Four examples of how to enchance listening to distinguish details.

1. Stress, intonation, pauses.

ex: falling or rising intonation, long pauses etc.
2. Use of relative clauses or other supporting clauses.
ex: The original painting, found in the 1780 was the most beautiful of
3. Logical connectors, number and other phrases.
ex: and, so, however, first, secondly etc..
4.Vocal Underlining.
ex: varying the pace, pitch and volume of speech
Define Speech Rhythm. Give two examples which show the different rhythm.
Rhythm is a recurring movement of sound or speech.
A. An example of rhythm is the rising and falling of someones voice.
B. An example of rhythm is someone dancing in time with music.
Example:
i. Prepositional phases.
in the evening, after the show, across the school
ii. Example sentence.
After lunch/I went to the library/to get a book.
Negotiation in meeting or discussions helpful to resolve conflict among people. Give four
examples of phrases and two sentences using any four of the phrases.
1. Can we do this another day?
2. What about./How about.?
3. All right then.
4. Okay, then.
5. Are you sure.?
Example of sentences.
1. All right then, shall we continue or take five?
2. Are you sure about the date?
Provide four skills that one can employ in turn-talking.
1. Recognising the appropriate moment to get a turn.
2. Signalling the fact that you want to speak.
3. Holding the floor while you have the turn.
4. Recognising when other speakers are signalling to speak.
5. Yielding the turn.
6. Signalling the fact that you are listening.
Two ways of negotiation.
1. To seek a compromise.
2. To make others agree with you.

How to invite to contribute in a discussion? List four questions.

1. What do think Mr. Danny?
2. Do you agree, Mr. Chairperson?
3. Youre very quiet, Mr. Dean.
4. Maturin, you havent said much so far, would you like to suggest anything in this meeting.
Two types of intonation movements and what feeling or behavior does each convey?
1. Falling intonation.
-usually accompanies positive statements or declarative sentences. Often
used to gain attention and make statements. Also used in in answers,
commands and some types of questions. Falling intonation tells the listener that the person
asking the question expects an explanation or an agreement with the point expressed.
2. Rising intonation.
- usually companies statements expressing doubt or yes/no questions. A rising tone
indicates uncertainly and sometimes politeness. Also used in politeness request and informationseeking question.
The oral presentation.
1. Structure Is Important.
Audience cannot pay attention for a long period of time and may find it difficult to follow
if it is not systematically structured and organised. Good structure helps to capture and hold their
attention.
2. Basic Procedures.
Inform the audience what are they going to listen to, present the content of presentation
and summarise the main points.
3. Main Ideas.
Advisable to the limit of main ideas to between three or six only and would attract
boredom rather than imrove attentiveness. Each main point should be reduced in scope,
especially when there is a likelihood that presentation would go beyond the limit.
4. Sequencing Of Main Ideas.
Should be in manner that makes it easy for the audience to follow. Start from the eeasier
to difficult or from known to unknown.
5. Outlining The Material.
Put into certain categories based on the main ideas raised There might be a need to create
sub-ideas under main ideas.
Hearing, auditory perception, or audition is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations,
changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the
ear. Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter.
Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication
process. Listening is key to all effective communication, without the ability to listen effectively
messages are easily misunderstood communication breaks down and the sender of the message
can easily become frustrated or irritated.

Four Interference In Communition.

1. Physical Interference.
2. Physiological Interference.
3. Psychological Interference.
4. Semantic Interference.
The Purposes Of Communication. ( Camp & Satterwhite 2002 )
1. To inquire- involves obtaining information in various ways for instance, by asking questions
or throughout formulating questionnaires.
2. To inform- entails the dissemination of information using different channels of
communication.
3. To persuade- aims to influence people and bring them round to your way of thinking.
4. To develop goodwill- involves maintaining and forming cordial and harmonious relationships
with people you are communicating.
Fact- is something that has objective reality and it is not a matter od perception or opinion and is
true.
Opinion-are often based on what one believes to be true or on how person feels about
something.
Lectures presentation or lecturing styles .
1. Reading Style
- read from his lecture notes, speech characterized by short tone-groups, few changes in
intonation and use of falling tone.
2. Conversational Style
- speaks informally with or without notes, using longer tone groups and key sequences
that range from high to low.
3. Rhetorical Style
- element as a performer, presentation is characterized by wide intonation range with the
lecturer often using the high key and frequently making digressions and asides.
Three Parts of Tips for an effective Speech.
1. Appearance.
- dress suitably for the occasion. Formal dressing if the speech is to be given at an official
or corporate function. If for an informal occasion or setting, casual dress would be more
appropriate. Dressing according to the dress code of community or society who will be your
audience.
2. Body Language.
- stand tall and erect with your arm srelaxed at your side. Keep your feet slightly apart for
good balance. Use gestures to emphasise a point or reinforce ideas. Maintain good eye contact
with your listeners.
3. Voice.
- Pay attention to you intonation, pronunciation and articulation, pauses and volume.

Benefits of active listener.

