the growing chorus of concern about governments and companies
rushing into producing biofuels as a solution for global warming, saying that many involved in
the sector could be jeopardizing future profits if they do not consider the long-term impact of
what they are doing carefully.
It is essential to build sustainability criteria into the supply chain of any green fuel project in
order to ensure that there is no adverse effect on the surrounding environment and social
structures. The report produced by the investors expresses concern that many companies may not
be fully aware of the potential pitfalls in the biofuel sector.
Production of corn and soya beans has increased dramatically in the last years as an eco-friendly
alternative to fossil fuels but environmental and human rights campaigners are worried that this
will lead to destruction of rain forests. Food prices could also go up as there is increased
competition for crops as both foodstuffs and sources of fuel. Last week, the UN warned that
biofuels could have dangerous side effects and said that steps need to be taken to make sure that
land converted to grow biofuels does not damage the environment or cause civil unrest. There is
already great concern about palm oil, which is used in many foods in addition to being an
important biofuel, as rain forests are being cleared in some countries and people driven from
their homes to create palm oil plantations.
An analyst and author of the investors' report says that biofuels are not a cure for climate change
but they can play their part as long as governments and companies manage the social and
environmental impacts thoroughly. There should also be greater measure taken to increase
efficiency and to reduce demand.
Comprehension questions
1. Who are worried about the boom in biofuels?
2. How did Biofuel producers know about the possible problems?
3. Why do Environmentalists believe that increased production of corn and soya beans may lead
4.
5.
6.
7.
to the destruction of rain forest?

In What reasons did Biofuels may drive food prices up?
What happens if the production of palm oil increases dramatically?
How did the author of the report says abour biofuels?
What is biofuel?
8.many involved in the sector could be jeopardizing future profits if they.

jeopardizing means
a. safe.
b. harmless
c.
d.
danger.
dangerous.
c.
d.
realibility.
everlasting.
c.
d.
source of nutrients.
a good foods.
The word
9.The word sustainability means

a. defender.
b. defence
10. The word foodstuff means.
a. something that can be eaten.
b. something that can be drunk.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
INFINITIVE
Infinitive adalah verbal berbentuk kata kerja dasar yang umumnya ditambah to di depannya,
misalnya to eat, to say, to run, to work, to study. Seperti halnya dengan gerund, infinitive pun
dapat berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun). Dengan fungsinya sebagai kata benda, maka
infinitive to dapat juga sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat. Bedanya, penggunaan infinitive lebih
luas daripada gerund yang hanya berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Infinitive mempunyai tiga fungsi,
yaitu sebagai kata benda (noun), kata sifat (adjective), dan kata keterangan (adverb).
Infinitive sebagai subjek sebuah kalimat
- To eat is a necessity ( makan adalah suatu kebutuhan )
- To understand French is not easy.
- To dry a sea is nonsense.
Infinitive sebagai objek sebuah kalimat
- It is time to go.
- I like to eat.
Berikut adalah kata kerja yang diikuti oleh to infinitive:

afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, claim, consent, decide, demand, desire,
dare, expect, forget, hesitate,hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare,
pretend, promise, refuse, regret, seem, struggle, strive, swear, threaten, tend, try, wait, invite,
teach, allow, encourage, tell, order, urge, forbid, permit, want, cause, force, persuade, warn,
remind, challenge, convince, require.
Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective)
- I have the money just to pay this ticket.
- My mother always has money to spend
Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)
- I come to meet you.
- We read to get new information.
Infinitives juga bisa dikombinasikan dengan be dan have sebagai kata kerja bantu (auxiliaries)
untuk membentuk konstruksi waktu.
Perhatikan bentuk infinitives berikut ini:
Continuous --> to be sitting
- Its nice to be sitting there.
Perfect --> to have seen
- He is glad to have seen you.
Perfect continuous --> to have been sitting
- Id like to have been sitting there when she walked in
Bentuk infinitives (passive):
Simple --> to be watered
The tomato field needs to be watered.
Perfect --> to have been written
- It ought to have been done when it was being moved.
Catatan
Setelah modal auxiliary verbs, infinitive yang digunakan adalah infinitive tanpa to. Modal
auxiliary verbs yang tidak boleh memakai to sesudahnya adalah will, shall, would, could, can,
may, might, must, should, dan needn't (tetapi bukan need to).
GERUND
Gerund adalah kara kerja (verb) yang ditambah ing (verb + ing) dan berfungsi sebagai kata
benda (noun). Dengan kata lain gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/diubah menjadi kata
benda dengan menambahkan ing. Dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris, gerunds mempunyai beberapa
fungsi, yaitu:
Gerunds sebagai subject
Listening music is my hobby.
Sky diving is better than running.
Gerunds sebagai object
I like writing.
She goes running every morning.
Kata kerja berikut memerlukan gerund sebagai object:
Admit, Advise, Allow, Anticipate, Appreciate , Avoid, Begin, Cease, Complete, Consider,
continue, Defend, Delay, Deny, Despise, Discuss, Dread, Encourage, Enjoy, Finish, Forget,
Hate, Imagine, Involve, Keep, Like, Love, Mention, Miss, Neglect, Permit, Postpone, Practice,
Prefer, Propose, Quit, Recall, Recollect, Recommend, Regret, Remember, Report, Require,
Resent, Resist, Risk, Start, Stop, Suggest, Tolerate, Try, Understand, Urge.
Gerunds sebagai pelengkap subjek
Biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan pelengkap subjek:
Her favorite sport is running.
Gerunds sebagai object preposisi
Biasanya gerund ini bentuk ini terletak setelah preposisi, misalnya; for, before, without, in, at,
after.
I will wash the dresses after eating.
You cannot be rich man without working hard.
Gerunds untuk larangan
No Smoking area!
No parking here!
Gerunds setelah possessive adjective

Thanks for your joining my party.
Gerunds sebagai appositive/penegas
His method, shooting and killing, eventually came to an end.
She has a bad habit, gambling.
Her favorite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body strong.
That difficult work, sawing hard woo, makes him exhausted
PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice merupakan suatu bentuk gramatikal dimana subject menerima aksi / ditindaklanjuti
oleh agent lain. Rumus umum dari konstruksi ini yaitu: S + auxiliary verb + past participle.
Perubahan yang terjadi pada bentuk ini hanya pada aux. verbnya saja, sedangkan past
participlenya tidak berubah.
Auxiliary untuk membentuk konstruksi pasif pada tenses dapat berupa auxiliary be (is, are, was,
were), kombinasi antara dua primary auxiliary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been),
atau antara primary auxiliary dengan modal verb (will be, will have been). Auxialiary tersebut
kemudian dipadukan dengan past participle untuk membentuk passive verb form. Adapun rumus
dan contoh passive voice pada beberapa macam tenses dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Tenses
Rumus
Contoh
Present Simple
am/is/are + past participle
The crafts are made of wood.
Continuous am/is/are
participle
Past
being
past The room is being cleaned.
Perfect
has/have + been + past participle Your requests have been approved.
Simple
was/were + past participle
Continuous was/were
participle
Future
being
The mansion was built in 1990.

past Your gown was being washed.
Perfect
had + been+ past participle
The fence had been painted in green.
Simple
will + be + past participle
The packet will be sent immediately.
Perfect
will + have + been + past The article will have been read
participle
ninety times.
Passive Voice pada Infinitive

Bentuk pasif dari Infinitive phrase (frasa infinitive) dapat berperan sebagai subject, object,
maupun modifier pada suatu kalimat. Rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada infinitive adalah
sebagai berikut.
(to) be + past participle
To be accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)
Everyone needs to be loved. (Object)
He is the man to be trusted for all the things. (Modifier)
Passive Voice pada Gerund

Bentuk pasif pada gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object, maupun object of preposition
dalam suatu kalimat. Berikut rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada gerund.
being + past participle
Contoh:
Being accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)

My brother enjoyed being taken to the beach. (Object)
My brothers happy of being taken to the beach. (Object of preposition)
PARTICIPLE
Present Participle
Present participle adalah kata yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan suffix (akhiran) -ing
pada base form dari verb (verb+ing). Kadang-kadang terjadi doubling pada konsonan di akhir
kata kerja tersebut.
run+ing > running
swim+ing > swimming
Present participle merupakan satu dari lima verb form yang dimiliki oleh verb, baik regular
maupun irregular verb.
Base Present Past
Present
Past
Form Tense Tense Participle Participle
sing
sing(s)
sang
singing
sung
read
read(s)
read
reading
read
Secara umum, participle dapat berfungsi sebagai sebagai verb atau verbal.
Present Participle sebagai Verb
Sebagai verb, present participle digunakan sebagai komponen dari multiple verbs bersama verb
to be/auxiliary verb [aux+present participle] untuk membentuk progressive/ continuous dan
perfect continous tense. Present participle juga digunakan pada passive voice dari continuous
tense, baik present maupun past. Bentuk passive pada perfect continuous sebaiknya dihindari
karena rumit dan tidak elegan.
Verb
Present continuous
Contoh
He is smiling to you.
(Dia sedang tersenyum padamu.)
Keterangan
is= auxiliary
Present perfect
continuous
Those toddlers have been sleeping for an have, been= auxiliary

hour.
(Balita-balita itu telah tidur selama satu
jam.)
Past continuous
The workers were queuing for their

salaries.
(Para pekerja sedang mengantri gaji.)
were= auxiliary
The labors had been demonstrating for

two hours before you came.)
(Para buruh telah berdemonstrasi selama
dua jam sebelum kamu datang.)
had, been= auxiliary
She will be working at the office.

(Dia akan sedang bekerja di kantor.)
will, be= auxiliary
Future perfect
continuous
That cat will have been sleeping long.

(Kucing itu akan telah tidur lama.)
will, have, been= auxiliary
Passive Present
continuous
The book is being read by him.

(Buku tersebut sedang dibaca olehnya.)
is= auxiliary, being= present

participle dari auxiliary be
Past perfect
continuous
Future continuous
Passive Past
continuous
Your gown was being washed.

