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CORRECTIONAL ADMINSITRATION

NATURE AND TRENDS OF PUNISHMENT


Punishment is a means of social control. It is a device to cause people to
become cohesive and to induce conformity. People believe that punishment is effective
as a means of social control but this belief is doubtful. There is no question, however,
that some forms of punishment are more effective in one society than in another. For
example punishment in a small well-ordered community, where people practically know
everybody, is more effective in inducing conformity than in a highly mobile metropolitan
city.
The general concept of punishment is that it is infliction of some sort of pain on
the offender for violating the law. This definition is not complete in the sense that it does
not mention the condition under which punishment is administered or applied. In the
legal sense, it is more individual redress, or personal revenge. Punishment, therefore, is
defined as the redress that the state takes against an offending member.
Punishment is restricted to such suffering as is inflicted upon the offender in a
definite way by, or in the name of, the society of which he is a permanent member.
Punishment must be intended and not accidental, to produce some sort of justified
suffering on the offender. It is essential that the offender should be forcibly made to
suffer and that society is justified in making him suffer. Punishment is a form of
disapproval for certain behaviors that is followed by imposing a penalty. Punishment
makes the offender stigmatized and penalized. The offender may or may not actually
suffer, under the intentional application of punishment, depending on the circumstances
it is applied and the toughness of the individual offender.
Forms of Punishment
The forms of punishment in primitive society were:
1. Death penalty
2. Corporal punishment
3. Public humiliation and shaming
4. Banishment.
Death penalty was carried out by
1. hanging
2. burning
3. immersing in boiling oil
4. feeding to wild animals
5. other barbaric ways.
Corporal punishment was inflicted the offender by
1. Flogging
2. Mutilation
3. Disfiguration
4. Maiming.
Public humiliation and shaming were effected by
1. the use of stocks and pillory
2. docking stool
3. branding
4. shaving off the hair, etc.
Justifications of Punishment
The theories or justifications or punishment vary from one stage of civilization to
another. The most common justifications of punishment are retribution, expiation or
atonement, deterrence, protection and reformation.

Retribution
In primitive days punishment of the transgressor was carried out in the form of
personal vengeance. Since there were no written laws and no courts, the victim of a
crime was allowed to obtain his redress in the way he saw fit. Oftentimes, the retaliatory
act resulted to infliction of greater injury or loss than the original crime, so that the latter
victim was perforce afforded his revere. Punishment therefore became unending
vendetta between the offender and the victim. Later, an attempt was made to limit the
retaliation to the degree of injury inflicted, thus the philosophy of an eye for an eye
evolved. During this period nearly all offenses that are now included in criminal codes
as public crimes, were considered private offenses for which the victims were allowed
their redress through personal vengeance.
There were a few offenses, however, which were regarded as crimes committed
against the native gods. People being then superstitious, believed that any catastrophe
that befell the group was a retaliation of an offended god. In order to appease the
offended god, the social group or clan demanded that the supposed offended be
banished or put to death. Witchcraft was considered a public crime and person
suspected of being a witch was tortured, banished or put to death.
Expiation or Atonement
This theory or justification of punishment was also advocated during the prehistoric days. A sort of common understanding and sympathetic feeling developed in the
group. An offense committed by a member against another member of the same clan or
group aroused the condemnation of the whole group against the offending
member.
The group would therefore demand that the offender be punished. When
punishment is exacted visibly or publicly for the purpose of appeasing the social group,
the element of expiation is present. Expiation is therefore, group vengeance as
distinguish from retribution which is personal vengeance. Punishing the offender
gives the community a sense of its moral superiority, an assurance that virtue is
rewarded after all. Hostile action against the offender brings about cohesiveness in
society. Corporal punishment in most modern countries has been abolished and the
application of punishment has tended to be withdrawn from the public eye. Some
segments of society, however, still cling to the belief wrong doing or in order that
punishment be punishment.
Deterrence
It is commonly believed that punishment gives a lesson to the offender; that it
shows other what would happen if they violate the law; and that punishment holds crime
in check. This is the essence of deterrence as a justification for punishment.
Cesare Beccaria, an exponent of the Classical School of Criminology and whose
writings at the end of the 18th century renovated the punitive justice system of Europe,
contended that the intent of punishment should not be to torture the criminal or to undo
the crime (expiation) but to prevent others from committing a like offense. He
advocated the theory that a punishment should have only that degree of severity which
is sufficient to deter others. It is doubtful if punishment is as the proponents think. In one
New England state during the 18th Century, theft was punishable by whipping the
offender in the public plaza. The purpose of whipping the thief within the public view was
to deter others from committing the same offense. Public whipping, however, did not
diminish the incidence of the theft in that state.
In England during the 18th century, pick pocketing was one of fifty offenses
punishable by hanging. The offender was hanged on a Sunday afternoon in order to
draw the largest number of spectators. The hanging would be preceded by a brass
band playing in the morning until in the afternoon. On this occasion, thousands of
spectators would mill their way in the crowd to obtain better view of the victim at the
condemned man was executed. On this same occasion professional pick pocketers

