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Edificaciones

DISEO DE LA KINGDOM TOWER. EDIFICIO

DE 1 KM DE ALTURA
Ing. Robert Sinn
Thornton Tomasetti
Estados Unidos

Analysis and Design of the

1 Kilometer Tall Kingdom Tower

Robert Sinn, FASCE, FIABSE, ACI

Principal, Thornton Tomasetti, Chicago

Project Overview Structural / Geotechnical

> Structural Engineer: Thornton Tomasetti

> Geotechnical Engineer: Langan International

> Wind Tunnel Consulting: RWDI
> General Contractor: Saudi Binladen Group

> Supervision Consultant: Dar Al-Handasah

> Structural Peer Review: MKA
> Geotechnical Peer Review: Dr. Rolf Katzenbach

> Wind Tunnel Peer Review: BLWTL/UWO

> Competition Start : June 2009

> Complete 100% CDs: August 2013

> Reinforced Concrete Design to ACI 318

Project Overview
1,000m

Source: CTBUH 20 in 2020

Project Development

Stacking Diagram

Structural System: Tower + Spire

SPIRE
CLOSED
SILO
670m
TOWER
BEARING
WALL

Height-to-Width Aspect Ratio = 12:1

Structural System

All walls connected with link

beams

No columns

No outriggers

No column transfers

End Walls Slopes

Jeddah Wind Climate
Jeddah Wind Climate

- Same width at base for all wings

- Tapered at different rate for each wing
- Width flares from level 159 to sky raft

TOP VIEW: BASE TO SKYRAFT

Typical Lower Floor Framing Plan (L6)

250mm (10) Flat Plate

No spandrel beams

9m (30) between fin walls

Structural System
Spire Silo and Sky Raft

- 4m thick sky raft at level 167

- Distributes load from Spire into the walls below

Bearing Wall Systems

CN Tower

Burj Khalifa

Kingdom Tower

End Walls
- Tapered / variable width
-

Thickness:
Level Range

End Walls (mm)

223 to 240

500

168 to 222

600

99 to 167

800

73 to 98

900

43 to 72

1000

20 to 42

1100

Base to 19

1200

Corridor Walls
- 36m long from the tips of the triangular core at
the base
- 520MPa vertical rebars form base to L60

- 1.6m deep coupling beams

- 520MPa longitudinal coupling beams rebars from
base to L60
Level Range

Corridor Walls
(mm)

223 to 240

168 to 222

99 to 167

600

73 to 98

700

43 to 72

800

20 to 42

900

Base to 19

1000

Fin Walls
- 2 types: Corridor Fins + Triangular Fins
- Corridor Fins drop off
Wing A: 45, 87, 108

Wing B: 38, 74, 92

Wing C: 42, 81, 99
- 1.5m deep coupling beams
Level Range

Corridor Fins (mm)

Triangular Fins
(mm)

Typical

TC, TJ, TR

223 to 240

168 to 222

99 to 167

600

600

73 to 98

650

600

600

43 to 72

650

600

600

20 to 42

750

700

700

Base to 19

850

800

800

Triangular Core
- Base to Skyraft
- 2m wide x 1m deep beams at the 3 vertices
- 1.8m deep coupling beams
Level Range

Triangular Core
(mm)

223 to 240

168 to 222

99 to 167

600

73 to 98

600

43 to 72

600

20 to 42

700

Base to 19

800

Corridor Walls
- Vertically stacked openings

- Openings located equally between

perpendicular walls

- Typical openings width = 1.2m, 1.5m, 2.5m

75 MPa
11000 psi

Concrete (fc)
Cylinder

85 MPa
12500 psi

520 MPa
75 ksi

420 MPa
60 KSI

Vertical
Rebar

65 MPa
9500 psi

High Strength Concrete and Reinforcing

60 MPa / 9000 psi

85 MPa Concrete Spec

fc = 85 MPa (12,3000 psi) at 90d
MOE = 6,300 (43,300 Mpa) at 90d

Mix: Near SCC

OPC
SF
PFA
3/8 CA
Fine Agg
Water/Ice
HRWR
VMA

696 lb
76
lb
170 lb
1580 lb (Mecca)
1245 lb
235 lb
Polycarboxylate

Water/Cementitious Ratio
Density

0.25
149 pcf

Subgrade Conditions

50m

2m
2m

Competent
Coralline
Limestone
Siltstone
Gravel Layer

Moderate/
50-60m Weak
Sandstone
Hard Sandstone

Structural System
Piled Raft Foundations (270 Staggered Piles)

