'-''':A
KIA\T
M '.
NV-:'.Fj.
.:
HAGO CONSTAR:
Agradec
mientos
volar
hay
que
empezar
asumiendo
ndice
Introduccin
1. Transduccin de seales y sistemas de dos componentes.
1.1. Los sistemas de dos componentes en la era genmica
1.2. Regulacin.
1.3. Organizacin y mecanismo.
1.4. Relacin estructura-funcin en histidina quinasas.
1.5. Relacin estructura-funcin en reguladores de respuesta.
2. Regulacin de la asimilacin del nitrgeno.
2.1. El sistema Ntr de enterobacterias.
2.2. Relacin estructura-funcin en el sistema de dos componentes
NtrB/NtrC.
2.3. Los sistemas de dos componentes NifL/NifA en Klebiella
pneumoniae y Azotobacter
vinelandit
Mtodos
1. Estirpes y plsmidos.
2. Medios y condiciones de cultivo.
2.1.Cultivo de bacterias.
2.2. Cultivo de levaduras.
3. Procedimientos de obtencin, manipulacin, clonacin y seleccin de
molculas de DNA recornbinante.
3.1. Aislamiento de DNA de microorganismos.
3.1.1. Obtencin de DNA genmico de Azotobacter
vineland.
ndice
Discusin
ndice
Anexo III
Conclusiones
Bibliografa
Introduccin
13
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
introduccin
de dos componentes
en la
era
genmica.
Con la aparicin de los programas de anlisis de secuencias, se puso de
manifiesto
una
sorprendente
relacin
entre
protenas
bacterianas
coli se h a n identificado
62
protenas
(Mizuno
genitalium
15
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
{Keener & Kustu, 1988), aceptares de electrones (Lin & Iuchi, 1991) o fosfato
{Wanner & Wilmes-Riesenberg, 1992); respuestas a cambios en la osmolaridad
{Mizuno,
1991), temperatura
o pH; quimiotaxis
(Stock
et al,
2002);
diferenciacin (Shapiro & Losick, 1997; Ward & Zusman, 1997) y esporulacin
(Hoch, 1993; Perego, 1998). Tambin actan regulando procesos de especial
inters sanitario o medioambiental como los relacionados con patognesis
(Groisman & Heffron, 1995), resistencia a antibiticos (Matsushita & Janda,
2002) o establecimiento de simbiosis {Gottfert et al, 1990).
En eucariotas, donde la presencia de estos sistemas de dos componentes
se restringe a levaduras, hongos, protozoos y plantas, los sistemas de dos
componentes identificados estn implicados en osmorregulacin, estrs y
procesos de desarrollo mediados por hormonas (Thomason & Kay, 2000).
Merece la pena destacar la ausencia de este tipo de sistemas en animales, no
habindose encontrado los correspondientes genes en ninguno de los genomas
completos analizados hasta la fecha (1998; Adams et al, 2000; Lander et al,
2001).
1.2. Regulacin.
Con frecuencia
el componente regulador
de u n
sistema de dos
16
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
prototipo,
cada
componente
esta
formado
por
dos
mdulos
en
la
mayora
de
los
sistemas
eucariticos
analizados.
respectivamente.
El
dominio
input
del
componente
sensor,
17
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
- E
-w
a .2
| _ns i
&>
=
c ^ t
-
-u co ct
3 t
- | -
B
c
c g
~ E
3 c o
i 99
5b
5-
t c
t
03
u
s
0
t
2
t
g
o
+J
GS
I
>
c
c
t
g
0
s-l
o
o,
O
!/5
0
"3
0
o u
-
so
5
ES
u
5
- tc
ti
-y
t c
***
1 0 0
EQ
;/!
a
0
V
0)
o
t
a >-> c
s0
A
O
t
o
z
'0
0!
c/5
C
t
^-4
-4J
.s
- y
- x90
X
= z
s
c
t
>> 09 oc
l-C
es
3
5-1
c
CA
o
0
t
'0
u
t
;C
y
->
3
3
03
3!
-- ^
C
t
>
8
.2
t 03 w
S.O O
cd
i ? <u
.
ir.
03
t C3
* -2 .5
9 H
M c o
n
18
ic A
Introduccin
de los sensores y
mecanismo de transfosforilacin
que
constituyen el dmero (Ninfa et al, 1993; Pan et al, 1993; Surette et al, 1996;
Swanson et al., 1993; Wolfe & Stewart, 1993). Los alineamientos de u n a gran
cantidad secuencias han permitido la clasificacin de las histidina quinasas
en 11 subfamilias diferentes (Grebe & Stock, 1999).
Las estructuras tridimensionales de las histidina quinasas EnvZ y CheA,
indican la presencia de dos dominios diferenciados en el mdulo transmisor
(Bilwes et al, 1999; Park et al, 1998). En EnvZ, el dominio fosfotranferasa,
central o de dimerizacin comprende las regiones H y N
y forma u n a
estructura
de 4 hlices
es
monomrica, y cada dmero CheA contiene dos de estas estructuras con sus
correspondientes histidinas fosforilables (Zhou et al, 1995).
19
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
sensores,
que
pueden
ser
extracelulares
citoplasmticos,
pertenecientes
distintas
histidna
quinasas.
Los
sensores
20
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
1.5.
Relacin
estructura-funcin
en
reguladores
de
respuesta.
El dominio que caracteriza a u n regulador de respuesta es el dominio
receptor, que suele tener unos 125 residuos y presenta homologa con las
GTPasas eucariticas (Artymiuk e al, 1990; Chen e al, 1990; Stock e al,
1991). La mayora de los reguladores de respuesta contienen dos dominios: el
dominio receptor conservado en su extremo N-terminal, y u n dominio efector
en su extremo C-terminal. Estos ltimos estn generalmente implicados en
regulacin transcripcional, aunque tambin se conocen algunos ejemplos de
dominios efectores con actividad enzmtica, como es el caso de CheB (Simms
e al, 1985).
Los
reguladores
de
respuesta
que
actan
como
reguladores
1990; Volz,
1993). Todos los dominios receptores cuya estructura ha sido resuelta desde
entonces, y que incluyen a NtrC (Volkman e al, 1995), PhoB (Sola e al,
1999) CheB (Djordjevic e al, 1998), tienen u n a estructura similar a la
determinada para CheY.
Los dominios receptores catalizan la transferencia del grupo fosfato
desde la correspondiente histidina quinasa a su propio residuo de Asp. Esta
autofosforilacin
21
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
puede llevarse a
cabo
introduccin
con
eficiencias
que
difieren
considerablemente
de
un
las
las
superficies
previamente
identificadas
por
su
implicacin
en
de sus
actividades, la liberacin
de
22
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
introduccin
al
regulador
UAS (de
Upstream
intensificadoras o enhancers,
Activator
sequence),
tambin
llamadas
23
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
1985) y estn
negativamente
funcin
de la
concentracin
intracelular
de glutamina.
En
de las protenas
PII inhiben
ligeramente
la
actividad
las
protenas
PII forman
heterotrmeros
estables,
aunque
con
de
manifiesto tanto in vitro como in vivo {Forchhammer et al, 1999; van Heeswijk
et al, 2000 y datos sin publicar). La formacin de heterotrmeros aade por
tanto nuevas sutilezas a la regulacin dependiente de nitrgeno (van Heeswijk
et al, 2000).
Adems de en el control transcripcional del reguin Ntr, las protenas PII
juegan u n papel clave en el control de la actividad glutamina sintetasa (GS).
Esta
regulacin
la
ejercen
travs
de
la
ATasa
24
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
clave
en
las
que
participan
los
componentes
ATasa
glutamina
UTasa\\
GlnB
PII
GlnK
i!
/
1 NtrB(P)l NtrC(P)
oxoglutarato
S^
*/
Qenes
aen
ntr
nifA
25
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
entre
de NtrC a travs de su
actividad
el
dominio
central
sugieren
que
es
necesaria
una
determinada
1989:. Se t r a t a ele u n a
aminocidos es el mdulo receptor conservado, fosforilado por NtrB en Asp-5-1El dominio centra.! interacciona con el complejo
transcripeior.al
E~ :
199C:. la
26
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
x x -
c
c =
c o o
ce ec
-3 5;
C -o
0
0
u
ii
1) o
09 g
IH
'
O O
->
s
X
fi?
sCQ
ees
39
3
5
-
2-'2
Q es
r-1
fi
*-^,
-
:2 u
U C
&-C
fl
es
^-.
