POWER GRID MANAGEMENT THROUGH SCADA

ABSTRACT

Aim of the project is to study the POWER GRID MANAGEMENT THROUGH SCADA.

The theme of the project is :

• To study the operation of POWER GRID in detail

• To study the functioning of SCADA in general

• Detailed study and analysis of specific SCADA applications in power system

• In this project a detailed study of various SCADA applications such as DISTRIBUTION

AUTOMATION and LOAD DISPATCH SCADA are made.

Grid Management is a combination of Art and Science, Power System Operators, who are the

Grid Managers Play a crucial role in achieving the objective of maintaining power supply ensuring

quality, reliability and security of the Grid.

Power Systems have grown both in size and complexity over decades coupled with most

thrilling technical advancements in transmission technology like HVDC, FACTS, etc. With formation

of functionally distinct corporations for Generation, Transmission & Distribution, the operation of

power systems has assured lot of commercial important.

This report gives a brief description about the POWER GRID MANAGEMENT THROUGH

SCADA.
 ii
ORGANISATION OF THE PROJECT WORK

In this project work,

Chapter 1 deals with Introduction of the project.
Chapter 2 deals with Power grid operation.
Chapter 3 deals with SCADA.
Chapter 4 deals with Monitoring of Power grid parameters.
Chapter 5 deals with Problems and Rectifications of Power grid.
Chapter 6 deals with 400kv MAAMIDIPALLY SubStation.
Chapter 7 deals with the Conclusion.
 iii

CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION OF GRID MANAGEMENT THROUGH SCADA

1.1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.2. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 1
1.3. CONCLUSION 3
2. POWER GRID OPERATION
2.1. INTRODUCTION 4
2.2. MEANING OF GRID MANAGEMENT 4
2.3. LOAD MANAGEMENT 4
2.4. GRID OPERATION WINGS 5
2.5. CONTROL CENTER SETUP OF LDC’s 6
2.6. CONCLUSION 8
3. SCADA
3.1. INTRODUCTION 9
3.2. SCADA OVERVIEW 9
3.3. SCADA ARCHITECTURE 11
3.3.1.AT REMOTE LOCATION 12
3.3.2.AT MASTER STATION 16
3.4. FEATURES OF SCADA 17
3.5. SCADA APPLICATIONS 25
3.6. SCADA FUNCTIONS 26
3.7. EMS FUNCTIONS 26
3.8. CONCLUSION 27
4. MONITORING OF POWER GRID PARAMETERS
4.1. INTRODUCTION 28
4.2. CAUSES OF GRID COLLAPSE 28
4.3. CONCLUSION 30
 iv
5. PROBLEMS AND RECTIFICATION OF POWER GRID
5.1. INTRODUCTION 31
5.2. PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED IN S.R.GRID 31
5.3. CONCLUSION 32
6. 400KV MAAMIDIPALLY SUBSTATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION 33
6.2. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM 34
6.3. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 35
6.4 UNIFIED LOAD DISPATCH CONTROL(ULDC) 35
6.4.1. OBJECTIVES OF ULDC 35
6.4.2. SALIENT FEATURES OF ULDC SCHEME 36
6.4.3. OPERATIONAL FACILITIES 36
6.4.4. BENEFITS 37
6.4.5. CONCLUSION 38
7. CONCLUSION
7.1. CONCLUSION 39

BIBLIOGRAPHY 40
APPENDIX 41
ORGANISATION PROFILE 42
 v
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO DECRIPTION PAGE NO

1.1 TYPICAL POWER SYSTEM 2

2.1 HIERARCHICAL CONTROL CENTRE SETUP OF LDC’s 6

3.1 SCADA SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 11

3.2. HARDWARE COMPONENTS 18

3.3 DATA ACQUISITION 19

3.4 DATA PROCESSING 20

3.5 CONTROL 21

3.6 EXAMPLE FOR CONTROLLING THE FEEDER 22

3.7 JNTU FEEDER CB CLOSED 23

3.8 ALARMS AND EVENTS 24

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 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION OF GRID MANAGEMENT

THROUGH SCADA
 INTRODUCTION OF GRID MANAGEMENT
THROUGH SCADA

1.1. INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the objective and the overview of the project will be discussed.

1.2. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

The operation of Electrical Power System consisting of Generating station, Transmission lines
and distribution which is in dynamic nature as the power generated gets consumed instantly and it
cannot be stored. The Typical Power System for generation system, transmission system and
distribution system is shown in figure 1.1. The distribution system consists of substations,
transformers, circuit breakers, feeders, sectionalizing switches, capacitor banks, voltage regulators,
DSG’s and customers like HT customers and LT customers.

To ensure that the load incident matches with the generation for maintaining system frequency
at 50 Hz., the grid operators have to continuously work out the unit to brought or backed down or
loads to be interrupted and take action. The technical limitations of each type of generating units and
the stipulations in Power Purchase Agreement make Merit Order Dispatch a complex exercise. This
being so, every endeavor should be made to maintain it above 49.5 and below 50.5 Hz.

While the State Power System are monitored round the clock by the State Load Dispatch
Centers, the Regional grid as a whole is monitored by the Regional Load Dispatch Centre with a
watchful eye on various operating parameters like frequency, voltage, power flows ( both active and
reactive) through all lines and equipment.

The Load Dispatchers at Regional & State Level have to be provided with authority to enforce
grid discipline through remote control of identified elements in the power system in order to restore
system security wherever it is under threat.