Gravity Load Vertical Wall Stress at Tower Base

Effect of Boundary Conditions on Wall Design: Vertical Wall Stresses

Converged Springs FEA Model:

Pinned / Half Space FEA Model:

Foundation Stiffness Comparison

All 45m Deep Piles

Baseline Design (Deep Piles in Center)

**No Stiffening Wall Effect

**No Stiffening Wall Effect

Center Settlement = 170mm

Center Settlement = 115mm

Edge Settlement = 85mm

DIFFERENTIAL = 85mm

Edge Settlement = 90mm

DIFFERENTIAL = 25mm

Draw-Down of Podium
Time = 47 Months

Site Seismicity
Saudi Building Code (SBC 301)
- Site Class B
- Seismic Design Category B

Site Specific Hazard Analysis Performed

- SBC 301 is conservative

Wind Tunnel Testing

Wind Climate Comparison

34.8

38.0

Actual
Wind Climate
( Dubai and
Jeddah)

Tower Dynamic Properties (Top View)

Mode 1 - 11.9s

Mode 2 - 11.2s

Single Curvature
Translation

Single Curvature
Translation

Mode 3 5.8s
Single Curvature
Torsion

Wind Tunnel Testing

Wind Tunnel Tests Completed - RWDI
HFFB
6/11/2010
1:800 Model
HFPI
6/25/2010
1:600 Model
HFPI SPIRE ONLY
10/19/2010
1:400 Model
Aeroelastic
1/18/2012
1:600 Model
Upper Level Wind Climate Analysis
1/18/2012
Wind Tunnel Peer Review Completed - BLWTL

HFPI
12/23/2010
1:600 Model

Wind Speed Profile over Height

???
Wind Speed
Profile
~600m

Atmospheric
Boundary
Layer

WRF Weather Research Forecast Model

Comparison to Standard Open Profile

Upper Level Wind Climate Analysis

Jeddah Wind Climate

- Historical Balloon Data + WRF Modeling

- 34.8 m/s 50 yr 3 Sec. Gust (77.8 mph)

- SBC 301 Code Design Wind Speed 21% Greater than ULWCA Model

Tower Structural Analysis Models

ETABS/SAP2000

Lateral Load Comparisons

Serviceability Wind Drift

Acceleration Results
Highest Occupied Floor (Level 163: 654m)

Spire Structure Damper

Dual Pendulum
- Drift/Acceleration Control

Kingdom Tower Coupling Beams

> Approximately 6,000 Coupling Beams
> Typical depth: 1500mm

Typical Span: 1500-2500mm

Single Span
Multiple Span

Coupling Beam Design Assumptions

> Two Basic Strut-And-Tie Models
> One Panel Always Used Where Possible
One-Panel Model

Two-Panel Model

Constructability

Coupling Beam Design Assumptions

> Embedded Plates for Vu > 13(fc)0.5

FEA SOLID ELEMENT MODEL

MATTOCK AND GAAFAR (1982)

Construction Joint Detail

Kingdom Tower Staging Assumptions

Representative Stages Construction Sequence

Vertical Shortening
Kingdom Tower
Creep - UNLOADS

Creep ADDS LOAD

Results Kingdom Tower

> Wall Stress vs. Time

Effect of Creep & Shrinkage

may redistribute load over time

Results Kingdom Tower

> Horizontal Displacement
At End of Construction
Static (ETABS)

Staged (Midas)

At 10 Years

Construction Guidelines & Monitoring

Kingdom Tower

PreConstruction
Testing Program
Full Construction
Concrete Testing
Program
- Modulus
- Strength
- Creep

Surveying/Monitoring
Requirements
Reporting
Compensation
Instructions
- Vertical
- Horizontal

Assumed Sequence
of Construction

Size Effect?
Actual Scale vs. Testing Scale

Coordination Challenges Shear Walls

Approximately 15,000 shearwall openings in the tower

- Coordinated
- All Modeled in Revit and Dimensioned on Drawings

TT Wall Reinforcing Plans: Wing A (Level B2)

Concrete Wall Reinforcement

Level 36-40

Long Term Structural Health Monitoring

FEM

WIND TUNNEL

BUILT

Structural Health Monitoring Program

Groundbreaking

Construction January 2014

Construction February 2014

Construction September 2014

Mile High Dream

Thank You