(Gaunmu sedang dicuci.)
was= auxiliary, being= present

participle dari auxiliary be
Present Participle sebagai Verbal

Sebagai verbal, participle berfungsi sebagai adjective. Sebagai kata sifat, verbal ini berfungsi
memodifikasi/menjelaskan noun. Ada pula bentuk verb+ing yang lain yang berfungsi
sebagai noun, yaitu gerund. Walaupun sama-sama berbentuk verb+ing, namun penggunaan
keduanya sangat berbeda. Penggunaan present participle sebagai adjective dapat dilihat pada
noun phrase dan reduced adjective clause pada active voice.
The singing birds.
Interesting story.
Dengan demikian singing dan interesting di atas merupakan present participle yang berfungsi
menjelaskan bird dan story.
Pada reduksi adjective clause, relative pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus serta
ditambahkan -ing pada active verb (jika berbentuk present atau past, bukan progress-sive),
sehingga membentuk present participle (phrase).
Contoh Present Participle pada Reduced Adjective Clause
Adjective clause
Proses reduksi
The woman who works The woman who

as english teacher is very works+ing as english
beautiful.
teacher is very
beautiful.
The boy who is singing
The boy who is
is my brother.
singing is my brother.
Reduced adj.
Clause
The woman
working as english
teacher is very
beautiful
The boy singing is
my brother.
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the best answer
1.
The little boy.in the yard is my youngest brother.
Keterangan
working dan singing
merupakan present
participle yang
didapat melalui
reduced adjective
phrase dimana
berfungsi
menerangkan woman
dan boy.
2.
3.
4.
a.
plays.
b.
playing.
She usually has her hair .once a month.
a.
to cut.
b.
cuts.
We miss to the movie with you.
a.
go.
b.
to go.
c.
d.
is playing.
was playing.
c.
d.
cut.
cutting.
c.
d.
going.
is going.
c.
d.
to help.
helping.
Mr. White offered .. the children.

a.
b.
help.
helps.
5.
Mr. John likes to arrive early or..to get his work done.
a.
is staying late.
c.
stay late.
b.
stays late.
d.
stayed late.
6..
Before I go to work, I .
a.
always have breakfast and read the paper.
b.
have breakfast and always read the paper.
c.
have always breakfast and read the paper.
d.
have breakfast and read the paper always.
7.
The company has never permitted employeespublic statements.

a.
making.
c.
make.
b.
to make.
d.
made.
8.
The clerk finished . the orders.

a.
verify.
b.
verifying.
c.
d.
to verify.
will verify.
The building .. in 1977.

a.
built.
b.
was build.
c.
d.
was built
.
has been built
9.
10.
The indirect question of Did we pay for it? is

a.
Can you tell me how many we pay for it?
b.
Tell me what did we pay for it?
c.
Can you tell me if we paid for you for it?
d.
Tell me who we paid for it?
11.
They suggested .the instructions in this book.

a.
to read
c.
reading.
b.
read.
d.
are reading.
12.
His parents could not afford .. the super block.

a.
buy
c.
buys
b.
buying
d.
to buy.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
1. Over exposure to television can be start at an early age.
A
B
C
D
2. He always mind to answer his phone when his secretary is out
A
B
C
D
3. He will probably to come here next week with his friends.
A
B
C
D
4. Nadia suggested to see her lawyer who lives in Jakarta.
A
B
C D
5. The seminar is being hold by the students on the second semester.
A
B
C
D
6. She had recommended you reading the text book, Its very good.
A
B
C
D
7. He looks forward to see his father.
A
B
C
D
8. Watching TV in line with recommended guidelines may one of the solutions to
A
B
C
minimize the bad effect of television.
D
UNIT 4
SOURCE OF ENERGY
Nearly all energy comes from the sun, either in a roundabout way or straight from it, in the
form of heat rays and light rays. The light from the moon, too, comes from the sun. The moon
can be said to be like a large mirror which throws back the suns light to the earth. Electrical
energy comes from the sun in a roundabout way; e.g. it can come from the power of water falling
down a mountainside. The water fell there as rain, and we know that rain is made by the suns
heat evaporating the water on the earths surface. This water vapour rises, condenses on cooling,
and falls as rain.
The light and heat energy from coal also comes from the sun in a roundabout way. Coal was
made by the rocks pressing von trees and plants which died millions of years ago. Those trees
and plants grew with the aid of sunlight, from which they made carbohydrates, in this way
changing the suns energy into chemical energy. When we burn coal, some of this energy is set
free.
Energy which we use to drive car engines comes from petrol, which also was made with the aid
of the sun in a roundabout way. Plants, and animals which ate the plants, died millions of years
ago, and the parts of them that were left were pressed under the rock in the earth. These parts left
from dead animals and plants made petroleum, from which petrol and oil are now obtained.
Thus we can say that the sun is the place where nearly all energy comes from, and that without
the suns heat and light, there could be no life on earth.
Zimmerman, Fran (1989) English for Science. New Jersey:Prentice Hall,Inc.
Comprehension questions
1.
How can the moon be said to be like a large mirror ?
2.
Why does electrical always come from the sun?
3.
What is the function of coal for the industries?
4.
Where do miners commonly find coal?
5.
How is the way to know that the lands deep inside contain petrol?
6.
In what kinds of food do we also find the material of carbohydrates?
7.
What is the process of condensation?
8.
The meaning of the word roundaboutis ..

a.
b.
9.
c.
d.
complex.
curve.
c.
d.
return of soccer ball to play.

reversion to early type.
c.
d.
countryside.
downtwon.
The synonyms of throwbackis ..

a.
b.
10.
indirect process.
going there and back.
send something from hands.
wasteful.
The synonyms of mountainsideis

a.
b.
a side of mountain.
suburb.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
TENSES
Tenses adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa inggris untuk menunjukkan waktu sekarang,
masa depan, atau masa lalu terjadinya suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa. Adapun macam-macam
tenses antara lain :
Simple Present Tense
Simple present tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan
kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini. Bentuk kata kerja ini paling sering digunakan dalam
bahasa Inggris.
Simple present tense dibentuk dari verb-1 (present tense) atau linking verb be (is, am, are).
Verb-1 merupakan bare infinitive dengan tambahan -s atau -es khusus untuk subject berupa
singular noun (kata benda tunggal: Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata
ganti orang ketiga tunggal: she, he, it).
Beberapa contoh simple present tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya:
Fungsi
Simple present tense digunakan pa-da
habitual action (kebiasaan) dengan
menggunakan adverb of frequency a-tau
adverb of number.
Factual (kebenaran umum/fakta yang tak

terbantahkan)
Simple present tense digunakan untuk
membuat simple statement yang berlaku
kapan saja maupun tidak menggunakan
verb be.
Contoh Simple Present Tense

He always consumes low GI rice.
(Dia selalu mengonsumsi beras rendah GI.)
She sends much money to her parents in the village every
month.
(Dia mengirimkan banyak uang kepada orangtuanya di
desa setiap bulan.)
The sun rises from the east and sets in the west.
(Matahari terbit dari ufuk timur dan tenggelam di ufuk
barat.)
Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius.
(Air mendidih pada suhu 100 derajat celcius.)
I live in Jakarta.(Saya tinggal di Jakarta)
She is so beautiful.(Dia sangat cantik.)
Hes angry.(Dia marah.) [tidak general: terjadi sekarang]
She loves dancing.(Dia suka menari.)

Simple present tense menggunakan stative I see tears in your eyes.(Saya melihat air mata di matamu.)
verb untuk menyatakan perasaan (feeling), We agree with the speakers opinion.
indera (sense), pikiran (mental state), dan (Kami setuju dengan pendapat pembicara tersebut.)
My brother owns a new house.
kepemilikan.
(Saudaraku memiliki rumah baru.)
The ship leaves the harbour this night at 7 oclock.
membicarakan rencana atau jad-wal di
(Kapal meninggalkan pelabuhan malam ini jam 7.)
masa depan namun memiliki jangka waktu He arrives from Osaka at 1 pm.
dekat dengan sekarang. Umumnya
(Dia tiba dari Osaka jam 1 siang.)
membicarakan tentang transportasi atau
The ceremony starts at nine.(Upacara dimulai jam
event. Verb yang biasa digunakan antara
sembilan.)
lain: arrive, come, & leave.
You add a glass of coconut milk into a pan and then boil
it.
(Kamu tambah segelas santan ke dalam panci lalu rebus.)
memberikan instruksi atau serial aksi.
You go straight ahead then turn left.
(Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.)
If you meet the naughty boy, your parents will be angry.
(Jika kamu bertemu dengan anak nakal itu, orangtuamu
Simple present tense digunakan pada if
akan marah.)
conditional tipe 1.
I will go swimming if I have free time.
(Saya akan pergi berenang jika ada waktu.)
Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk membicarakan aksi
yang sedang berlangsung sekarang (present) atau rencana dimasa depan (future). Karena dapat
digunakan pada present atau future, tense ini sering diiringi adverb of time untuk
memperjelasnya.
Present continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb be, berupa is/am/are karena present
tense (waktu sekarang), dan present participle (-ing form). Umumnya present continuous tense
hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative verb. Mengapa begitu? karena secara
umum hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous. Contoh present Continuous tense
dengan fungsi-fungsinya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Present continuous tense

untuk membicarakan suatu aksi yang
sedang terjadi sekarang.
Present continuous tense untuk

membicarakan suatu rencana atau
perpindahan ke suatu tempat/ kondisi.
Present continuous tense untuk

mengungkapkan kejengkelan atas aksi
yang terjadi berulang kali.
Present Perfect Tense
Contoh Present Continuous Tense