1
Typical Po
Fig 1.1. Typical Power System

Generati
2
 Any system has to function under specified norms and constraints in accordance with a
directed action. As the size and complexity of the power system consisting of generators, transmission
lines, power transformers, distribution transformers, etc. Increases, the possibility of any contingency
cropping up in its functioning also increases. As a result, it becomes inevitable to have a sophisticated
system to monitor any discrepancy arising in the functioning of the system and take necessary
corrective action. The ability to perform operations with remote control at an unmanned station from a
master station or operating centre and to have a definite indication that the operations have been
successfully carried out can provide significant cost savings in the operation of a power system In
most systems there are locations where operations, such as opening or closing of circuit breakers, must
be done from time to time, but the cost of providing and maintaining an operator attendance all the 24
hours in a day cannot be justified. Delays that could result from the need to send the operator to such
locations may lengthen and outage and deteriorate customer service. Furthermore, the cost of
providing attendance at remote stations or providing personnel to perform switching continues to
escalate. This makes operator attendance of remoter stations even more uneconomical.

1.3.CONCLUSION

In this the objective and overview of the project have been discussed.

3
 CHAPTER – 2

POWER GRID OPERATION

 POWER GRID OPERATION

2.1. INTRODUCTION

In the above chapter, the objective and overview of the project are discussed and in the present
chapter power grid operation is discussed.

2.2. MEANING OF POWER GRID MANAGEMENT

Preamble

Grid Management is a combination of both Art and Science, Power System Operators, who are
the Grid Managers Play a crucial role in achieving the objective of maintaining power supply
uninterrupted ensuring quality, reliability and security of the Grid.

2.3. LOAD MANAGEMENT

During peak and emergency periods it is required to shed some loads quickly to maintain grid.
The load management involves controlling systems, loads by remote control of feeder breakers at
substations, load terminals at DTs, and individual consumers and control of agricultural loads

Power Systems have grown both in size and complexity over decades coupled with most
thrilling technical advancements in transmission technology like HVDC, FACTS, etc. With formation
of functionally distinct corporations for Generation, Transmission & Distribution, the operation of
power systems has assured lot of commercial important.

Small sized power stations were feeding loads in their immediate vicinity till 1950s and the
State Power Grids were formed in India in 1960s to facilitate transfer of Power to various Load
Centers. The transmission voltage was 66 KV and 132 KV till 1960, when 220 KV lines have come
into service in most parts of the country. Many Inter-state 220 KV lines were commissioned between
1960 and 1970 to enable interstate exchange of power on bilateral basis and 400 KV lines have been
laid later.

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 Five Regional Grid are operating in the country with an overall installed capacity of 1, 08,000
MWs.

2.4. GRID OPERATION WINGS

The EMS/SCADA system in AP is being implemented by M/S power grid under southern
region system co-ordination and control project. In this system the application servers,work stations,
front end processors, routers, UPS systems, batteries and D.G sets are installed at four area load
dispatch centres i.e mamidipally, Warangal, cuddapah and nunna and back-up SLDC, vidyut soudha.
The EMS/SCADA systems comprises of hard-ware and soft-ware with hierarchical control
philosophy. These hardware and software components are shown in the figure 2.1 and 2.2. that forms
an integral part of GRID systems aiding grid operator in day-to-day monitory, operation and
management of grid system in APTRANSCO and also the integrated southern region grid operation as
a whole from southern region load dispatch centre(SRLDC) Bangalore. The system is supplied and is
presently maintained by M/S. GE Energy, Florida, and U.S.A.

At present at back-up SLDC 2*10KVA UPS systems with only one battery bank back-up are
installed, for maintaining the un-interrupted power supply to the work stations and other equipment
installed at back-up SLDC. This configuration is giving problems it is require to take shut down on
one UPS and also if any one battery problem is causing interruption to the total UPS system. Hence
another battery bank may be procured and each UPS may be provided with independent battery bank.
In this configuration the reliability of the system will be improved. Battery chargers are proposed for
Warangal and nunna ALDCs for charging the spare battery cells. Load testing kits are proposed for
Warangal and Nunna ALDC to test the loading performance of battery banks.

The procurement of computer hard-ware and up-gradation of soft-ware proposed in investment

plan are envisaged for improving the performance of the existing computer systems of grid operations
wing and load dispatch centres. Training for the executives of SLDC and ALDCs is required for all
round updation of the knowledge and skill of the staff of SLDC and ALDCs with latest advances in
technology, as recommended by the MOP committee report.

5
2.5. CONTROL CENTRE SETUP OF LDCs

National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) is divided into 5 regional load dispatch centers. There
are Northern Regional Load Dispatch Centre (NRLDC), Eastern Regional Load Dispatch Centre
(ERLDC), Southern Regional Load Dispatch Centre (SRLDC), Western Regional Load
Dispatch Centre (WRLDC) and NorthEastern Regional Load Dispatch Centre (NERLDC).

The Southern Regional Load Dispatch Centre is divided into 6 states: Goa, Pondicherry,
Tamilnadu, APTransco, Karnataka and Kerala. From APTransco, it is supplied to Warangal (WGL),
Hyderabad (HYD), Vijayawada (VJA) and Cuddapah (CDP). They are clearly shown in the figure 2.

