Histology study of tissues

Pathology study of abnormalities of tissue

Tissues - group of cells perform related functions and are similar in structure
- Cell similar in structure and function
- Has 4 fundamental types
CHARAC./TYPES
EPITHELIAL
FUNCTION
Covering
Protection
Absorption
Secretion
Filtration
-

STRUCTURE

Exhibits cellularity
Cells fit together to form
compact cells arranged to
continuous sheet
Avascular - Most are
capable of regeneration
Nourished by diffusion(fr.
capillaries)
Membrane:
Apical/Free surface
(smooth or may have
modification)
Lower surface:
Rests on basement
membrane

CONNECTIVE
Most abundant primary
tissue
Support
Connects and binds body
parts together
Protect organs
Framework for
movement of muscles
Insulator
Transport substances
Extracellular matrix
Packing material
Bear weight
Withstand abrasion
Absorb large amount
of water
Highly vascularized

MUSCULAR
- for contraction
- movement
- termed as fibers

NERVOUS
- control
- exhibits irritability
- conductivity

Neurons are branching and nonirritable

1. Multipolar Neuron
- have several dendrites
coming off the cell body and one
axon. Most neurons in the brain
and spinal cord are multipolar.
2. Bipolar Neuron
- have one dendrite and
one axon. They are found in the
retina of the eye, inner ear and
the olfactory area of the nose.
3. Unipolar Neuron
- have only one process
extending from the cell body,
which then branches into a
central branch that functions as
an axon and a peripheral branch
functions as dendrite . Most
sensory neurons are Unipolar.

Extensibility
Elastic
Contractility
Highly vascularized and
innervated
cellular

LOCATION
NO. OF CELL LAYERS

TYPES

1.membranous
2.glandular
- hormones (exocrine/endocrine)

CLASSIFICATIONS

I.

Location

Structure

Layers of cell

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Neurons/nerve cell- react to
stimuli/
Neuroglia- support cells, insulate
and protect neurons

1. simple
2. stratified
1.loose-fibroblasts - scattered
2.dense compact
3.Cartilage- firm pliable/
tensile strength
chondroblasts/avascular
4.bone-osteoblasts - hardest
5. blood/vascular -

1. squamous - flat/polyhedral
mostly/diffusion/protect lining
2. cuboidal as tall as
wide/kidney/ secretion and
absorption
3. columnar- taller than
wide/digestive/absorb
4. transitional

1. skeletal
2.cardiac
3.smooth muscle

2 myofilaments
1.Actin
2.Myosin

Classification of epithelial tissues according to type of cell

SIMPLE EPITHELEAL TISSUE
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
- Allows passage of materials by
- Secretion and absorption
- Absorption s
diffusion and filtration
- Secretion
- Secretes lubricating material in
- Ciliary action
serosae
- Air sacs of lungs
- Walls of kidney tubules,
- Lines entire digestive tract
- Wall of capillaries (endothelium)
glands and ducts
- From stomach to anus
- Surface of ovary
- Serious membrane or serosae
- Gall bladder
1

cells fit closely

like floor tiles
disk shape central nuclei
sparse cytoplasm

as tall as wide
round to oval central nuclei
1- rest on basement
membrane

taller than wide

contains goblet cells
round oval nuclei
some cells bear cilia

Pseudo stratified ciliated

columnar epithelium
- Secretion
- Propulsion of mucus by
ciliary action
- Respiratory tract
- Males sperm carrying ducts
- Ducts of large glands
- trachea
- not stratified
- ciliated
1 touch basement membrane
Not all touches apex

II.

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

Stratified squamous

Function

Location

Structure

Layers of cells

Protection to
underlying tissues in
areas subjected to
abrasion
cells in apical layer
non keratinized
linings
mouth, esophagus,
vagina
Thick membrane
Basal cells are
cuboidal or columnar,
Keratin and dead,
active in mitosis
Metabolically active
Surface cells are
flattened/ squamous
several

Stratified squamous
keratinized
Water resistant

Stratified squamous non

keratinized
moist

Stratified cuboidal

Stratified columnar

protection

Protection and secretiom

Epidermis of skin

Lines mouth, esophagus,

and vagina

cells close to
basement membrane
ducts of large glands

2
-

apical cells are

cuboidal

cells close to
basement membrane
ducts of large glands
urethra
Cuboidal
Superficial cells
elongated
columnar

basal cells varies in

size and shape
apical cells columnar

III.
Transitional cells
highly modified
stratified type that change in shape
forms lining of urinary bladder, ureters and part of urethra
cells
A. basal :cuboidal/columnar
B. Apical: varied shape
- when organ is not stretched it is dome like
- when stretched it is thin and = large squamous
-

MUSCULAR TISSUES
`
Skeletal
Function
Locomotion
Facial expression
Structure
- striated
- voluntary
- long cylindrical units
- multinucleated along periphery of ^
- unbranching
location
Attached to bones

Cardiac
Rapid conduction of electrical impulse
across heart
- striated
- involuntary
- small branching cells
- mononucleited
- intercalated disks gap junctions
Walls of heart

Highly cellular, well-vascularized tissues

Function is to produce body mvmts
Muscle cells are composed of myofilaments
2 types of myofilaments: Work together to bring about contraction of muscles

Smooth
Propels substances
-

non striated
involuntary
spindle/ fusiform shaped cells/nucleus
contracts slowest

Walls of hallow internal structures

Blood vessels
Airway to lungs
Visceral organs

WHITE ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE

TISSUE

MAMMAL FIBROCARTILAGE
(intervertebral disk)

HUMAN BONE (C-Sec)

LOOSE CONNECTIVE
TISSUE (Adipose)

GIANT MULTIPOLAR NEURONS

SMEAR

HYALINE CARTILAGE ( Trachea)

ELASTIC CARTILAGE
(Epiglottis)

NERVE CELL (Multipolar)

SMOOTH MUSCLE

MAMMAL CARDIAC MUSCLE

BONE (C-Sec)

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

STRIATED MUSCLE (L-Sec)

BONE (L-Sec)

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(Areolar)

Connective tissues in the

book