Elsino ampelina

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Elsino ampelina

Scientific classification
Kingdom:

Fungi

Phylum:

Ascomycota

Class:

Dothideomycete
s

Subclass:

Dothideomyceti
dae

Order:

Myriangiales

Family:

Elsinoaceae

Genus:

Elsino

Species:

E. ampelina
Binomial name

Elsino ampelina
Shear (1929)

Synonyms
Gloeosporium
ampelophagum(Pass.) Sacc., (1878)
Ramularia ampelophaga Pass.,
(1876)

Sphaceloma ampelinum de Bary,

(1874)

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has media related
to Elsino ampelina.

Elsino ampelina is a plant pathogen, which is the causal agent of anthracnose ongrape.[1]
This type of anthracnose affects several plant varieties, including some brambles and wine grapes.
Grape anthracnose can be identified by the "bird's eye" lesions on the berries and sunken black or
greyish lesions on leaves and shoots. From these lesions, conidia are produced. This disease can
be lethal to the plant, either through defoliation and removal of photosynthetic capacity, or through
injury to the active regions of the vine. Grape anthracnose is particularly important to the wine
industry, as it can decrease quality and quantity of berries produced as well as kill the vine outright,
leading to large economic losses, in particular during the middle summer months. [2]
Contents
[hide]

1Hosts and symptoms

2Disease Cycle

3Environment

4Management

5Importance

6References

7External links

Hosts and symptoms[edit]

Illustration from 1892 depicting Grape Anthranose symptoms on grape shoots, leaves, and berries.

E. ampelina affects two species of Rubus and three species of Vitis. Specifically, E.
ampelina affects blackberries, raspberries, mountain grapes, fox or concord grapes, and
the European wine grape. Anthracnose diseases can cause disease on a variety of plants, but the
primary host for E. ampelina, is grape.[3]
Anthracnose on grape presents itself as lesions on shoots, leaves, and berries. Lesions will first
appear on young shoots, showing up as small circular reddish spots that will later become larger and
create grey lesions which appear sunken. The lesions will eventually develop margins that are a
dark reddish-brown to violet-black color. If left untreated, lesions on shoots will become larger and
eventually kill the shoot. While these lesions may be very apparent and easy to identify, they can
sometimes be confused for hail damage. Hail damage typically appears on only one side of the
plants. Also, anthracnose lesions will have darker and more raised edge.
Anthracnose lesions on leaves and petioles look very similar to those on shoots. However, on
leaves, the lesions will have dry grey or white centers that will eventually fall off, leaving a hole. This
response by the plant is called a shot-hole.[1]Should the lesions spread and the infection make it into
the vascular system of the leaf, the anthracnose will prevent the proper development of the leaf and
will lead to malformation or to the drying of the leaf.
Grape vines are susceptible to anthracnose before flowering all the way through fruit soften and
coloration. Essentially, the berries are susceptible to the pathogen throughout the growing season.
Anthracnose presents itself on the berries as small reddish circles, around a quarter inch in
diameter, that will become sunken with a narrow dark brown to black border. Eventually, the center
of the lesion will change color from violet to white or grey and become velvety. These lesions often
look like a shooting target or bullseye. Should the disease spread to and affect the pulp of the berry,
it will cause cracking, which opens the berry to secondary infections.

Disease Cycle[edit]

Disease cycle of Elsinoe ampelina, causal agent of Anthracnose in grapes.