NLDC

WRLDC
Western Regional

NRLDC ERLDC SRLDC Load Dispatch

Centre NERLDC
Eastern Regional Southern Regional
Northern Regional load Dispatch Load Dispatch Northeastern
Load Despatch Centre Centre Regional Load
Centre Northern Dispatch Centre
Regional
Load Despatch
Centre

AP
Goa Pondy TNEB Karnataka Kerala
Transco

WGL HYD VJA CDP

 Fig 2.1: HIERARCHICAL CONTROL CENTRE SETUP OF LDCs

NORTHERN REGION:

• Northern Region

 Consisting of Delhi, U.P, Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh

and Jammu & Kashmir.

• Western Region

 Consisting of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, and Goa.

• Southern Region

 Consisting of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Pondicherry

• Eastern Region

 Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal & Sikkim

• North-Eastern Region

 All North Eastern States.

All the regional grids are monitored by Regional Load Dispatch Centers availing the advantage

of diversity in peak loads, hydro-thermal mix, off peak surplus etc. on a regional basis.

Formation of a National Grid is planned by 2011. in this inter-regional lines will be A.C.

Transmission with back to back facility (AC-DC-AC) and AC or DC Transmission and this will help

transfer of bulk power from one region to the other and also avoid cascade trappings in one region due
to the disturbances in the other region. As the system developed in more ways than one, we also have

faced innumerable problems.

• Load growth outpaced generating capacity additions

• Weak Transmission Network and inter-state tie lines

• Investments in Transmission System not commensurate with capacity additions and load

growth

• Lack of redundancy in Transmission Network.

2.6.CONCLUSION

In this chapter, Power grid operation is discussed. The next chapter is about the SCADA which

includes SCADA Architecture, Overview and Applications will be discussed.

 8

CHAPTER – 3

SCADA
 SCADA

3.1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the SCADA Overview , Architecture and Applications.

The major reasons for the development the development of SCADA (Supervisory Control and

Data Acquisition) systems.

There are conventional metering facilities in every powerhouse and substation. But storage of

such data at small intervals and generation of trend curves, graphs, reports etc., with high accuracy and

fast retrieval make the necessity of covering all power houses, substations with full fledged SCADA

systems.

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used mainly for

acquisition of data for monitoring and also to have supervisory control in respect of selected

feeders/equipment. Since SCADA system monitors the power system in real time mode using the state

of art in computers and communication technologies. It allows speed isolation of faults and restoration

of supply from alternate sources of the GRID.

3.2. SCADA OVERVIEW

SCADA consists of two parts:

 • Date Acquisition
• Supervisory Control

Date Acquisition:

In general the dynamical data acquired from remote end can be classified as below

DATA

ANALOG DIGITAL

INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT

EX.MW, EX: Driving Supervisory

MVAR, of Control to
KV, Strip chart open/close
Frequency Recorders CB’s etc

Ex: Status of Breaker, Sequence of Events

Isolator (on/off) (with true stamping-
of 1ms resolution)
 10

3.3. SCADA ARCHITECTURE

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. The primary function of
SCADA is Date Acquisition. In a power system SCADA, required date will be acquired from the
remote station/power house to the master computer centre. In order to gather the data from the fields,
one computer called Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is used in the remote substation/power house. RTU
scans following data from the field at fast periodic intervals (milliseconds).The architecture of Scada
is shown in figure 3.1.

SCA
 Fig: 3.1. SCADA SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The System Architecture shows us the Region AB in which Region AB is divided into Zone A

and Zone B. Zone A has station A1 and station A2. Zone B has station B1 and station B2.

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Analog: MegaWatt, MegaVoltAmpere,Ampere, KiloVolts, Frequency, etc.

Digital: Status indication of Breakers, Isolators, etc.

To collect the data at Master Station from one or more Remote Stations periodically by polling

the RTUs sequentially, one computer called FEP (Front End Processor) is used like a reception

receiving the guest near the front of the house.FEP or another computer called Server/Workstation

may process the data acquired. The processed date is displayed on single line diagrams with converted

engineering values on another computer used by the dispatcher of shift engineer. This Computer

(Dispatcher’s Console) is also called Man Machine Interface (MMI) through which the operator can

interface or view the real time date of any selected station by using simple commands. The FEP,

Server, Workstation, Dispatch’s Console, Printers, etc are connected in LAN with redundancy.

3.3.1. AT REMOTE LOCATION

At Remote location, the Transducer, Contact Multiplier Relays (CMR), Interposing Relays and

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) act as ,

(i) Transducer (Analog Inputs):

In conventional systems the substation/power house metering the analog parameters such

as voltage, current, MW, MVAR, frequency etc. are achieved making use of instrument transformers.

The secondary’s of Voltage transformers are rated for 110 volts and current transformers with 5A or
IA are commonly used. Since the RTU hardware cannot withstand 110 volts, IA inputs, Transducers

are used to take above inputs and give output with proportionate 4-20 mA.

Transducers are required for measurement of analog parameters. Some of them are:

• Frequency transducers

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• Power transducers (Active/Reactive)

• Current transducers

• Voltage transducers

• Power factor transducers

Transducers are also used classified as self powered or auxiliary powered depending upon the

usage of supply required for functioning of the units. Self-powered transducers do no need separate

voltage for normal functioning. They use PT secondary voltage given for its functioning. The normal

output will be 0 to 5mA, 0 to 5 volts etc. In respect of auxiliary powered transducers, they need extra

input voltage say 220 volts ac or 48 volts dc etc., for functioning. The outputs will be 4 to 20 mA

where 4mA corresponds to live zero value.

(ii) Contact Multiplier Relays (Digital Input):

Contact multiplier relays (CMR) are used for providing potential free contacts from the used

contacts to acquire the status of circuit breakers etc. These are used where it is difficult to get spare

auxiliary contacts of devices from field.

