CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Petroleum crisis is unavoidable in the world, because that fossil fuels
belong to unrenewable energy. It needs hundreds of years to produce , thats why
we have to find alternative energy. One of alternative energy which can be
developed is biodiesel. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fat. The
development of biodiesel becomes very important because the reserve of
petroleum is decreasing.
Biodiesel made from chemical reactions such as alcohol, vegetable oil
with using transesterification process, which can be used easily and this fuel has
similiar physical character with regular diesel oil and also can be applied for
diesel engines without modification. Biodiesel is biodegredable, ten times no toxic
than regular diesel oil and the number of cetana is better than regular diesel oil
and the content is no sulfur and aromatic compounds, so the resulting combustion
emissions are environmentally friendly and do not add the accumulation of carbon
dioxide gas in the atmosphere. So, the use of biodiesel impact on reducing the
effects of global warming because of carbon dioxide emissions low.
Generally, the raw material of biodiesel is vegetable oil such as palm oil,
jatropha, rapeseed, safflower, etc. and also from palm oil can be taken the waste to

make biodiesel which can be called "waste cooking oil". based on the results of
the evaluation of the feasibility of some of the material of biodiesel, Ruhyat and
Firdaus (2006) have determined that waste cooking oil is a kind of vegetable oil
that is most fit for use as a raw material for biodiesel. according chhteri (2008),
the processing of biodiesel from waste cooking oil is an effective way to lower the
selling price of biodiesel because the low cost of raw materials. beside that, the
utilization of waste cooking oil also can solve the problem of waste oil disposal
and public health
Waste cooking oil is the remain of frying oil have been used 3 times. And
generally, the society of Indonesia really like with fried food for side dish such as
fried chiken, fried rice, fried noodle, and etc. Or for snacks such as fried banana,
fried cassava, and etc. So, waste cooking oil is very easy to find and usually the
society using oil for cooking continuesly. Meanwhile, the using of frying oil more
than three times is dangerous because there is transition chemical reaction,so, it is
better the society can utilize waste cooking oil into biodiesel than just throw it
which will be a bad influence on environment. Based on the background above so
the writer makes scientific writing under title Waste Cooking Oil as a Biodiesel
Material for Alternative Energy.
1.2 The Statement of Problem
1. What is biodiesel ?
2. What is waste cooking oil ?
3. How is the process of using waste cooking oil as biodiesel material ?
2

4. What are the effect of using waste cooking oil as biodiesel material ?

1.3 The Objectives of The Study

1. To know what biodiesel is
2. To know what waste cooking oil is
3. To know the process of using waste cooking oil as biodiesel material
4. To know the effect of using waste cooking oil as biodiesel material
1.4 The Limitation of The Study
In this scientific writing, the writer explains about Waste cooking oil as a
biodiesel material for alternative energy. we know that natural resources
especially petroloum resourcewill be finished if it is used continously. It needs
alternative energy to solve that problem. But in this scientific writing we use
biodisielas alternative energy and use waste cooking oil as the material of
biodiesel.
1.5 The Significances of The Study
The scientific writing is expected to be useful for:
1. The writer
The writer can express her idea so that she can add her knowledge
about everything which is connected with biodiesel using waste
cooking oil material.
2. The society

The society can use waste cooking oil for producing biodiesel as an
alternative energy which is environmentally friendly.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
4

2.1 Alternative Energy

Alternative energy is the energy which is used to replace fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels are formed from animals and plants that died hundreds of millions of
years ago. So, if human do not skimp, it will be run out. The use of alternative
energy is one way to conserve fossil fuels supplies. The caracteristic of alternative
energy is as follow :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Can be used continously (renewable)

The abundant amount
The processing and using does not cause a variety of disease
Not dangerous and safe
Environmentally friendly

2.1.1 The Kinds of Alternative Energy

There are some kinds of alternative energy as follow :
1. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is a form of thermal energy, generated and
stored in the earth. This energy used to power plants, and as heat source
which is utilized directly using a pipe to the bowels of the earth and also as
heat pump which is pumped directly from the earth.
2. Solar Power
Solar power is the energy which is collected directly from sunlight
and the advantages from this energy is as follow :
1.Produces electricity using solar cells
2.Produces electricity using solar power
3.To charge the battery

