Political Crisis of Pakistan

1
Political Crisis of Pakistan

POLITICAL CRISIS OF PAKISTAN

INTRODUCTION TO CREATION OF
PAKISTAN:

• British Rule and Muslim league

The British ruled the Indian subcontinent for nearly

200 years-from 1756 to 1947. After the Indian Mutiny
of 1857, the British government abolished the
powers of the British East India Company, which had
ruled the sub-continent on behalf of the British
Crown, and took on direct powers of governance.
Political reforms were initiated, allowing the
formation of political parties. The Indian National
Congress, representing the overwhelming majority of
Hindus, was created in 1885. The Muslim League
was formed in 1906 to represent and protect the
position of the Muslim minority. When the British introduced constitutional
reforms in 1909, the Muslims demanded and acquired separate electoral rolls.
This guaranteed Muslims representation in the provincia l as well as national
legislatures until the dawn of independence in 1947.The idea of a separate
Muslim state in south Asia was raised in 1930 by the poet and philosopher Sir
Muhammad Iqbal.He suggested that the north-western provinces of British India
and the native state of Jammu and Kashmir should be joined into such a state.
The name "Pakistan", which came to be used to describe this grouping, is
thought to have originated as a compound abbreviation made up of letters of the
names of the provinces involved, as follows: Punjab, Afghania (North West
Frontier Province), Kashmir, Indus-Sindh, and Balochistan. An alternative
explanation says the name means "Land of the Pure". By the end of the 1930s,
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League and considered the founding
father of Pakistan, had also decided that the only way to preserve Indian Muslims
from Hindu domination was to establish a separate Muslim state.

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

Creation Of Pakistan

In 1940 the Muslim League formally endorsed the

partitioning of British India and the creation of
Pakistan as a separate Muslim state. During pre-
independence talks in 1946, therefore, the British
government found that the stand of the Muslim
League on separation and that of the Congress on
the territorial unity of India were irreconcilable. The
British then decided on partition and on August 15,
1947, transferred power dividedly to India and
Pakistan. The latter, however, came into existence in
two parts: West Pakistan, as Pakistan stands today,
and East Pakistan, now known as Bangladesh. The two were separated by 1,600
km (1,000 mi) of Indian territory.

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

• POLITICS
Def:
“it is the study how to governe the a state and other political affaris.”

• POLITICAL CRISIS
Def:
“to face a crucial situation or an untable situation in politics is called as political
crisis”.

• POLITICAL HISTORY:

1)Quaid and liaqat ali khan:

Quaid e azam was first governer general of
Pakistan and Liaqut Ali was the first prime
minister of Pakistan.Quaid died in 1948 and
liaqat ali khan was murders in 1951.

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

2)Nizam ul din:
nazam ul dinn was second prime minister of pakistan.

3)Muhamad ali bogra:

Muhammad ali boghra became president (pakistan embasider in america)
and general ghulam Muhammad broke national assembely.
first national election was held in 1954 by general khulam Muhammad and
Muhammad ali bohgra was reelected.he gave the contitiution of 1956.this
cotitution work for 2 years and seven months only.

4)GENERAL AYUB:
General ayubb khan with the help of sikandar
mirza(president) grap up the government. He gave
the constitution of 1962. he govern the govt for about
10 years.in 1969 he left the govt.

5)GENERAL YAHA:
General yaha took up the govt. he declared the martial law, and abolished the
1962 constitution. In 1970 2nd ntional election was held by him.
PAKISTAN'S General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan had been settled in
President's House in Rawalpindi for a full year before he finally agreed to hold a
press conference for foreign newsmen. When he entered the packed drawing
room where the first conference was held 14 months ago, he immediately let loose
a few choice expletives about the hot TV lights. A trembling technician quickly
switched them off. Then Yahya started in on the journalists. "Don't
play politics with me," he snapped in his characteristically gruff
bass, "because I'll play politics with you."

6)ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO:

Zufikar ali bhuto in west pak and mujeeb ur
rehman in west pakistan was succeed. Bhutto
become 1st civil martial law administrative

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

of pak. he gave constitution of 1973. Under Bhutto's leadership a

diminished Pakistan began to rearrange its national life. Bhutto
nationalized basic industries, insurance companies, domestically
owned banks, and schools and colleges. He also instituted modest land
reforms that benefited tenants and middle-class farmers. He removed
the armed forces from the process of decision-making, but to placate
the generals he allocated about 6 per cent of the gross national
product to defence. In 1973 the National Assembly adopted the
country's fifth constitution. Bhutto became Prime Minister, and Fazal
Elahi Chaudhry replaced him as President. Although discontented, the
military remained silent for some time. Bhutto's nationalization
programme and land reforms further earned him the enmity of the
entrepreneurial and capitalist class, while religious leaders saw in his
socialism an enemy of Islam. His decisive flaw, however, was his
inability to deal constructively with the opposition. His rule grew
heavy-handed. In general elections in March 1977 nine opposition
parties united in the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) to run against
Bhutto's PPP. Losing in three of the four provinces, the PNA alleged
that Bhutto had rigged the vote. It boycotted the provincial elections a
few days later and organized demonstrations throughout the country
that lasted for six weeks. in 3nd national election was eld in that time.