were busy plying their trade in the crowd. The multitude that came to view the hanging
were there to see how the offenders withstood their fate, how callous they were, and
how they would react to the jeers and chastisement of the crowd. In some instances
punishment undoubtedly has a deterring effect. For the great mass of infractions of the
law, however, the fear of punishment does not enter into the causation.
The conception of deterrence presumes that the person thinks before he acts
and that all he has to do is to think of the consequences and then he will be deterred .
Actually this is not so because offenders commit crimes without the fear of punishment
uppermost in their minds. There are certain types of offenders who could not be
deterred by the fear of punishment, namely, the behavior of the moment type involved in
crimes of anger and passion; and the type of offender whose antisocial behavior is
connected with his personality pattern and is part of his approach to life as exemplified
by the psychopathic offender and the neurotic offender.
There is no doubt, however, that some types of offenders, particularly first
offenders, can be stigmatized by the lightest form of punishment. To others more inured
in crime; going in and out of penal institutions does not deter.
Protection
Protection as a justification of punishment came after prisons, were fully
established. People believe that by putting the offender in prison, society is protected
from his further criminal depredation. If this were so, vicious and society is protected
from his further criminal depredation. If this were so, vicious and dangerous criminals
should be made to serve long terms of imprisonment. Recidivism and habitual
delinquency laws are expected to attain this end.
How effective is protection as justification of punishment? Or how effective is
imprisonment as a means of protecting the community against crime?
According to statistics, the prison population of the Federal Bureau of Prisons
and the Correctional Departments of Minnesotta and Washington DC represent a very
insignificant portion (only 3.5%) of the whole criminal population. Ninety-six and five
tenth percent (96.5%) of crimes reported to the police remain at large. These figures do
not include crimes not reported to the police, the volume of which is unknown.
Therefore, from these data we can conclude that imprisonment cannot protect society
from crime. Even if all convicted offenders were kept in prison for life, still the 96.5%
who are at large will continue to plague society. Also, imprisonment as an end of
punishment is not tenable because prisoners are released within a short period of
confinement. Statistics show that their average stay inside prison is from three to five
years, after which they are again ready to commit further crimes.
Reformation
This is the latest justification of punishment. Under this theory, society can best
be protected from crime if the purpose of imprisonment is to reform or
rehabilitate the prisoner. Advocates of this theory contend that since punishment does
not deter; in as much as imprisonment does not protect society from further commission
of crimes because the greater portion of the criminal population is at large; and because
prisoners stay in prison for a short time, from 3 to 5 years only, societys interest can
best be served by helping the prisoner become a law-abiding and productive citizen
upon his return to the community by making him undergo an intensive program of
rehabilitation in prison.
Theoretically, imprisonment for reformation is sound, but practically, rehabilitation
is difficult to achieve. Some prisoners are reformed, but about 50% get relapses. Failure
to reform prisoners may be due to poor administration of the reformatory program, or it
may lie in the make-up of the criminal population.
Probation, which is a substitute for imprisonment, and parole which an early
release from prison, are intended to reform the offender. A new concept of correctional