4.Heats the food using a solar oven

5.Heats the water through a solar
3. Wind Power
Wind power is the energy collection of air movement that occurs
when there is different temperature, that is warm and cold air. This energy
used to power turbine and to rotate the mechanical equipment such as
grinding the grain or pumping water.
4. Hydro Power
Hydro power is energy obtained from the flowing water. The
advantages from this energy is as follow :
1. As power dams
2. As mikrohidro built to generate electricity up to 100 kw scale
3. As run of the river were built by utilizing the kinetic energy of
the water flow.
5. Fuel Cells
Fuel cells is the energy which change chemical reaction become
electricity. This energy used to rechange portabel automative and power
plant.
6. Biomass
Biomass is the energy use from organic material such as animal fat,
vegetable rubbish or animal waste, etc. Biomassa consist of bioetanol
biogas, pure plant, biobriket, and biodiesel.

2.2 Biodiesel
2.2.1 The History of Biodiesel
Transesterification of vegetable oils were conducted in early 1853 by
scientist Eduffy and J. Pat. In the previous year, the diesel engine is found
belonging to Rudolf Diesels engine is used as the main model. A measuring
machine loft (3m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, the first operation
diesel machine in Augsburg, Germany, 10 August 1893, and to commemorate this,
on 10 August was declared international biodiesel day.
2.2.2 The Definition of Biodiesel
Biodoesel is one of alternative energy, methyl ester compound from
esterification or transesterification process of vagetable oils, animal fats, and algae
and fulfill the quality to used as fuel for diesel machine. Biodiesel has similiar
physical characteristic with diesel fuel. So, it can be used as subtitution fuel for
diesel vechicles. Biodiesel can be applied in the form of 1000%(B100) or mixture
with diesel oil at a certain concentration level (BX) such as 10% biodiesel coils
because has calorific value 37 Mj/Kg and fossil fuels has calorific value 42,7
Mj/Kg.
In chemical composition, biodiesel is different with diesel oil. Generally
diesel oil consist of 30-35 % aromatic hidrocarbon compounds and 65-70 %
parafin with little olefin, while biodiesel consist of C6-C18 fatty acid methyl ester
with 1-3 double bond for each molecule. The advantages of biodiesel with diesel

oils is on exhaust gas emissions, sulfur content, cetana number, biodegredability

and stability, lubicration and cleaning machines.
2.2.3 The Raw Material of Biodiesel
Biodiesel can be made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Vegetable oils
is the raw material which commonly used in the world to produce biodiesel and
biodiesel can be taken from plant extracts.
The use of vegetable oils as a material for biodiesel has several advantages
The name
The content of
of crop
oil /literoils is obtained. The process of making biodiesel
including
a source of vegetable
Corn
(Maize)oils is easy and
172 fast, the level of conversion of vegetable oils into
from
vegetable
Cashewreaches
Nut 95 %. Vegetable
176
biodiesel
oils has a fatty acid and composition varies
Oatson the type of crop,
217the main constituent subtances of vegetable oils or
depending
232
animalLupine
fats are triglycerides.
Triglycerides are triester of gliserol with fatty acid
(C8-C24Kenaf
).

273

Calendula

305

Cotton

325

363of plants in Indonesia that can be used as a source

There Hemp
are more than 40 species
Soybeanoils :
of vegetable
Coffe
Linseed (Flax)

446
459
The content of
478
oil/liter

Hazelnuts

482

Euphorbia

524

Pumpkin Seed

534

Coriandes

536

Mustard Seed

572

Camelia

583

Sesame

696

The name of crop

Saf flower

779

Rice

828

Tung Oil Tree

940

Sun Flower

952

Cocoa

1026

Peanuts

1059

Opium Poppy

1163

Rapeseed

1190

Olives

1212

Castor beans

1413

Pecan nuts

1791

Jojoba

1818

Jatropha

1892

Macademia Nuts

2246

Brazil Nuts

2392

Avocado

2638

Coconut

2689

Palm Oil

5950

2.3 Waste Cooking Oil

Waste cooking oil is an oil produced of leftover frying, from coconut oil or
palm oil. Waste cooking oil can cause smoke or foaming of oil during frying,
leaving a brown color and the flavor is not preferred from the fried food. When