05
rt
u o 3
3 2 u
E c
>
H O S
X Xe
eo 8
^ *
^_ v
>^
03 t
99
S 1 a
:S g
.-
CS "3
~4
+J
*u
C
o
n
fi fl gu
"Z
+J
t
o
O
O
>
00
V CC
fl t "3 2
o,
.S
2 o |
u
"C S
o -.:
G
E
o c
S O
5 :s -~ o
u o
rj
'
-
io
J CS
>
O CS
J c u
w 2 v -c
Isla
O
X
1/1
GQ
a
o
o
IH
vi
M
1
.c
X
ti
"
u es
0 C
*->
8 M i -s
jx
3 u
2 ac *
a P -8
*0
d o ,.
-4< , CLi
8-s
t ' 3 ' > -
^ s
C C T3
JO
3>:g s 2
27
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
de fijar
nitrgeno
atmosfrico
uinelandii.
supone
un
alio
coste
entre
ellos
K. pneumoniae,
estudiada
en
enterobacteria
vares
que
fija
como en A. uinelandii,
.".;/" es dependiente del regulador transcripcional NifA. codificado por nifA. que
comparte operon con el gen nifL. En condiciones de exceso de nitrgeno y
presencia de oxgeno. NifL forma un complejo proteico con NifA inhibiendo su
actividad. La formacin de este complejo NifLA e s t m o d u l a d a por cambios
redox e interaccin con ligandos y otras protenas reguladoras (Schmitz el al..
2002:.
Las protenas NifL p r e s e n t a n uno o dos dominios PAS en su regin Xtcrmina'. en K. pneumoniae
o .4. uinelandii.
respectivamente.. irr.pLca.doiS en
Schrnnz.
1997).
Los
dominios
C-terminal
de
las
protenas
Nifl..
es capaz de unir
nucletidos
Las protenas NifA comparten homologa en s u s dominios centra, y Cternninal con reguladores transcripcionales dependientes ce factor stgma 5 ceme XtrC Lvoreit & Buck. 1988; Morett et al.
de
28
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
celulares,
complejos
biolgicos, incluyendo
enzimticos y otras
la formacin
asociaciones
de
ms
29
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
de
funciones,
su
vez,
complicara
la
correspondiente
transcripcionales
de
30
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
a)
UASf
b)
*** r
Gar//
c)
d)
" . . .
- l
Figura 4. Deteccin de interacciones moleculares mediante el sistema
del doble hibrido. a) La activacin del promotor gall por la protena modular
Gal4 requiere la unin a DNA del dominio BD y la interaccin con la RNA
Polimerasa II medate el dominio AD. b) La fusin del dominio BD a la
protena de inters X no activa la transcripcin, c) La fusin entre el dominio
AD y la protena Y tampoco activa la transcripcin, d) La expresin
simultanea de ambas protenas de fusin reconstituye la actividad
transcripcional si las protenas X e Y interaccionan entre s.
31
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
visualizarse
directamente
en
medios
especficos
cuamiearse
rpidamente
Li &
Fieles. 1993. Wang & Stillman, 1993) o RNA-protena (Putz. Skehe". & Kuhl.
1996 . Las v a n a n t e s '"reversas" permiten la identificacin y el estudio de
mutaciones y molculas que destruyen interacciones protena-protena o DXAprotetia Lcanna & l a n n i n k . 1996; Vidal et al. 1996. Una de las aplicaciones
ms
potentes
es.
sin
duda,
la identificacin
de
protenas
capaces
de
de
reguladores
Dove et al.
1997:
deficiente en
de
se h a n
escrutinios
publicado,
de
hasta
genotecas.
donde
con
lo
sabemos,
que.
resultados
para.
algunas
de recursos
en
la investigacin
de s i s t e m a s
de
.2
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
en
las complejas
rutas
de transduccin
de
seales
cerevisiae,
en
el anlisis
genticas
con
concreto
de
la
transduccin
de
33
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
seales
de
nitrgeno
en
Introduccin.
premisa distinta
(la deteccin
de
34
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduccin
que sean compatibles con la estirpe de levadura seleccionada para realizar los
ensayos.
Los genes testigo ms utilizados en anlisis doble hbrido son aquellos
que permiten u n a seleccin nutricional (ADB2 HIS3), debido a su facilidad de
ensayo. El marcador lacZ es tambin ampliamente utilizado, tanto en ensayos
lquidos (actividad (5-galactosidasa), que producen resultados cuantitativos,
como en placa (X-gal). Las caractersticas del promotor {tipo y repeticiones de
las secuencias UAS) al que se encuentra fusionado el gen testigo permiten
detectar y / o discriminar interacciones ms o menos dbiles.
La presencia en una misma estirpe de varios marcadores de seleccin
bajo el control de diferentes promotores facilita la discriminacin de seales
no derivadas de la interaccin entre las fusiones ensayadas {falsos positivos).
Aunque las causas de la aparicin de este tipo de clones son diveras y no
siempre pueden establecerse (Bai & Elledge, 1997), suelen asociarse a
mutaciones genmicas o a la capacidad de algunas fusiones GAL4AD de
unirse de manera especfica a promotores concretos.
35
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Objetivos
37
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Objetivos
de
interacciones
moleculares
mediadas
por
protenas
3.
4.
Analizar interacciones entre NtrB y las protenas que actan aguas arriba
en la ruta de transduccin de seales de nitrgeno (protenas PH).
5.
Construir
y analizar
genotecas
doble
hbrido
encaminadas
la
7.
39
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
40
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Una gran parte de ios resultados obtenidos en esta Tesis Doctora.! han sido
publicados en los tres artculos que se incluyen como anexos. Con el fin de
evitar duplicaciones innecesarias, en la Tesis se hace referencia a las figuras y
tablas de las publicaciones f a la vez que se presenta u n resumen de los
resultados y discusin correspondientes. Por el contrario, se detalla en mayor
profundidad lo relativo a los resultados que, por diversas razones, no han sido
publicados.
41
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Materiales y Mtodos
43
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Materiales y Mtodos
1. Estirpes y plsmidos
Estirpe
Referencia/ procedencia
Genotipo
Derivado RiP de UW (ATCC
A. vinelandii
UW136
K.(pneumoniae)
E. coli ET8000
oxytoca M 5 a l
J o h n Innes Centre
Silvestre
rbs lacZy.lSl
gyrA
hut&K
(silvestre)
rbs lacZ::lSl
E. coli FT8000
13705)
gyrA hutCPK
Tabla 1. Estirpes.
Plsmido
Caractersticas
Referencia/procedencia
pTM13
vn#lenpT7.7
pTM 14
anfA en pT7.7
pTRC99a
Tabla 2. Plsmidos.
45
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Materiales y Mtodos
3. Procedimientos de obtencin,
clonacin
seleccin
de
manipulacin,
molculas
de
DNA
recombinante.
3 . 1 . Aislamiento de DNA de microorganismos.
3.1.1. Obtencin de DNA genmico de Azotobacter
vinelandii.
46
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Materiales y Mtodos
3.1.2.
Obtencin
de
minipreparaciones
de
DNA de
S.
cerevisiae.
Tras centrifugar u n volumen de cultivo de S. cerevisiae equivalente a 2 U
de DOeoonm, las clulas se resuspendieron en 200 ul de buffer YLS (300 mM
NaCl, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA pH 8,0 y 0,1 % SDS) y transferidas a u n tubo
de 1,7 mi con tapn de rosca (Sorenson). Tras la adicin de 200 ul de bolas de
vidrio
de
0,5
mm
de
dimetro
(Sigma)
200
ul
de
3.2.
Fragmentacin
de
DNA
genmico
mediante
sonicacin.
El DNA genmico de A. vinelandii se fragment utilizando u n sonicador
Soniprep 150 (Sanyo). Muestras de 20 ug de DNA se llevaron a u n volumen de
2 mi mediante al adicin de HoO ultrapura estril, y se sometieron a uno o
varios pulsos de diferente duracin a u n a amplitud de onda de 10 um. Tras
cada pulso, la muestra se introdujo en u n bao de agua-hielo para evitar el
sobrecalentamiento. Tras la aplicacin de los pulsos, u n a alcuota de 100 ul se
47
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Materiales y Mtodos
fragmentos
48
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Materiales y Mtodos
precipitado
con
etanol y
acetato
de
sodio,
secado
r e s u s p e n d i d o en a g u a u l t r a p u r a estril.
vinelandii
pSBll
49
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Materiales y Mtodos
transformar
S.
cerevisiae
PJ696
mediante
un
protocolo
de
resultantes
se utilizaron
para
calcular
el nmero
total
de
transformantes totales.
