Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Energy Conservation
February 2005
Preface
JICA has issued the JICA Thematic Guidelines, which has systematically summarized its
accumulated experience and knowledge on development issues, its basic concept, its cooperation
policies and points to remember upon implementation of projects. The guidelines of Energy
Conservation propose the JICA s basic concept, including cooperation approaches and methods in
order to realize energy conservation in developing countries.
At present, energy consumption in the world has been increasing and fossil fuels comprise large
proportion to the overall energy use. In addition to the concerned issue on future exhaustion of
resources, global warming is also becoming a serious concern due to higher concentration of CO2
emissions in the air through the use of these resources. In regards to effective countermeasures
against these global issues, the international community has actively made efforts on the promotion
of energy conservation such as building the international framework in accordance with the Kyoto
Protocol.
On the other hand, countries still tend to focus on economic development rather than
environmental countermeasures.
continuously increased due to the population growth and industrialization. It is expected that the
world energy consumption will significantly increase, mainly in developing countries in the 21st
century. It is necessary for both developed and developing countries to promote energy conservation
in order to resolve the global issues for the future.
In the guidelines, Chapter 1, Overview of Energy Conservation, will explain the definition of
energy conservation , review current situations and problems of energy conservation in Japan based
on an understanding of global issues, and summarize the assistance trends of Japan and the rest of
the world.
In Chapter 2, the relationship between purposes (energy security, global environmental measures,
income increase), means and targets (industrial, household, and transportation sectors) of energy
conservation are analyzed. In addition, effective approaches in response to these issues are classified
into three as follows: structuring of energy conservation systems, implementation of administrative
services on energy conservation, and the promotion of the energy conservation market.
Moreover, Chapter 3 introduced JICAs ffective approaches to carry out its cooperation
in the area of energy conservation, and its overall cooperation policy is identified based on
successful examples of cooperation projects. The agenda for the future is also proposed, including
priority issues by countries, conventional rules in counterpart countries, issue-based approaches,
program approaches, environmental issues, and the partnership with other organizations, with
Table of Abbreviations
Abbreviation
Title
CDM
COGEN
DANCED
ESCO
ECCJ
F/S
Feasibility Study
GAP
GEF
GTZ
EIE/NECC
EIE/UETM
Predecessor of EIE/NECC
IIP
IPCC
JBIC
JETRO
JI
Joint Implementation
JIS
NEDO
QC
Quality Control
TPM
TQM
UNDP
UNEP
UNIDO
Table of Abbreviations
Index
1-1-1
Energy Conservation
1-1-2
1-2
1-2-1
1-2-2
1-3
9
10
19
1-3-1
19
1-3-2
22
1-3-3
1-4
24
29
1-4-1
29
1-4-2
32
Chapter 2
2-1
34
2-2
35
Chapter 3
3-1
44
3-1-1
44
3-1-2
50
3-1-3
55
3-1-4
56
3-2
3-2-1
58
58
3-2-2
58
3-2-3
58
3-2-4
59
Attached Materials
Appendix 1 Major Cooperation Project
60
Appendix
73
Appendix
74
Chapter 1
Energy Conservation
Energy conservation means energy prevention from being wasted more than its purpose of use
such as turning off lights on a frequent basis and not extremely cooling rooms with air-conditioners,
and improvement of efficiency of energy use through technological improvement.
Generally, Shoene (in Japanese) (a translated term in English is energy efficiency or energy
conservation) is a common term and is familiar to us in daily lives.
As a broader definition in development assistance, energy conservation means enhancing
efficiency of energy consumption throughout a society.
in Figure 1-1, and it would be easier to understand if energy conservation is classified in the
same manner. In addition, in Figure 1-1, turning off lights on a frequent basis, which is quite familiar
in daily life, is categorized as energy conservation in the household sector.
Energy
Demand side
Industry
Supply side
Household
Transportation
Exhaustible sources
promoted in its history based on unique background, the so-called oil shock, it is often defined as
to reduce oil consumption among non-renewable resources in particular.
efficient use of other energy such as coal and natural gas is not included in energy conservation.
However, technologies that lead to oil-use reduction without influence upon energy use efficiency
are called energy conservation technologies, including the use of new energy, for example.
On
the other hand, demand in many developing countries is not only reducing the use of non-renewable
resources but also enhancing efficiency of energy use in the entire society.
energy conservation treated in the Guidelines means enhancing efficiency of energy consumption
including coal, natural gas, and other energy as well as oil.
Upon actual consumption, energy is used either in the form of heat energy or electric energy. Heat
energy means the energy that can be obtained through burning of resources such as oil, coal, and
charcoal. Heat energy becomes the motive energy in the engine of a vehicle or vessel, or steam
locomotive via air or steam. Electric energy means the electricity that is produced in a power
plant, transmitted by transmission lines, and can be obtained by paying for utilities. Generally,
electricity can be obtained through an outlet or battery and can be used as motive power for
electrical products such as televisions and refrigerators.
Heat energy and electric energy are used in a variety of ways, depending upon equipmentor
facilities in use. Normally, they cannot be used at 100% of full efficiency, and some losses occur. For
instance, at offices, if personal computers are operated only while users look at their screens, the best
efficiency will take place. However, in fact, while users are on the telephone, or serving customers,
screens are still displayed. Electric energy is wasted during such time. Although more computers
have function of energy conservation automatically becoming standby mode when untouched after a
certain period of time, it is impossible to turn power on only while users look at screens. The same
type of energy losses occurs to many aspects of energy consumption in larger size such as power
plants in factories throughout society. Energy conservation is expected to reduce these kinds of
losses of energy in the entire society as much as possible and aim to raise the efficiency of energy
use as close to 100% of the full rate.