7)GENERAL ZIA UL HAQ:

1977 zia ul haq took over the govt and hang up bhutto.
After election zia declared martial law.
He declared date for national election of 1985. in these
election muhamad khan junajo become president of
pakistan. Zia died in plane crash in 1988.
khulam ishaq khan become president and local electoin
was held at that time (1988).

8)BANAZIR BHUTTO:
banarir bhutto was succeed In those election in
1988. After two years assembly was broken
and nawaz sharif become prime minister of

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

pakistan. in 1993 assembly was broken and again banazir become

prime minster of pakistan.A civil servant, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, was
appointed President, and Benazir Bhutto became Prime Minister
after the PPP won the general elections held in November 1988.
She was the first female political leader of a modern Islamic state.
In August 1990 President Ishaq Khan dismissed her government,
charging misconduct, and declared a state of emergency. Bhutto
and the PPP lost the October elections after she was arrested for
corruption and abuse of power. The new prime minister, Nawaz
Sharif, head of the Islamic Democratic Alliance, continued the
programme of privatizing state enterprises and encouraging
foreign investment begun in the 1980s. He also promised to bring
the country back to Islamic law and to ease continuing tensions
with India over Kashmir. The charges against Bhutto were
resolved, and she returned to lead the PPP. In April 1993 Ishaq
Khan once again used his presidential power, this time to dismiss
Sharif and to dissolve parliament. However, Sharif appealed to the
Constitutional Court of Pakistan, which stated that Kahn's actions
were unconstitutional and reinstated Sharif as Prime Minister.
Sharif and Kahn subsequently became embroiled in a power
struggle that paralysed the Pakistani government. In an agreement
designed to end the stalemate, Sharif and Kahn resigned together
in July 1993, and elections were held in October of that year. The
PPP won and Bhutto was again named Prime Minister. Farooq
Ahmad Khan Leghari became the new president in November
1993. Banazir bhutto come to pakistan with american aid on
2007.

9) NAWAZ SHARIF:
navaz sharif become prime minister of pakistan in
1990.
In 1996 assembly was broken up and nawaz sharif become
prime minister of pakistan. Sharif was born in Lahore to a
family of Kashmiri immigrants who had settled in Punjab in
the late 19th century, the son of Mian Mohammad Sharif,
then the owner of a relatively modest cast-iron parts business
who later became a prominent industrialist and a joint owner
of the Ittefaq Group of Industries. Nawaz Sharif became
politically prominent after General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
declared martial law over Pakistan in 1977. Sharif served as
finance minister of the province of the Punjab under the dispensation of General Zia, and
was later the provincial (Punjab) chief minister. Although the military government is
credited with his political debut, and being Punjabi, Sharif became an important figure in
Pakistani politics when elected government was restored in 1988 after General Zia's

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

death, gaining a significant electoral constituency in his hometown Lahore that he has
managed to retain. He first became Prime Minister on November 1, 1990, running on a
platform of conservative government and an end to corruption. His term was interrupted
on April 18, 1993, when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan used the reserve powers vested in
him by the Eighth Amendment to dissolve the National Assembly. Less than six weeks
later, the Supreme Court overruled the President, reconstituting the National Assembly
and returning Sharif to power on May 26, 1993. Sharif resigned from office along with
President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on July 18, 1993, after his feud with the president, who
had accused him of corruption. Moin Qureshi became caretaker prime minister, and was
succeeded shortly thereafter by Benazir Bhutto, who was elected to office on October 19,
1993.
Nawaz sharif in 1999 try to put of musharf from army chief but, musharaf with the
help of armuy took over the govt and declared the amergency in pakistan on 12
nov 1999. Nawaz sharif try to come in pakistah oct2007 but govt not allowed
them to come in and send them back to saudia.

10)GENERAL PERWAIZ MUSHARAF:

Nawaz sharif in 1999 try to put of musharf from army chief but, musharaf with
the help of armuy took over the govt and declared the amergency in pakistan
on 12 nov 1999. he declared refrandom in 2000. he succeed in that.

He becom president in 2001. 1st election by musharaf was done in 2002 in

which Q lege won.
Mir zafar ullah khan jamali becom prime minister of pak.
ch sujjat hussain become prime minister of pak after jamali. Shukat aziz
becom prime minister of pak. Mushraf declared amergency in 2007 on 3 nov.

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

• REASONS OF POLITICAL CRISIS

1) ARMY ROLE

A combo picture shows Pakistan's military rulers, from top

left, clockwise, President Gen. Ziaul Haq, President Field Marshall Ayub Khan, President
Gen Yayha Khan and President Gen. President Gen. Pervez Musharraf's declaration of
emergency rule was not the first time the army has demonstrated its supremacy in
Pakistan. It is also unlikely to be the last.

Pakistan Army Dominant since Nation Born

[Pakistan's army has led the country for more than half of its 60-year history and
dominated — or ended — the fragile rule of the few civilian governments to take office.]