the oil is used to fry where the oil molecules break down into acid. This process
grows with the high heat and a long time for frying food.
Waste cooking oil still used for frying food, however waste cooking oil is
very dangerous for health because contain free fatty acids. So, it needs great
solution to use waste cooking oil so that not cause a cancer disease.
The content free fatty acid in waste cooking become ester if mixed with
metanol and becomes soap if mixed with NaOH. So, if waste cooking oil mixed
with metanol and NaOH will happen transesterification process and the result
after settled will produce biodiesel and soap. According Yuwon (2005) Waste
cooking oil can be biodiesel if mixed with NaOH and metanol which is heated
during 15 minutes with temperature of 55 C.
On 31 August 1937 G Chavance in University Brussels (Belgia) has done
experiment to make biodiesel from vegetable oils and the next experiment he was
success with the material of waste cooking oil.
From the data of the ministary (2005) the production of cooking oil in
Indonesia increased until 11,6 % or 6,43 million tons while the consumtion of
cooking oil reached 16,5 kg especially for palm oil 12,7 kg and until now waste
cooking oil doesnt bring advantage and only throw away. because of that, the use
of waste cooking oil as raw material of biodiesel will give good value for waste
cooking oil.

10

CHAPTER III
THE METHODOLOGY

11

3.1 The Method of writing

The method of writing from this scientific writing consists of some steps
follows :
1

Appoinment of Theme
This scientific writing has had theme of Physicalchemistry. This theme

has been determined by school, so the writer has developed the theme becoming
scientific writing.
2 Appoinment of Title
The title of scientific writing is Waste Cooking Oil as a Biodiesel
Material for Alternative Energy. This title is made based on background that has
been explained by the writer in chapter one.
3 Collecting of Data
This scientific writing with the title Waste Cooking Oil as a Biodiesel
Material for Alternative Energy. Writer has used library research method. The
writer has read some sources like book and some data from internet which have
been connected with title. The writer has read then made resume of important
matters from the sources which can be used.

Formation of Scientific Writing

From the sources which the writer has gotten and also from the

background explained in chapter one, the writer tries to explain it until becoming
this scientific writing. The writer really hopes thst this scientific writing can be
useful for us.

12

CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION

4.1 Tools and materials

A. Tools

Nu

Tools name

Spesificatio

13

Unit

Sum

2
3

round bottomflask with 3

necks
ElectricHeaters
Scales

Reflux condenser

Srandart

5
6

Flask
ErlenmeyerFiltering

GlassChemistry

PipetteVolume

9
10
11
12

Pipettedrops
Funnelsplit
Funnelglass
Rodstirrer

13

GlassMeasure

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Spatula
Buret
Glass Tuber
Fillter
Thermometer
The standandClamp
Magnetic stirer
Vacuum pump
Beaker PP
Pycnometer
Viscometer

250 mL
250 mL
100 mL,250
mL
5 mL, 25
mL
Srandart
500 mL
Sedang
30 cm
50 mL, 100
mL
Baja
50 mL
0 10cm
Srandart
Srandart
Srandart
250 mL
10 mL

500 mL

Piece

350 W
Analitis

Piece
Piece

1
1

20 mL
5 mL

piece
Piece
Piece

2
1

Piece

Piece

Piece
Piece
Piece
Piece

1
1
1
1

Piece

Piece
Piece
Piece
Piece
Piece
Set
Piece
Piece
Piece
Piece
Piece

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

B. Materials
Num
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Materials name
Waste cooking oil
Methanol 99%
KOH
Isopropil Alkohol 99%
Asetat acid
Sulfat acid
Aquades

Spesification
Waste
Teknis
Teknis
Teknis
Teknis
Teknis
Standart

14

unit
Gram
Ml
Gram
Ml
Ml
Ml
Ml

Sum
200
50
5
150

Indikator phenolphtalen
8 (PP)