administration has developed, thus reformation and rehabilitation are now thought of as
treatment. Treatment through institutional programs and through probation and parole
services is the modern version of reformation and rehabilitation.
Limitations of Punishment
Punishment has certain limitations on the offender, in spite of the aboveenumerated justifications, are:
1. Punishment makes the criminal cautious about concealing his criminal activities
2. Stigmatizes him and isolates him from society; makes him a martyr or a hero;
and develops in him an antisocial grudge and a strong resentment of authority.
3. Punishment on the other hand does not deter; does not repair damage to society;
or reconstruct the personality of the offender.
Trends of Punishment
The principal trends of punishment are in the development of exemptions,
pardon, and communications; the decline in the severity of punishment; the growth of
imprisonment and its modifications; good time allowances; indeterminate sentences;
suspended sentence and probation, conditional release, parole, short sentences, and
fines.
Exemptions of Punishment
The basis for exemptions is usually social. In Europe, Kings and Rulers in
ancient and early modern society could do no wrong. Upper classmen were often
times exempted from criminal liability for offences, which caused the commoner long
imprisonment or death penalty.
Most countries today do not punish offenders for absence of mens rea, that
is absence of a guilty mind or lack of criminal intent. The right of sanctuary was
practiced in the early Christian era. The benefit of clergy was originally given to clerics
who did not wear ecclesiastical robes from being tried by lay courts but only by
ecclesiastical courts. Latter the privilege was extended to anyone who could read and
write. Age of the offender was another basis for exemption from criminal responsible.
Under juvenile delinquents are not legally classified as criminals.
The mental condition of the offender is another basis for exemption from
criminal responsibility. The MNaghtan case of England (1843) held the opinion that an
offender is to be considered sane and responsible until is proven that he was insane at
the act was committed, and therefore, could not have known right from wrong. This
doctrine holds true in every progressive country today. Reformist would want the
criminal insane, such as the criminal psychopaths and criminal neurotics, handled by
special laws and procedures in courts and to provide specialized mental institutions for
their care. There is now a move that in cases where the plea is no responsibility
because of insanity or mental disturbance, juries should be concerned only with the
problems of establishing guilt and that a panel of experts appointed by the courts;
should determine the disposition to be made of the case.
WHAT IS PENOLOGY?
PENOLOGY defined:
- The study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study
of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders.
- The term is derived from the Latin word POENA which means pain or
suffering.
- Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of
criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders, and
concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress
criminal activities. (Classical Doctrine Influence)

- Penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands for the policy
of inflicting punishment on the offender as a consequence of his wrongdoing.
WHAT IS PENAL MANAGEMENT?
It refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of
confinement as jails or prisons.
WHAT IS CORRECTION?
CORRECTION defined:
- A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody,
supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. (Positivist-italian doctrine
influence)
- It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of
knowledge and practices of the government and the society in general involving the
processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of
crime prevention and control.
- It is the study of jail/prison management and administration as well as the
rehabilitation and reformation of criminals.
- It is a generic term that includes all government agencies, facilities, programs,
procedures, personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake,
custody, confinement, supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders.
Correction as a Process:
- Refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from
repeating his deviant or delinquent actions without the necessity of taking punitive
actions but rather the introduction of individual measures of reformation.
CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION the study and practice of a system
management of jails or prisons and other institution concerned with the custody,
treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
Correction and the Criminal Justice System
The Criminal Justice System is the machinery of any government in the control
and prevention of crimes and criminality. It is composed of the pillars of justice such as:
the Law Enforcement Pillar (Police), the Prosecution Pillar, the Court Pillar, the
Correction Pillar, and the Community Pillar.
Correction as one of the pillars of Criminal Justice System is considered as the
weakest pillar. This is because of its failure to deter individuals in committing crimes as
well as the reformation of inmates. This is evident in the increasing number of inmates
in jails or prisons. Hence, the need of prison management is necessary to rehabilitate
inmates and transform them to become law-abiding citizens after their release.
Correction is the fourth pillar of the criminal justice system. This pillar takes over
once the accused, after having been found guilty, is meted out the penalty for the crime
he committed. He can apply for probation or he could be turned over to a noninstitutional or institutional agency or facility
for custodial treatment and rehabilitation. The offender could avail of the benefits of
parole or executive clemency once he has served the minimum period of his sentence.
When the penalty is imprisonment, the sentence is carried out either in the
municipal, provincial or national penitentiary depending on the length of the sentence
meted out.
THE PRIMITIVE ERA
Demonological vs. Divine will theories
Lacks of Codified Laws, thus law enforcement were based barbaric practices.
Lack of Criminal Justice System Criminals
Are judged through Trial by Ordeals
Punishment were based on the words of kings/emperors/elders/chieftains

Historical Perspective on Corrections


Important Dates and Events in the History of Corrections:
13th Century Securing Sanctuary
In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church
for a period of 40 days at the end of which time he has compelled to leave the realm by
a road or path assigned to him.
1468 (England) Torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.
16th Century Transportation of criminals in England, was authorized. At the end of
the 16th C, Russia and other European Countries followed this system. It partially
relieved overcrowding of prisons. Transportation was abandoned in 1835.
17th C to late 18th C Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment.
Reasons why Death Penalty became the usual
Punishment during this period and thereafter:
1. Death of outlaws became a protection for the English people. It is because
the people during this period did not totally believe yet in the ability to a strong police
force to combat criminals.
2. People lack confidence in the transportation of criminals. Gaols and Galleys
became center of corruption and ineffective instruments of punishment.
3. Doctrine of Crude Intimidation appeared or seemed to be a logical form of
threat in order to deter or prevent the people from violating the law.
4. The assumption was that, the Ruling Class is tasked to protect property rights
and maintain public peace and order. The system of maintaining public order had little
consideration or it did not recognize the social and economic condition of the lower
working class. The lawmakers and enforcers used death penalty to cover property loss
or damage without further contemplating the value of life of other people.
GAOLS - (Jails) pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff.
Galleys long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by
criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16 th century.
Hulks decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the 18 th and 19th
century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving
congestion of prisoners. They were also called floating hells.
The Primary Schools of Penology
The Classical School of Penology it maintains the doctrine of psychological
hedonism or free will. That the individual calculates pleasures and pains in advance
of action and regulates his conduct by the result of his calculations.
The classical theory came about as a direct result of two influences:
1 It came about as a protest against the abuses and discretionary power of judges
2 It was also influenced by the philosophical school of Rousseau
Cesare Beccaria of Italy in his book, Crime and Punishment, published in
1764, bewailed over the cruelties and inequalities of the law and the courts of his time.
He holds that justice consists of equal treatment of all criminals for like offenses,
whereas, the courts of the day were dealing unequally with criminals according to their
rank and influence. Beccaria would have the legislature, not the court, determine the
exact punishment appropriate to each crime. No discretion would thus be left to the
judge.
Beccarias protests were directed against:
1 Arbitrary penalties given by the judges

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Uncertainty and obscurity of the laws


Defects in criminal procedure in a admission of testimonies
Secret accusations
Torture
Incrimination of witnesses
Long pending cases
Abuse of power by rich against the poor, etc.