["We now have the army completely embedded like marble inside
most of the civil institutions,"]

["Unfortunately, Pakistan did not inherit a strong political system. In

the first nine years we couldn't even find a constitution," said Mirza
Aslam Beg, a former army chief. "It was in this time that the military
physically took over."]

["As long as there is the context of the war on terror for the next
decades — goodness knows how long — that is going to continue to
create a security-focused situation" that the military can exploit.]

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

[Musharraf insists his latest suspension of the constitution amounts to

a state of emergency, though critics note that he acted in his capacity
as army chief and have called it "mini martial law."]

• GENERAL KHULAM MUHAMAD:

HE COME INTO THE ARMY IN 1954 HE DECLARED MARTIAL LAW IN
COUNTRY. HE BREK ASSEMBLY OF MUHAMMAD ALI BOGRA. HE THEN
DECLARED THE RE-ELLECTION.

Ayub ERA:
Ayub ruled Pakistan almost absolutely for more than
ten years, and his regime made some notable
achievements, although it did not eliminate the basic
problems of Pakistani society. A land reforms
commission appointed by Ayub distributed some
900,000 hectares (2.2 million acres) of land among
150,000 tenants. The reforms, however, did not
erase feudal relationships in the countryside; about
6,000 landlords still retained an area three times
larger than that given to the 150,000 tenants. During
Ayub's regime developmental funds to East Pakistan
increased more than threefold. This had a noticeable effect on the economy of
the eastern part, but the disparity between the two sectors of Pakistan was not
eliminated. Perhaps the most pervasive of Ayub's changes was his system of
Basic Democracies. It created 80,000 basic democrats, or union councillors, who
were leaders of rural or urban areas around the country. They constituted the
electoral college for presidential elections and for elections to the national and
provincial legislatures created under the constitution promulgated by Ayub in
1962. The Basic Democratic System had four tiers of government from the
national to the local level. For a long time Ayub maintained cordial relations with
the United States, stimulating substantial economic and military aid to Pakistan.
This relationship, however, deteriorated in 1965, when another war with India
over Kashmir broke out. The United States then suspended military and
economic aid to both countries, thus denying Pakistan badly needed weapons.
The USSR then intervened to mediate the conflict, inviting Ayub and Prime
Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri of India to Toshkent. By the terms of the so-called
Tashkent Agreement of January 1966, the two countries withdrew their forces to
pre-war positions and restored diplomatic, economic, and trade relations. The
Tashkent Agreement and the Kashmir war, however, generated frustration
among the people of Pakistan and resentment against President Ayub. Foreign
British Rule and Muslim Leagues.The idea of a separate Muslim state in south
Asia was raised in 1930 by the poet and philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal. He
suggested that the north-western provinces of British India and the native state of

10
Political Crisis of Pakistan

Jammu and Kashmir should be joined into such a state. The name "Pakistan",
which came to be used to describe this grouping, is thought to have originated as
a compound abbreviation made up of letters of the names of the provinces
involved, as follows: Punjab, Afghania (North West Frontier Province), Kashmir,
Indus-Sindh, and Balochistan. An alternative explanation says the name means
"Land of the Pure". By the end of the 1930s, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the
Muslim League and considered the founding father of Pakistan, had also decided
that the only way to preserve Indian Muslims from Hindu domination was to
establish a separate Muslim state. Creation of Pakistan In 1940 the Muslim
League formally endorsed the partitioning of British India and the creation of
Pakistan as a separate Muslim state. During pre-independence talks in 1946,
therefore, the British government found that the stand of the Muslim League on
separation and that of the Congress on the territorial unity of India were
irreconcilable. The British then decided on partition and on August 15, 1947,
transferred power dividedly to India and Pakistan. The latter, however, came into
existence in two parts: West Pakistan, as Pakistan stands today, and East
Pakistan, now known as Bangladesh. The two were separated by 1,600 km
(1,000 mi) of Indian territory. Problems of Partition The division of the
subcontinent caused tremendous dislocations of populations. Some 6 million
Hindus and Sikhs moved from Pakistan into India, and about 8 million Muslims
migrated from India to Pakistan. The demographic shift was accompanied by
considerable inter-ethnic violence, including massacres, that reinforced
bitterness between the two countries. This bitterness was further intensified by
disputes over the accession of the former native states of India to either country.
Nearly all of these 562 widely scattered polities had joined either India or
Pakistan; the princes of Hyderabad, Junagadh, and Kashmir, however, had
chosen to join neither country. On August 15, 1947, these three states became
technically independent, but when the Muslim ruler of Junagadh, with its
predominantly Hindu population, joined Pakistan a month later, India annexed his
territory. Hyderabad's Muslim prince, ruling over a mostly Hindu population, tried
to postpone any decision indefinitely, but in September 1948 India also settled
that issue by pre-emptive annexation. The Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir,
whose subjects were 85 per cent Muslim, decided to join India. Pakistan,
however, questioned his right to do so, and a war broke out between India and
Pakistan. Although the UN subsequently resolved that a plebiscite be held under
UN auspices to determine the future of Kashmir, India continued to occupy about
two thirds of the state and refused to hold a plebiscite. This deadlock, which still
persists, has intensified suspicion and antagonism between the two countries.
Pre-Republican Era The first independent government of Pakistan was headed
by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was Governor-
General until his death in 1948. From 1947 to 1951 the country functioned under
unstable conditions. The government endeavoured to create a new national
capital to replace Karachi, organize the bureaucracy and the armed forces,
resettle refugees, and contend with provincial politicians who often defied its
authority. Failing to offer any programme of economic and social reform,
however, it did not capture the popular imagination. In his foreign policy Liaquat

