Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
SECTION: 03
NAME
MUHAMMAD FIKRIL AZIM BIN ABDUL SANI
ID
CE094946
: 5 NOVEMBER 2015
: 19 NOVEMBER 2015
LAB INSTRUCTOR
AHMED
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT
PAGE
Table of Content
Summary/Abstract
Introduction
Materials or Equipments
5-13
Discussion
14
Conclusion
14
References
14
PROBLEM STATEMENT
As a civil engineer, you are required to apply the knowledge of levelling to
establish a temporary benchmark for a new project site.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Basically, the equipment that will be discussed in this report will help me
in establishing the temporary benchmark for an easier way and more
accurate method for levelling.
Basically, the equipments are the main key for the practical training. Even
though we already know the basic concepts of the devices and the
procedure of the levelling for example, without the equipments, we cannot
carry out the practical training since it is the most crucial components for
this practical course.
In addition, we need learn and must be exposed to the usage and how to
handle the equipments itself. In other words, we need to identify the
apparatus and their usage to be able to carry out the surveying
procedure.
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Procedure
1. The experiment is began from a known reference point, nearest
Bench Mark (BM) or TBM. Otherwise, a reference point to be BM is
selected and the RL to be assumed as 100.000 m.
2. Change point (CP) is established along the levelling route to the new
TBM.
3. The distance between the Backsight (BS) and Foresight (FS) should
be almost equal (not more than 60 meters)
4. The loop to the starting point is closed (known as reference point)
5. When closing the levelling loop to the starting point, the same
established points (CP) are observed.
6. The misclosure is calculated and accordingly distributed.
7. The allowable misclosure is 0.017 mm.
8. All the observations shall be booked in the provided levelling form.
Only booking by pen is accepted.
DISCUSSION
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEODOLITE AND TOTAL
STATION?
6
Theodolites
A Theodolite is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical
angles, as used in triangulation networks. It is a tool used in the surveying
and engineering industry, but theodolites have been adapted for other
specialized purposes as well. A theodolite consists of a telescope mounted
movably within two perpendicular axes, the horizontal axis, and the
vertical axis.
Total Stations
Total station is an optical instrument used in modern surveying. It is a
combination of an electronic theodolite (transit), an electronic distance
measuring device (EDM) and software running on an external computer,
such as a laptop or data collector.
Levels
The builder's level is often mistaken for a transit, but is actually a type of
inclinometer. It measures neither horizontal nor vertical angles. It simply
combines a bubble level and telescope which allows the user to visually
establish a level line of sight along a plane.
Discussion
Precision of levelling As with all techniques used in engineering surveying
it is important to estimate how accuracy of the measurements taken. An
assessment of the quality of levelling can be made by calculating the
misclosure for a line of levels. This is determined by comparing the
reduced level of the closing bench mark with the level obtained for it by
calculation from the staff readings. On construction sites and other
engineering projects, levelling is usually carried out over short distances
and it can involve a lot of instrument positions. The allowable misclosure
for a line of levels is given by:
Allowable misclosure =
Conclusion
The primary purpose of this report is to identify the usage of all
equipments used for surveying procedure, thus enable me to use the
equipments properly based on what I have learnt from the class and the
further investigation about those equipments.
References
http://www.tcd.ie/civileng/Staff/Brian.Caulfield/3A1/3A1%20Lecture
%205.pdf