Jeremy Bentham of England, another exponent of the classical school, also


holds that society must reward those who accept responsibility and punish those who
do not, thus bringing pleasure and pain into the service of society.
The philosophy of the Classical School
The classical school holds:
1 That man is a free moral agent, and that every act of man is of his free will and
accord;
2 That every man is therefore responsible for his acts;
3 That crime can be expiated only by punishment and
4 That the law, not the judge, should determine the punishment to be attached to
the criminal act, and should provide a scale of punishments to be applied equally
to all persons committing the same crime.
Advantages of the Classical School
1 It was easy to administer The judge was only an instrument to apply the law.
2 It eliminated the arbitrary sentence.

Disadvantages
1 It was unfair It treated all men as mere digits without regard to difference in
individual natures and circumstances.
2 It was unjust It made first offenders and recidivists equally punished.
3 It did not individualize punishment.
4 It was the magna carta of the professional criminal in that he knew what was
coming to him and could calculate the risk.
5 It considered only the injury caused, not the state of the mind and nature of the
criminal.
The Neo-Classical School of Penology it maintained that while the classical
doctrine is correct in general, it should be modified in certain details. Since children and
lunatics cannot calculate the differences of pleasures from pain, they should not be
regarded as criminals; hence they should be free from punishment.
Influenced by the French Revolution and the Quakers of the New England
states, the Neo-Classical School, was advocated at the beginning of the 19th century.
The French Code of 1819, the principles of the classical school remained intact but the
system of defined and variable punishments was modified. The judge was given
direction in certain crimes to vary punishment between the maximum and the maximum
fixed by the law. Under the Code the judge could not admit extenuating circumstances.
The Classical Theory remained intact in its theory that every person equally free
and therefore equally responsible. Since the publication of the French Code of 1819,
the struggle has been to individualize the punishment by setting up varying degrees of
responsibility. The Neo-Classical School admitted extenuating circumstances in the
criminal himself. It admits too that minors are incapable of committing crime because
they have not reached the age of responsibility. And it also admits that certain adults are
incapable of committing crimes because of their conditions they are not free to choose.

Result of the Neo-Classical theory


1
2
3
4

Exempting circumstances admitted


Reduction of punishment for partial freedom of the will only partial responsibility
Punishment was mitigated for lack of full responsibility
It represented the reaction against the severity of the classical theory of equal
punishment irrespective of circumstances

The Italian or Positivist School of Penology - the school that denied individual
responsibility and reflected non-punitive reactions to crime and criminality. It adheres
that crimes, as any other act, is a natural phenomenon. Criminals are considered as
sick individuals who need to be treated by treatment programs rather than punitive
actions against them.
Cesare Lomrosos The Criminal in Relation to Anthropology, Jurisprudence,
and Psychiatry was published 100 years from the publication of Beccarias book,
Crime and Punishment. Lombroso, in his book, sought to explain crime in terms of the
physical make-up of the criminal, thus the vicious soldier was distinguished from the
honest soldier by the extent to which the former was tattooed and by the decency of the
designs. In studying the insane, the patient, not the disease, should be the object of
attention.

Enrico Ferri was born in Italy in 1856. Ferri advocated the Theory of
Imputability and the Denial of the Free Will in 1878. Ferri contributed to the emphasis of
the social factors such as
1 Physical factors, including geographical, climate, temperature, etc.
2 The anthropological factors including psychological factors
3 The social factors, including economics and political factors as well as age, sex,
education, religion.
Rafaele Garofalo was born in Naples in 1852, from parents of Spanish origins.
Garofalo thinks that crime can be understood only as it is studied by scientific methods.
The criminal is not a free moral agent, but is the product of his own traits and his
circumstances.
Results if the Italian School
1 Emphasis shifted from legal; metaphysical and juristic abstraction to a scientific
of the criminal and the conditions under which he commits crime.
2 Treatment began to be based from study of the criminal.
3 The old purpose of punishment was changed
4 Retribution was eliminated.
5 Deterrent effect theory modified does not apply to those who could not foresee
consequences.
6 Rehabilitation re-emphasized but applied with discrimination to certain classes.
7 Protection of society is open to be the primary purpose of treatment.
8 Prevention of crime by early treatment of juveniles