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

established friendly relations with the United States, when he visited President
Harry S. Truman in 1950. Liaquat's United States visit injected bitterness into
Pakistan's relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) because
Liaquat had previously accepted an invitation from Moscow that never
materialized in a visit. The United States gave no substantial aid to Pakistan until
threeyears later, but the USSR, Pakistan's close neighbour, had been alienated.
After Liaquat was assassinated in 1951, Khwaja Nazimuddin, an East Pakistani
who had been Governor-General since Jinnah's death, became Prime Minister.
Unable to prevent the erosion of the Muslim League's popularity in East Pakistan,
however, he was forced to yield to another East Pakistani, Muhammad Ali Bogra,
in 1953. When the Muslim League was routed in East Pakistani elections in
1954, the Governor-General dissolved the constituent assembly as no longer
representative. The new assembly that met in 1955 was no longer dominated by
the Muslim League. Muhammad Ali Bogra was then replaced by Chaudhuri
Muhammad Ali, a West Pakistani. At the same time, Iskander Mirza became the
Governor-General of the country.The new constituent assembly enacted a bill,
which became effective in October 1955, integrating the four West Pakistani
provinces into one political and administrative unit. The assembly also produced
a new constitution, which was adopted on March 2, 1956. It declared Pakistan an
Islamic republic. Mirza was elected Provisional President. Cabinet Shifts The
new constitution notwithstanding, political instability continued because no stable
majority party emerged in the National Assembly. Prime Ministe r Ali remained in
office only until September 1956, when he was succeeded by Huseyn Shaheed
Suhrawardy, leader of the Awami League of East Pakistan. His tenure lasted for
slightly more than a year. When President Mirza discovered that Suhrawardy
was planning an alliance between East and West Pakistani political forces by
supporting the presidential aspirations of Firoz Khan Noon, leader of the
Republican Party, he forced the prime minister to resign. The succeeding
coalition government, headed by Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar, lasted only two
months before it was replaced by a Republican Party Cabinet under Noon.
President Mirza, however, found that his influence among the Republicans was
diminishing and that the new prime minister had come to an understanding with
Suhrawardy. Against such a coalition Mirza had no chance of being re-elected
president. He proclaimed martial law on October 7, 1958, dismissed Noon's
government, and dissolved the national assembly. The president was supported
by General Muhammad Ayub Khan, Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces,
who was named chief martial-law administrator. Twenty days later Ayub forced
the president to resign and assumed the presidency himself. Ayub Years Ayub
ruled Pakistan almost absolutely for more than ten years, and his regime made
some notable achievements, although it did not eliminate the basic problems of
Pakistani society. A land reforms commission appointed by Ayub distributed
some 900,000 hectares (2.2 million acres) of land among 150,000 tenants. The
reforms, however, did not erase feudal relationships in the countryside; about
6,000 landlords still retained an area three times larger than that given to the
150,000 tenants. During Ayub's regime developmental funds to East Pakistan
increased more than threefold. This had a noticeable effect on the economy of

12
Political Crisis of Pakistan

the eastern part, but the disparity between the two sectors of Pakistan was not
eliminated. Perhaps the most pervasive of Ayub's changes was his system of
Basic Democracies. It created 80,000 basic democrats, or union councillors, who
were leaders of rural or urban areas around the country. They constituted the
electoral college for presidential elections and for elections to the national and
provincial legislatures created under the constitution promulgated by Ayub in
1962. The Basic Democratic System had four tiers of government from the
national to the local level. Each tier was assigned certain responsibilities in
administering the rural and urban areas, such as maintenance of primary
schools, public roads, and bridges. Ayub also promulgated an Islamic marriage
and family laws ordinance in 1961, imposing restrictions on polygamy and
divorce, and reinforcing the inheritance rights of women and minors. For a long
time Ayub maintained cordial relations with the United States, stimulating
substantial economic and military aid to Pakistan. This relationship, however,
deteriorated in 1965, when another war with India over Kashmir broke out. The
United States then suspended military and economic aid to both countries, thus
denying Pakistan badly needed weapons. The USSR then intervened to mediate
the conflict, inviting Ayub and Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri of India to
Toshkent. By the terms of the so-called Tashkent Agreement of January 1966,
the two countries withdrew their forces to pre-war positions and restored
diplomatic, economic, and trade relations. Exchange programmes were initiated,
and the flow of capital goods to Pakistan increased greatly. The Tashkent
Agreement and the Kashmir war, however, generated frustration among the
people of Pakistan and resentment against President Ayub. Foreign Minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto resigned his position and agitated against Ayub's dictatorship
and the "loss" of Kashmir. In March 1969 Ayub resigned. Instead of transferring
power to the speaker of the National Assembly, as the constitution dictated, he
handed it over to the commander-in-chief of the army,