(iii) Interposing Relays:

Interposer relays are used for execution of commands from the yard to the master station to

the remote equipment like CBs, Isolators, and OLTC. Separate relays are used for closing & opening

of CBs or isolators.
 (iv) Remote Terminal Unit (RTU):

Remote Terminal Unit is a computer used at the remote station to scan all the analog and

digital date from the field. RTU also accepts and faithfully executes the commands issued by the

master station. RTU consists of following cards along with microprocessor, A/D converter and signal

conditioning units.

13

A L/R (Local/Remote) switches are provided in each RTU to totally block or enable remote

control operations. When the switch is placed in local mode and alarm is sent to the master station and

all control operations are electrically and programmatically blocked so that all other functions of RTU

to remain fully operational.

RTU consists of the following components for receiving or transmitting the specific

parameters.

• Analog Input Card (AI Card) to scan parameters like MW, MVAR, KV, frequency, OLTC

indications.

• Digital Input Card (DI Card) to scan parameters like Breaker/Isolator status, SOE.

• Digital output Card (DO Card) for supervisory control of CBs.

• Analog Output Card (AO Card) for driving trip chart recorders.

• CPU card for scanning all data from field and transmit to FEP for every few seconds.

• Power Supply Unit for functioning of various units of RTU.

Functions of RTU:
 The RTU performs important function like scanning of data, time stamping of events occurred,

select before execute operation and Report by exception, which are briefly described below.

(i) Time Stamping of Events (SOE: Sequence of Events Occurred) the events occurring in the

power system have to be updated in the date base of host server in the same chronological order in

which they actually occur. This requires that the time of the clocks of all the RTUs of the entire

substation or power house within the whole system is the same. To facilitate this, each RTU in the

SCADA system is updated with the calendar information date and time down to millisecond from the

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Master Station. Generally the standard reference time is acquired from the GPS (Global position

system) & RTU time is synchronized with the above Standard time at predefined short periodic

internal say few minutes. The RTU uses this time to Stamp ever event occurring in the power system.

Thus the SCADA system time synchronization ensures date integrity.

(ii) Select Before Execute:

When control function such as opening or closing of a breaker is to be performed

by the operator, the select before execute sequence is performed. Here each command

from the master is actually executed as two distinct commands at the RTU to ensure that

correct equipment is selected to execute the Operation. The RTU reciprocates with a

positive or negative acknowledgment signal for confirmation by the operator. The master

station then sends and executes command to the RTU and completes the control cycle.

(iii) Report by Exception:

This function is provided to reduce the number of date transfers to the Master Station from the

RTU and thereby reducing the load on the communication channel. A Dead band is defined for each

analog such as voltage, current etc. individually. The RTU calculates the difference at every scan cycle

and accumulates the differences between the instantaneous value and the previously transmitted value.
Each analog value is transmitted to the MCC (Master Control Centre) only when the absolute value of

the difference is greater than the defined dead band.

In respect of digital data, like status indication of CBs, isolators’ etc. data does not change frequently.

Hence such data is sent whenever there is a change i.e. report on exception or at comparatively

long periodic intervals.

Some important functions of RTU are:

(i) Scanning of date (analog & digital) from the field continuously.

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(ii) Sending data to FEP.

(iii) SOE-Recording with time stamp.

(Resolution mille sec)

(iv) Display of data to local systems.

(v) Logging of data on local/ master station printers

(vi) Executing control commands of host with priority and check before option.

(vii) Stand alone performance with storing of events (256 or above)

(viii) Self diagnostics.

(ix) Data configuration from host and vice versa.

(ix) Compatible to transducers of different outputs.

(x) Time synchronization with host computer.

3.3.2. AT MASTER STATION

(i) Front End Processor (FEP):

 Front End Processor (FEP) is nothing but a computer kept in the master station to

gather data from all RTUs by frequent polling. FEP gathers date and also sends control commands

duly following a pre specified

(ii) Host/Server/Workstation:

The data acquired by FEP by polling the RTUs is processed or sent to Host server for

further processing depending on the system configuration.

The process involves the following:

• Conversion in to engineering values.

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• Limit checking.

• Generation of alarm etc.

• Storage of data at predefined intervals.

(iii) Man machine Interface (MMI):

It is the interface between man and the field (PH/SS) through which the operator can get the

display of all dynamic data on graphical pictures and can also control the required equipment at

remote field. User friendly GUI soft wares are available to develop single line diagrams of PH/SS or

common grid displayed with static lines and dynamic data. The entire system can be monitored and

controlled from the displays. All MMI functions are carried out through interactive dialogues. The

dialogues use icons, pop up and pull down menus, dialogue boxes etc. and hence do not require any

functional keyboard. With the latest advanced techniques, MMI design has assumed added importance

in recent years. In fact considerable success has been achieved in making these systems more and

more user friendly, versatile and intelligent.

The generation of trend curves, reports, etc can be done by using the software tools provided.
These MMIs (Man Machine Interfaces) do the following works:

• Issue of control commands.

• Selection of any pictures with dynamic data

• Report generation

• Manual entry of data etc.

3.4. FEATURES OF SCADA

Hardware Components
Software Components

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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

SCAD
Fig : 3.2. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
 The Communication takes place between the CC and RTU. The Communication between RTU

and Panels like Transducers by relays takes place. The AI (Analog Input), DI (Digital Input) is from

Panels to RTU and DO (Digital Output) is from RTU to Field. From Panels, the communication takes

place to device.It is clearly shown in fig:3.2.