Standart

Tetes

4.2 Prosedure of making biodiesel

1.Take 200 grams of waste cooking oil and put in a flat round flask
500 ml.
2. Heat up a waste cooking oil with temperature 50 C for 15 minutes
3. Take 50 ml of methanol and pour into a round flat flask of 500 ml.
4. Considering 5 grams of KOH and pouring into a round flat flask of 500 ml.
5. Attach the thermometer to the flask flat round and let one of his neck is
open (free air reflux)
6. Warm up for 10 minutes at a temperature of 60-70o C using hot plate and
stirrer
7. Cool and transfer the solution into a separating funnel (the top layer
contain methyl esters/biodiesel and the bottom layer contain glycerin), let
stand a minute, if the mixture separates only a few, continue heating 20
minutes.
8. After separating discard layers underneath.
9. Adding 150 ml of distilled water, shake vigorously and let stand.
10. After the split cast layers underneath.
11. Repeat steps 8 and 9 three times
12. To remove residual water, pouring biodiesel into the oven for 10 minutes
13. Refrigerate and filtered using filter paper

15

4.3 Biodiesel Quality Test

4.3.1 Analysis of Acid Numbers
1. Weigh 20 g sample of biodiesel into 250ml erlenmeyer.
2. Added 50 ml of neutral alcohol.
3. Heated to boiling by using cooling upright and shake then chill.
4. Coupled 2-3 drops of indicator PP 1%.
5. Titrated with 0.1 N KOH solution until the red color is constant.

Calculation formulas
Acid number = Vtitrasi X N KOH X BE KOH : Sample Weight (g)

Description
Vtitrasi: Volume Titration (1.4)
N: Normality of KOH
BE: Equivalent Weight KOH (56.1)

4.3.2 Analysis Yield Levels

1. Weigh the raw materials (waste cooking oil)
2. Weigh the final results of biodiesel in glass beaker

% Lose = Raw materials - Biodiesel results x 100% :Raw material

Yield =% Raw Materials -% Loss

16

4.4

Research
Based on calculations of the number of acid on biodiesel by using KOH

catalyst obtained results 0.3927 mg KOH / g.

Acid number: Vtitrasi X N KOH X BE KOH : Sample Weight (g)
= 1.4 X 0.1 X 56.1 : 20
= 0.3927 mg KOH / g
The final results of biodiesel in get 150g of raw materials 200 g
Based on the yield test against boiodiesel obtained as follows:
% Loss = Raw materials - Biodiesel results x 100% : Raw material
Yield =% Raw Materials -% Loss
% Loss = 200-150 x 100% : 200
= 25%
Yield= 100% - 25%
= 75%

The process of making biodiesel used waste cooking oil begins with
trasesterifikasi process, where waste cooking oil is reacted with methanol 98% so
that, KOH base catalyst is produced methyl ester. In this phase is formed of two
layers, the bottom layer, which owns the brown colored glycerol layer and the top
layer is a layer of yellow colored biodiesel. The second layer and the top layer
divorced then processed to produce pure biodiesel. Quality test results can be done

17

with the parameters, one of which is the acid number. Standart acid number in
biodiesel is based National Standarisi Agency Indonesia in 2006 is a maximum of
0.8 mg KOH / g and of research conducted, biodiesel from waste cooking oil is
much lower than the specified standard is 0.3927 mg KOH / g. Then we make
biodiesel viable for used. Because if the test acid number is higher than the
standard specified then the biodiesel is corrosive and can cause the crust to the
diesel engine injector.
Based on the test results obtained yield of 75% of the raw material used
cooking oil. Means 25% wasted when washing biodiesel, because the tools we use
less comprehensive, while the separation between biodiesel and glycerol mixed by
impurities waste cooking oil. Then the results we get quite a lot that is 75%.
Although in the biodiesel industry in fact that can be generated can reach more
than 90%. However, because many factors so that we produce only 75%.

4.5 The effect of using waste cooking oil as biodiesel material

4.5.1 The advantages of biodiesel from waste cooking oil
The advantages of biodiesel from waste cooking oil is same with the
advantages of standar biodiesel if compared with diesel fuel, are :
1) More economical.