• GENERAL YAHA KHAN:

General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan. Yahya became President and declared
martial law.In an attempt to make his regime more acceptable. Yahya dismissed
almost 300 senior civil servants and identified 30 families that were said to
control about half of Pakistan's gross national product. To curb their power Yahya
in 1970 issued an ordinance against monopolies and restrictive trade practices.
He also made commitments to transfer power to civilian authorities, but in the
process of making this shift, his intended reforms broke down. The greatest

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

challenge to Pakistan's unity, however, was presented by East Pakistan, led by

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, leader of the Awami League, who insisted on a
federation under which East Pakistan would be virtually independent. He
envisaged a federal government that would deal with defence and foreign affairs
only; even the currencies would be different, although freely convertible. His
programme had great emotional appeal for East Pakistanis. In the election of
December 1970 called by Yahya, Sheikh Mujib-as Mujibur Rahman was
generally called-won by a landslide in East Pakistan, capturing a clear majority in
the National Assembly. The Pakistan People's Party (PPP) formed by Bhutto in
1967 emerged as the largest party in West Pakistan. Suspecting Sheikh Mujib of
secessionist politics, Yahya in March 1971 postponed indefinitely the convening
of the National Assembly.Mujib in return accused Yahya of collusion with Bhutto
and established a virtually independent government in East Pakistan. Yahya
opened negotiations with Mujib in Dhaka in mid-March, but the effort soon failed.
Mujib was arrested and brought to West Pakistan to be tried for treason.
Meanwhile Pakistan's army went into action against Mujib's civilian followers,
who demanded freedom and independence for East Pakistan, or Bangladesh
("Bengali Nation") as it was to be called. There were a great many casualties
during the ensuing military operations in East Pakistan, during which the
Pakistani army attacked the poorly armed population. India claimed that nearly
10 million Bengali refugees crossed its borders, and stories of West Pakistani
atrocities abounded. The Awami League leaders took refuge in Calcutta and
established a government-in-exile. India finally intervened on December 3, 1971,
and the Pakistani army surrendered 13 days later. On December 20 Yahya
relinquished power to Bhutto, and in January 1972 the independent state of
Bangladesh came into existence. When the Commonwealth of Nations admitted
Bangladesh later that year, Pakistan withdrew from membership, not to return
until 1989. However, the Bhutto government gave diplomatic recognition to
Bangladesh in 1974.
PAKISTAN'S General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan had been settled in
President's House in Rawalpindi for a full year before he finally agreed to hold a
press conference for foreign newsmen. When he entered the packed drawing
room where the first conference was held 14 months ago, he immediately let loose
a few choice expletives about the hot TV lights. A trembling technician quickly
switched them off. Then Yahya started in on the journalists. "Don't

14
Political Crisis of Pakistan

play politics with me," he snapped in his characteristically gruff

bass, "because I'll play politics with you."

Zia Regime
He comes to political system in 1977 by declaring
martial law. When the situation seemed to be
deadlocked, the army Chief of Staff, General
Muhammad Zia Ul-Haq, staged a coup on July 5,
1977, and imposed another military regime. Bhutto
was tried for political murder and found guilty; he
was hanged on April 4, 1979. Zia formally assumed
the presidency in 1978 and established Shari'ah
(Islamic law) as the law of the land. The constitution
of 1973 was initially amended, then suspended in
1979, and benches were constituted at the courts to
exercise Islamic judicial review. Interest-free banking was initiated, and maximum
penalties were provided for adultery, defamation, theft, and the consumption of
alcohol. On March 24, 1981, Zia issued a provisional constitutional order,
operative until the lifting of martial law. It envisaged the appointment of two vice-
presidents and allowed political parties that had been approved by the election
commission before September 30, 1979, to function. All other parties, including
the PPP, now led by Bhutto's widow and by his daughter, Benazir, were
dissolved. Pakistan was greatly affected by the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan
in December 1979; by 1984 some 3 million Afghan refugees were living along
Pakistan's border with Afghanistan, supported by the government and by
international relief agencies. In September 1981 Zia accepted a six-year
economic and military aid package (worth US$3.2 billion) from the United States.
After a referendum in December 1984 endorsed Zia's Islamic-law policies and
the extension of his presidency until 1990, Zia permitted elections for parliament
in February 1985. A civilian Cabinet took office in April, and martial law ended in
December. Zia, however, was dissatisfied and, in May 1988, he dissolved the
government and ordered new elections. Three months later he was killed in an
aeroplane crash, and a caretaker military regime took power.