Software Components :
• Data Acquisition
• Data Processing
• Control
• Alarm and Events
• Database
• Logging and Report
18
Data Acquisition

Transducers
/
Relays
/ IEDs
A
I
D Device
I Panel s
s

D
O

RTU FIELD
CC COMMUNICATIO
N

Fig :3.3. DATA ACQUISITION

The communication between CC and RTU takes place. The Communication between RTU and

Panels like Transducers with the output voltage (0-10) DC by relays takes place by the field

value 11KV. The AI (Analog Input), DI (Digital Input) is from Panels to RTU and

DO (Digital Output) is from RTU to Field. From Panels, the communication takes place to

device. Where in data acquisition the connectivity between the field equipment will be taken

place. Multiple scan rates, multiple protocols (IEC/ Modbus/DNP), Time Synchronization, Data

types/ Data Resolutions (AI/DI/PI/BCD) (8/12/16). Acquisition will fetches data by reporting

exception group wise.As shown in Fig:3.3.

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Data Processing

SCADA – Software

Data Processing
 Fig:3.4.DATA PROCESSING

The communication between CC and RTU takes place. The Communication between RTU and
Panels like Transducers with the output voltage (0-10) DC by relays takes place by the field value
11KV. The AI (Analog Input), DI (Digital Input) is from Panels to RTU and DO (Digital Output) is
from RTU to Field. From Panels, the communication takes place to device. Where in data acquisition
the connectivity between the field Equipment will be taken place. The engineering conversion with
linear, non-linear, piece wise, look up with the calculation of sub system by the zero suppression and
having the reasonability checking in the data in a line wise process. As shown in Fig:3.4.

20

Control

SCADA– Softwar
 Fig: 3.5.CONTROL

Monitoring the whole distribution transformer, sub transmission system, distribution substation,
Three-phase Primary feeders, Dispersed Storage and generation (DSG), Sectionalizing switch, Voltage
Regulator, One-phase lateral feeder. Where the DSG maintains the solar and wind sources 100KW to
1MW. The photovoltaic power supply up to 100 KW. The control of the single, group, sequential and
closed loop control is also monitored by the LOW DISPATCH CENTER which is in A.P.GENCO.
The total control is being done by the visual center with the big screen which displays the whole state
wise stations and sub-stations in each lane to lane along with the distribution transformers which is
shown in fig:3.5. The select –check execute and immediate check is being done in spot on by
informing to the particular station or where the problem is being shown. To execute the problem there

21
is a immediate execute interlocks based on attributes and the output values will be as either analog
output (AO) or as digital output (DO), the pulse value is also being required to have the immediate
execution. If suppose any problem is occurred in the JNTU feeder then the immediate action will be
taken. As it will being displayed on the monitor in the low dispatch center as shown in fig: 3.6.
 S C A D A– S oftw

C ontrol
Fig : 3.6. Example for controlling the feeder

S in g le , G r o u p , S e q u e n tia l a n d
22

S e le c-C
t h e c -kE x e c u te , I m m e d ia te

In te r lo c ks b a se d o n A ttr ib u te
 SC A D A– Softw a

Control
Fig: 3.7 JNTU feeder CB closed

As shown in the above fig, if the problem occurs it will indicates like to close the feeder circuit

Single , Group , Seque ntial and C lose

breaker at that particular place. The for the clearance of the problem we have to close the feeder circuit
breaker and then after closing the feeder CB it will display like the show shown fig 3.7.

Select-C hec k-E xec ute, Im m ed iate E xe

Interloc ks base d on A ttributes, valu

23

O utp ut D ata (AO , D O ,Pulse)

 ALARMS AND EVENTS

SCAD A– Software Components(

V oltage
Alarms & Events

Conf ig ura ble Eve nt Type s Nor ma l Ra n

Curre nt A la rms Co nfig ura ble

Fig :3.8 Alarms and Events

Ala rm P rio ritie s

Configurable Event, Types Current Alarms Configurable, Alarm Priorities, Configurable Message
Formats. The above voltage graph represents the alarms and events. According to the events the events
Conf ig ura ble Me ssage Formats
will raise up to VH LIMIT up through the normal range and when below normal range the alarms will
also decrease with the events and the alarms will being drawn up to the VL LIMIT and then the alarms
will range with respective to the events as shown in fig:3.8.
Events
Alarm s

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 Data Base

The data base is required for the online data base editing and grouping for the ACESS & LOG.
The data base library is also required for the data base acquisition in the supervisory control and
monitoring the status at each and every time in the log sheet.

Logging and Reporting

After completing the Data acquisition,Data processing,Control,Alarm events and Data base,
then the Logging and Reporting takes place.

3.5. SCADA APPLICATIONS

Now-a-days we find the usage of SCADA applications in all industries for their specific data

acquisition & supervisory control, Examples: in steel plants, gas plants, cement plants, etc. In power

sector SCADA applications are widely used in the following areas:

• Railway Electric Traction

• Power plants

• EHT substations

• Distribution automation

• State and Sub LD (Load Dispatch) Centers

• Regional LD (Load Dispatch) Centers.

State LDC and SRLDC are shown below.

• SRLDC-Bangalore

• SLCD-Hyderabad

• Sub LDC-Warangal
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• Sub LDC-Vijayawada

• ULDC-Layout

3.6. SCADA FUNCTIONS

• Data acquisition.