Para amplificar la genoteca obtenida en levaduras, el resto de la mezcla
de transformacin se sembr en placas de medio YNB -Leu y se incub a 30
C durante 3 das, tras los cuales se aadieron 3 mi de TE estril a cada placa,
se resuspendieron las colonias con ayuda de u n asa de vidrio estril y la
suspensin celular se traspas a u n matraz estril. Este procedimiento se
repiti con cada u n a de las placas sembradas y por duplicado, hasta recoger
toda la biomasa obtenida en la amplificacin de la genoteca. Tras centrifugar a
5000 r.p.m. durante 10 min, las clulas fueron lavadas en TE estril. Tras
centrifugar
se resuspendieron
en u n
volumen
50
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
51
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
generamos
diversas
fusiones proteicas entre los dominios de GAL4 y las proteinas NtrB y NtrC :y
diversas variantes truncadas) de K. pneumoniae.
1. E s t a s
sobre la
oligonucletidos
secuencia
utilizados
de
ntrB,
como
1993'. En la Figura 2 se
las posiciones
cebadores
para
las
de los
distintos
construcciones
Para
\ PhoP de Samonella
typhirnurium.
determinar
la capacidad
de dos
polipeptidos
cualesquiera
de
cualquier
por
le
que
se
excluy
la
posibilidad
construcciones "autoactivara".
53
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
de
eye
alguna
de
las
Resultados y Discusin
Plsmidos
Protena de fusin a
Dominios
Aas.
pUAGll
pUAG12
NtrC
1-469
pUAG31
pUAG32
NtrC R
1-130
pUAGl
pUAG62
NtrC 0
127-381
pUAG21
pUAG22
NtrC D
380-469
NtrB
1-349
pUAG211 pUAG212
pUAG261 pUAG262
pUAG281 pUAG282
pUAG251 pUAG252
pUAG221 PUAG222
>
>
XL
D
1 lili
pUAG291 pUAG292
pUAG301 pUAG302
SHN
1-269
NtrB SH
1-221
NtrB s
1-115
NtrB
4L 1
lili
pUAG331 pUAG332
pUAG311 pUAG312
NtrBHNG
110-349
NtrBH
110-221
NtrB HN
110-269
NtrBNG
221-349
NtrBG
269-349
54
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
NTRB-2R
alnA
NTRB--1R
NTRB-5R
ntrB
NTRB-1F
NTKU-1R
ntrC
NTRB-2F
NTRB-8I-'
NTKB-5F
55
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
^esui:;K:os v iiscusin
ms
haban recibido atencin al comienzo del presente estudio. Por este motive, y
con el fin e obtener informacin sobre los d e t e r m i n a n t e s de dimerizacin en
NtrB, se realizaron a d e m s de las construcciones derivadas de NtrB (Figura 1).
construcciones
de la regin
citoplsmica
de la histidina
quinasa
EnvZ
a fin ce
tambin confirmaron
cross
en
re las
histidina
quinasas.
era. dimerico.
Por
el
contrario,
el
comportamiento de las protenas EnvZ1XG y NtrB HNG fue idntico tanto en ios
ensayos doble hbrido como en los de cross-linking
56
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
exploradas
de
fuerte
seal
en
ambas
57
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
especficas
(Figura
4-AII).
Estos
resultados,
interacciones
en
principio
58
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
Su
59
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Anexo I
61
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Introduction
Histtdine-aspartate signalling phosphotransfer was first
described in bacteria! two-component systems {for reviews,
see Parkinson and Kofoid, 1992; Hoch and Silhavy, 1995).
Accepted 22 January, 2001, Tor correspondence. E-mai oontrera
ga.es; Tel, (+34) 96 590 3957; Fax (+34) 96 590 9569.
63
170
/. Martnez-Argudo
et al.
Resuits
The activator and DNA-binding domains of GAL4
(GAL4AD and GAL4BD) were fused to the N-termini of
NtrC and NtrB using vectors pGAD424 and pGBT9
respectively. Fusions were also made to truncated
versions of NtrB and NtrC proteins and to individual
domains, domain boundaries being chosen on the basis
of earlier work {Porter e al., 1995; Kramer and Weiss,
1999). NtrC and NtrB domains are designated by letters
according to established conventions and are used here
as superscripts to refer to particular constructs succnctly
(Fig. 1). The transmitter module s denoted as H N G ,
where G comprises G 1 , F and G 2 boxes. N is always
included in constructs containing the H domain, as the N
box seems to contribute to stabization (Kramer and
Weiss, 1999; data not shown).
To determine the ability of two given polypeptides to
interact, expression of both GAL1:lacZ and GAL1:HIS3
reporters was determined in strains of
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Y190 by p-galactosidase assay and growth on
histidine-deficient mdium respectively. Growth raies
were categorized roughly into four groups (for examples,
see Fig. 2). The fusin proteins carried by a given strain
are always named in the order GAL4AD;X/GAL4BD:Y,
abbrevtated X/Y, where X and Y are any polypeptide
fused to GAL4AD and GAL4BD respectively. None
of the constructs bearing NtrC or NtrB derivatives
activated reporters by themselves, thus excluding direct
transcriptiona! activation by individual fusin proteins.
Interactions
between NtrC
subunits
pUAG 11 pUAG 12
} B ,>f~
p(JAG31 pUAG32
>, H >
PAG61
pUAG62
PUAG21
pUAG22
| D>
NtrC
NtrC
_l
NtiC a
Nt/C15
pUAG211 pUAG2l2
H H
NtrB
lis
pUAG251 pUAG2S2
Isttre^
PUAG221 pUAG222
^H
H"
o>
MtiSi^s
1
E
PUAG261 {JUAG262
iMtrBsit
64
++
NtrB/NtrB
++
NtrC/NtrC
NtrB s /NtrB s
NtrC/NtrC D
NtrB H N G /NtrC
2 5 m M 3AT
His
CheA/NtrC
CheA/PhoP
NtrB/PhoP
PhoP/NtrB
g a v e
s i g n a
|s
wth
N t r C j
a n d
b o t h
G A L 4
fuson
171
65
172
/. Martinez-Argudo et al.
Fig. 3. Expression of GAL1 :lacZ and
GAL1:HIS3 in strain Y190 carrying different
pairs of full-length and/or truncated NtrC
fusin proteins.
A. Each bar represents the mean pgalactosidase activity from al leas! four
independent transformants, each measured in
triplicate. Filled bars refer to pairing of the
same NtrC derivatives and open bars to
pairing of different ones.
B. Growth on histidine-deficient media
according to levis illustrated in Fig. 2.
A
60-
50J
40-
o
ro
o
<n 30es
TI
"5
O
O
20-
JS
'* ? 1
Cfl
10-
^ v Q Si ^ S;
z z z z z z
n-
'JE}0
ZJ LJ J
z z z z
O <
z z
z z
_]n_JKJr- J_> J
o o>
1 z
'= *>
0 / 3 0 /
B
by the variation in the strength of the signal obtained when
a gven pair of interacting proteins is exchanged between
GAL4AD and GAL4BD. Such variation can reach one
order of magnitude in p-galactosidase assays and
may result from any of a number of factors, including
differential susceptibility to proteolysis of the link between
the two elements of the hybrid, occlusion of mportant
surfaces of one element by unfavourable positionme,
of the other or the instability of particular hybrids in
yeast cells. However, certain pattems are discemible.
For example, GAL4AD:NtrC gives a stronger signal for
a given interaction than GAL4BD:NtrC. The reverse is
true for NtrCR paired with NtrB derivatives, and here
an explanation may be found in terms of quatemary
Discussion
For more than a decade, the yeast two-hybrid system has
been fruitfully applied to eukaryotic systems, often in
library screening. Reports of its successful application to
bacterial proteins are remarkably sparse and recent, and
the present work illustrates its potential in this rea,
particularly on two-component signal transduction pathways. The strength of some of the signis reported here
(Figs 2-5) is clearly sufficient for the analysis of the
interfaces involved using two-hybrid strategies.
