1.

Position of ions in the electrochemical series(always choose the ___________ position ion for both anode and cathode) (for
dilute solution)
Electrolysis of sodium
chloride solution (carbon
electrode)

Electrolysis of copper(II)
sulphate solution (carbon
electrode)

Electrolysis of sulphuric
acid
(platinum electrode)

Electrolysis of lead(II)
bromide solution (carbon
electrode)

Electrolysis of silver nitrate

solution (carbon electrode)

Ions present:

Ions present:

Ions present:

Ions present:

Ions present:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

2. Concentration of ions (more than _____________ considered concentrated, always choose the concentrated ion, affects
anode only)
Electrolysis of concentrated
sodium chloride solution
(carbon electrode)

Electrolysis of 1moldm-3
copper(II) sulphate solution
(carbon electrode)

Electrolysis of 0.5moldm
sulphuric acid
(carbon electrode)

Ions present:

Ions present:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

-3

Electrolysis of concentrated
lead(II) bromide solution
(carbon electrode)

Electrolysis of 2moldm-3
potassium nitrate solution
(platinum electrode)

Ions present:

Ions present:

Ions present:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using carbon

electrode

Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using copper electrode

3. Type

of electrode
(change carbon
copper or silver
electrode)
(affects anode

to
only)
Ions present:

Ions present:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Popular question: What is the color change of the solution?

Popular question: What is the color change of the solution?

The blue color of the solution becomes__________

because the concentration of _________ ions
_____________.

The blue color of the solution remain the same because the
concentration of _________ ions in the solution is unchanged.

The rate of ____________ of copper (II) ions at anode is the same

as the rate of ____________of copper(II) ions at the cathode.

Electrolysis of silver nitrate solution using carbon electrode

Ions present:

Electrolysis of silver nitrate solution using copper electrode

Ions present:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Ions selected at anode:

Reason:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Ions selected at cathode:

Reason:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Voltaic cell
Magnesium/zinc

Silver/copper

Zinc/copper using sulphuric acid

Lead/silver using sodium chloride solution

Anode:

Anode:

Anode:

Anode:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Cathode

Cathode

Cathode

Cathode

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Half equation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Observation:

Ionic equation:

Ionic equation:

Ionic equation:

Ionic equation:

Different types of voltaic cells

Cell
Dry cell (non-rechargable)
1.5V

Lead-acid accumulator
(rechargable) 12V

Mercury cell (nonrechargable) 1.35V

Alkaline cell (rechargeable)

1.5V

Mixture of potassium
hydroxide and zinc
oxide is used as the
electrolyte
Zinc electrode

Potassium hydroxide

a mixture of HgO with

manganese dioxide
(MnO2)

carbon rod in
manganese(IV) oxide

Used in calculators,
watches, pacemakers,

Used in high current appliances

like tape recorders, radios and

Electroly
te

Ammonium chloride
paste, NH4Cl

Dilute sulphuric acid

Anode

Zinc container
Half equation:
Carbon rod
Amminium ion, NH4+
receives electrons to form
ammonia gas and hydrogen
gas

Lead electrode
Half equation:
Lead electrode coated with
lead (IV) oxide, PbO2
Half equation:
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e- Pb2+ +
2H2O

Half equation:

Half equation:
Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4

Cathode

Zinc electrode

Overall equation:
Pb + PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42-
2PbSO4 + 2H2O
Notes:

1. Manganese (IV) oxide is used to 1. Sulphuric acid is used up and water

reduce polarization (The
is produced. Sulphuric acid

hydrogen gas produced

becomes more dilute and its
surrounds the carbon and act as
density decreases.
an insulator, reducing the
efficiency of the cell)
2. Lead (II) sulphate is insoluble and
exists as white precipitate on top of
2. Carbon powder is a good
the surface of the electrodes. No
electric conductor and it
further reaction will occur and
reduces the resistance in the
therefore no current is produced.
cell. Carbon powder also
increase the surface area of the
carbon rod.

microphones etc

shavers.