• Supervisory Control.

• Limit checking.

• SOE with 1 minute time stamp resolution.

• Load shedding & restoration.

• Local monitoring with display & logging.

• Time synchronization of RTUs with FEP acquired from GPS.

• Trend curve generation.

• Redundancy of servers, workstations, LAN.

• Video projector display.

• Workstations with dual color monitors.

3.7. EMS FUNCTIONS

(i) REAL TIME

• On-line LF studies.

• Contingency studies.

• Security constrained dispatch.

• Voltage/VAR scheduling.

(ii) STUDY APPLICATIONS

 • Dispatcher’s power flow.

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• Contingency selection & contingency analysis.

• Remedy/prevention actuation.

• Security constrained dispatch.

• Voltage/VAR studies.

(iii) GENERAL APPLICATIONS

• Network status processing.

• Disturbances recording.

• Power view and pay back.

• Equipment outage scheduler.

• Similar day load forecasting.

• Economical generation scheduling.

• Unit commitment.

• Generation dispatch control.

3.8. CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the SCADA Overview, Architecture and Applications are discussed. The next
chapter is about the problems and rectifications of Power grid will be discussed in detail.

27
 CHAPTER – 4

MONITORING OF POWER GRID PARAMETERS

 MONITORING OF POWER GRID PARAMETERS

4.1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the Monitoring of Power grid parameters and the causes of grid
collapse.

The operation of Electrical Power System consisting of Generating station, Transmission lines
and distribution network is dynamic in nature as the power generated gets consumed instantly and it
cannot be stored. To ensure that the load incident matches with the generation for maintaining system
frequency at 50 Hz., the grid operators have to continuously work out the unit to be brought or backed
down or loads to be interrupted and take action. The technical limitations of each type of generating
units and the stipulations in Power Purchase Agreement make Merit Order Dispatch a complex
exercise. This being so, every endeavor should be made to maintain it above 49 and below 50.5 Hz.

While the State Power System are monitored round the clock by the State Load Dispatch
Centres, the Regional grid as a whole is monitored by the Regional Load Dispatch Centre with a
watchful eye on various operating parameters like frequency, voltage, power flows ( both active and
reactive) through all lines and equipment.

The Load Dispatchers at Regional & State Level have to be provided with authority to
enforce grid discipline through remote control of identified elements in the power system in order to
restore system security wherever it is under threat.

4.2. CAUSES OF GRID COLLAPSE

A grid collapse or a total blackout of a region may occur due to the following reasons.

• Sudden loss of Generation due to tripping of a manor Generating Station.

• Tripping of a major generation unit causes a sudden dip in system frequency and
voltage.
 • If both fail below the permissible operating limits, cascade tripping of generating units
takes place cousin a total grid collapse.
28

(i) Upset of Load – Generation Balance

Sudden large scale addition / reduction of load causes wide fluctuations in frequency and
tripping of lines on account of power swings or over voltages or generators experiencing low / high
frequency or low/high voltage. This may lead to cascade tripping of lines as well as generators causing
separation of State Grids. This may result in partial or total grid collapse.

As per Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) addition or deletion of loads of more than 100
MW should be with prior intimation of RLDC except in cases of emergencies arising out of a need to
protect equipment.

(ii) Isolation tripping at grid Substations from the System

When all the lines connected to an important grid substation trip due to a bus fault on the
operation of “Bus Bar protection” relays or operation of “LBB ( Local Breaker Backup) protection”
relay ( if faulty lines are not cleared due to problem in the circuit breaker), the other lines in the system
get overloaded and trip. This may lead to power swings and trigger a gird collapse.

(iii) Sudden Occurrence of Transmission constraints

Tripping of one or more heavily loaded critical lines on fault may cause overloading of parallel
lines and if Generating Stations are available on either side, large power swings occur resulting in
separation of systems or even a Grid collapse. Such occurrences may lead to total “Black-outs or
‘brown-outs”.

(iv) Low Voltages

Low voltages occur at particular locations in the system due to high reactive nature of the loads
and if adequate capacitive compensation is not provided, this may cause overloading of lines beyond
surge impedance levels. Extremely low voltages at any node in the system will cause power swings on
transmission lines and if tripping of critical lines take place, it may lead to grid collapse.
 29

(v) Delayed clearance of system faults

If system faults persist on account of mal-operation or non-operation of protective relays in

EHV network, severe voltage dips occur which may cause tripping of lines and / or pull out generators
leading to a grid collapse.

(vi) Remedial actions for preventing Grid Collapse

The system frequency has to be maintained within ±1% of rated frequency as per I.E. Act. To
ensure the security of the grid, the frequency should be maintained above 49.5 Hz.

As per IEGC, each generating unit shall be capable of instantaneously increasing its output by
5% and maintain for minimum of 5 minutes when the frequency falls and when operating at any
loading upto 105% MCR, (Maximum Continuous Rating).

All generating units shall have their automatic voltage regulators in operation with appropriate
settings for maintaining voltage profile.

4.3. CONCLUSION

In this chapter, Monitoring of Power grid parameters and Causes of Grid Collapse are
discussed. The next chapter is about the Problems and Rectifications of Power grid.
 30

CHAPTER-5

PROBLEMS OF POWER GRID

 PROBLEMS OF POWER GRID

5.1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the problems experienced in Southern Regional Grid

5.2. THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS ARE EXPERIENCED IN S.R.GRID

• Under frequency operation for long spells due to large gap between generation
availability and demand.