The maid is brushing the bathroom floor.(Pembantu sedang
menyikat lantai kamar mandi.)
Im driving a car to Bandung now.(Saya sedang mengendarai
mobil ke Bandung sekarang.)
Hes learning English in order to be a great guide.
(Dia sedang mempelajari bahasa Inggris dengan tujuan
menjadi pemandu wisata yang hebat.)
Im spending my holiday on Kuta beach next month.(Saya
se-dang menghabiskan liburan di pantai Kuta akhir bulan
depan.)
You cant call me this night. Im going to my best friends
wedding.(Kamu tidak dapat menghubungi saya malam ini.
Saya sedang pergi ke pernikahan sahabat saya.)
The buses are arriving in an hour.(Bus-bus tersebut tiba dalam satu jam.)
Im moving to Solo this month.(Saya pindah ke Solot bulan
ini.)
Why is the wild dog always barking at me? (Mengapa anjing
liar itu selalu menggonggong pada saya?)
Im getting sick of you always asking the same questions.
(Saya mulai muak dengan kamu yang selalu menanyakan
pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sama.)
Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
suatu aktivitas atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik
waktu tertentu di masa lalu atau masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.
Present perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb have atau has, dan past
participle (verb-3). Have digunakan untuk I, you, they, we, sedangkan has untuk he, she, it, dan
orang ketiga tunggal. Sedangkan past participle dapat berupa irregular maupun regular verb.
Beberapa contoh present perfect tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Contoh Present Perfect Tense

Can you recommend the most delicious seafood
restaurant in this town? Yes, Ive visited all of them.
Present perfect tense untuk mengung(Dapatkah kamu merekomendasikan restoran sea-food
kapkan kejadian di masa lalu tanpa peduli
paling lezat di kota ini? Ya, saya telah mengun-jungi
kapan tepatnya terjadi.
semuanya.)
Ive read this book.(Saya sudah membaca buku ini.)
Present perfect tense untuk menunjuk-kan
bahwa suatu aksi terjadi berulang kali di She has called you three times.(Dia sudah menel-ponmu
masa lampau (adverb of number dapat
tiga kali.)
digunakan).
I have lived in Solo for 3 months.(Saya telah tinggal di
Present perfect tense untuk mengungSolo selama 3 bulan.)
kapkan aktivitas atau situasi yang dimulai She has studied in French since April.(Saya telah sekolah
pada masa lampau kemudian dilanjutkan di Perancis sejak bulan April.)
sampai sekarang (belum selesai).
My brother has worked already/lately/ up to now.
(Saudaraku sudah bekerja sampai sekarang.)
Ive just sent you an email.(Saya baru saja mengirimkan
Present perfect tense untuk membicarakamu email.)
kan event yang baru saja terjadi ( adverb
The rains just stopped.(Hujan baru saja berhenti.)
just dapat digunakan).
[the rain's = the rain has; lihat contraction & apostrophe]
Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau atau aksi telah dimulai di
masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Aksi pada present perfect continuous tense
biasanya berdurasi waktu tertentu dan ada relevansinya dengan kondisi sekarang.
Present perfect contonuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb have atau has, been dan present
participle (v1-ing). Have digunakan untuk I, you, they, we, sedangkan has untuk he, she, it, dan
orang ketiga tunggal.
Beberapa contoh present Perfect continuous tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai
berikut.
Fungsi
Contoh Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The construction labors is thirsty since they have been

removing the scaffoldings.(Pekerja konstruksi haus karena
mereka telah memindahkan perancah.)
Present perfect continuous tense untuk
John feels full as shes been eating a half of the tart.(Jon
menunjukkan aksi yang telah selesai
kenyang karena dia telah memakan separuh kue tart.)
pada suatu titik dimasa lampau diikuti
I have been working with my computer all day, and now I
relevansinya dengan kondisi saat ini
want some delicious foods.(Saya telah bekerja dengan
kompu-ter sepanjang hari, dan sekarang saya ingin
beberapa makan-an lezat.)
Present perfect continuous tense untuk
menunjukkan aksi yang baru saja
It has just been snowing in Japan.(Baru saja turun salju di
selesai. Biasanya mengguna-kan adverb Jepang.)
just.
Ive been driving a car through the rain for an hour.
Present perfect continuous tense untuk (Saya telah sedang mengendarai mobil menembus hujan
menunjukkan aksi yang telah dimulai di selama satu jam.)
masa lampau dan berlanjut sampai
The passangers have been waiting for the next flight since
sekarang.
this morning.(Para penumpang telah menunggu
penerbangan berikutnya sejak pagi ini.)
Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu
kejadian terjadi dimasa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days,
last year) atau periode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara
spesifik. Adapun simple past tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional tipe 2.
Simple past tense dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) atau linking verb be (was, were). Apa itu
verb-2? Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan -ed, -en, -d, -t, n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga:
Regular dan Irregular Verb]
Beberapa contoh simple past tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Contoh Simple Past Tense
Vina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago.

(Saya dan Vina pergi Ragunan tiga bulan lalu.)
Simple past tense untuk membicarakan aksi Did he come on time yesterday?(Apakah dia datang tepat
yang terjadi dengan durasi waktu tertentu di waktu kemarin?)
masa lampau. For (preposition) dapat
The party started at 10.00 a.m.(Pesta mulai jam 10 pagi.)
digunakan untuk menyatakan periode wak- Did you sleep enough last night?(Apa kamu cukup tidur
semalam?)
tu kejadian.
I studied civil engineering for almost 4 years.
(Saya belajar teknik sipil selama hampir 4 tahun.)
I often did exercise in the gym when I lived in Bandung.
Simple past tense untuk membicarakan
(Saya sering berlatih di gym ketika tinggal di Bandung.)
kebiasaan pada masa lampau. When
When I was a senior high school student, I always got up
(subordinate conjunction) biasanya digunaat 4 am to study.(Ketika saya sma, saya selalu bangun jam
kan pada situasi ini.
4 pagi untuk belajar.)
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi
berdurasi pendek (simple past tense)
I was reading a journal in the library when someone
yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi
burped out loud.(Saya sedang membaca jurnal di
panjang (past continuous tense) sedang
perpustakaan ketika seseorang bersendawa keras.)
berlangsung.
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi
I had already had breakfast when he picked me up.
(simple past tense) langsung mengikuti aksi
(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)
yang telah selesai (past perfect tense).
If she studied hard, she would be pass.(Jika dia belajar
Simple past tense digunakan pada if
keras, dia akan lulus.)
conditional tipe 2.
I would buy a sport car if I had much money.(Saya akan
membeli mobil sport jika punya uang banyak.)
Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Aksi tersebut telah dimulai
tapi belum selesai pada saat itu.
Present continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb be, berupa was/were karena past
tense (masa lalu), dan present participle (-ing form). Was untuk singular subject (I, she, he, it,
dan kata ganti orang ketiga) dan were untuk plural subject (you, they, we, orang ketiga jamak).
Past continuous tense umumnya hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative
verb karena secara umum hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous. [Baca: Stative
Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive]
Beberapa penggunaan dan contoh past continuous tense adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Contoh Past Continuous Tense
Past continuous tense untuk mengindikasikan suatu aksi yang terjadi

selama momen tertentu di masa
lampau.
I was shopping at this time yesterday.(Saya sedang belanja

pada jam ini kemarin.)
What was she doing at 5 am this morning?(Apa yang
sedang dia lakukan jam 5 pagi ini?)
They were roasting corn at this time last night.
(Mereka sedang membakar jagung pada jam ini kemarin
malam.)
I was doing physically exercises all day yesterday.
(Saya sedang melakukan latihan-latihan fisik sepanjang hari
kemarin.)
She was sleeping when you called her.(Dia sedang tidur
ketika kamu meneleponnya.)
The door was knocked while I was studying.(Pintu diketuk
ketika saya sedang belajar.)
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada

aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past
tense) yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi
berdurasi panjang (past continuous
tense) sedang berlangsung.
Past continuous tense digunakan
untuk mengolok-olok atau mengkritik aksi yang terjadi pada interval
acak namun sebenarnya merupakan
kebiasaan alami.
The girl was always yelling out loud.(Anak itu selalu

menjerit keras-keras.)
My neighbor was always chasing stray cats off with his
broom.(Tetangga saya selalu mengusir kucing-kucing liar
dengan sapunya.)
Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense adalah salah satu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa
suatu aksi telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi. Aksi yang telah
selesai di masa lampau itu dapat terjadi berulang kali maupun hanya sekali. Selain itu, past
perfect tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional tipe 3 dan reported speech.
Past perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb had, dan past participle (verb-3).
Had digunakan baik untuk singular maupun plural subject. Sedangkan past participle dapat
berupa irregular maupun regular verb. Beberapa contoh past perfect tense dengan fungsifungsinya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Past perfect tense untuk
mengekspresikan aksi di
masa lampau yang telah
selesai terjadi sebelum
past event lainnya.

menunjukkan seberapa
sering sesuatu terjadi di
masa lampau.
Past perfect tense
digunakan pada reported
speech setelah verbs: said,
told, asked, thought,
wondered.
mengekspresikan harapan/
impian yang tidak
kesampaian
(conditional tipe 3).
Contoh Past Perfect Tense

When he came last night, the cake had run out.(Ketika dia datang
semalam, kue sudah habis.)
The student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were
called.(Siswa tersebut telah mendapat peringatan ver-bal sebelum
orangtuanya ditelepon.)
I had already had breakfast by the time he picked me up.
(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)
Prior to the proclamation, Indonesia had been colonized by Japan
for 3 years.(Sebelum proklamasi, Indonesia telah di-jajah Jepang
selama 3 tahun.)
I had read the book three times.(Saya membaca buku itu tiga kali.)
They had met twice before married.(Mereka bertemu dua kali
sebelum menikah.)
Yulia had gone to the gym every two days until 2012.
(Yulia telah pergi ke gym setiap 2 hari sampai tahun 2012.)
He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah mendengarkan instruksi dengan
penuh perhatian.)
I thought he had changed to be better man.(Saya pikir dia telah
berubah menjadi pria yang lebih baik.)
If he had taken a bath fast, he would have missed the train.
(Jika dia telah mandi cepat, dia tidak akan ketinggalan kereta.)
Rina would been the same level with me if she had studied harder.
(Rina akan berasa pada level yang sama dengan saya jika dia
belajar lebih keras.)
Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan suatu aksi (dengan durasi waktu tertentu) telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu
tertentu di masa lalu.
Past perfect continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb had dan been dan present
participle. Secara umum past perfect continuous tense hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic
verb, tidak stative verb karena umumnya hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous.
[Baca: Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive]. Beberapa contoh past perfect continuous tense
dengan berbagai fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Past perfect continuous tense untuk
mengekspresikan aksi yang panjang di
masa lampau sebelum aksi lainnya
terjadi.
Past perfect continuous tense untuk

memberitahukan berapa lama sesuatu
terjadi (period of time) atau sampai
waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Contoh Past Perfect Continuous Tense