15
Political Crisis of Pakistan

General Pervez Musharraf

General Musharraf rose to the rank of General and was
appointed as the Chief of Army Staff on October 7, 1998 when
Pakistan's army chief, General Jehangir Karamat, resigned
two days after calling for the army to be given a key role in the
country's decision-making process. General Musharraf was
given additional charge of Chairman Joint Chiefs Staff
Committee on April 9, 1999. On October 12, 1999, when
through a bloodless coup the military took over the
government in Pakistan, he became the head of the state
designated as Chief Executive. He assumed the office of
President of Pakistan on June 20, 2001. In order to legitimize
and legalize his rule, General Pervez Musharraf held a referendum on April 30,
2002 thereby elected as President of Pakistan for duration of five years. In
accordance with the deal with MMA (Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal), he agrees to
leave the army on 31st December, 2004 but will continue to serve five-year term
as President as he got vote of confidence on January 1, 2004, from the
parliament and the four provincial assemblies under the provision of the 17th
Amendment duly passed by the National Assembly and the Senate. General
Musharraf got married in 1968 and has two children, a son and a daughter. He is
a natural sportsman, who loves to spend most of his leisure time playing Squash,
Badminton or Golf. He also takes keen interest in water sports and has been an
enthusiastic canoeist. Being an avid reader, he is well versed in Military History,
his favorite subject.

Emergency

Nov. 3 declaration of an emergency by Mushraf

Reason for declaring emergency

The factors cited for this sensational decision pertain to current turmoil
in the tribal regions of Pakistan, increased acts of terrorism and
extremism, and a general scenario of political instability in the
Country.

What exactly will happen if emergency is declared and

enforced?

If it happens, then fundamentals rights "different articles" mentioned

in
constitution will be suspended like right of freedom, speech and
association.
There will be no election. COAS Mushraf will have at least one year

16
Political Crisis of Pakistan

maximum two years to rule without democracy sort of martial

Law.......}

Time for emergency

It could last for 3 month in one time in could be extended for

maximum 1 year. It could lead to martial law by army chief “Mushraf”.
"As long as there is the context of the war on terror for the next
decades — goodness knows how long — that is going to continue to
create a security-focused situation" that the military can exploit,

Quotation:

"What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans and the
homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of
totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty or Democracy?

Is it right to declare emergency

President Mushraf was right to declare a state of emergency in Pakistan as is

getting ready to fight the al-Qaida and Taliban Islamic terrorist suicide bombers
that threaten his rule as president of Pakistan.

Explanation

Mushraf insists his latest suspension of the constitution amounts to a state of

emergency though critics note that he acted in his capacity as army chief and has
called it "mini martial law."

considering how often Gen Mushraf has failed to keep his word, one can only take with
a pinch of salt his verbal assurance at Sunday’s press conference that the recent
amendment to the Army Act of 1952 will not target ordinary citizens. Indeed, the
repercussions of such a move can mean a serious blow for fundamental rights already
undermined by the emergency. The fact that civilians can be court-martial led for a wide
range of crimes and offences — from alleged acts of terrorism and treason to giving
statements ‘conducive to public mischief’ (whatever that means) — is yet another
indication that Pakistan is fast turning into a garrison state reminiscent of the Zia era.

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

2) CONSTITUTIAL PROBLEMS
Constitution was one of our reson for political in stability in our country. We
don’t have any constitution in about 1st ten years of political history. And if
got a constitution that was for a persons thoughts. That could not govern the
country. Constitution run government and political parties on a work able
pateran. Avery one wants to have constitution of his own thoughts. Some one
wants constitution which should be presidential or parlimentarian. 1st one
was saying that prime minister will have more power. 2nd was saying that
president will have more power. 3rd say that prime minster will have more
power. Now the system which is working is nor preidential nor parlimentarian,
but president got more power. It is sid to be a democratic law.
Our constitution could not last for ever.

1)Constitution of 1956:
This was given in 1956 by muhammad ali bogra. And it last fpr only 2.7 years in
country. Ayub assimilated it in 1958.

2)Constitution of 1962:
In was given in 1962 by general ayub . this last up to 1969. it was abollished by
general yaha in 1969.

3)Constitution of 1973:
It was given in 1973 by zulffiqar ali bhutto. It was the best constitution of pakistan
that we aver had.it was abolished in 1977 by general zia ul haq. He re selected it
in 1985 but with some amanmands in it. It is now present in pakistan . it is
governing the country now with 17 amanmandts in it.

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

3) AMERICAN INTERFAIRANCE IN
POLITICAL AFFAIRS OF PAKISTAN

Americans making Pakistan a scapegoat:-

ISLAMABAD: Pakistan will not tolerate any external pressure and meddling in its
internal affairs.

This was stated by Foreign Minister Khurshid Mehmood Kasuri on Thursday

while talking to Editor Khabrain Group Imtinan Shahid regarding Pakistani foreign
policy particularly in the context of Pak-India and US-Pak relations.