1. It enables people to listen attentively to others.
2. It prevents misunderstanding as people have to confirm that they really understand what the
speaker has said.
3. It encourages the speakers to explain more because he/she feels that you are really attuned to
his/her concerns and wants to listen.
Macro makers are higher-order discourse markers signaling major changes and emphasis in
lectures.
Examples of macro-makers.
1. Segmentation-well, OK, now, and, right, all right.
2. Temporal- at the time, and, after this, for the moment, eventually, then.
3.Causal- so, then, because, in view of that, therefore, as a result.
4. Contrast- both, but, only, on the other hand.
5. Emphasis- of course, you can see, you see, actually, obviously, unbelievably, as you know, in
fact, naturally.
Micro-makers are lower- order makers of segmentation and inter-sentence connections.
Examples of micro-makers.
1.This/that was how
2. One of the problem was..
3. In this way.
4. Well see that..
5. To begin with
6. This is not the end of the story.
7. So that ends of our talk today
Two kinds of stress.
1. Word Stress- emphasis can fall on first, middle or end syllables.
a. core vocabulary.
b. exceptions.
c. compound words.
2. Sentence Stress- The use of stress in a sentence helps us to both understand and deliver
meaning especially in long utterances.
Types of Communication.
1. Oral Communication- information, thoughts and ideas are conveyed via a spoken language.
Basiclly, this takes place in the following ways:
a. face-to-face
b. meetings
c. voice mail messages.
d. teleconferencing
e. oral presentation
f. public speaking.
2. Written Communication- we exchange information using the written language that is, words
and sentences. This can take place via:

a. letters
b. faxes
c. memos
d. E-mails
e. minutes of meeting
3. Non-verbal Communication- no words are used. Feelings are expressed and conveyed
through facial expressions, gestures and body movements. Also known as body language, can be
powerful form of communications and often includes
a.appearance
b. posture
c. eye contact
d. grooming
e. dressing
f. nervousness
Three model of communication
1. Linear model- views communication as one-way or linear process in which the speakers
speaks and listener listen.
2. Interactive model- it depicts communication as one-way process where speakers only speaks
and never listen. It also implies that listeners listen and never speak or send messages.
3. Transactional model-it does not indicate that communication can both send and receive
messages simultaneously. Also fails to show that communication is a dynamic process which
changes over time.
Techniques to build confidence in public speaking.
1. Change the way you think-think positively and do not be intimidated by others speakers.
Banish any thoughts of inferiority or failure from your mind and focus only on one thought I
can do it
2. Skills training- will teach you ways to organise ideas as well as prepare and deliver speeches
and help you confident about giving speeches.
3. Prepare and practice your speech-remember the main points, write down notes on cue cards
and express what you have to say naturally. Get family and friends to listen to you. Practice your
speech on them and get feedback/
4. Relaxation techniques- breathe deeply and then exhale slowly. You can also close your eyes
and roll your head slowly to relax when you are still backstage.
Forms of Oral Communication.
1. Interpersonal communication is an exchange of information between two or more people. It
is also an area of study. Related skills are learned and can be improved. During interpersonal
communication there is message sending and message receiving.
2. Intrapersonal communication is a communicator's internal use of language or thought. It can
be useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a
model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop.

3. Public communication happens when individuals and groups engage in dialogue in the public
sphere in order to deliver a message to a specific audience. Public speaking events, newspaper
editorials and billboard advertisements are a few forms of public communication.
4. Mass Communication represents the creation and sending of a homogeneous message to a
large heterogeneous audience through the media. Mass communication studies the uses and
effects of the media by many as opposed to the study of human interaction as in other
communication contexts.
5. Small Group Communication is an interactional process that occurs among three or more
people interacting in an attempt to achieve commonly recognized goals either face-to-face or
through mediated forms.
Useful phrases to politely express disagreement.
1. I dont agree
2. I dont think so
4. I disagree..
5. Im not so sure..
6. Youre wrong..
Types of Speech
1. The informative speech-This type of speech uses descriptions, demonstrations, vivid detail,
and definitions to explain a subject, person, or place the audience wants to understand. An
informative speech makes a complex topic easy to understand or offers a different point of view.
2. The persuasive speech- is a specific type of speech in which the speaker has a goal of
convincing the audience to accept his or her point of view. The speech is arranged in such a way
as to hopefully cause the audience to accept all or part of the expressed view.
3. The negotiation speech- is a dialogue between two or more people or parties intended to
reach a mutually beneficial outcome, resolve points of difference, to gain advantage for an
individual or collective, or to craft outcomes to satisfy various interests.
4. The argumentative speech- is a form of persuasive public speaking. The speaker presents a
personal opinion, judgment or idea about a controversial and current issue, problem, value or
dispute in a way that the opinion of the audience will change in favor of his or her side.
Argumentative speech ideas are controversial and refer to current political, social, business,
religious issues, disputes, policies and values.
Visual aids are important in any presentation. Why is it so?
Using visual aids can make a presentation more interesting and effective. When an audience can
both hear and see what you are saying, they are more likely to retain the information. Visual aids
not only focus attention, they reinforce your words. In an oral presentation the speaker faces
numerous people with their eyes on him or her. Hence, he/she has no time to look through the
notes. Visual aids are a great assistance to the speaker as well as to the audience. These serve to
allow the speaker to remember all the important points and stay on the track. Moreover, people
retain visual part of the information from graphs and tables far better than listening to someone
explain the results, conclusions, etc. The visual aids must be appropriate.
The choice of visual aids may be made from:
--Overhead projector (OHP).

--Slides.
--Multimedia.
--Charts.
--Blackboard.
--White board.
--Handouts.
--Samples or objects.
All of the above mentioned visual aids can be used in accordance to type of environment and
venue of presentation. Nowadays there are some more advanced visual aids available like digital
white board that convert ordinary white board into interactive computer desktop.
Why do speakers, especially public speakers, use emotive language?
The reason is to persuade us to their point of view and influence our actions. If they can
make us feel something, we may be moved to act on our feelings. To grab listeners attention.
They want the reader or listener to have an emotional reaction to what they're trying to say. By
eliciting an emotional response, the audience is made much more receptive to the arguments
they're taking in. Using human emotions as a means of persuasion brings us back to connotation.
Just as words and phrases may have various implied meanings, they can also affect different
people in a variety of ways. For example, talking about the Holocaust might stir one person to
anger, where it could bring another to tears. Nevertheless, effective users of emotive language
know their audiences well and are able to tailor their words to obtain the desired emotional
response.