When the guests came, we had been waiting for an hour.
(Ketika para tamu datang, kita telah menunggu selama
satu jam.)
He had been standing in front of the door for thirthy
minutes before it was opened.(Dia telah berdiri di depan
pintu selama tiga puluh menit sebelum dibukakan.)
She was annoyed since she had been waiting for 2 hours
on the bus station.(Dia kesal karena telah menunggu
selama 2 jam di halte bus.)
By the time the teacher came, the students had been
reading a half part of the text.
(Pada waktu guru datang, para siswa telah membaca
separuh bagian dari teks.)
I had been working with my computer all day, and all I
wanted to do was eat some chocolate.
(Saya telah bekerja dengan komputer sepanjang hari, dan
yang ingin saya lakukan adalah makan coklat.)
Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa
suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, baik secara spontan, maupun terencana. Adapun simple future
tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional tipe1.
Simple future tense dibentuk dari modal will atau shall dan bare infinitive (bentuk
dasar verb) atau dibentuk dari auxiliary verb be (am, is, are) , present participle going, dan
infinitive Apa itu infinitive? Infinitive merupakan bare infinitive yang diawali atau tanpa
diawali preposition to.
Present continuous tense (selain verb go) dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi di masa
depan seperti simple future tense:
Im presenting the weekly report at todays meeting.
Selain itu, kombinasi auxiliary will dan be+present participle juga dapat digunakan untuk
menghindari nada tidak sabar (impatient) atau mendesak (insistent). Kalimat akan terdengar
impatient/insistent jika hanya ada will (tanpa be+present participle) karena stress (penekanan)
hanya terjadi pada kata tersebut.
Beberapa contoh simple future tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Contoh Simple Future Tense
Simple future tense (will)

untuk membuat keputusan
secara spontan untuk melakukan sesuatu (tanpa rencana).
I think Ill change my appearance.(Saya pikir saya akan

merubah penampilan.)
You look nervous. Ill give you a glass of water.(Kamu tampak
cemas. Saya akan memberimu segelas air.)
Simple future tense (will) untuk memerediksi masa depan

(tanpa rencana).
The doom will not happen in 2014.(Kiamat tidak akan terjadi

pada tahun 2014.)
Which hotels do you think will offer the best service?
(Hotel yang mana yang kamu pikir akan menawarkan
pelayanan terbaik?)
Hell angry.(Dia akan marah.)
The sandstorm will come.(Badai pasir akan datang.)
I think he will pass.(Saya pikir dia akan lulus.)
Im visiting South Korea tomorrow.
(Saya akan mengunjungi Korea Selatan besok.)
Shes going to the physiotherapist next monday.
(Dia akan ke fisioterapis senin depan.)
Present continuous tense

digunakan untuk menyatakan
arrangement (rencana yang
sudah dipikirkan dan dibahas
dengan orang lain).
Simple future tense dengan
going+to untuk menyatakan
intention (rencana di masa depan yang sudah dipikirkan
sebelumnya).
Simple future
tense digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional type 1.
Im going to send this letter tomorrow.

(Saya akan mengirimkan surat ini besok.)
He is going to go French to continue his study.
(Dia akan pergi ke Perancis untuk melanjutkan sekolahnya.)
I will come if they invite me.

(Saya akan datang jika mereka mengundang saya.)
Future Continuous Tense

Future continuous tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan aksi
yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan. Aksi tersebut telah dimulai tapi
belum selesai pada saat itu.
Future continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb will dan be, dan present participle (-ing
form). Secara umum future continuous tense umumnya hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic
verb, tidak stative verb karena umumnya hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous.
[Baca: Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive]
Beberapa contoh future continuous tense adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Contoh Future Continuous Tense
Future continuous tense untuk

mengindikasikan suatu aksi yang
akan sedang terjadi pada waktu
tertentu di masa depan.
I together with my friend will be walking on Carita Beach

tomorrow.(Saya bersama dengan teman akan berjalan-jalan di
Pantai Carita besok.)
Reny will be working at the office when you arrive.
(Reny akan sedang kerja di kantor ketika kamu tiba.)
He will be sleeping at 10 p.m.(Dia akan sedang tidur jam 10
malam.)
Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
bahwa suatu aktivitas akan sudah selesai pada suatu titik waktu di masa depan.
Future perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb will dan have, dan past participle (verb-3).
Have digunakan baik untuk singular maupun plural subject. Sedangkan past participle dapat
berupa irregular maupun regular verb.
Beberapa contoh future perfect tense dengan dua macam fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Contoh Future Perfect Tense
Future perfect tense untuk

mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas
yang akan sudah selesai atau
terjadi sebelum aktivitas lain
dilakukan di masa depan.
We will gather on the road at 8. We will have gone when you

come at 9. (Kami akan berkumpul di jalan jam 8. Kami akan
telah pergi ketika kamu datang jam 9.)
Future perfect tense
Before he come, the table will have been prepared.(Sebelum

dia datang, meja akan telah dipersiapkan.[passive future
perfect tense]
untuk At this time next month, Ill have finished my driving course.
menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi (Pada waktu ini bulan depan, saya akan telah menyelesaikan
akan telah selesai pada suatu kursus mengemudi.)
waktu di masa depan.
By this time next week, we will have lived in this house for 2
years.(Pada waktu ini minggu depan depan, kita akan telah
tinggal di rumah ini selama 2 tahun.)
The mechanic will have repaired my car tomorrow.
(Montir akan telah memperbaiki mobil saya besok.)
On the 15th of May It will have been two months since we
met for the first time.(Tanggal 15 Mei akan menjadi dua bulan
sejak kita bertemu pertama kali.)
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi akan sudah berlangsung selama sekian lama pada titik waktu
tertentu dimasa depan. Future perfect continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary
verb will, have, dan
been
dan
present participle. Sedangkan present
participle dapat
berupa irregular maupun regular verb.
Beberapa contoh future perfect continuous tense dengan fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Future Perfect Contoh Kalimat Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Cont. Tense
Future perfect
continuous tense
digunakan untuk membicarakan tentang aksi
yang panjang sebelum
titik waktu tertentu di
masa depan.
He will have been studying in Cairo for a year by the end of next
month.(Dia akan telah belajar di Kairo selama setahun pada akhir bulan
depan.)
Andra will have been waiting for three months when the corn is ready
to harvest.(Andra akan telah menunggu selama tiga bulan ketika jagung
siap panen.)
Will you have been writing the report before the branch manager
observes?(Kamu akan telah menulis laporan sebelum manager cabang
meninjau?
Past Future Tense

Past future tense atau future in the past adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk membicarakan
masa depan dari perspektif masa lalu. Lebih spesifik, bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan
suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan, baik secara sukarela maupun yang direncanakan, membuat
prediksi, dan membuat janji di masa depan pada saat berada di masa lalu. Past future tense sering
digunakan pada reported speech.
Past future tense dibentuk dari modal would dan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) atau
dibentuk dari auxiliary verb be (was, were), present participle going, dan infinitive Apa itu
infinitive? Infinitive merupakan bare infinitive yang diawali atau tanpa diawali preposition to.
Beberapa contoh past future tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Past future tense untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang
akan dilakukan secara
sukarela (would).
Past future tense untuk
menyatakan aksi yang
direncanakan (was/were
going to).
Contoh Past Future Tense

I knew you would prepare all the things for the meeting.
(Saya tau kamu akan mempersiapkan segala hal untuk pertemuan
tersebut.)
They told that they were going to visit Lombok. (Mereka
mengatakan bahwa mereka akan mengunjungi Lombok.)
I thought she was going to enroll the course. (Saya pikir dia akan
mendaftar kursus tersebut.)
Past future tense untuk

dapat digunakan untuk
membuat janji (would).
My uncle told me that he would come on time.

(Paman saya mengatakan pada saya bahwa dia akan datang tepat
waktu.)
She promised she would give me a box of banana cake.
(Dia berjanji dia akan memberi saya sekotak bolu pisang.)
Past future tense untuk My father had a strong feeling that the weather would be warm.
dapat
digunakan
untuk (Ayah saya punya perasaan kuat bahwa cuaca akan hangat.)
membuat pre-diksi (would & I thought that the authorities were going to investigate all
allegations of fraud.(Saya pikir otoritas itu akan menyelidiki
was/were going to).
semua dugaan penipuan.)
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the correct answer!
1.
Wanti a novel in the library last week.
a.
b.
readed
reading
c.
is reading.
d.
was reading.
2.
I found something in the room yesterday.

The interrogative sentence is.
a.
Did you find anything in the room yesterday?
b.
Do you find something in the room yesterday?
c.
Did I find anything in the room yesterday?
d.
Do I find something in the room yesterday?
3.
When you are a job, you must be patient.

a.
looking at
c.
b.
looking for
d.
looking after.
looking into.
Where does your father ..?

a.
lives
b.
live
c.
d.
living.
is living.
The girl you right now.

a.
smile to
b.
smile to
c.
d.
smiling to.
is smiling to.
4.
5.
6.
You have a pen.

The negative form of the sentence above is .
a.
You have not a pen
c.
you do not have a pen.
b.
You do not has a pen
d.
you does not have a pen.
7.
Did he his mother last year?

a.
visited
b.
visiting
c.
d.
visit.
is visiting.
8.
Anna teaches English today. The past tense of the sentence is

a.
Anna teached English yesterday.
b.
Anna teached English today.
c.
Anna taught English yesterday.
d.
Anna taught English today.
9.
What time . In the morning every day?

a.
does he gets up.
c.
b.
he gets up.
d.
10.
X:
Y:
a.
b.
does he get up.

he get up.
Would you mind . Some tickets for us?

