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Instructional Objectives:
- List 3 uses of relative permeability data.
- Define absolute permeability, effective permeability, and relative permeability.
- List 4 parameters that affect relative permeability.
- Explain hysteresis in two-phase relative permeability data.
- Explain how the use of relative permeability curves is tied with the reservoir mechanism
and/or the depletion process.
- Apply Corey correlations to calculate relative permeability data.
- List the common methods to measure two-phase relative permeability.
A. El-Banbi
Relative Permeability: It is defined as the ratio of the effective permeability to a fluid at a given
saturation to a base permeability.
The base permeability is commonly taken as the effective permeability to the fluid at 100%
saturation (absolute permeability) or the effective non-wetting phase permeability at
irreducible wetting phase saturation.
Calculating relative permeability:
k
k ro eo
Oil:
k
k
Water: krw ew
k
keg
Gas: k rg
k
Effective permeability is normalized to some base permeability to calculate relative
permeability.
The common base permeabilities include:
- Air permeability.
- Absolute permeability.
- Effective non-wetting phase permeability at irreducible wetting phase saturation.
Fundamental Concepts:
Water phase:
Water is usually located in smaller pore spaces and along sand grains. Therefore, relative
permeability to water is a function of water saturation only (i.e., it does not matter what the
relative amount of oil and gas is).
Thus, we can plot relative permeability to water against water saturation on Cartesian
coordinate paper.
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Oil phase:
Oil is located between water and gas in the pore spaces, and to a certain extent, in the smaller
pores. Thus, relative permeability to oil is a function of oil, water, and gas saturations.
If the water saturation can be considered constant (i.e., the minimum interstitial water
saturation), then kro can be plotted against So on Cartesian coordinate paper.
Gas phase:
Gas is located in the center of the larger pores. Therefore, the relative permeability to gas is a
function of gas saturation only (i.e., it does not matter what the relative amounts of oil and
water are).
Thus, we can plot krg against Sg (or Sw + So) on Cartesian coordinate paper.
Common Multi-phase Flow Systems:
- Water-oil systems.
- Oil-gas systems.
- Water-gas systems.
- Three phase systems (water, oil, and gas).
Multi-phase flow is common in most petroleum reservoirs. In such multi-phase systems, we
need to quantify the flow of each phase in the presence of other phases. This is done through
effective and relative permeability data.
We use sets of relative permeability data that correspond to the fluids moving in the reservoir.
Example: We need to use a water-gas relative permeability set to perform reservoir engineering
calculations when we study dry gas reservoirs under water influx from an aquifer.
Exercise: What are the relative permeability data sets we need to use for the following
situations?
- Water flooding an oil reservoir above the bubble point.
- Production from an oil reservoir with a gas-cap and water aquifer.
Water flooding is the process of injecting water to displace the oil to the producing wells. If
water injection starts when the reservoir pressure is above the bubble point pressure of the oil,
gas does not come out of solution (i.e. free gas phase does not form in the reservoir).
In a situation where oil is produced from a reservoir with a gas-cap and water aquifer, we
anticipate that all three phases may flow. There will be places in the reservoir where only oil
and gas flow together, places where only oil and water flow together, and places where all
three phases may flow together.
Solution:
For water flooding an oil reservoir above the bubble point:
- Water-oil relative permeability
For three phase flow:
- Water-oil relative permeability.
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100
kro @ Swi
80
Two-Phase Flow
Region
Residual Oil
Saturation
60
40
20
Oil
Irreducible
Water
Saturation
krw @ Sor
Water
20
40
60
80
100
The figure represents typical oil-water relative permeability data. Usually the experiment is
done in the direction of increasing water saturation to simulate water injection in the reservoir.
The base used to normalize the relative permeability data is the effective oil permeability at the
irreducible water saturation.
As water saturation increases, the relative permeability to oil decreases and the water relative
permeability increases until it reaches a maximum at the residual oil saturation.
A. El-Banbi
100
80
Oil
60
krg
40
kro
Gas
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Exercise:
1.0
(1)
0.8
0.6
0.4
(2)
0.2
20
40
60
80
100
The figure above shows water-oil relative permeability data for a water-wet system.
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100
R o ck T y p e 2
R o ck T y p e 1
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
A. El-Banbi
The figure shows two sets of water-oil relative permeability data. One set for rock type 1 is
drawn with triangles, and another set for rock type 2 is drawn with squares.