Late in the season, the Grape Anthracnose fungus produces sclerotia, which are located primarily at
the edge of the infected lesions on shoots. Unlike acervuli,sclerotia serves as the overwintering
structures.[4] Because the fungus over-winters in dormant and dead canesone-year-old wood that
starts to become lignifieddisease control becomes very difficult. [5]
Large numbers of conidia are disseminated from sclerotia in the spring when there are wet periods
of 24 hours and temperature is above 36F (2C). The conidia infect the young leaves, shoots, and
berries of the grape vine. Conidia will germinate, causing primary inoculum under the following
circumstances: presence of free water in 12 hours and adequate temperature (36-90F (2-32C)).
[6]
In fact, primary inoculum of Grape Anthracnose is possible even before bud break. [7] The infection
rate will escalate with increases in temperature. Development of disease symptom is also
temperature-dependent: within 13 days at 36F, or within 4 days at 90F.[6]
Simultaneously, ascospores are produced on the lesions of infected canes or berries left on
the trellis system or on the vineyard floor to carry out the infection. [6]These ascospores are formed
in asci, which are in cavities within a stromathe dense structural tissue that produces fruiting
bodies in fungiof pseudothecium. Pseudothecium of grape anthracnose, the sexual fruiting body of
the fungus, hasasci containing eight four-celled ascospores. The fungus also overwinters as
pseudothecium, but the importance of ascospores in disease development is not clearly understood.
The study done by Mirica (1998) validated that the ascospores do germinate and infect the tissue
and produce the Sphaceloma phase which shows the existence of the perfect stage of Elsinoe
Ampelina. Overall, conidia and ascospores overwinter on the ground and on infected tissue and
become the source of primary inoculum.[8]
Throughout spring and summer, the fungus produces acervuli on the exterior of the necrotic areas at
their mature stage. Under wet condition, these acervuli form conidia.
The conidia from acervuli becomes the secondary sources of infection for the remainder of the
growing seasons.[6]
In summary, the disease cycle of Elsinoe Ampelina is as follows: 1) the fungus overwinters by
forming both pseudotheciumand sclerotia, 2) the spores from both structures cause primary
inoculum and form mycelium on the infected lesions, 3)acervuli disseminate conidia which becomes
the source of secondary inoculum.
As mentioned earlier, grape anthracnose is dependent upon moisture and temperature. It can be
exacerbated during heavy rainfall and hail, or by overhead irrigation. [4]

Environment[edit]

Grape anthracnose can be found where ever grapes are grown, however it is more prevalent in
certain areas. It thrives under warm and wet conditions.[9] Both primary and secondary inoculum are
spread by the splashing of rain on to new tissue. Moisture is required for the germination
of conidia on tissue.[9] New tissue is the most vulnerable to infection. Overgrown vines also promote
infection as they take longer to dry out after dew or rain, often due to decreased air flow in the
canopy. The disease can become even more severe in areas of poorly drained soil or during years of
heavy rainfall or rain coupled with high temperatures.[9]

Management[edit]
Sanitation is a critical factor in controlling grape anthracnose. The removal of infected tissues is done
during the dormant stage, often when it is cold and dry in the winter months. The infected tissue
must be then be destroyed upon removal. This reduces the amount of primary inoculum available to
be released in the spring.[9]
Wild grape varieties in proximity to cultivated grapes should be removed. The wild species can host
grape anthracnose and are a source of primary inoculum. Because the conidia are spread by water
splashing, it is not crucial to eliminate all wild grapes, just the ones near the cultivated grapes. [1]
Planting varieties with resistance or tolerance to grape anthracnose can aid in management of the
disease.[9] American varieties like 'Concord' and 'Niagara' have more resistance to the disease, while
French hybrids and Vitis vinifera are more susceptible to infection. Specific susceptible hybrid grape
cultivars include 'Vidal', 'Mars', 'Marquis', and 'Reliance'. [10]
Canopy upkeep can be an important preventive measure when dealing with anthracnose. Proper
pruning and training will increase air flow around the plant and thus reduce the drying time of
external tissue surfaces.[1] Appropriate care is especially crucial for target areas of new growth
because they are most susceptible to the pathogen.
Fungicides are a control measure commonly used once grape anthracnose has become established
in a vineyard. The most important fungicide application occurs in early spring during the dormant
period before bud swell.[11] A lime-sulfur solution is most commonly used. This is typically applied at a
rate of ten gallons per acre.[11] Commercially available Sulforix can also be used at a rate of one
gallon per acre.[11] Both fungicides target the sclerotia overwintering in the canes. This dormant
fungicide application is then followed up throughout the season by foliar sprayssprays that target
the surface of foliage. These sprays help protect the new susceptible tissues. [12] Foliar sprays are
typically recommended at two-week intervals.[9]Other commercial products often used include
Mancozeb, Captan, Ziram, Sovran, Rally, Elite, Inspire Super, Adamant, Mettle, Revus Top, Vintage,
and Pristine.[11] The majority of these fungicides are sterol inhibitors and a few are EBDCnonsystemic, surface-acting fungicides. It is important to use fungicides with different modes of action to
avoid resistance development.[11]
Another control method is ensuring the use of disease-free plantings, [10] although phytosanitary
regulations ban the movement of infected plants and propagules.[9] The best way to ensure one is
getting disease-free plantings is to buy them from a certified operation with disease-tested grape
vines.[13]