The magnitude of the signis obtained with two-hybrid
approaches is affected by factors other than the binding
affinity of the protein pairs in question. This is shown here
( ^
iz
120-
z
f
100
**
Z
=?
"
80-
CT3
O)
en
60'
TJ
'c
O
rs
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40-
"
C 7
B C ;C
f_
<s
20-
J_-B
T+
i.
V.
++
rr
P P
n.
~- -S
z = =
Z Z Z
=
'j"=?
^
Z
-Cv~
~ r. s
ce
-~> ? />i
- % Z: Z- ?
?5
=a i 1
~_
-C =2
''
*c 5
S S
00
L-f L l '
-r-
JZ> o
-f-
66
220200180-S
>
'4-
160-i
140-;
120-1
<D
(A
173
7.
re
;u 100-j
w
O
80-j
u
iS
60^
ra
40200-
la
z
MU
"^
? z 52
'% I Z i? % f
z?
z z zz z z
z_z
B
structure. The affinity of NtrCR for NtrB may well be
enhanced through co-operativity resulting from its normally
being part of a dimer, and GAL4BD, itself a dimer. may be
able to replace this function to some extent, whereas
GAL4AD cannot.
Transcriptional activation by NtrC requires the formation of higher order oligomers. In addition to NtrCD
association leading to dimerization, interactions between
NtrC c domains and between NtrCR and NtrC c domains
have been postulated to contribute to oligomerization
(Flashner ef al., 1995; Rippe et al., 1998). In this
work, oniy one such domain interaction was detected,
representing the dimerization interiace provided by NtrCD
(Klose et al., 1994). Interactions between NtrC c or NtrCR
domains or interactions nvolving these two domains were
not detected (Figs 2 and 3). When NtrC c is involved, lack
of signis can be attributed to instability of the hybrids
involved (mRNA and/or proteins), as we could not detect
these proteins in Western blots with anti-GAL4AD or antiGAL4BD (Fig. 7). Furthermore, oligomerization of NtrC
dimers, requiring both phosphorylation and enhancer
binding, is unlikely to oceur in our experimental conditions.
NtrB
NtrB s
NtrCR
NtrB +
NtrCR
NtrBHNO
NtrB HS
EnvZ';
- NttCR
70605040-,
Finding dimerization determinants in NtrB s was surprising, as in other histidine kinases of this class such as
EnvZ, the dimerization interiace is provided by the
histidine phosphotransfer domain, which comprises a
four-helix bundle bearing the phosphorylated histidines
and is formed by two pairs of hlices contributed by each
of the two subunits (Tomomori et al., 1999). All H domains
of known structure include such a bundle and, although
we could not detect contaets between H domains in the
two-hybrid system, these were apparent in our crosslinking studies (Fig. 6). Thus, we have evidence for
dimerization interfaces in two seprate domains.
^ M W
<
6050-
4030-
30-
2010-
2010-
67
174
/. Martnez-Argudo et al.
&
$> J? $ <$* $
90
SO ^
Experimental procedures
Strains and plasmids used in this work are listed in Table 1. A
schematic representaron of the NtrB and NtrC polypeptides
encoded by two-hybrid plasmids is shown in Fig. 1. Oligo
nucleotides used to construct plasmids are listed in Table 2.
All construets made in this work were verified by automated
dideoxy DNA sequencing. Cloning procedures were carried
out in E. coli DH5a.
68
175
Source or referente
E. coli DH5
Hanahan (1985)
S. cerevisiae Y190
Harperetal. (1993}
pGAD424
pGAD424( + 1)
pGAD424(+2)
pGAD424rev
pGAD424(+2)re\j
pGBT9
pGBT9( + 1)
pGBT9{+2)
pGBT9rev
pGBT9(+2rev)
pDW82
pMD182
pKJP9
pEG5433
pUAG11
PUAG12
PUAG21
pUAG22
pUAG31
pUAG32
pUAG61
pUAG62
PUAG101
PUAG102
pUAG111
PUAG112
pUAG211
PUAG212
pUAG221
pUAG222
PUAG251
pUAG252
pUAG261
pUAG262
pET23a(+)
pDW78
E coli BL21(DE3)
pMR1
PUAG-H31
PUAG-H222
PUAG-H251
pPH006
Consiruction
proteins
of plasmids
of
His-tagged
69
176
/. Martnez-Argudo et al.
Table 2. Oligonucleotides,
ACT-A
NTRB-1F
NTRB-1R
NTRB-2F
NTRB-2R
NTRB-5R
NTRC-2R
NTRC-5F
NTRC-5R
PHOP-1F
PHOP-1R
T7 universal
S'-AGGGATGTTTAATACCACTAC-3'
S'-CGGGATCCATGGCAACAGGCACA^
5'-CGGGATCCTACTTCCGAATAGGCAG-3'
5'-CGGGATCCATGGATAATCAGCGT-3'
5'-CGGGATCCTAACGCTGATTATCCAT-3'
5'-CGGGATCCTACTGGAAGGCCGTC-3'
5'-CGCGGATCCTCAATTACGCGGCTG-3'
5'-CGAATTCAGCCGCGTAATGCGCCG-3'
5'-CGGATCCTTTAAAGATCCTGCGTCAG-3'
5'-GCCGAATTCATGATGCGCGTACTGGTTGTA-3'
5'-GCCGTCGACTTAGCGCAATTCAAAAAGATA-3'
5' TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA-3'
Yeast methods
S. cerevisiae Y190 was co-transformed with different pars of
two-hybrid plasmids (1 n-g each), and at least four independent
clones were selected for further analysis. Yeast culture and
transformation procedures were essentially as described
previously (Ausubel et al., 1999). p-Gal actos idase activity
was assayed as described previously (Schneider era/., 1996).
Growth on histidine-deficient mdium was analysed on sod
YNB mdium lacking His, Leu and Trp in the presence of
different concentrations of 3AT (3-amno-1,2,4-triazole).
Protein purficaton
DerivativesofNtrB,NtrCandEnvZbearinga6 x HisN-terminal
tag were expressed and purrfied from E coli BL21{DE3),
cultured and induced with 1 mM IPTG as described previously
(Rippe ef al., 1997). Cells expressing H6-NtrB derivatives or H6EnvZHNG w e r e r e s u s p e r i c ed n 5 o m M HEPES, pH 7.5,10 mM
MgCla, 50 mM KCI, 20% glycerol {HMKG buffer), and the
soluble protein fraction was obtained essentially as described
previously (Martn-Nieto and Villalobo, 1998) upon lysozyme
treatment, iysis in jquid N2 and DNase 1 treatment, followed by
centrifugaron. The proteins were purified by Ni-affinify chromatography using 1 mi HiTrap chelatng columns (Pharmacia)
equilibrated in HMKG buffer, and eluion was carried out with
300 mM (H6-NtrB derivatives) or 200 mM (H6-EnvZHNG)
imidazole, pH 7.5, For purification of H6-NtrCR, the above
buffer was replaced by 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 0.5 M NaCI,
10 mM B-mercaptoethanol, and eiution was achieved with
200 mM imidazole.
Cross-linking assays
Aliquots of 10 fj,g (2.5-7 M) of each substrate protein were
Western biotting
Protein extracts from Y190 carrying different pairs of fulliength and/or truncated fusin proteins were obtained
essentially as described previously (Jazwinski, 1990). Cells
from 5-20 mi cultures were resuspended n 5% TCA buffer
and broken with glass beads in a Mnibeadbeater. After
centrifugation, the pellet was resuspended in Laemmti
loadng buffer. Equivalent amounts of protein extracts were
separated by efectrophoresis on 10% poIyacrylamide-SDS
gels and electrotransferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride
(PVDF). Membranes were probed wfth monoclonal antibodies against GAL4AD (sc-1663) and GAL4BD (sc-510) from
Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Primary antibodies were detected
with alkaiine phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse
secondary antibodies (Sigma). Detection was carried out
by staining the membrane with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoly
phosphate and nitroblue tetrazoiium.
Acknowledgements
This work was initiated with an EMBO short-term feilowship
(ASTF-8849) to A.C. We thank the Generalitat Valenciana
(grant AE98-14) and the Ministerio de Educacin y Cultura
(grants PB97-0115 and HB1997-0216) for current support.
We thank C. Schweichheimer, M. Schweizer, D. Widdick, M.
Reuter, R. Dixon, A. Garzn and D. Cano for plasmids and
strains, and R. Dixon and C. Kennedy for comments on the
manuscript.