Answering a question regarding the growing hatred among Americans against

Islam and US Presidential candidate's remarks of attack on Pakistan despite
declaring Pakistan as a front-line state and a major ally in the war against terror,
Khurshid Kasuri said that Islam-phobia in US was a result of 9/11 attacks. It was
an attack on American mainland; and Muslims were involved in it; therefore, it
was natural that Americans could not forget it and developed hatred against the
Muslims due to it. He also referred to the existence of Jewish lobby in the US,
which had been aggravating the anti-Islam sentiments among the Americans. He
said that US presidential candidates, through their remarks, were trying to win
Jewish support on one hand and seeking the unusual attention of the media on
the other. Regarding Pak-America relation, he said Pakistan had been suffering
restrictions on the part of US. The US needed Pakistan after 9/11 and attack on
Afghanistan, but Iraq war shifted the focus that also affected the situation in
Afghanistan. The Americans are using Pakistan as a scapegoat after the
situation in Afghanistan. The US became hostile to Pakistan after "Intelligence
Estimate", which a false and heavily doctored report. It is after this report that
Obama talked about an attack on Makkah and Madina so that he might win the
support of the extremist Christians in US. The Pakistan government reacted
strongly to these cheap shots, which forced Obama to withdraw from his stance.

Asked how PML-Q government will defend its foreign policy under these
circumstances, Kasuri referred to his speech in the National Assembly in which
he criticised the present US policies. He said that in the same session, the
parliamentarians of ruling party, too attacked the US policy; and the government
designed its policies in the best interest of the nation, and clarified to US that
such irresponsible statements as we received from Obama, might cause a rift

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

between Pakistan and US. The government, despite US pressure, did not vote
for attack on Iraq, and also opposed the possible attack on Iran.

When asked about his expectations from US, he said that US should not play
blame game, rather it should address the basic reasons of terrorism. Europe and
America should solve the issues of Palestine and other Islamic countries instead
of finding shortcuts for peace, they should disregard the Jewish lobby and act
wisely.

Answering to Imtinan Shahid's question regarding the public sentiment that

Pakistan's stand on Kashmir is now just limited to speeches in UNO and lack
practical application, Kasuri said he did not agree to that, and added that the
Kashmir issue got an immense importance during Musharraf's reign and it would
be resolved as per the wishes of the Kashmiris.

On growing American interference in the body politics of Pakistan, he said he

was the longest serving Foreign Minister and knew it better than anyone else that
US could not enforce its will on Pakistan, and it was just a few factions of society
who suffered due to America-phobia and blamed US for everything that happens
in Pakistan. He stressed that change of governments in Pakistan is subject to the
public opinion alone.

Regarding a question whether BB-Musharraf deal is on the direction of US, he

categorically rejected the perception and said it was not the result of American
dictation.

Imtinan Shahid when referred to the decision of imposing emergency and the late
night call by the US Secretary of State, which, as believed by some, caused
taking back the decision, Mr. Kasuri said that the call was made about General
Musharraf's participation in the Afghan Grand Jirga only and it was not related to
imposition of emergency at all. The decision was made in the best interest of
Pakistan without any American diction or influence whatsoever.

Regarding a question that the foreign policy is not controlled by the presidency,
and people like Tariq Aziz enjoy more influence than the Foreign Minister, Mr.
Kasuri said that it was simply a wrong impression. He admitted the existence of
5-6 back door channels working on Indian and American affairs, but he insisted
those channels worked in collaboration with him and the Foreign Ministry. He
vowed he would quit the ministry in case he felt any activity in the realms of
foreign affairs was carried out without his knowledge.

Answering a question regarding the news that India planning a fresh atomic
explosion, he said that he did not think so. As far as US-India nuclear deal was
concerned, Pakistan condemned American policy because Pakistan was also in
need of atomic technology in the energy sector and US should have offered the
similar deal to Pakistan; however Pakistan is trying to get the technology from

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

sources other than US. He said Pakistan never started the nuclear race in the
region. It was India who did nuclear testing in 1974, which left Pakistan with no
option but showing its nuclear power so that there might not be any
miscalculation and ensure the balance of power.

Pakistan and the American Dream

BY HAMDAN A. YOUSUF
PUBLISHED NOVEMBER 9, 2007

Pakistan has been under military dictatorship for the past eight years, but only
recently has this seemed to have caught the world’s attention. Yes, there has
been a superficial veil of “democracy” in place all this time; however, the facts on
the ground have changed relatively little with the overt imposition of martial law.
After all, the judiciary has never been completely independent, the media has
always been under the threat of censorship, and the reaction of most Pakistanis
to the suspension of the Constitution was, “We have a Constitution?” Yet, for
better or worse, Gen. Musharraf’s recent foolhardy behavior has at last brought
Pakistan’s internal turmoil into the international spotlight.

There has been much discussion about what all this means in the context of
Pakistani history. There is, however, a bigger picture that has been neglected.
Today is a dark day for Pakistan, but also for the American dream. Founded as a
“city upon a hill,” America was supposed to serve as a beacon of light for the rest
of the world—promoting justice and equity as well as striving to eliminate
oppression and better the world as a whole. Instead, as millions of Pakistanis are
discovering to their dismay, our government has no problems with propping up
violent dictators in third-world countries as long as they serve our interests.

The American media has been content to report the news as “Musharraf declares
martial law; ignores U.S. advice”—a highly misleading and deceptive
interpretation. It is a shame that this is what passes for news in our world today—
a world in which the U.S. can never be seen as anything but a benevolent force.
The story isn’t that the U.S. cautioned Gen. Musharraf against his actions, but
rather that the U.S. has been the only force keeping him in power for the past
eight years. It was, after all, President Bush who put American military and
financial might firmly behind the general, calling him “a strong defender of
freedom” and praising him for “his vision for democracy in Pakistan.”

