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Abstract
Remote sensing and GIS studies have been utilized and
aimed to reveal the geological, topographical aspects, as
well as to decipher the main lineaments, structural and
paleo-drainage
patterns.
Electrical
Resistivity
measurements have been carried out in form of Vertical
Electrical Sounding (VES) to show water bearing
formations and the aquifer thickness. Remote sensing
data revealed general elevation range between 154588
m (a.m.s.l.), general slope is from North to the south and
several primary paleo-drainage systems are clear
depicted, the drainage system runs from the south-east to
north-west. Resistivity data showed that aquifers are of
good permeability and of regional recharge. The
recommended depths of the boreholes to be drilled are
ranging from 180 m to 240 m.
I. INTRODUCTION
This study has been carried out in area lies in southern
part of Northern State -Sudan. It is a part of the Nubian
(Cretaceous) sedimentary basin, which is engulfed by
the second big loop of the River Nile and represents by
latitudes 1999000-1987000 Northing and longitudes
345600-355200 Easting (Fig. 1).
The area characterized by undulating topographic
surface that formed of moderate and low elevation
sandstone ridges. Numerous sandy peneplains are
extended in which paleo- wadies and Khors took their
courses. The surface land is covered by unconsolidated
sandy soil of two types; the fine-grained aeolian while
the second type is the weathering product of the Nubian
Sandstone Formations, which composed of silty sand
and clayey sandy soil. However, a few transported
longitudinal.
The study area is characterized by a typical desert
climate, where the rainfall could be zero in the northern
parts of Atmour desert and increase gradually to the
south to reach about 25mm annually. The area is
distinguished by two dominant seasons; a very hot
summer with 40 C and a dry cold winter with almost
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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
III. RESULTS
1. Geology
The Cretaceous Sandstone (Nubian) rocks are the main
lithological units that crop out in the study area. These
sedimentary rocks are a part of the sedimentary Nubian
Saharan Basins (NSB) that extends in northern Sudan
(Fig. 2).
The NSB formed in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic era as a
result of the reactivation of the old Central Shear Zone
by extensional deformation. The subsidence led to
formation of the interior rift basins in central and
northern Sudan in which these sedimentary rocks are
preserved. The NSB formed of various lithologies of the
Nubian Sandstone Supergroup (Formations) and exposed
on the surface in most southern Atmour desert and
overlain the Basement Complex rocks. The nearest
crystalline rocks in the area crop out at Merowe Dam,
which is located at 60Km east of the study area.
The Nubian Sandstone rocks are product of fluvial and
lake deposits (fluviatile and lacustrine environments) of
Upper Cretaceous age. The Nubian Sandstone
Formations represent the most potential groundwater
aquifers in central and northern Sudan.
2. Remote Sensing and GIS Investigation
Remote sensing studies have been utilized in this study,
whereby the optical satellite imageries of Landsat
ETM+7 in addition to the Shuttle Radar Topographic
Mission (SRTM) data have been used that represented
by:
Landsat ETM+7, path 174, row 47, acq. Date:
31/10/2001.
Landsat ETM+7, path 175, row 47, acq. Date:
20/10/2000.
SRTM DATA (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
Data).
Remote sensing studies aimed to reveal the geological,
topographical aspects of the area, as well as to decipher
the main lineaments, structural and paleo-drainage
patterns.
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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
3. Geophysical Investigation
3.1 Vertical Electrical Sounding Measurements
Geo-electrical survey had been applied in this study
using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) with
Schlumberger, amount of 18 VES's were carried out in
the project area, along 6 profiles lines perpendicular to
the main fractures system in NW-SE direction to be in
NE-SW trend, (Fig. 1). 90 % of the conducted VESs
give real-able data while 10% of the VESs data were
disturbed due to the present of un conducted
conglomeratic sandstone and due the existence of Iron
bands at the surface that effect the vertical current
transmission. The geophysical readings using SAS 1000
were analyzed using computer software ResixPLUS.
3.2 Vertical Sounding Curves
All VES curves observed reveal relatively thick multilayered earth. The range of resistivity for the area is
generally moderate ranging between 34 and 301 .m.
The dominant types of curves are QKH-type, KHKHtype and HKH-type indicating 5 geo-electric layers
reflecting thick and low resistivity ground. No Basement
trends are revealed within the surveyed area however,
most of the curves tend to indicate relatively high
resistivity range (60 -117 .m) at the maximum
separation attained at 800-1000m (Fig 4). The work was
conducted in the form of Vertical Electrical Sounding
Measurements (table 1).
The VES data generally reflect the resistivity layering of
the subsurface. The area is known to be a basin in which
relatively thick Nubian sediments of varying grain size
occur below the static water level (SWL) in the area. The
SWL in the area as observed in the nearest wells to the
area amounts to 25-35 m. The relation between the
groundwater occurrence and the resistivity of the waterbearing sediments is well established in the literature
however, the main task of the sounding method in this
study is to identify resistivity zones which are related to
the occurrence groundwater of good quality and
quantity.
3.3 Interpretation of VES Data
The VES curves are interpreted with aid of a IP2WIN.
The program provides an option of inverse modeling for
the field curve as well as other options for direct
interpretation. In this work, a model for each field curve
is proposed based on the type of the curve and its
resistivity variation. The program on iteration computes
a theoretical curve based on an input model and
continues to adjust it until a good fit with the field curve
is obtained. The validity of the resulting model is
checked against the prevailing lithological and
hydrological conditions in the vicinity of the VES point.
This is commonly realized through a process of
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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
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Postan
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1.2
49.2
22.2
1.1
13.3
48.2
13.1
334.3
5.1
0.1
33.5
11.8
13.1
9.8
9.9
76.2
0.1
33.7
45.4
58.5
68.4
78.3
154.6
VES
1No.
2
Correction
Factor
0.37
0.41
U nregistered Version
Pivot 24 VES1
0.1
100
D epth (m)
10
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10
100
1000
10
100
Spacing (m)
1000
10
R esistivity (ohm-m)
100
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
U nregistered Version
Pivot 26 VES 1
0.1
100
D epth (m)
10
10
100
IV. CONCLUSION
1
1000
10
100
Spacing (m)
1000
10
100
R esistivity (ohm-m)
1000
REFERENCES
[1] Andrew, F. M. (1948): Geology of the Sudan, In
Tothill, J. D. (Ed). Agriculture in the Sudan, Oxford
Univ. Press, London pp. 84-128.
[2] Dobrin, M. B. (1981): Introduction to geophysical
prospecting Me Graw-Hill, Singapore, Third edition, pp.
752.
[3] Geological map of sudan, done by Geological
Research Authority of Sudan, (2005).
[4] Klitzsch, E. H. and Squyres, C. H. (1990): Palaeozoic
and Mesozoic Geological History of Northeastern Africa
based upon new interpretation of Nubian Strata, AAPG
Bulletin, V.74, No. 8, pp. 1203-1211.
[5] Mallet, J. L., 2002. Geomodeling. Oxford University
Press, 2002.
[6] Mallet, J. L.,1992. Discrete Smooth Interpolation in
Geometrics Modelling, Computer Aided Journal, Vol.24,
pp. 178-191.
[7] Vail, J. R. (1978): Outline of the geology and mineral
deposits of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan and
adjacent areas. Overseas Geol. Miner Resources,London,
49.
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