• In S.R., the load in three major states is predominantly Agricultural. Dry spell for three
days causes 40% increase in hourly demand and rainfall causes in load crash.

• No, Spinning margins. Hence system disturbances likely for loss of even 200MW of
Generation.

• Heavy load shedding resorted both manually and by under frequency relays during dry
spells in Agricultural season.

• Poor voltages at EHV buses.

• High Reactive power drawls during Agricultural season.

• Even a small perturbation in the system causing power swings and cascade tripping.

• Grid Managers under severe strain maintaining round the clock vigil.
 31
5.3. CONCLUSION

In this chapter, Problems of Power grid are discussed. The next chapter is about
400KV Maamidipally Substation and Unified Load Dispatch Control (ULDC).
 32

CHAPTER – 6

400KV MAAMIDIPALLY SUBSTATION

 400KV MAAMIDIPALLY SUBSTATION

6.1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with 400KV MAAMIDIPALLY SubStation and Unified Load Dispatch
Control.
The electricity has become an essential commodity in today’s life and as such the demand for
the electricity is also growing day-by-day. With such a heavy demand in the fast developing city of
Hyderabad, uninterrupted supply of power and maintaining the voltage at the required constant level
has become a challenging job to the then Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board. To over come these
two problems, the then Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board has decided to increase its power
transmitting capacity from 220kv to 400 kV. Accordingly, it was decided to construct some 400kv
sub-stations in the state. As a part of that program, the capital city of the state, Hyderabad, for
providing constant and uninterrupted power supply to the city at required constant voltage. Thus a 400
kV Sub-Station has come up at MAAMIDIPALLY.

The 400 kV Sub-Station at MAAMIDIPALLY receives power being evacuated at the

SRISAILAM Left Bank Hydro Power Project through two 400 kV lines and it steps down the voltage
to 220 kV before onwards transmission to various 220 kV Sub-Stations of Hyderabad.
The control room is centrally air conditioned and for this two air conditioning plants of 80 TR

capacity each are provided.

The generator is supplied and installed by M/s. SHANTI Electricals, Hyderabad in the sub-
station premises for supply of power to the switch–yard equipment, control room, PLCC batteries etc.,
in case of failure of regular power supply. It runs with high speed diesel and it has a diesel storage
capacity of 1000 Liters.

A unified load dispatch center is also established in the control room building of the Sub-
Station, for economic load dispatch and energy management at the state level. The sub-station has a
GPS satellite time synchronizing system, which will facilitate recording of all events in the sub-station
.The system felicities clinical fault analysis in view of the availability of sequence of events. The

33
present SCADA system is having on-line study facility in electrical management system. It has many
advantages such as dispatcher’s interface to SCADA real-time data and functions associated with a
single telemetered point is provided through the select user interface.

Optical Line Terminal equipment and Microwave & Multiplexing equipment are installed at
various sub-stations in the state for optical and microwave communications. A remote operated
centralized location transmission network management system has been installed at the 400 KV Sub-
Station at MAAMIDIPALLY, to control these equipment with the network management system, the
monitoring and acknowledging the alarms, configuring or modifying the equipment installed at
various sub-stations can be done remotely from the 400kv sub-station at MAAMIDIPALLY.

The P.L.C.C. Batteries required for the sub-station were procured from M/s. AMARRAJA
Batteries ltd., TIRUPATHI, since the sub-station has all costly equipment and machinery which
require utmost care, the sub-station equipment and machinery has been insured with M/s. new India
Assurance Ltd,.

After receiving power at 400kv strength, the voltage will be stepped down to 220 KV and the
same is being transmitted to various 220 KV sub-stations at Hyderabad. There are two lines connected
to the 220 KV sub station at GachiBouli, Hyderabad and another two line connected to the 220 kV
sub-station at ChandrayanaGutta, Hyderabad. Work is going on to establish a connection between the
400 kV sub-station at Hyderabad with the 220 kV sub-station at YedduMailaram, Hyderabad.

6.2. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

Data Acquisition System consists of transducers, relays and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
located at remote stations. Transducers interface with Current transformers (CT) and potential
transformers (PT) to measure MW/MVAR flows, voltage and frequency. Relays are used to acquire
status of circuit breakers and isolators. 11 Nos. RTUs are with 8085 Intel Processors and 10 Nose
RTUs are with 68000 Mobile based CPUs. There are two FEPs, one being active and the other at
serving as standby. The host computer will processes the data, converts into engineering value and
display the save as dynamic data in the displayed on single line diagram of station pictures for the
ready information of the shift engineer. Each shift engineer (load dispatcher) is provided with a

34
computer called MMI (Man machine interface) with 19” color monitor to view the dynamic data of
required station or overall grid in color graphics. The dispatcher can also generate trend curves,
current as well as historic reports making use of software tools provided.

6.3. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

PLCC is used as the main communication system for data transmission between RTUs to host
computer. The data over PLCC coming from 21 stations terminates at he 220 kV sub-stations at
sharoornagar and Chandrayanagutta near Hyderabad. The LD center and the above 220KV substations
connected by UHF links. Some RTUs are connected to LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE in multi drop
and other with point to point links. The PLCC is also used Telephone links are provided for voice
communication between LD Center and RTU station as different frequencies called express channel.