Dont worry Ill get them.
book.
c.
reserves.
bookings.
d.
reserving.
11.
Everybody in the room .what to do.

a.
know.
c.
to be aware of.
b.
knows.
d.
realize.
12.
The little boy.in the yard is my youngest brother.

a.
plays.
c.
is playing.
b.
playing.
d.
was playing.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
Find the word or phrases which need to be written or corrected!

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The research indicate that every hour of watching TV increases children's odds of having
A
B
C
D
attention problems by about 10 percent.
The male and female students need often to work to add foods into their diet.
A
B
C
D
The researchers often heard people get sick because doing over activities.
A
B
C
D
The American Academy of Pediatrics do not recommend TV for children younger than
A
B
C
age 2.
D
Older children can watch high quality programs on TV for not more to two hours per day.
A
B
C
D
Watching TV in line with recommended guidelines may one of the solutions to minimize
A
B
C
D
the bad effect of television.
Most of the time, something an be do to prevent the terrible disasters and the great
A
B
C
damage.
D
Hydrogen, the lightest element, have one proton and one electron.
A
B
C
D
The force of attraction is between the positive atoms in the nucleus to the negative
A
B
C
D
electrons.
A helpful receptionist makes visitors feel relax and welcome.
A
B
C
D
UNIT 5
Pollution
Thick black smoke curling out of smokestacks, horribletasting chemicals in your drinking
water, pesticides in your food these are examples of pollution. Pollution is any contamination
of the environment which causes harm to the environment or the inhabitants of the environment.
There are many kinds of pollution, and there are many pollutants. Some obvious kinds of
pollution are pollution of the air, soil, and water. Some less obvious, or less salient, kinds of
pollution are radioactive, noise, light pollution, and green-house gasses.
Air pollution can be caused by particles, liquids, or gases that make the air harmful to breathe.
There are two main types of air pollution: primary and secondary. Primary pollutants enter the air
directly, like smoke from factories and car exhaust. Secondary pollutants are chemicals that mix
together to pollute the air, like mixtures of emissions, or waste output, from vehicles and factory
smoke that change to form more dangerous pollutants in the air and sunlight.
Soil pollution can be caused by pesticides, leakage from chemical tanks, oil spills, and other
chemicals which get into the soil by dumping or accidental contamination. Soil pollution can
also cause water pollution when underground water becomes contaminated by coming into
contact with the polluted soil.
Water pollution can be caused by waste products, sewage, oil spills, and litter in streams, rivers,
lakes, and oceans. Some scientists believe that water pollution is the largest cause of death and
disease in the world, causing about 14,000 deaths in the world each day.
Radioactive pollution can be caused by leaks or spills of radioactive materials. These materials
can come from medical sources, nuclear power plants, or laboratories which handle radioactive
materials. Air, soil, and water can be polluted by radioactivity. It can cause damage to animals,
both internally and externally, by eating, drinking, or touching it. It can cause birth defects and
genetic problems. It can cause certain cancers and other deadly diseases.
Noise pollution can be caused by vehicle, aircraft, and industrial noise. It can also be caused by
military or experimental sonar. Noise has health effects on people and animals. In people, it can
cause high blood pressure, heart problems, sleep disturbances, and hearing problems. In animals,
it can cause communication, reproductive, and navigation problems they have difficulty
finding their direction. Sonar has even caused whales to beach themselves because they respond
to the sonar as if it were another whale.
Light pollution can be caused by advertising signs, stadium and city lighting, and other artificial
lighting (like the light caused by night traffic). Artificial lighting has health effects on humans
and animals. In people, it can cause high blood pressure and affect sleeping and waking rhythms
and immunity. It might be a factor in some cancers, such as breast cancer. In animals, it can
affect sleeping and waking rhythms, navigation, and reproduction.
In addition, greenhouse gases have caused a warming effect on the earths climate. The
greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. They are naturally
occurring gases in the atmosphere, but human activity has increased their concentration in the
atmosphere. For example, the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have risen due to
the burning of fossil fuels. The effect is a rise in global temperatures. The higher temperatures
cause the melting of glaciers, a rise in the water level of oceans, and the disruption of both land
and marine life, including that of humans. Although carbon dioxide is necessary for plants to
survive, it is also considered to be a kind of pollution because high levels of carbon dioxide have
caused the oceans to become more acidic.
It is not possible for anyone to predict the exact timing and effects of global pollution and global
climate change brought about by pollution. There is general agreement by scientists that the
global climate will continue to change, that the intensity of weather effects will continue to
increase, and that some species of animals will become extinct. There is also general agreement,
or consensus, that humans need to take steps to reduce emissions of waste products and
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, make adaptations to the changes that are occurring, and
figure out ways of reversing the trends of pollution and global warming.
Comprehension Question
1.
What is an example of air pollution?
2.
How many kinds of pollution? explain them?
3.
What is the effect of air pollution to our environment?
4.
What is the effect of noise pollution to our environment?
5.
What is the effect of light pollution to our environment?
6.
What kind of pollution is thought to cause the most death and disease?
7.
What kind of pollution may a car cause?
8.
What is an effect of artificial light pollution?
9.
What is carbon dioxide?
10.
Something salient is
a.
incredible.
b.
outstanding.
c.
d.
dangerous.
potential.
Emissions are
a.
gasses.
b.
waste output.
c.
d.
pollution.
air condition.
What is litter?
a.
trash.
b.
receptacles.
c.
d.
recycling.
light pollution.
The best antonym for internal is

a.
inside.
b.
outside.
c.
d.
external.
middle.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Navigation is best described as

a.
a primary type of pollution.
b.
a secondary type of pollution.
If you have a consensus, you have
a.
disagreement.
b.
problems.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
CONJUNCTION
c.
d.
direction finding.
map making.
c.
scientific ideas.
d.
none of the above.
Conjunction adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang berfungsi menghubungkan dua kata, phrase
(frasa), clause (klausa), atau paragraph (paragraf). Adapun macam-macam conjunction antara
lain sebagai berikut.
Conjunction
Coordinate
Conjunction
Correlative
Conjunction
Subordinate
Conjunction
Adverbial
Conjunction /
Conjunctive
Adverb /
Connecting
Adverb
Penjelasan Singkat
Kata hubung ini digunakan untuk
menghubungkan dua konstruksi
gramatikal yang sama yaitu: kata, phrase atau clause.
Kata hubung ini digunakan berpasangan untuk menunjukkan
hubungan antara dua ata, phrase ,
atau clause.
Kata hubung ini digunakan untuk
membangun hubungan ide antara dependent clause dengan main
clause.
Kata hubung berfungsi pula sebagai adverb. Sebagai kata hubung,
kata ini berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dengan logis dua independent clause, sedangkan sebagai adverb, untuk menerangkan clause kedua.
Contoh
Conjunction
and, or, for
Contoh Kalimat
I love running and swim-ming.
(Saya suka lari dan bere-nang.)
as as, both Diana is as beautiful as her

and, either sister.(Diana secantik sauor
daranya.)
where, although, Nobody knows where she lives
so that,
now.(Tak seorangpun tau dimana
otherwise
dia tinggal seka-rang.)
also, however,
rather, thus
Shes not bad; rather, shes very

kind.(Dia tidak jahat;
sebaliknya, dia sangat baik.)
Coordinate Conjunction
Coordinate conjunction adalah kata hubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua
konstruksi gramatikal yang sama yaitu: kata, phrase (frasa), atau clause (klausa). Elemen yang
dihubungkan tersebut biasanya bersifat paralel (kedudukannya sejajar) secara struktur
gramatikal. Kata hubung ini sering digunakan pada compound sentence (mengubungkan
dua independent clause). Jika coordinate conjunction digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua
independent clause di dalam suatu compound sentence, maka tanda baca koma ditempatkan tepat
sebelum kata hubung tersebut. contoh:
I love running and swimming. (antar verb)

Rita and I arrived this morning, and we just left 10 minutes ago. (antar
independent clause)
Contoh kalimat dengan coordinate conjunction (F-A-N-B-O-Y-S) dapat dilihat pada tabel
sebagai berikut.
Coordinate
Conjunction
Hubungan
Contoh Kalimat Coordinate Conjunction
For (karena)
Cause & Effect He didnt come last night, for he fell asleep. (Dia tidak datang
(sebab & akibat)
semalam, karena dia tertidur.)
And (dan)
Addition
(penambahan)
The trainees laughed and cried simultaneously.(Siswa latihan

tertawa dan menangis secara bersamaan.)
Vina and Amel wake up at 5:00 am, and they go to school at
6:30 am. (Vina dan Amel bangun jam 5 pagi dan mereka pergi
ke sekolah jam setengah tujuh pagi.)
Nor (tidak)
Addition
(penambahan)
She didnt come to the ceremony, nor did her friends. (Dia
tidak datang ke perayaan, tidak juga teman-temannya.)
But (tapi,
namun)
Contrast
(pertentangan)
The man helped in sincerity, but many people thought

negatively about him. (Pria itu membantu dengan tulus,
namun banyak orang berpikir negatif.)
Or (atau)
Alternative
(pilihan)
What do you prefer to stay at home or go to the cinema on

this weekend? (Apa yang lebih kamu suka, diam di rumah
atau pergi ke bioskop akhir minggu ini?)
Yet(tapi,
namun)
Contrast
(pertentangan)
The book is thick, yet the text is large. (Buku itu tebal, tapi
tulisannya besar.)
So(agar,
sehingga)
Result
(hasil, akibat)
Please reconsider, so you will not regret one day. (Tolong

pertimbangkan kembali, agar kamu tidak menyesal suatu hari
nanti.)
Correlative Conjunction
Correlative conjunction adalah kata hubung yang digunakan berpasangan untuk menunjukkan
hubungan antara dua kata, phrase (frasa), atau clause (klausa). Elemen kalimat yang
dihubungkan biasanya bersifat paralel (kedudukannya sejajar) secara struktur gramatikal.
Beberapa contoh kalimat dengan correlative conjunction serta macam hubungannya dapat dilihat
pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Correlative
Conjunction
asas (se-)
Hubungan
Comparison
Contoh Kalimat
Correlative Conjunction
Diana is as beautiful as her sister.(Diana secantik
(perbandingan)
saudara perempuannya.)
betweenand
(diantaradan)
Addition
(penambahan)
There are no difference beetwen you and him.