The oil relative permeability, kro, is almost the same for the two sets, however, the water
relative permeability, krw, is different.
In the next figure, we see the impact of these two different sets of relative permeability data on
oil recovery of a linear water flood.
100
80
60
40
20
R o ck T yp e 1
R o ck T yp e 2
0
0
10
P o re V o lu m es In jected
The y-axis shows oil recovery as a percent of the movable oil in the reservoir. The figure clearly
shows that water flooding in rock type 1 is more efficient than rock type 2.
In rock type 1, water breakthrough (water reaches the producer) occurs later in time than rock
type 2 because of the shape of the relative permeability data.
Oil recovery for a process of water displacing oil can be 25 to 65% of the original oil-in-place. In
the graph above, the recovery is a percentage of the recoverable oil, meaning that the
irreducible oil saturation has been excluded from the calculation.
Factors Affecting Effective and Relative Permeabilities:
- Fluid saturations.
- Geometry of the rock pore spaces and grain size distribution.
- Rock wettability.
- Fluid saturation history (i.e., imbibition or drainage).
The effect of fluid saturations was shown on the figures above. In general, relative permeability
to a particular fluid increases as the saturation of that fluid increases.
A. El-Banbi
The geometry of the rock pore spaces and grain size distribution also affect both the shape of
the relative permeability curves and their end points. Different rock characteristics are
expected to produce different relative permeability curves.
The effects of wettability and saturation history are shown in the following figures.
1.0
Effect of Wettability:
In a strongly oil-wet system, water is expected to flow easier than in a strongly water-wet
system. In addition, we generally expect that the residual oil saturation will be higher for
strongly oil-wet systems.
0.8
0.6
Oil
0.4
0.2
Water
0
20
40
60
80
100
1.0
0.8
0.6
Oil
0.4
Water
0.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Relative Permeability, %
100
80
Imbibition
60
Drainage
40
20
Interstitial wetting
phase saturation
Residual non-wetting
phase saturation
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
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( )(
(
(
(
10
)
)
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100% Gas
100% Water
100% Oil
Three fluid phases (i.e., oil, water, and gas) are often present in petroleum reservoirs.
A ternary (triangular) diagram is used to represent a three-phase system.
Three phase relative permeability data are mostly used in reservoir simulation studies to
describe the flow characteristics of the three phases when they are flowing together. Threephase relative permeability data are very hard to measure in the lab. Reservoir simulators often
use correlations to calculate three-phase relative permeability from two-phase relative
permeability data.
0%
10%
20%
40%
60%
krw = 80%
100% Water
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100% Oil
A. El-Banbi
Straight lines on the ternary diagram indicate that relative permeability to water is a function of
water saturation only.
Because of this straight-line behavior, krw can be plotted on Cartesian coordinates as a function
of Sw.
Relative Permeability to Oil in a Three-Phase System:
100% Gas
5%
10%
20%
30%
40%
kro = 50%
100% Water
100% Oil
In a water-wet system:
- The oil phase has a greater tendency than gas to wet the rock.
- The interfacial tension between water and oil is less than that between water and gas.
- Oil occupies portions of the pore spaces adjacent to the water.
- At lower water saturation, the oil occupies more of the smaller pore spaces.
Laboratory Methods for Measuring Relative Permeability Data:
- Steady-state flow method.
- Displacement (unsteady-state) method.
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Nomenclature:
A
L
k
ke
kr
q
S
p
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
flow area
flow length
permeability
effective permeability
relative permeability
volumetric flow rate
saturation
pressure drop
fluid viscosity
Subscripts
g = gas
o = oil
w = water
References:
1- Amyx, J.W., Bass, D.M., and Whiting, R.L.: Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, McGrow-Hill
Book Company New York, 1960.
2- Tiab, D. and Donaldson, E.C.: Petrophysics, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. 1996.
3- Core Laboratories, Inc. A course in the fundamentals of Core analysis, 1982.
4- Donaldson, E.C., Thomas, R.D., and Lorenz, P.B.: Wettability Determination and Its Effect
on Recovery Efficiency, SPEJ (March 1969) 13-20.
5- Ahmed, T.: Reservoir Engineering Handbook, 4th Ed., Elsevier, 2010.
6- Corey, A. T.: The Interrelation Between Gas and Oil Relative Permeabilities, Prod. Mon.,
1954, pp. 19-38, 1954.
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