References
Atkinson, M.R., and Ninfa, A.J. (1993) Mutationai analysis of
the bacterial signal-transducing protein kinase/phosphatase nitrogen regulator II (NRII or NtrB). J Bacterio! 175:
7016-7023.
Ausube!, F.M., Brent, R., Kingston, R.E., Moore, D.D.,
Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A., and Struhl, K. (eds) (1999)
Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 4th edn. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Chap. 13.
Bartel, P., Chien, C.T., Sternglanz, R., and Fields, S. (1993)
Using the two-hybrid system to detect protein-protein
interactions. In Cellular nteractions in Deveopment a
Practica! Approach. Hartley, D.A. (ed.). Oxford: University
Press, pp. 153-179.
Bilwes, A.M., Alex, L A , Crane, B.R., and Simn, M.. (1999)
Structure of CheA, a signal-transducing histidine kinase.
Ce//96: 131-141.
Chien, C.T., Bartel, P.L, Sternglanz, R., and Fields, S.
(1991) The two-hybrid system: a method to identify and
2001 Biackweli Science Utd, Molecular Microbioiogy, 40, 169-178
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system and the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteindependent chemotaxis signaiing pathways of Escherichia
co. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 92: 11583-11587.
Martn-Nieto, J., and Viflalobo, A. (1998) The human
epidemial growth factor receptor contans a juxtamembrane calmodulin-binding site. Biochemistry 37: 227-236.
Mizuno, T. (1997) Compilaton of all genes encoding twocomponent phosphotransfer signal transducers n the
genome of Escherichia coli. DNA Bes 4: 161-168.
Ninfa, A.J., Ninfa, E.G., Lupas, A.N., Stock, A., Magasanik,
B-, and Stock, J . (1988) Crosstalk between bacterial
chemotaxis signal transduction proteins and regulators of
transcription of the Ntr regulon: evidence that nitrogen
assimilation and chemotaxis are controed by a common
phosphotransfer mechanism. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 85:
5492-5496.
Ninfa, A J . , Atkinson, M.R., Kamberov, E.S., Fervg, ,, and
Ninfa, E.G. (1995) Control of nitrogen assimilation by the
NRI-NRII two-component system of enteric bacteria. In
Two-Component Signa! Transduction. Hoch, J.A., and
Silhavy, T.J. (eds). Washington, DC: American Society
for Microbiology Press, pp. 6 7 - 8 8 .
Ninfa, E.G., Atkinson, M.R., Kamberov, E.S., and Ninfa, A.J.
(1993) Mechanism of autophosphorylaton of Escherichia
coii nitrogen regulator II (NRII or NtrB): trans-phosphorylaton between subunits. J Bacteriol 175: 7024-7032.
Park, H., and Inouye, M. (1997) Mutationai anaiysis of
the linker regin of EnvZ, an osmosensor in Escherichia
coli. J Bacteriol 179: 4382-4390.
Park, H., Saha, S.K., and Inouye, M. (1998) Two-domain
reconstituton of a functional protein histidine kinase. Proc
Nati Acad Sci USA 95: 6728-6732.
Parkinson, J.S., and Kofoid, E.C. (1992) Communication
modules in bacterial signaiing proteins. Annu Rev Genet
26:71-112.
Pioszak, A., Jiang, P., and Ninfa, A.J, (2000) The Escherichia
coiiP!l signal transduction protein regulates the activities of
the two-component system transmitter protein NRII by
direct interaction with the kinase domain of the transmitter
module. Biochemistry 39: 13450-13461.
Porter, S.C., North, A.K., Wedel, A.B., and Kustu, S. (1993)
Oligomerization of NTRC at the glnA enhancer is required
for transcriptionai activation. Genes Dev 7: 2258-2273.
Porter, S.C., North, A.K., and Kustu, S. (1995) Mechanism of
transcriptionai activation by NtrC. In
Two-Component
Signal Transduction. Hoch, J.A., and Silhavy, T.J. (eds).
Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press,
147-158.
Rippe, K., Guthold, M., von Hippel, P.H., and Bustamante, C.
(1997) Transcriptionai activation va DNA-looping: visualizaron of ntermediates in the activation pathway of E. coli
RNA polymerase-cr54 holoenzyme by scannjng forc
mcroscopy. J Mol BioiUQ: 125-138.
Rippe, K Mucke, N., and Schulz, A. (1998) Association
states of the transcription activator protein NtrC from E. coii
determined by analytical uitracentrifugation.
JMolBiol278:
915-933.
Roder, K.H., Wol, S.S., and Schweizer, M. (1996) Refinement of vectors for use in the yeast two-hybrid system.
Anal Biochem 241: 260-262.
Schneider, S Buchert, M., and Hovens, C.M, (1996) An in
178
/. Martnez-Argudo et al.
72
Anexo II
73
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
75
201
Sourcc or rcfcrcitcc
E. coll OH5a
K. pneumonas M5al
S. cerevisiae Y190
F" i{.itQ<}la;ZAM]5&(lacZYA-argF)UI69!!idAl recAl hsdRI7(cK- m K ") eoR thi-t supE44 gyrA96 relAl k"
Wild type
MATa ura3-52 his3-200 ade2-0l cip-90 leu2-3,l 12 gaMA galSOA URA3::GALIl;AS-QAU,..,. t-lacZ
LYS2::GAUUA!i.HiS3r/t-HlS3
cyhr2
9
M. Drummond
10
pGAD424
pGAD424( + 2)
pGBT1)
pGBT9( + 2)
pMDI82
pPHO
pUAGl I
pUAG12
pUAGlOl
pUAGl 1 ]
pUAO!12
pUAG211
pUAG212
pUAG221
pUAG222
pUAG25I
pUAG252
PAG261
pUAG262
pUAG17l
pUAG172
pUAG213
pUAG214
pUAG281
pUAG282
pUAG291
pUAG292
PUAG301
pUAG302
pUAG311
pUAG312
pUAG341
pUAG342
pUAG35J
pUAG352
pUAG501
pUAG502
4
24
6
24
32
20
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
This work
ers NTRB-1F and NTRB-4R, cut with BamHl, and cloned nto pGAD424(+2)
and pGBT9{+2), respectively. A pMD182 fragment was PCR amplified witli
NTRB-2F and NTRB^JR, cut with BamHl, and cloned into pGAD424{+2) and
pGBT9(+2), giving plasmids pUAG291 and pUAG292, respectively. A pMD182
fragment was PCR amplified with NTR6-2F and NTRB-5R, cut with BamHl,
and cloned nto pGAD424(+2) and pGBT9(+2), giving plasmids p(JAG301 and
pUAG32, respectively. A pMD182 fragment was PCR amplified with primera
NTRB-5F and NTRB-IR, cut with BamHl, and cloned tilo pGAD424(H-2) and
pGBT9{+2), giving plasmids pUAGjl I atidpUAG3I2, respectively. A two-step
Sequence
GLNB-FOR
GLNB-REV
MD138
MD139
NTRB-1F
NTRB-IR
NTRB-2F
NTRB-3F
NTRB-3R
NTRB-4R
NTRB-5F
NTRB-5R
5'-CGGAATTCATGAAAAAGATTGATGCG-3'
5'-CGGGATCCTTAAATTGCCGCGTCGTC-3'
5'-AATTTACATATGGG-3'
5'-AATTCCCATATGTA-3'
5'-CGGGATCCATGGCAACAGGCACA-3'
5'-CGGGATCCTACTTCCGAATAGGCAG-3'
5'-CGGGATCCATGGATAATCAGCGT-3'
5'-AGCAGATTACCGCTCGAGACTTAGT-3'
;'-ACTAAGTCTCGAGCGGTAATCTGCT-3'
5'-CGGGATCCTACACCAGCTrGACG-3'
5'-CGGGATCCCAG7TAACCCrrGCAC-3'
S'-CGGGATCCTACTGGAAGGCCGTC-y
76
202
MARTNEZ-ARGUDO ET AL
<
J. BACTERIO!...
TT~
111
221
29
34
"sensor"115
-
ransmlter
>
(15). Fusin proteins consisted of the activator or DNA-bindng domain of GAL4 (GAL4AD or GAL4BD, respectively)
fused to the N termini of the corresponding poiypeptides. The
fusin proteins carried by a gtven srain are ahvays named
in the order GAL4AD-X/GAL48D-Y, abbreviated X/Y,
where X and Y are any polypeptide fused to GAL4AD and
GAL4BD, respectively. Domatn boundaries and nomencature
for NtrB poiypeptides and domains have been previously described (14, 15). Locations of boundaries and the point mutation used here are shown in Fig. L Expression of the different
NtrB fusin proteins was analyzed by Western blotting. Al
GAL4BD fusin proteins were detected, although with differences in expression (Fig. 2A). On the other hand, GAL4AD
fusions to NtrB G , NtrB H N , NtrB H , NtrB S H , and NtrB S H N were
not detected in Western blot assays (Fig. 2B), in spite of
the fact that we obtained in vivo evidence of expression
for GAL4AD-NtrB H N , GAL4AD-NtrB S H , and GAL4ADNtrB S H N (see below).