(Tidak ada perbedaan antara dirimu dan diri-nya.)
bothand
(baik..maupun)
Addition
(penambahan)
She loves both swimming and running. (Dia su-ka

baik renang maupun lari.)
eitheror(baik
taupun)
neithernor
(baikataupuntidak)
Addition
(penambahan)
The man is neither handsome nor faithful.(Pria itu

tidak tampan maupun setia.)
Addition
(penambahan)
Either Nisa or her mother is a scientist.(Baik Nisa

maupun ibunya adalah ilmuwan.)
fromto
Place
(tempat)
I travelled from England to Rome in three days.

(Saya bepergian dari Inggris ke Roma dalam tiga
hari.)
hardlywhen /no
soonerthan
/scarcelywhen
Time
(waktu)
Hardly had you left the restaurant when the party

was started.(Kamu hampir telah mening-galkan
restoran ketika pesta dimulai.)
No sooner did I send the email than the reply came.
(Tidak lama dari saya mengirimkan e-mail
balasannya datang.)
Scarcely had I finished my work when I went to bed.
(Tak lama setelah saya menyelesaikan pekerjaan,
saya tidur.)
ifthen
Condition
(Syarat)
notbut (tidaktapi)
not onlybut also
(tak hanyatapi juga)
Contrast
(pertentangan)
ratherthan
Comparison
(perbandingan)
If you help him now, then hell repay oneday.

(Jika kamu menolongnya sekarang, kemudian dia
akan membalasnya suatu hari nanti.)
Yuni is not his girl friend but his cousin.(Yuni bukan
pacarnya melainkan sepupunya.)
He can drive not only a car but also a helicopter.(Dia
tidak hanya bisa mengemudi mobil tapi juga
helikopter.)
My parents would rather have lunch in a traditional
restaurant than have lunch in a fast food restaurant.
(Orangtua saya lebih suka ma-kan siang di restoran
tradisional daripada di ma-kan siang di restoran cepat

saji.)
the morethe less
(semakin banyak.,
semakin sedikit)
the morethe more
(semakin banyak.,
semakin banyak)
Contrast
(pertentangan)
The more we learn grammar, the less we face the

difficulty in writing.(Semakin banyak kita
mempelajari grammar, semakin sedikit kita
menghadapi kesulitan didalam menulis.)
Addition
(penambahan)
The more you give alms to others, the more you get
the reward from God.(Semakin banyak kamu
memberi sedekah kepada org lain, sema-kin banyak
kamu mendapat imbalan dari Tuhan
Alternative
(pilihan)
Im confused whether to live in Jakarta or to live in

Bandung.(Saya bingung apakah tinggal di Jakarta
atau tinggal di Bandung.)
whetheror
Subordinate Conjunction
Subordinate conjunction adalah kata hubung yang mengawali suatu dependent atau subordinate
clause (adverbial clause) dengan tujuan untuk membangun hubungan ide antara dependent
clause dengan main clause. Adapun gabungan antara dependent dan main clause menghasilkan complex sentence. Subordinate conjunction digunakan pada subordinate clause, yaitu bagian
yang idenya kurang penting dibanding pada main clause. Conjunction ini memiliki antara lain
hubungan waktu (time), tempat (place), pertentangan (contrast), sebab akibat (cause-effect),
syarat (condition), tujuan (reason), dan cara (manner). Contoh kalimat dengan subordinate
conjunction dengan hubungan waktu, tempat, dan pertentangan adalah sebagai berikut:
Hubungan
Subordinate
Conjunction
Contoh Subordinate Conjunction dalam Complex Sentence
Time
(waktu)
after (setelah),
as (ketika, sementara),
as soon as
(segera sete-lah),
before(sebelum),
once (segera setelah),
since(sejak),
until/till(sampai),
After I changed the APN, I unpluged my modem and waited for

5 minutes.(Setelah saya merubah APN, saya mencabut modem
dan menunggu selama 5 menit.)
As soon as/once they finish filling the questionnaire, I will
process the data.(Segera setelah mereka selesai mengisi
kuesioner, saya akan memproses data tersebut.)
Anna found so much expired food when she was cleaning the
kitchen.(Anna menemukan begitu banyak makanan basi ketika
dia membersihkan dapur.)
when(ketika),
whenever(kapan
saja,sewaktuwaktu),
while(ketika,
sementara)
Before she went to Jakarta, she got her flowers watered.

(Sebelum dia pergi ke Jakarta, dia meminta bunga-bunganya
disirami.)
Since the boy bought a PS3, he forgot to study.
(Sejak anak laki-laki itu membeli PS3, dia lupa belajar.)
The students focused on the test until/till the time was over.
(Para siswa fokus pada ujian hingga waktu berakhir.)
You can come to my house whenever you want.
(Kamu bisa datang ke rumahku kapanpun kamu mau.)
While I was studying in my room, I didnt let someone else to
disturb.(Ketika saya sedang belajar di ruangan saya, saya tidak
akan membiarkan orang lain mengganggu.)
Place
(tempat)
where(dimana),
wherever
(dimanapun)
although,
even-though,
though
(meskipun),
whereas
(sebaliknya,
sedangkan),
Contrast
while
(pertentangan) (meskipun),
even if (kalaupun)
Nobody knows where she lives now.(Tidak ada yang tau dimana
dia tinggal sekarang.)
We should be polite and pleasant wherever we live.
(Kita sebaiknya sopan dan menyenangkan dimanapun kita
tinggal.)
She goes forward such a tank although/even though/
though/while many friends confronts her ambition.
(Meskipun banyak teman menentang ambisinya, dia maju terus
seperti tank.)
Although/even though/while Im annoyed, I try to think
positively. (Meskipun saya terganggu, saya mencoba untuk
berpikir positif.)
Even if Bima is not qualified enough to enter the top univer-sity,
hell try again next year.(Kalaupun Bima tidak cukup
berkualifikasi untuk masuk universitas top tersebut, dia akan
mencoba lagi tahun depan.)
I like doing execise whereas my brother like sleeping.
(Saya suka berolahraga sedangkan saudara laki-laki saya suka
tidur.)
Adverbial Conjunction
Adverbial conjunction / conjunctive adverb / connecting adverb adalah kata yang berfungsi baik
sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) maupun conjunction (kata hubung). Sebagai kata hubung, kata
ini berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dengan logis dua independent clause menjadi compound
sentence (kalimat majemuk), sedangkan sebagai adverb, berfungsi untuk menerangkan clause
yang kedua. Tanda baca koma dan titik koma biasa digunakan bersama kata hubung ini.
Adverbial conjunction dapat diletakkan di awal, di tengah, maupun di akhir kalimat. Adverbial
conjunction memiliki antara lain hubungan addition (penambahan), contrast (pertentangan),
result (akibat/hasil), dan time (waktu). Contoh kalimat dengan adverbial conjunction dengan
hubungan penambahan dan pertentangan adalah sebagai berikut.
Hubungan
Addition
(penambahan)
Conjunction
also,
besides,
furthermore,
moreover
(tambahan lagi)
Contoh Adverbial Conjunction dalam Kalimat

Atiek was my classmate in senior high school; also, shes my
best friend until now.(Atiek adalah teman sekelas saya di SMU.
Selain itu dia teman terbaik sampai sekarang.)
The scientists found that the question is difficult; besides, they
needed to work hard to solved it.(Para ilmuan menemukan
bahwa pertanyaan itu sulit. Tambahan lagi, mereka butuh
bekerja keras untuk memecahkannya.)
Both gold and green kiwifruits are widely cultivated in New
Zealand; furthermore/moreover, theyre distributed to our
country.(Baik kiwi emas maupun hijau dibudidayakan secara
luas di New Zealand. Tambahan lagi, mereka didistribusikan ke
negara kita.)
Contrast
however, yet
(pertentangan) (tapi, namun)
despite that,
in spite of that
nevertheless
nonetheless
notwithstanding
(meskipun
demikian)
on the other
hand
still
Natural resources of Indonesia spread from Sabang to marauke;

however/yet, theyre not utilized properly. (Sum-ber daya alam
di Indonesia tersebar dari Sabang sampai Marauke. Namun
mereka tidak dieksplorasi dengan benar.)
She looks tomboyish; despite that/in spite of that; shes good at
cooking.(Dia tampak tomboy. Meskipun demikian, dia pandai
memasak.)
The man wearing glasses seems serious and stiff;
nevertheless/nonetheless/notwithstanding/still, he sometimes
laughs out loud with his friends.(Pria yang me-makai kacamata
itu tampak serius dan kaku. Meskipun de-mikian dia kadang-
otherwise
(jika tidak)
rather
(sebaliknya,
malahan)
kadang tertawa keras dengan teman-te-mannya.)