Importance[edit]
Grape anthracnose can be found wherever grapes are grown. Lesions can kill leaves, shoots, the
actively growing parts of vines, and cause the berries to be undesirable and unusable. Damage can
be seen throughout the growing season, with severe damage in July through September, as the
berries are ripening and undergoing veraison.[2][14] In climates with strong winters, even if the disease
does not outright kill the vine, it will reduce its photosynthetic capacity, leading to decreased
amounts of carbohydrate reserves in the vine and eventual death in winter as those reserves dry up

and the plant is unable to sustain itself. In addition, once the disease afflicts the berries, it will lead to
a decrease in quality and quantity, which will have detrimental economic impact as wine makers will
have lower volumes of lower quality berries to work with.

References[edit]
1.

^ Jump up to:a b c d Anthracnose of grape, Elsino ampelina at Ohio State University

2.

^ Jump up to:a b Effects of Anthracnose Disease on Productiveness of Thompson-Seedless

Cultivar of Grape Vitis-Vinifera, Singhrot R. S., Singh J. P., Suhag L. S., Indian Journal of Mycology
and Plant Pathology

3.

Jump up^ http://www.plantwise.org/?

dsid=20773&loadmodule=plantwisedatasheet&page=4270&site=234, Grape Anthracnose

4.
5.

^ Jump up to:a b Anthracnose, Anthracnose at Weekend Gardener

Jump up^ http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/12/6/3473, Louime, C., Lu, J., Onokpise, O.,
Vasanthaiah, H. K. N., Kambiranda, D., Basha, S. M., et al. (2011) Resistance to Elsinoe ampelina
and expression of related resistant genes in vitis rotundifolia michx. grapes. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, 12(6), 3473-3488

6.

^ Jump up to:a b c d Anthracnose, Anthracnose at University of Minnesota

7.

Jump up^ http://apsjournals.apsnet.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-11-100798, Carisse, O., & Lefebvre, A. (2011). A model to estimate the amount of primary inoculum of
elsinoe ampelina. Plant Disease, 95(9), 1167-1171

8.

Jump up^ S.A.M.H. Naqvi (2004) Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables: Volume I: Diagnosis
and Management

9.

^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Compendium of Grape Diseases, Pearson, Roger and Austin Goheen,
1988

10.

^ Jump up to:a b First Report of Anthracnose Caused By Elsinoe ampelina on Grapes in

Michigan, Schilder, A, S. Smokevitch, M. Catal, W. Mann. Plant Disease, Sept 2005, Vol. 89, Number
9.

11.

^ Jump up to:a b c d e https://ag.purdue.edu/hla/Hort/Documents/ID-169-2012.pdf, Midwest

Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide, 2012

12.

Jump up^ Epidemiology of Grape Anthracnose: Factors Associated with Defoliation of Grape
Leaves Infected by Elsinoe ampelina, Carisse, O. and Vincent Morissette-Thomas, Plant Disease

13.

Jump up^ http://www.eurofinsus.com/stalabs/pdf/MONIS%20-%20Clean%20Planting

%20Stock_300.pdf, Disease Tested Grapevine Planting Stock, 2010

14.

Jump up^ Epidemiology of Grapevine Anthracnose Cause by Sphaceloma ampelinum in

North India, Suhag L. S., Grover R. K., Indian Phytopathology

George N. Agrios (2004). "Plant Pathology 5th Edition", "Elsevier Academic Press"; 420, 512