Roles of individual NtrB domains in interactions between
NtrB suburiits. To investgate the roles of individual domains
from the transmitter module in interactions within and between subunits of NtrB, we perormed two-hybrid analyses
with fuil-ength NtrB and truncated NtrB derivatives in different combinations. The results are summarized in Fig. 3.
In the histidine kinases EnvZ and NtrB, the dimerization
interface is provided by the histidine phosphofransfer domain
(11, 29). However, NtrB" 1 * 0 does not interact with itself in the
two-hybrid system (15) and we wished to investgate whether
we couid obtan signis from H domains by using different
5!
5,
2:
2=
3=
;z:
z:
97.4 _
66
45
*""*
31
21.5
97.4 __
66
45
3:
v,
E E E
z:
;Z
3>:
;K
Si
Z:
tsf^
31
RESULTS
To determine the ability of two givett poiypeptides to iuteiact n the two-hybrid system, expression of both GALlvJtacZ
and GALl:mJHIS3 reporters was analyzed in strains of S. cerevisiae Y190 by f3-ga actos idase assay and growth on histidinedeficient mdium, respectively. Growth rates were caegorized
into four classes ( + + , + , , and - } as previously described
21.5
FIG. 2. Western blotting of GAL4 fusin proteins. n each case,
extraets were derived from Y190 carrying reciprocal pairs of twohybrid plasmids. An arrowheads points lo the protein indicated above
each lae. T h e vales to the left of each panel indcate the molecular masses (kilodaltons) of protein size standards. Panels: A, antiGAL4BD; B, anti-GAL4AD.
77
203
100
f
C3
2
X X
m m m m CQ m
Z Z Z 7 Z(5 2O
eo.
5 i
(9 X
Sm &
O
mmm
z z z z z z z
++
TTtf
s x m
m m co co i :
+ -
FIG, 3, Expression of GALl:\kicZ and CAL:\HIS3 in strain Y190 carrying differeni paire of truncated NtrB fusin proteins. Dashes indcate
tli absence of proteins fused to GAL4 domains. The numbered lines betvveen panels A and B encompass blocks of data depending on the type
of comparison. Blocks: 1, self-pairing proteins; 2, poiypeptides paired with GAL4AD-NtrB; 3, poiypeptides paired with GAL48D-NtrB; 4,
poiypeptides paired with GAL4AD-NtrB; 5, poiypeptides paired with GAL4BD-NtrB. (A) Each bar represents the mean p-galactosidase
activity from at least four independent transforma nts, each measured in triplcate. (B) Levis of growth on histidne-deficient mdium.
NtrB fragments. To this end, we tested the abilities of truncated NtrB derivatives to nteract with themselves and with
full-lengh NtrB. In contrast to the resuits obtained with constructs bearing the sensor domain, no signis were found when
NtrB H N or N t r B " was paired with itself or with NtrB (Fig. 3,
blocks 1 to 3), indicating that faure to obtain signis from
transmitter modules is not due to the presence of the G regin
in the fusin proteins. To investgate whether lack of interaction between transmitter domains reflects differences between
NtrB and other hstidine kinases, we tested the ability of the
corresponding module of EnvZ to interact with itself. Paralleling resuits obtained with NtrB H N G , no signal was found for
E n v Z H N O (Fig. 3, block 1), suggesting that lack of interaction
in the yeast system is common to transmitter modules.
It has been shown in vivo that the G domain is sufficient to
restore positive regulation by the HN fragment (14), suggesting that it folds ndependently into an active domain and phosphorylates the hstidine residue of the H domain in trans. To
test whether recognition between the H and G domains could
be detected in our assays, NtrB was paired with each of the
NtrB derivatives. Only NtrB S H N /NtrB gave signis (Fig. 3,
blocks 4 and 5), whiie other proteins containing the H domain
did not. Whiie failure of GAL4AD-NtrB to promote signis
is not surprising and can be attributed to lack of expression, the
negative resuits obtained with most of the pairs providing H
and G in different GAL4 fusions suggest very poor recognition
between the H and G domains.
Role of the hstidine phosphotransfer domain in interactions with NtrC. To study the contributions of individual domains to interactions between the NtrB transmitter module
and NtrC, we paired different combinations of the truncated
NtrB derivatives with NtrC and control proteins and performed two-hybrid analyses. The resuits are summarized in
78
24
MARTINEZ-ARGUDO ET AL
J. BACTERIO!...
35 -i
p
^
JU-
| j
>
?-
^2
tu
20-
OO
2 Z
-t
1fi-
rj
31
1U-
ol
5-
n*
5-
: 0.0.2:2
oB
|lg
Q_
_- -
S ^ T fn
l**ii&M
Si5 !
comzcD,yo^=
CLCLO.
ronn
zzIzmzo>
0.
.[. ,
+ + + +
FIG. 4. Expression of GALlvlacZ and GAL1.-.HIS3 in strain Y19E1 carrying different pairs of fusin proteins. Blocks: l, NtrB derivatives (or
EnvZH*G) paired with GAL4AD-NtrC or GAL4AD-PhoP; 2, NtrB derivatives (or EnvZHNG) pared with GAL4BD-NtrC or GAL4BD-PhoP; 3,
polypeptides paired with GAL4AD-PII; A, polypeptides paired with GAL4BD-PIE. Because GALBD-CheA activated both reporters by itself (data
not shown), the Pd/CheA pair was not included. See the legend to Fig. 3 for details.
TABLE 3. Effect of mutation A129T on interactions with NtrB, NtrBG, NtrC, and PII fusin proteins" as shown
by its effect on GALlvlacZ1' and GAL1::HIS3C expression
Protein
Wild-type NtrB
NtrB A l f s , T
NtrB S H N
sJtrgSHNA129T
N[rBHNG
NtrB H N C A 1 2 ! , T
NtrB/
/NtrB
NtrBG/
97.3
83.7
97.3
115
97.3
138.4
Nry
18.6
2.1
88
42.8
0.45
0.55
2.97
1.97
0.42
0.2
0.29
0.64
0.52
0.63
0.53
1
0.44
/NtrBG
0.55
ND
13.97
0.45 {-)
0.96
0.38
NtrC/
/NtrC
pi/
/PJ]
35.2
36.9
145.9
101.9
46.9
36.9
20.63
13.7
14
11.5
158.4
117.4
0.47
0.34
0.16
0.69
7.8
6.3
3.38
2.17
17.1
2.09 ( )
1.38
0.87 ( - )
" Mutant NtrB derivatives and wild-type NtrB (lefteolumn) were tested with NtrB, N t r 8 G , NtrC, and PII in the appropriate GA1_4AD/GAL4BD paire indicated in
headings,
h
Mean numbers of [S-galactosidase unts are shown for comparison between wild-type NtrB (Fig. 3A and 4A) and mutant NtrB derivatives.
r
Growth rates obtained with construets bearing AI29T are indicated in parentheses only when they difer from those obtained with the equivalent wild-type
construets (Fig. 3B and 4B).
'' ND. not delermined.
79
25
80
206
MARTNEZ-ARGUDO
E T AL.
J.
18.
RFPERENCES
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
BACTGRIOL.
81
Resultados y Discusin
vinelandii
de
protenas
adicionales
con
las
que
interaccionen,
se
83
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
los
ensayos
doble
hbrido
refleja
importantes
diferencias
de
las
GAL4AD:AnfA
GAL4AD:VnfA
GAL4BD:AnfA
+/-
GAL4BD:VnfA
+/-
+/-
+/-
GAL4BD
GAL4AD
GAL4AD:AnfA
GAL4AD:VnfA
GAL4BD:AnfA
GAL4BD:VnfA
GAL4AD
+/-
GAL4BD
84
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
3.