The Primitive Society


In the beginning of civilization, acts are characterized by behavioral controls
categorized as: forbidden acts, accepted acts, and those acts that are encouraged.
Crimes, violence, rebellious acts and other acts, which are expressly prohibited
by the society, fall as forbidden acts. Accepted acts are those that can be beneficial to
the welfare of the society such as early traditions and practices, folkways, norms, those
that are controlled by social rules, and laws.

Encourage acts are anything approved by the majority which is believed to be


beneficial to the common good. These things include marrying, having children, crop
production, growing food, etc
Punishment is required when those who intend to violate the rules do not comply
with these practices.
The complex society gradually evolved changing the social rules into a more
structured sanctions to prevent the violations of those rules essential to group survival.
These sanctions have been codified into written rules or laws. And the reward for
obeying those laws is simply the ability to function as a respected and productive
member of society.
Early Codes:
History has shown that there are three main legal systems in the world, which
have been extended to and adopted by all countries aside from those that produced
them. In their chronological order, they are the Roman, the Mohammedan or Arabic and
the Anglo-American Laws. Among the three, it was Roman law that has the most lasting
and most pervading influence. The Roman private law (Which include Criminal Law),
especially has offered the most adequate basic concepts which sharply define, in
concise and inconsistent terminology, mature rules and a complete system, logical and
firm, tempered with a high sense of equity.
(Coquia, Principles of Roman Law, 1996)
1. Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
a. Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) Babylon, about 1990 BC,
credited as the oldest code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes
were nearly one hundred years older.
2. Roman and Greek Codes
a. Justinian Code 6th C A.D. , Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of
law.
An effort to match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes. However,
the law did not survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a foundation of
Western legal codes.
* The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae), (451-450 BC) represented the
earliest codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the
foundation of all public and private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is
also a collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set up on the forum.
b. Greek Code of Draco In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that
provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates
primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds).
* The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in the
name of the injured party.
3. The Burgundian Code (500 A.D) specified punishment according to the social class
of offenders, dividing them into: nobles, middle class and lower class and specifying the
value of the life of each person according to social status.
Early Codes (Philippine Setting)
The Philippines is one of the many countries that cane under the influence of the
Roman Law. History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to
most of continental Europe such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of Central Europe.
Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on
December 7, 1889, the Conquistadores and the Kodigo Penal(The Revised Penal
Code today, 1930) was introduced by the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain.

Basically, these laws adopted the Roman Law principles (Coquia, Principles of Roman
Law, 1996).
Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influenced laws during the PreSpanish Philippines. There were also laws that were written which includes:
a. The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) the most extensive and severe
law that prescribes harsh punishment.
b
b. The Maragtas Code (by Datu Sumakwel)
c c. Sikatuna Law

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT


18th Century is a century of change. It is the period of recognizing human dignity.
It is the movement of reformation, the period of introduction of certain reforms in the
correctional field by certain person, gradually changing the old positive philosophy of
punishment to a more humane treatment of prisoners with innovational programs.
The Pioneers:
1. William Penn (1614-1718)
- He fought for religious freedom and individual rights.
- He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional treatment
for major offenders.
- He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a
form of punishment.
2. Charles Montesiquieu (Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de
Montesiquieu)
- (1689- 1755) A French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an
expression of justice. He believe that harsh punishment would undermine morality and
that appealing to moral sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.
3. VOLTAIRE (Francois Marie Arouet)
- (1694- 1778) He was the most versatile of all philosophers during this
period. He believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime. He fought the legalitysanctioned practice of torture.
4. Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Beccaria (1738-1794)
- He wrote an essay entitled An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, the
most exiting essay on law during this century. It presented the humanistic goal of law.
5. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) the greatest leader in the reform of English
Criminal law. He believes that whatever punishment designed to negate whatever
pleasure or gain the criminal derives from crime, the crime rate would go down.
- Bentham was the one who devise the ultimate PANOPTICAN PRISON
a prison that consists of a large circular building containing multi cells around the
periphery. It was never built.
6. John Howard (1726 1790) the sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who
devoted his life and fortune to prison reform. After his findings on English Prisons, he
recommended the following: single cells for sleeping - segregation of women segregation of youth - provision of sanitation facilities - abolition of fee system by which
jailers obtained money from prisoners.
The Reformatory Movement:

1. Alexander Mocanochie He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at


Norfolk Island in Australia (1840) who introduced the Mark System. A system in which
a prisoner is required to earn a number of marks based on proper department, labor
and study in order to entitle him for a ticket for leave or conditional release which is
similar to parole.
2. Manuel Montesimos The Director of Prisons in Valencia Spain (1835) who
devided the number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain prisoners as
petty officers in charge, which allowed good behavior to prepare the convict for gradual
release.
3. Domets of France established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in
1839 providing housefathers as in charge of these boys.
4. Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise The Director of the English Prison who opened the
Borstal Institution for young offenders. The Borstal Institution is considered as the best
reform institution for young offenders today.
5. Walter Crofton He is the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who introduced
the Irish system that was modified from the Mocanochies mark system.
6. Zebulon Brockway The Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York
(1876) who introduced certain innovational programs like the following: training school
type - compulsory education of prisoners - casework methods - extensive use of parole
- indeterminate sentence
* The Elmira Reformatory is considered forerunner of modern penology because it had
all the elements of a modern system.
The Two Rival Prison System in the History of Correction
A. The Auburn Prison System the prison system called the Congregate
System.
- The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and
congregate work in shops during the day. Complete silence was enforced.
B. The Pennsylvania Prison System the prisons system called Solitary
System.
- Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they lived,
they slept, they ate and receive religious instructions. Complete Silence was also
enforced. They are required to read the Bible.

PENALTY and THE MODERN PERIOD OF CORRECTION


PENALTY is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an offending
member for the transgression of law.
Juridical Conditions of Penalty
Punishment must be:
1. Productive of suffering without however affecting the integrity of the human
personality.
2. Commensurate with the offense different crimes must be punished with
different penalties (Art. 25, RPC).
3. Personal the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy.
4. Legal the consequence must be in accordance with the law.
5. Equal equal for all persons.
6. Certain no one must escape its effects.
7. Correctional changes the attitude of offenders and become law-abiding
citizens.
Duration of Penalties
1. Death Penalty Capital punishment

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Reclusion Perpetua life imprisonment, a term of 20-40 yrs imprisonment


Reclusion Temporal 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment
Prision Mayor 6 yrs and 1 day to 12 years
Prision Correctional 6 months and 1 day to 6 years
Arresto Mayor 1 month and 1 day to 6 months
Arresto Menor 1 day to 30 days
Bond to Keep the Peace discretionary on the part of the court.

The modern Period of Correction


Modern Penal Management incorporates general principles of treating offenders
that are based on humane practices such as the following:
1. Jail or Prison rules shall be applied impartially without discrimination on
ground of race, color, language, religion or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status.
2. The religious beliefs and moral precepts not contrary to law, which a prisoner
holds, must be respected.
3. Prison or Jail rules and regulations shall be applied with firmness but tempered
with understanding.
4. Custodial force shall, at all times, conduct themselves as good examples.
5. Abusive or indecent language to prisoners shall not be used.
6. Special care towards inmates shall be practiced preventing humiliation or
degradation.
7. No use of force must be made by any of the custodial force, except in selfdefense or attempt to escape or in case of passive physical resistance to a lawful order.
8. Custodial force shall bear in mind that prisoners are sick people who need
treatment.

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