18

Biodiesel is used as fuel for diesel engines more efficient if compared to using
diesel.
2) Reducing the emission of smoke.
Usingbiodieselcanreduce emissionssmoke releasedby the machine, so it canavoid
air pollutionthatpollute the environment.
3) Reduce CO2 emissions.
Biodiesel release emits carbon dioxide (CO2) is less than the emissions released
by diesel fuel. CO2 emissions released biodiesel is 75% less than diesel fuel
emitted. So using biodiesel can reduce the impact of climate change because
global warming.
4) Do not produce SO2.
Combustion indiesel enginesusingbiodiesel, does not producesulfur dioxide(SO2).
SO2harmful to human healthbecause it contains withtoxins.
5) Renewable.
Biodiesel is a renewable alternative materials, because it can be made from plants
and animal fat. Vegetable oils are often used in the manufacture of biodiesel, such
as coconut oil, soybean oil, palm oil etc. not like diesel fuel which is will be lost
in the short time.
However, if the terms of the aspect economy, biodiesel from waste cooking oil
more benefit. The advantages of biodiesel from waste cooking oil than biodiesel
standard, as follows:
1) The materials is cheaper.

19

Waste cooking oil is

material for making biodiesel which is

cheaper than the new cooking oil which is material for making biodiesel
standard.
4.5.2 The Disadvantages of biodiesel from waste cooking oil
The disadvantages of biodiesel from waste cooking oil is as follow :
1) Energy biodiesel is lower.
The energy generated by the engine using biodiesel is lower than the
energy produced by the engine using diesel fuel. The energy content of biodiesel
is known 11% less fuel than petroleum-based diesel. This means that power
generation capacity of the machines used will decrease when using biodiesel.
2) The quality of low oxidation.
Biodiesel has a lower oxidation quality biodiesel that can cause some
problems when stored. When stored for a longer time, biodiesel tends to turn into
a gel which can lead to blockage of the various engine components.
3) Not withstanding the winter.
In the winter, quickly frozen so that biodiesel can clog fuel lines in
vehicles.
4) If the biodiesel is not completely clean of glycerol, biodiesel can cause
corrosion on the vehicle's engine. Residual glycerol in biodiesel there may
henghidrolisa and break into FFA biodiesel which is then dissolved in biodiesel
itself. The content of FFA in biodiesel is not good because it can clog the filter or
strainer with sediment and be corrosion on metal diesel engines.

20

CHAPTER V
CLOSING

5.1 Conclusion

21

Based on the result data and real information which has discussed in the
previous chapter, it can be concluded as follows :
1. Alternative energy is renewable energythat canrenewed.
2. Biodiesel is one of alternative energy which can be used to fuel diesel
engines andhas apositiveimpactasfuelin general.
3. manufacture ofbiodieselcan be donethrougha

transesterification

process.
4. Waste cooking oil is one of material that can be used to make
biodiesel.
5. Utilization ofwaste cooking oilasbiodieselisaway ofdisposal of
waste(used cooking oil) whichgenerateseconomic valueand
creatingalternative fuelsfor diesel fuelsubstitutethat isethical,
economical and ecological.
5.2 Suggestion
After knowing about discussion above, the writer hopefully will give the
suggestion as follows :

1. To government
The government can supportthe application ofalternative fuelfrom
waste

cooking

oil,

asraw

material

for

makingbiodieselfrom

leftoverfryingfoodsthat are relatively cheapand readily available.

2. To the society

22

a. The society can increase and propagate the use ofbiodieselasa

fuelsubstitute fordiesel oil
b. The society canoptimize
abiodieselmaterialso

it

the

use

can

ofwaste

reducethe

cooking

oilas

environmental

loadofwasteandincrease people's income

3. To the students
The students can explore more about the utilization of waste cooking
oil as material biodiesel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Syarief, Effendi. 2004. Melawan ketergantungan pada minyak

bumi;Bahan bakar nabati dan biodiesel sebagai alternatif dan gerakan.
Yogyakarta : Insist Press.
Tim Penulis BRDST. 2008. Membangun Paabrik Biodiesel Skala Kecil.
Jakarta : Penebar Swadaya.

23

http://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/energi_terbarukan konsep
(accesed 28th August 2015)
http://thata-info.blogspot.co.id/2012/06/pemanfaatan-minyak-jalantahuntuk.html
(accesed 4th September 2015)

24