If the sun shines tomorrow, Ill go swimming; otherwise, maybe
Ill try the new recipe in the kitchen.(Jika matahari bersinar
besok, saya akan berenang; jika tidak, mungkin saya akan
mencoba resep baru di dapur.)
Shes not bad; rather, shes very kind.(Dia tidak jahat. sebaliknya sangat baik.)
PREPOSITIONS
Preposition (kata depan) adalah kata yang tidak dapat berubah bentuknya dan biasanya
diletakkan di depan kata benda atau pada kata benda (noun-equivalent, termasuk kata ganti)
untuk memperlihatkan hubungannya tertentu dengan katakata lain dalam kalimat. Preposition
bukan sebagai kata penghubung dalam kalimat, biasanya bergabung dengan kata lain verbs ( kata
kerja), nouns (kata benda), atau adjectives (kata sifat).
Bentuk preposisi
Simple preposition (preposisi tunggal)
after (sesudah), at (di, pada), by (oleh, pada, dengan, di dekat), for (untuk, selama, bagi, karena),
from (dari), of (dari, tentang, karena), over (di atas), on (di atas, pada), in (di, di dalam), through
(melalui), to (ke, kepada), off (lepas dari, jauh), till/until (sampai, hingga), under (di bawah), up
(ke atas, ke), with (dengan, pada) dan sebagainya.
Double preposition (preposisi ganda)
Preposisi ganda dipakai bilamana preposisi tunggal tidak cukup untuk menyatakan pengertian,
seperti into (ke dalam), onto (di atas), from under (dari bawah), from among (dari antara), from
off (lepas dari), from within (dari dalam), over against (bersandar di/kepada), dan sebagainya.
Compound preposition (preposisi gabungan)
Ini dibentuk dari noun, adjective atau adverb yang digabungkan dengan preposisi be(= by) atau
a (=on) seperti across (on cross = di seberang), long (sepanjang), amidst (on middle = di
tengah-tengah), behind (di belakang), about (di sekitar, tentang), above (di atas), before (di
muka), amongst (di antara lebih dari dua), below (di bawah), beneath (di bawah), beside (di
sebelah, di samping), besides (selain), between (di antara dua), beyond (di luar), but (kecuali),
within (dalam), without (tanpa).
Participal preposition (preposisi partisip)
pending ( seraya, menantikan), during (selama, pada waktu), notwithstanding (meskipun), past
(lewat), except (kecuali), save (kecuali), considering (mengingat), touching/concerning/
regarding (mengenai), owing to (karena).
Phrase preposition (preposisi phrase)
Dua atau lebih kata yang biasanya disusun dalam rangkaian kata dan yang berakhir dengan
preposisi tunggal boleh disebut phrase preposition.
because of = disebabkan oleh, karena; by means of = dengan memakai; by reason of = karena,
berhubungan dengan; for the purpose of = dengan maksud; for the sake of = demi; in
consequence of = karena; in lieu of = sebagai pengganti; in place of = sebagai pengganti; in point
of = tentang; in behalf of = untuk kepentingan; in the event of = kalau (sekiranya), dalam hal,
bila; in the place of = sebagai pengganti; in view of = karena, mengingat; in front of = di muka;
in opposition to = berlawanan dengan; in spite of = meskipun; instead of = sebagai pengganti,
daripada; on account of = karena; on behalf of = atas nama; on the score of = karena; upon the
subject of = tentang; with a view to = dengan maksud untuk; with reference to = berkenaan
dengan; with regard to = ; berkenaan dengan, mengenai; with relation to = berkenaan dengan;
with respect to = berkenaan dengan, mengenai; with the pupose of = dengan maksud
Pemakaian preposisi
Perbedaan pemakaian khusus preposisi yang sering membingungkan
At, in (place = tempat)
In biasanya dipakai di depan nama negeri dan kota besar, atau di depan nama tempat di mana
seseorang pada waktu berbicara. Sedangkan at dipakai di depan nama kota kecil dan desa, atau
pada waktu membicarakan suatu tempat yang jauh.
I passed my holidays at Puncak. Aku melewatkan hari-hari liburku di Puncak

He lives in London. Ia tinggal di London
At, in, on (time = waktu)

At dipakai dengan waktu yang tepat, misalnya at two oclock, at dawn, at noon, at sunset, at
midnight dan sebagainya. In dipakai dengan suatu bagian waktu, misalnya in the morning, in
June, in summer, in 1997, in the year 1997 dan sebagainya. On dipakai dengan nama hari atau
tanggal, misalnya on Saturday, on August 10, on New Years Day, dan sebagainya.
I usually get up at six oclock. Saya biasanya bangun pada pukul enam
He takes a walk in the afternoon. Ia berjalan-jalan pada sore hari
The ship will arrive on Monday. Kapal itu akan tiba pada hari senin
At, for (price = harga)

At dipakai jika jumlah uang yang sebenarnya tidak diberikan. Sedangkan for dipakai jika jumlah
uang yang sebenarnya disebutkan.
I can not buy the goods at such a high price. Saya tak dapat membeli barang itu dengan
harga yang begitu tinggi
He bought a book for ten dollars. Ia membeli buku dengan harga sepuluh dolar
Beside, besides
Beside berarti disamping, disebelah, sedangkan besides berarti di samping itu, selain.
He came and sat beside me. Ia datang dan duduk di sebelah saya
We study German besides English. Kami mempelajari bahasa Jerman selain Inggris
Between, among
Between dipakai untuk diantara dua orang, sedangkan among lebih dari dua
I sat between the two of them. Saya duduk diantara mereka berdua
Devide the apple among you three. Bagilah buah apel itu diantara kalian bertiga
By, with
By berhubungan dengan pelaku, sedangkan with dengan alat yang dipakai
This book was written by me. Buku ini kutulis

This letter was written with a fountain pen. Surat ini ditulis dengan sebuah pena
By, before, since

Semua ini dipakai untuk suatu batas tertentu.
You must be back by five oclock. Anda harus kembali menjelang pukul lima
She didnt get back before five oclock. Ia tidak kembali sebelum pukul lima
She has been here since five oclock. Ia berada di sini sejak pukul lima
In, after
I will finish it in three hours. Saya akan menyelesaikannya dalam waktu tiga jam
He died after a few days. Setelah beberapa hari ia meninggal
In, into
She spent all the afternoon in her room. Ia melewatkan waktu sepanjang sore di dalam
kamarnya
She came into the room and sat down. Ia masuk kedalam kamar dan duduk
To, at
To dipakai untuk menyatakan gerak dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, sedangkan at dipakai untuk
menunjukkan posisi atau ketidakadaan gerak.
We come to school every morning. Kami datang ke sekolah tiap pagi

Somebody is standing at the door. Seseorang sedang berdiri di pintu itu
To, till
To dipakai dengan jarak dan till dengan waktu.
We walked to the the tennis court and back. Kami berjalan ke lapangan tenis dan kembali
I shall stay here till next week. Saya akan tinggal disini sampai minggu depan
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the correct answer
1.
I have been interested in language.I was a child.

a.
if
c.
because.
b.
since
d.
until.
2.
He made a lot of progress for this school .. he became a principal

a.
if
c.
when.
b.
although
d.
before.
It will be difficult to talk to her .you have hurt her feeling.

a
although
c.
until.
b.
when
d.
because.
she left this school, I had never met her again.

a.
although
c.
since.
b.
if
d.
before.
5.
This glass is beautifulfragile.

a.
and
b.
or
c.
d.
but.
so.
6.
Do you want to watch the film will you stay home?

a.
and
c.
or.
b.
but
d.
although.
7.
John will go to Jakarta Sunday evening.

a.
on
c.
b.
in
d.
We will meet Tina . 10.45/time.
a.
at.
c.
b.
on.
d.
8.
9.
Do you believe . ghosts?

a.
to.
b.
with.
c.
d.
at.
from
in.
to.
of.
in.
10.
We are discussing the solution .. the problem.

a.
to.
c.
for.
b.
in.
d.
with.
11.
The new employee would like to be . his predecessor.

a.
popular.
c.
as popular.
b.
as popular as.
d.
popular than.
12.
I want to drink water in the glass on the table but the water .
a.
too hot.
c.
very hot.
b.
hot enough.
d.
is too hot.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
1.
2.
3.
Not only Rafi and Ahmad who dream for the doll, however Alvira wants to have one.
A
B
C
D
Neither John or Lennon is the least bit interest in keeping in touch with Eddy.
A
B
C
D
It is said that he was a man, whom appeared to have the vision of an eagle and courage of
A
a lion.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
When people communicate, they get their ideas to catch each other.
A
B
C
D
The head office of the factory can be found in Newton Street in New York.
A
B
C
D
Sure, everybody has faced different types of conflicts in his life.
A
B
C
D
When anything is hot, we say that it had a high temperature.
A
B
C
D
An alternative view is that liquid and solid is incompatible.
A
B C
D
I knew it what I was still in the second year of elementary school.
A
B
C
D
On dry days you can do many electrical experiments without some magnets or wires.
A
B
C
D
UNIT 6
Houses around the World
Do you live in a house? You might be surprised to learn that there are many kinds of houses.
Most people in the United States are used to houses made of wood or bricks. But many people
around the world live in houses made of grass, dirt, or cloth.
In the Great Rift Valley of Eritrea, the nomadic people who are in the Atr tribe build their houses
of straw. Their houses are shaped like domes half spheres. The homes are small and cool. The
people can move their houses when they want to move. Since the people are nomads, they move
often. They take their animals to new places in order to find food.
People who belong to the Uros tribe of Lake Titicaca, Peru build their houses of reeds. Not only
that they also live on islands that are made of reeds! Their boats are made of reeds too! About
2,000 people live on these manmade islands. They started to build their own islands about 500
years ago.
In Andalusia, in the south of Spain, some people live in underground houses. This kind of house
is called a cueba. During the winter, the houses stay warm. During the summer, the houses stay
cool.
In Sanaa, Yemen, some people live in tall houses made of bricks. These bricks are made of clay,
straw, and soil. The bricks last many years maybe as long as 500 years. The modern houses in
Sanaa are made to look like the older, traditional houses, but they are made of concrete instead
of bricks.
In Mindanao in the Philippines, some people still live in tree houses. The tree houses are made of
bamboo with grass roofs. The houses are good lookouts for snakes and wild animals. The air is
cool and the houses stay dry. Now, most people use these tree houses as meeting places.
The fishermen of Sabah, Malaysia build their houses on the water. They use wood from
mangrove trees. This wood stays strong in the water. The houses receive official addresses from
the government.
Fujian, China has many townhouses that are made of hardpacked soil. The dirt becomes as
strong as brick when it is packed hard. One large family group lives in a townhouse. The
townhouses were built around 300 years ago. A group of townhouses is protected by a thick dirt
packed wall.
In the Gobi Desert in Mongolia, some nomadic people live in homes called gels. These homes
are made of cloth. The cloth is filled with animal hair. Two poles in the center of the house hold
the house up. The people move often to find food for their animals. The houses are easy to move
and set up.
Some American Indians live in teepees. These homes are made of cloth or buffalo hide. There are
wooden poles used to hold the teepee up. Now some people use teepees only for special
ceremonies, but people used to live in them all the time.
The traditional houses of Chitos, Greece, are made of stone. They have arched doorways and
indoor courtyards. They have outdoor dining rooms which are decorated with tile and rock. This
means they are ornamented, and made to look more beautiful.
The Dayak people of Indonesia build some of their houses on stilts, several feet above the
ground. The frame of the house is made of iron. The walls are made of tree bark. The floors are
made of wooden planks which are placed side by side. The houses are decorated with pictures of
water snakes and rhinoceros birds. These animals are part of the peoples story of creation, or
how the world was made.
People build their houses to fit the needs of their lives. The houses are different, but one thing is
the same wherever you go. Theres no place like home!
Comprehension Questions
1.
How are the islands and the houses of the Uros tribe the same?
2.
Why did people live in tree houses?
3.
Which ethnic groups have cloth houses?
4.
Where do houses have outdoor rooms?
5.
Why are Dayak houses decorated with pictures of snakes?
6.
Nomads are people who