Identificacin
de
protenas
implicadas
en
funcionalmente
contribuye
distinguir
las
interacciones
parece
razonable
aprovechar
este
potencial
para
la
objetivo
que
cualquier
fragmento
genmico
est
igualmente
85
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
(Ma & Ptashne, 1987; Ruden et al, 1991). Con el fin de obtener u n a genoteca
compleja y representativa, el DNA genmico de A. wneland fue fragmentado
por sonicacin en condiciones apropiadas para la obtencin fragmentos entre
0,5 y 2 kb de tamao, que fueron separados en geles de agarosa. Se
obtuvieron tres fracciones, de tamaos aproximados entre 0,5-1 kb (fraccin
AZ-A), 1-1,5 kb (fraccin AZ-B) y 1,5-2 kb (fraccin AZ-C). Para la reparacin
de los extremos se utilizaron distintas enzimas y condiciones de incubacin
(ver Materiales y Mtodos). Las diversas preparaciones de DNA genmico se
utilizaron en reacciones de ligacin a pequea escala con los vectores
pGAD424, pGAD424 (+1) y pGAD424 (+2) digeridos con Smal y tratados con
fosfatasa alcalina de gamba. El producto de estas ligaciones fue utilizado para
transformar E. coli DH5a. Las colonias transformantes aparecieron en u n
nmero muy pequeo, y en ninguna de ellas se detect, por PCR, a presencia
de inserto. El anlisis electrofortico de las reacciones de ligacin evidenci la
baja eficiencia de este proceso con fragmentos genmicos, probablemente
debida a u n a baja eficiencia del proceso de reparacin de los extremos
generados.
As pues, la sonicacin, u n a estrategia que en principio permite obtener
genotecas muy complejas, al producir fragmentos con diversos tipos de
extremos que deben ser reparados, implica manipulaciones adicionales, de
cierta dificultad, que suelen repercutir muy negativamente en el n de clones
de las genotecas. Tras sopesar las dificultades prcticas, decidimos descartar
esta estrategia de fragmentacin en favor del uso de digestiones parciales con
enzimas de restriccin.
86
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
Digestin BamH
Fosfatasa alcalina
Fraccin iFYaccin 2
Ligacin
^/Sl
\N>-^
Electroporacin
Ge no teca en
E. coli DH5a
Amplificacin
genoteca
Recogida de clulas
87
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
estrategia de
transformacin
solo
experimento
88
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
DNA Gcncteca
Transformacin
P J 6 9 6 GAL4BD:NtrB
Genoteca en PJ696
GAL4BD:NtrB
Seleccin
-Leu -Tro -His -Ade 5rr.;
11
:>
)morooa.aon ienonoo
.-vcie
Resultados y Discusin
Plsmidos cebo
enY187
Clon
candidato
Extraccin DNA
DNA plasmdico
Transformacin PJ696
Plsmido
candidato en
PJ696
Rplica en YPD
-Ade
+Ade +His
-His
GAL2:ADE2
90
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
diferentes,
correspondientes
tres
protenas,
dos
cuya
interaccin funcional con NtrB era conocida (GlnB y GlnK) y otra ms cuya
interaccin con NtrB no haba sido previamente descrita (AspA o aspartasa)
(Tabla 3-A1II y Figura 2-AIII).
A pesar de que tanto NtrB como NtrC generan u n a fuerte seal en el
doble hbrido cuando se emparejan con NtrB (Martnez-Argudo et al, 2001;
Martnez-Argudo et al, 2002), no se detectaron clones genmicos para estas
protenas (Figura 2-AIII). Puesto que en ambos casos es la regin N-terminal la
requerida para la interaccin de las protenas con NtrB (Martnez-Argudo et
al, 2001), el resultado no es sorprendente. La distribucin discreta de los
sitios de corte Sau3Al explicara la ausencia de, al menos, NtrC como presa.
En el caso de NtrB, si bien no podemos descartar que los 11 aminocidos Nterminales (que inevitablemente se pierden en todas las fusiones a NtrB
generadas en las genotecas Sau3Al) sean requeridos para la interaccin NtrBNtrB, los falsos negativos podran deberse tambin a u n a baja eficiencia de
digestin de la diana Sau3Al relevante.
Es de sealar que, a pesar de que la transferencia de grupos fosfato entre
componentes de distintos sistemas ha sido documentada tanto in vitro (Fisher
et al, 1995; Ninfa et al, 1988; Yaku et al, 1997) como in vivo (Kim et al,
1996; Ninfa et al,
2002), no han
aparecido
descartar "falsos
se
detectaron interacciones en el doble hbrido entre CheA y NtrC (MartnezArgudo et al, 2001), entre las que se demostr fosforilacin in vitro (Ninfa et
al, 1988), es posible que la comunicacin cruzada implique interacciones muy
dbiles, no detectables en nuestros ensayos doble hbrido. Alternativamente,
la comunicacin cruzada entre elementos de distintos sistemas no es u n
fenmeno extendido en E. coli y probablemente las interacciones entre
protenas de fusin en levaduras son ms fisiolgicas que los ensayos in vitro.
Resultados recientes, obtenidos con genotecas de Caulobacter
crescentus
utilizando como cebo el regulador de respuesta DivK (Ohta & Newton, 2003)
apoyan la existencia de u n a gran especificidad para las interacciones entre
91
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
indicaron
claramente
que
los
debidas a sus
diferentes
construcciones
92
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
con
otras
genotecas
identifiquen
protenas
capaces
de
93
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
2000) y d a t o s no mostrados), n o s
El plsmido
91 312
expresin de AspA -
resultante,
pUAGSllE
nos
permite
controlar
la
transcripcional
Nac, q u e
acta
como r e p r e s o r
del gen
serA,
el vector control,
en
principio
94
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
(YadF),
glnK
95
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
Genoteca
,
JN clones
. coa
50
620.000
51
150.000
52
620.000
LO
100.000
Ll
300.000
L2
100.000
transformantes
,
colonias
obtenidas en
. .
levaduras
escrutinio
760.000
42
41
130.000
64
63
CJlones
candidatos
Genoteca
Inserto a
N de clones
yadFS35
/adFS35-A
yadF835-B
glnK752
glnK7 52-Y
glnm76
glnB1300
ntrBl 008
glnKl 173
glnK752
SO-1-2
LO-1-2
96
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
glnK
amtB
glnB
g/ttK752
hmpA
glnK] \73
nrf
g/476
g/1300
rcfrC
H
n/rfl]008
vadF
rf
yacMIS
glnE
I
T"
glnD
TTT
Tr*
97
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
continuacin.
fragmentos
genmicos
Sau3Al
no
relacionados.
Las
proporciona
analizada
celular
cataltica,
incrementando por tanto la fijacin de CO2. Es de sealar que estas sen las
condiciones 1 medio rico LBi en las que se h a observado que YadF es esencial
para, el crecimiento en E. coli.
de E. coa
98
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
:M .a. ;rag:::ertac;on etrzimtica James el al.. 1996: Kaoar: t: al.. .A.OC . A fin.
do
complementar
las
genotecas
Sau'SAl.
se abord
"a c e n s . "accin
JA.AI-2-
ce
1;
MGT. Una vez mezclada, esta genoteca fue amplificada y procesada, del modo
A serbo oa.ra ias genorecas Sa;<3AI. ba Tabla 5 recoge los caaos ce a g e n c e c a
MGT.
"SDD091
de
pneumomae
Cor: el fin
de detectar
presas
adicionales
'falsos
.c traeres
lae Moa 1
bar
raccrenes
parcialmente
digerido
con
Saull.AL
y se
purificaror
toa i cer-
as que se
MG
,-, .
yabgenoteoas
I amano
.
insertos
.\ clones
..
L. con
MGT5
0,5 I ,3 kb
500.00
MGT6
0,8 13 kb
500.000
MGT7
1,3-1,5 kb
500.000
MGT8
1,5 2 kb
500.000
V' clone
i.o;E.es
Tamao inserios
Vector utilizado
0.5-1 kb
pGAD424
0.5 i kb
pGAL)424 ' - I :
0.5-i kb
pGAD424 ;-2.
1.5 kb
pGAD424
.5 kb
pGAl)424 : - l .