6.4. UNIFIED LOAD DISPATCH CONTROL (ULDC)

All the state grid networks in India are divided into five Regional Grids viz-North, South, East,
and West & Northeast. Southern Grid comprises of State Power Systems of Andhra Pradesh,
Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Goa & Pondicherry.
Government of India proposed to establish a uniform SCADA system together with EMS functions at
all the State Load Dispatch Centers of Southern Grid to serve Unified Load Dispatch System with
strengthened Communication system of data transfer between the southern states and Southern
Regional Load Dispatch Center, Bangalore. PGCL, a Central Government of India was authorized to
order the necessary hardware, software for SCADA and EMS and Communication equipment utilizing
the funds from International Financing Agencies.

6.4.1. OBJECTIVES OF ULDC

• Provide Real time data from all Nodal points of Sub LDCs to State LDC and from State
LDCs to RLDC.

• Load Dispatch as per entitlements.

 • Merit Order Dispatch and sharing of Reserve Capacity possible.
• To get equipped to participate in the proposed National Grid by 2011 A.D.

35
A.P.ULDC(Andhra Pradesh Unified Load Dispatch and Communication) scheme covers all
generation stations, all 400KV substations, all 220KV substations, and three 132KV substations (total
90) in A.P. The system enables energy management, supervisory control of 132Kv feeders for the
present and extendable for automatic generation control as per merit order dispatch including inter
regional exchanges.

The state LDCs of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Pondicherry are all
interconnected to the southern Regional Load Dispatch Centre (SRLDC) at Bangalore for real time
integrated stable operation to provide a Stable power system.The ULD centre (SLDC) is provided with
powerful tools for efficient Energy Management System, Merit Order Dispatch and Stable System
Operation.

6.4.2. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ULDC SCHEME

(i) EMS/SCADA

EMS/SCADA(Energy Management System and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

System) in Five hierarchical control centers integrating RTUs located at 91 strategic substations and
generating stations spread across the A.P.Grid for polling real time data for monitoring, control and
analysis.

(ii) Broad Band Communication Network

The communication network supporting the hierarchical system of Load Despatch Centres has
been established for transmission of large volumes of voice/data at high speeds from RTUs at
Substations/generating stations to ALDCs, ALDC to SLDC and SLDC to RLDC.Wide Band
Communication Network comprising Digital Microwave and OFC system has been installed.

6.4.3. OPERATIONAL FACILITIES

 • Servers and Front End Processors with CRT monitoring facility located in four ALDCs
integrated to SLDCs through Broadband Communication system with adequate redundancy,

36

Video projection Display System (VPD) provided at SLDC.

• Time synchronization with GPS at all RTUs and control centres for time stamping of events
correct to a millisecond.

• OFC/MW Broad Band Communication back bone network interface with PLCC channels
sprouting out of it to reach end stations.

• Hot stand by facilities provided at PSU and CPU levels in the OFC/MW Communication
System to maintain uninterrupted communication round-the-clock.

• Dispatcher Training Simulator.

• RTU support protocol conversion for information exchange between multiple masters with
multiple databases, fully integrated programmable logic control using Prologic station
automation with control features.

• RTUs support up to 7 communication parts for interface SCADA masters, RTUs.

6.4.4. BENEFITS

• Real Time Monitoring, Supervision and Control of power system.

• Improved system security, Reliability and Avoidance of grid disturbance.

• Quick restoration of normalcy in event of disturbances.

• Optimal utilization of resources and economic dispatch of power-Merit order Dispatch.

• Improved quality of power supply of maintaining critical operating parameters like voltage,
frequency, etc.

• Efficient & reliable communication of power system network.

• Energy Management System.

• Pre & Post fault data logging and analysis.

 37

6.5. CONCLUSION

In this chapter, 400KV Maamidipally Substation and Unified Load Dispatch Control is
discussed in detail.
 38

CHAPTER – 7

CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION

7.1. CONCLUSION

In this project a sincere effort has made for the Power grid Management through Scada.The
present project gave us an opportunity to know about the Power grid Operation, Scada Overview,
Architecture and Applications and also the problems on Power grid and the 400KV Maamidipally
Substation and Unified Load Dispatch Control.
 39

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS :

1. SCADA - A.S. PABLA

2. POWER GRID MANAGEMENT – STUART

WEBSITES :

1. www.wikipedia.org
2. www.google.search.com
 40

APPENDIX
 41

ORGANISATION PROFILE
APGENCO

Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board is a statutory authority constituted under the provisions
of Electricity Supply Act 1948 charged with responsibility of generation, transmission and distribution
of electricity in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Consequent to reforms, APSEB was unbundled into two
corporation’s viz. Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Ltd. (APTRANSCO) and Generation
Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Ltd. (APGENCO).

At present APTRANSCO is responsible in maintaining the power transmission from all

generating stations at EHT (132KV, 220KV and 400KV). The power distribution at 33KV, 11KV, &
440 volts is looked after by newly formed distribution companies VIZ (1) AP Central Power
Distribution Company AP (CPDCL) (Hyderabad) (2) AP Eastern Power Distribution Company
(Vizag) (3) AP Northern Power Distribution Company (APNPDCL) (Warangal) (4) AP Southern
Power Distribution Company (APSPDCL) (Tirupathi).

APSEB/APTRANSCO has planned for updating technologies by implementation of SCADA

project for the city of Hyderabad and the surrounding municipalities. This project is called “the
Hyderabad integrated SCADA Project” which is implemented with the financial assistance from DFID
(Department for International Development), Govt. of UK. APTRANSCO has established a new state
load despatch center with 4 area load dispatch centers at Vijayawada, Cuddapah, Warangal and
Hyderabad under unified scheme together with the neighboring states of Southern Region.
42