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

It is ironic that Gen. Musharraf is, in many ways, reminiscent of Mr. Bush in his
“vision for democracy.” A few months ago, then-Attorney General Alberto
Gonzales came under pressure for firing government prosecutors for
investigating corruption among Republican politicians. Compare that to Gen.
Musharraf who sent the military to take over the Supreme Court, ordering the
Chief Justice to endorse his “state of emergency” at gunpoint. (To his credit, the
Chief Justice refused, and was promptly fired and placed under arrest.) How
proud Karl Rove must have been. Similarly, the general was only following his
mentor’s lead in voiding the Constitution—his mentor who had made a career of
flouting our own Constitution and waging war on civil liberties. And when he
talked of “judicial activism” as his justification for dismantling the nation’s
judiciary, the Pakistani dictator could have been quoting word-for-word from the
Bush playbook.

Gen. Musharraf’s recent actions are not surprising in light of his past behavior;
his eight years in power have been a hallmark of vicious dictatorship.
Suppressing dissent at any cost, he has been implicated in the torture of
dissidents, the assassination of political opponents, and, of late, the bombing of
his own people with helicopter gunships (built in the US of A.) Human rights
organizations have struggled to bring Pakistan’s dismal record to the fore for
years but their pleas have fallen on deaf ears.

Many of us were convinced by Mr. Bush’s flowery rhetoric about spreading

democracy in the Muslim world. Neoconservatives, many of whom have since
repented, once hailed the invasion of Iraq as a compassionate effort to liberate
the Iraqi people. Only now has that been exposed for the cruel facade it was. For
we claim to support freedom in the Middle East, yet continue to prop up brutal
puppet regimes that suppress the democratic yearnings of their own people.
Americans would be wise to take heed from the current state of affairs in
Pakistan and not to dismiss them as inconsequential. Our position has evoked
condemnation and mockery throughout the world. But how is it that we’ve
remained blind of our own hypocrisy? Today is a sad day to be an American,
indeed.

Mr. Bush, in a speech at the National Endowment for Democracy in 2003, posed
a powerful question: “Are the peoples of the Middle East somehow beyond the
reach of liberty?” Let us realize from the events of this past s of ellection
weekend that if they are, it is only because we have kept them that way.

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

4) LOCAL ELECTIONS
These are the folowing dates on which ellection were held in pak. if we
consider the period of ellection in pakistan then we shell realize that there is
no sequence in these ellection
1st ellection were held after 7 years. 2nd were held
after 16 years local ellections were held in pakistan. 3rd were held in pakistan
after 15 years.
Now if consider these ellections we shell come to know that 4th
ellection were held in just 3 years., 5th ellection were held in 2 years . 6th one
held in 3 years and 7th one in next 4 years. 8th ellection were held with delay
of 5 yers held in 2002.
Now is we lock on these ellections we come to know that
political parties have not being developed up to level. Only assembly of 1970
and 2002 ellections completed their treneuore.these un former breaking of
assembly cause political un stability in pak. if govt is change then policies will
also changes. So no gradual work is done in country. An uncertanity
condition is produced in country.

1) ELECTION OF 1954
These ellection was held by general khulam muhammad khan.in these
ellection muhammad ali bogra won.
2) ELECTION OF 1970
These ellection were held by general yaha. In these ellections zulfiqar ali
bhutto won along with the mujeb ul rehman in east pakistan.
3) ELECTION OF 1985
These ellection were held by the zia ul haq. In these ellection muhammad
khan junajo won. He become prime minister of pakistan.
4) ELECTION OF 1988
These ellection were held by the president khulam ishaq khan. Banazir
bhutto won in these ellection and become prime minister of pakistan.
5) ELECTION OF 1990
in thes ellection nawaz shrif become prime minister of pakistan.
6) ELECTION OF 1993
In these ellection banazir bhutto become prime minister of pakistan.
7) ELECTION OF 1997
In these ellection nawaz sharif become prime minister of pakistan
8) ELECTION OF 2002
In these ellections mir zafar ullah khan jamali become president of pakistan.

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Political Crisis of Pakistan

5)PEOPLE INTEREST IN POLITICS

people don’t take interest in political affairs then no out put is getted. We lead
by the land loards and beurocrates. We never tried up to mark to made a
proper govt of our own. you my brother you are responsible for these
crisis,my teacher you are also resposible and I am also responsible for these
crisis.our politions have destroyed our country. till we will not get our self
involved into these political affairs, the landlords and burerocrates will still
play with us and and aur country.we students are the future of this country we
should keep eye on these affairs.

CONCLUTION:
We think that we are living in a democratic country but where is the democracy .you
my brother you are responsible for these crisis,my teacher you are also resposible and
I am also responsible for these crisis.our politions have destroyed our country. till we
will not get our self involved into these political affairs, the landlords and
burerocrates will still play with us and and aur country.we students are the future of
this country we should keep eye on these affairs.

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