.-1.5 kb
OGAD424 ;-2;
T " "
Gen o:eca
Subge:".o tecas
Tamao
insertos
N" clones
I-i. ecli
KFT18
0,4 0,7 kb
500.000
KPT6
0,8 13 kb
500.000
XPT7
1,3-1,5 kb
500.000
Klyi8
1,5 2 kb
500.000
K?T
v clones
totales
2 ><
100
txicas,
dificulta
la
obtencin
de
transformantes
durante
los
el fin
de
optimizar
los escrutinios,
decidimos
realizarlos
por
se
K. pneumoniae.
de e s t a s
genotecas
se realiza
siguiendo
el
esquema
de estos
resumen,
la
utilizacin
de
protocolos
de
corrugacin
permute
que
101
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Resultados y Discusin
Genoteca
PJ696
KPTsp
Origen insertos
N clones
E. coli
N clones
levaduras
2 x 10 6
1,54 x 10 6
2 x 10 6
2,66 x 10 5
6,03 x 10 5
6,06 x 10 5
K. pneumoniae
ECTsp
E. coli
ECSau
coli
Genoteca PJ696
fusiones GAL4AD
Cultivo Y187
GAL4BD:Cebo
Mezcla 1:2
Siembra en YPD
CONJUGACIN
Recogida y lavado
--
DiploidesPJ696/Y187
Siembra en medio selectivo
para interaccin
Clones candidatos
102
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Anexo III
103
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
ORIGINAL PAPER
P. Salinas A. Contreras
Received: 25 February 2003/ Accepted; 21 May 2003 / Publisfied oniine: 28 June 2003
Springer-Verlag 2003
Introduccin
The NtrBC two-component system reglales cr54dependent transcription of nitrogen-regulated genes in
enteiic bacteria (Ninfa et al. 2000). NtrB and NtrC act
as the sensor and the response regulator, respectively, of
a two-component signal transduction system, based on
histidine-aspartate phosphotransfer. In the simplest such
systems, the transmitter module of the sensor protein
Communicated by A. Kondoros
P. Salinas A. Contreras (El)
Divisin de Gentica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
E-mail: con trera@ ua.es
Tel.: +34-965-903957
Fax: +34-965-909569
105
575
Construction of plasmids
To oonstruct the plasmids pUAG331 and pUAG332, a pMD182
fragment was amplified by PCR with the primers NTRB-8F
(5'-CGGGATCCGTGCGCGACTATGACCC-3') and NTRB-1R
(5'-CGGGATCCTACTTCCGAATAGGCAG-3'), cleaved with
Bam HI, and cloned into pGAD424( + 2) and pGBT9( + 2). To
construct pUAG182, an Eco Rl-Sa fragment from pUAGISl was
cloned into pGBT9( + 2). To construct pUAG5!2, a Sma l-Sail
fragment from pUAG5ll was cloned into pGBT9(+ I).
Screening of libraries
Yeast methods
Yeast culture, transformaron and mating procedures were performed as described previousiy (Ausubel et al. 1999; Kolonin et al.
2000), except where otherwise indicated. Growth of the Saccharomycei cerevisiae strain Y190 on histidine deficient mdium was
monitored on solid YNB mnima! mdium without Leu, Trp, and
His, in the presence of different concentrations of 3AT (3-amino1,2,4-triazole), as previousiy described (Martinez-Argudo et al.
2001, 2002). jS-Galactosidase actvity was measured as described
previousiy (Schneider et al. 1996).
For Y2H interaction assays, derivatives of strain PJ696 carrying GAL4AD fusions were mated to derivatives of strains Y187
carrying GAL4BD fusions. To this end, the strains were streaked
in parad iities on YNB minimal mdium lacking Leu or Trp,
respectively, and incubated for 2 days. Plates were pressed onto
the same replica velvet so that the lines from both yeast strains
interseced at right angles. The resulting grid was then replica
plated onto YPD mdium and incubated overnight before replica
plating onto YNB plates without Leu and Trp, and (a) -Ade, (b)
- His + 5 mM 3-AT, (c) - His + 1 mM 3-AT, and (d) control
plates, thus imposing progressively less stringent selection conditions.
106
576
Source/reference
E. coli DH5a
Hanahan(1985)
E. CO/ HBOl
E. C>/MG1655
S, cerevisiae Y190
S. cerevisiae Y187
S. cerevisiae PJ696
pMDL82
pGAD424
pGAD424(+!)
pGAD424( + 2)
pGBT9
pGBT9(+l)
pGBT9( + 2)
pUAGll
pUAG12
pUAGlOl
pUAG211
pUAG22
pUAG221
pUAG222
pUAG251
pUAG252
pUAG261
pUAG262
pUAG171
P UAG172
pUAG281
pUAG282
pUAG29I
pUAG292
pUAG30I
pUAG302
pUAG31I
pUAG312
pUAG501
pUAG502
pUAG33I
pUAG332
pUAGISI
pUAG182
pUAG51!
pUAG512
Resulte
Construccin and screening of E. coli Y2H libraries
using NtrB as bait
In an attempt to further characterize the nitrogen regulad o n network, we constructed Sau3AI Y2H genomic
E. coli libraries and analyzed them for proteins that
could interact with NtrB. Because a good deal of ftmetional and Y2H data regarding NtrB interactions are
available, the recovery of known genomic restriction
fragments would provide empiricat informacin on how
re presenta ti ve these libraries were. With this in mind, a
107
577
Yeast transformants
Candida le clones
SO
SI
S2
LO
Ll
L2
620,000
150,000
620,000
100,000
300,000
100,000
300,000
32
29
1,300,000
3,000,000
6,200,000
11
21
32
0
II
24
i 1i ' l l l '111
<
GAL4AD
..-. .-.
I;;;- Vi'--':
Ntr3
NlfC
l ':
GlnB
N!r6
:;...
:M
'.:. l
':.,.%
IS " '.'
1
' ' ' . -
Ade
lili
illli
mm:M!
iBSil
.j-:S;KijMbs"--;.\.VIi:
xMB^M
-His *5mM 3-AT
:^m^&':
H;s +1mM 3-AT
Strtngency levet
108
Phenotypi
dass
C ;
II
ni
IV
578
Table 3 Analysis of prey clones
ntrB
Yeas library
Insert identity"
SO-1-2
aspA 662(IV)
glnK 752(111)
i'/nAT 752-X (III)
/ 752-Y (III)
g/B476(III)
glnB 47-Z (III)
9
10
1
2
6
I
aspA662(lV)
ghK 1173(111)
11
24
Ll
L2
a
ntrC
"-<
fBBgrr--
glnB
_
nmpA
-^frr-"if
475
aspA
-H
glnK
t*"""""**""!
662
amtB
i---.-!"
"<
752
1173
109
579
A
90"
80"
70"
o
v>
TO
72
w
o
1$
03
O)
60"
50'
40"
30'
20'
o-
B.<
S-i?
syil
:Jl!
10-
X-
P%^M
I5?5
>C5Ci O O
te i= Z i= .fc i; c i= .r O
2 x:_ Q _ZXZIILI z o
>
enea >
zziiJB^
B
Fig. 3A, B Expression of GAL1: lacZ and GALI: HIS3 in strain
Y190carryngdinerent pairs of fusin proteins. The numbered mes
between panels A and B encompass blocks of data obtained from
experimenta of the same type: ], NtrB derivatives (or control
proteins) paired with GAL4AD:GlnK; 2, as 1, but with
GAL4BD:GlnK; 3, polypeptides paired with GAL4AD:AspA,)l"
n
; 4, as 3, bul with GAL4BD:AspAV1"312. Because GAL4BD:CheA activated both reporters by itself (data not shown), the
affected pair was not included. A Each bar represents the mean
/J-galactosidase activity from al least Tour independent transformants, each measured in triplcate. B Relative levis of growth on
histidine-deficient mdium (-, no growth)
Discussion
10
580
111
581
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112
Conclusiones
113
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Conclusiones
Conclusiones
1. El sistema
de levaduras
permiti
detectar
NtrC-NtrC
\Azymmm>
-NtrC
>TT1
enzimas de restriccin
115
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Conclusiones
anhidrasa carbnica
UTasa
AspA
as partas a
Interactoma
del
enterobacterias.
interacciones
Las
metabolismo
flechas
funcionales.
de
del
nitrgeno
doble
punta
indican
color
indican
Las barras
de
en
116
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Bibliografa
117
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universidad d'Alacant. 2003
Bibliografa
Escherichia
M9
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in
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