a.
b
7.
to be easy to move.
of clay, straw, and soil.
c.
d.
the same way for a long time.

with the dining rooms outdoors.
tile
dirt
c.
d.
cloth.
brick.
c.
d.
made to look more beautiful.

made to look more frightening.
c.
d.
living something.
decorating something.
When something is decorated, it is

a.
b.
10.
build their homes of stone..

live in underground houses.
What is another word for soil?

a.
b.
9.
c.
d.
Traditional houses are houses that have been built

a.
b.
8.
live on small farms.

move from place to place.
made larger.
made stronger.
Creation is the process of

a.
b.
making something.
moving something.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
MODIFIER
Modifier adalah kata, atau frase atau klausa yang menerangkan kata atau kelompok kata yang
lain yang secara gramatikal tidak berhubungan. Frase (phrases) adalah kelompok kata yang tidak
dapat disebut sebagai kalimat karena tidak mempunyai subjek atau predikat (verba).
Suatu frase harus memiliki sebuah head yaitu kata inti yang pembentuk frasa tersebut, contoh:
the small children in the class5 mempunyai head children yang diterangkan dengan adjective the
small disebut dengan istilah pre-modifier atau pre-modification (pre-head), sedangkan kata yang
diletakkan sesudahnya, yaitu in the class 5 disebut dengan post-modifier atau pre-modification
(post-head). Kata-kata yang menjelaskan children disebut dengan modifier.
Modifier bisa berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu (modifier of time), menerangkan tempat
(modifier of place), atau menerangkan cara dalam melakukan kegiatan (modifier of manner).
Selain itu, modifier dapat juga berupa single adverb (misalnya: yesterday (kemarin), outdoors
(luar gedung), hurriedly (dengan buru-buru) atau adverbial phrase (misalnya: last night (tadi
malam), next year (tahun depan).
Contoh :
John bought a book at the bookstore (John membeli sebuah buku di toko buku)
Yeni was swimming in the swimming pool at 4 pm. yesterday. (Yeni sedang berenang di kolam
renang jam 4 sore kemarin)
My father is driving very fast. (Ayahku sedang mengendarai (mobil) dengan sangat cepat)
The milk is in the refrigerator. (Susunya ada di dalam kulkas)
ABRIDGEMENT
Abridgement adalah penyingkatan atau memotongan yang dilakukan dalam kalimat supaya tidak
terjadi pengulangan atau penggunaan kata-kata yang tidak perlu, sehingga kalimat tersebut akan
sederhana dan juga lebih mudah dipahami.
Dalam kalimat formal, kata-kata yang dihapus biasanya yang ditulis dua kali dalam kalimat
tersebut, yang kemudian kita tulis jadi sekali saja, contoh:
I was to take the east path and John was to take the west path.
maka kalimatnya tersebut dapat dipersingkat menjadi:
I was to take the east path and John, the west.
Pele was the greatest footballer ever, and remains the greatest footballer ever.
setelah abridgment menjadi:
Pele was, and remains, the greatest footballer ever.
He believes that this party can win the next election and will win the next election.
diringkas menjadi:
He believes that this party can, and will, win the next election.
Dalam kalimat informal, penyingkatan/penghilangan kata dilakukan dengan acak asalkan

ide/gagasan utama dalam kalimat tersebut terwakili oleh kata-kata yang ada, contoh:
It seems like a good idea to me.
setelah abridgment menjadi:
Seems like a good idea.
Do you fancy a pint? setelah abridgment menjadi:
Fancy a pint?
What would happen if we repeat the experiment using only half the quantity of sulphur?
setelah disingkat akan menjadi:
What if we repeat the experiment using only half the quantity of sulphur?
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the correct answer!
1. Any form of carbon when combined with a large quantity of oxygen at an elevated
temperature carbon monoxide.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
a.
forms
c.
formed
b.
form
d.
forming.
Carbon monoxide is also formed in the complete of petroleum products.
a.
combusted
c.
combusting.
b.
combustion
d.
combust.
The water rose into the tube because it on heating
a.
expanded
c.
expansion.
b.
expands
d.
expand.
A: Wow, your house looks beautiful!
B: Yes. It cost me money to finish this house.
a.
b.
several
a lot of
c.
d.
Anna
Anni
: You must be in a hurry! I will give you a ride.

: . for the lift
a
b.
you must give me

can you give me?
c.
d.
much.
many.
what a nice man you are.

thank you very much.
Secretary :
here is the paper you are looking for, sir!
Boss
: Thank you very much
Secretary :
a.
b.
of course
lets forget it
c.
d.
Sinta
Mothe
Sinta
a.
b.
: May I go to the cinema with Andy, Dad?

: OK. But dont be too late
: oh
many thanks for giving me permission
what amazing moment it is
you are welcome.

poor you.
c.
d.
The people can move their houses .want to move

a.
when they
c.
as they.
b.
which they
d.
though they
do you think so.

Im certain about.
9.
10.
I found .. when I was in trouble.

a.
anybody helpless.
b.
somebody helpfully
c.
d.
somebody helpful.
somebody helpfulness.
He is attending the dinner invitation in the house nearby.

a.
the home nearby.
c.
the house nearby.
b.
the home aside.
d.
the house inside.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
1. The sales representatives in the northeatern region is having problem because the weather is
A
B
C
D
so bad.
2. Not only Rafi and Arsya who dream for the doll, however Ayra wants to have one.
A
B
C
D
3. John has applied for the job vacancy advertise in the paper.
A
B
C
D
4. Lighting is not general designed to produce an exact measured quantity of illumination.
A
B
C
D
5. Looking for oval pieces from the past, we found a long list but certain there are more
A
B
C
D
examples.
6. The poster should quick orient the audience to the subject and purpose.
A
B
C
D
7. Some scientists and engineers effective use sentence titles for posters that present one main
A
B
C
D
result.
8. The poster should not rely upon your verbal explanation to link together the vary portions.
A
B
C
D
9. Posters primary are visual presentations and the text should support the graphics.
A
B
C
D
10. The poster is not a publication of record, so excessively detail about methods, or vast tables
A
B
C
D
of data are not necessary

Engineering Book-Chapter 1-6 Dulu

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Engineering Book-Chapter 1-6 Dulu

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ENGLISH FOR ENGINERING

Drs. Eko Budiyadi

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

What are Voyagers 1 and 2?

B. Choose the correct answer

2. Another way to say efficient is

3. What is the best synonym for decay?

4. What does equivalent mean?

garments, clothes, pants, trousers, shorts, pajamas

Contoh penggunaan dalam kalimat.

He goes to school every day.

3. They go to school with our bikes.

Some dan every digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat positif.

Someone will help you

Any dan no digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat negatif dan kalimat

I didnt find anything in the room yesterday.

1. Kata benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

3. The only one

I have a brother . name is Jack.

Tell me, isnt thatold car over there?.

David cut when he was shaving yesterday morning.

I didnt know about computers until I started this job.

Mr. Harry wanted to talk to someone, but had gone home.

John is coming here tomorrow to visit father.

There are a lot of .. at school.

Three.came here last month to meet her.

The plural of potato is

Politics my fathers interest now.

. is usually contracted during old ages.

..Earth always revolves around the sun.

Have you finished with . novel I lent you last month?

After .. lunch, well`have a walk to the city hall.

It is . sunny day. Look, ....... sun is shining brightly in .. sky.

After.breakfast, we went to school by.

.oranges are good for you.

The books in my room is very important.

Nanda has a boyfriend but her does not like him.

Nadia insisted to see his lawyer who lives in Jakarta.

Mathematics are not my favourite lesson at school.

Several baskets of fruits were sent to the hotel.

A manager needs the good staff to make a department operate smoothly.

A president of America is elected every four years.

The more you eat a fatter you will get.

What did Lavoisier notice about hydrogen?

B. Choose the best answer

3. When you exhale, you

Proper adjective (kata sifat nama diri)

Possessive adjective (kata sifat untukkepemilikan)

Quantitative adjective (kata sifat kuantitatif)

Numeral adjective (kata sifat numeral)

Demonstrative adjective (kata sifat demonstratif)

Distributive adjective (kata sifat distributif)

(b) Dengan menambahkan -an

(d) Dengan menghilangkan -e atau -y dan menambahkan -ian

a brave girl. Seorang gadis yang berani

a sick dog. Seekor anjing yang sakit

much (= a large quantity of) banyak

no (= not any) tak ada sesuatu apapun

some (= a certain quantity of) sejumlah tertentu

any ( = any quiantity of) sejumlah sedikit

enough (= sufficient) cukup