The amount of energy consumption in the entire world has been increased, accompanied by
economic development of each country. It is expected that such amounts will continue to increase by
30% from 1997 to 2030.
developing countries centered on Asian countries and the Asian region excluding Japan, which will
accounts for almost half of future increase of the worlds energy consumption. While the share of
the worlds energy demand in OECD countries will decline, that of Asian region will expand
(Figure 1-2).
Million tons (equivalent in oil)
Middle East
Africa
Central and
South America
Asia
(excluding China)
China
Former Soviet Union
Many energy resources used throughout the world today are still fossil fuels such as oil, coal and
natural gas. If energy consumption continues to increase at the same rate as today, exhaustion of
resources would occur in the near future. A reserve-production ratio that has been currently
confirmed by exploration, as of 2004 would be approximately 40 years for oil, 61 years for natural
gas, and 204 years for coal.
Although this ratio fluctuates due to excavation of new oil fields, oil
and natural gas as basic resources would be exhausted within about 60 years in calculation.
Additionally, as a result of mass consumption of fossil fuels, global warming caused by an
increasing amount of CO2 emissions in the air has been occurring at rapid speed, which is one of the
most crucial global issues.
Change (IPCC) announced in 2001, the global average temperature has increased by 0.6 over the
100 years of the 20th century. It is forecasted that increase in the global average temperature of 5.8
at maximum and the rising water level of 88 cm will occur by 2100.
level in Japan goes over 30 cm, it is estimated that 60% of sandy beaches would be lost.
As effective countermeasures against global issues such as future exhaustion of resources and
global warming, the necessity for the promotion of energy conservation in the international level has
been increasingly emphasized. In recent years, various policies of energy conservation have been
implemented in many countries. Also, the international framework based on the Kyoto Protocol was
established and it has promoted activities towards tackling global warming along with the
ratification by Russia.
At the same time, many countries still have a strong tendency to focus on economic development
rather than environmental measures. It cannot be said that energy conservation is the issue that
society wants first and most. This tendency is seen in some developed countries such as the U.S., but
especially in developing countries, policy priority is not given to energy conservation.
Moreover, based on previous statistics, it is clear that elasticity of GDP to energy demand
becomes 1 on a long-term basis. This value means
increase at the same percentage as that of economic growth in the long run. That is to say, unless
countries achieve reduction of the amount of energy consumption (energy conservation) at the same
percentage as that of economic growth every year, it will be impossible to even maintain the current
situation. In this context, the increasing amount of energy consumption due to economic
development of each country largely exceeds targets of energy conservation. As a result, the
amount of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions accompanied by energy consumption
has increased year after year throughout the world according to Figure 1-2.
Energy Conservation Level and Total Final Energy Consumption (TFC) in Japan
Japan has achieved the highest level of energy conservation in the world at present as a result of
the fact that each sector throughout the society cooperated to promote energy conservation and
10
efficient energy use due to the oil shocks experienced twice in 1970s. Therefore, if energy
conservation is considered as development assistance Japan has a highly comparative advantage
technically and institutionally in this sector.
The ratio of energy consumption to GDP for 10 years after the first oil shock in 1973 has
been improved at the rate of about 30%. In particular, in the industrial sector that occupies the
highest rate of energy consumption such as iron and steel, petrochemistry, cement, and paper pulp
industries, the ratio of energy consumption to production has been improved over the same time
period of 10 years at the average rate of more than 40% (Refer to Figure 1-3.)
In reflection of the facts that energy conservation policies on the industrial sector have been
successful and that the amount of energy consumption from the household sector has been increased,
the ratio between each sector (industry: household: transportation) has changed to 2:1.5:1 in 2001
from 4:1:1 at the oil shock period. As well as the energy conservation rate is lower than the
economic growth rate.
However, accompanied by economic development, the total amount of energy consumption has
been consistently increased except for a period after two oil shocks and a period of recession in
recent years.
Year
11
(Year 1973=100)
Year
12
1951
1960
1972
1973
1978
1979
1988
1992
1997
1998
1999
June 2001
June 2002
13
1979 - 1990
The Energy Conservation Law was enacted and financial support system were established. Thus,
the improvement of facilities and installation of additional equipment in facilities (adoption of
highly efficient equipments for energy conservation) for improvement of energy consumption
efficiency were positively implemented as the second step for energy conservation
countermeasures in the industry that consumes large amounts of energy.
followed, improving production process for its cost reduction and productivity enhancement,
including improvement of energy use efficiency.
After 1990
Since improvement of facilities for energy conservation in the industrial sector had mostly been
achieved, the weight of energy conservation shifted from the industrial sector to the household
and transportation sectors. Additionally, global warming became a new important issue with the
challenge of reducing CO2 emissions. As a result, the development of technologies, and
utilization of facilities and products for energy conservation that are effective for reducing CO2
emissions have been promoted.
Outline of policies on energy conservation in Japan
In the process of acquiring the optimum level of energy conservation in the world, Japan has
adopted multiple energy conservation policies, such as strengthening regulations, promoting the
dissemination of technologies, and improving financial and subsidy systems in accordance with
circumstances in a comprehensive manner. The followings are characteristics:
Decrease of oil use has been the main goal of energy conservation policies in Japan after the
experienced oil shocks.
Responding to the national crisis, the government undertook policy measures with high priority
by establishing laws and subsidies to promote self-help efforts of energy conservation especially
in enterprises, since it was considered as high policy priority.
Targets were classified into three sectors: industry, household, and transportation. Energy
conservation was promoted especially in the industrial sector, as a result of the concentration on
the energy consumption sector. .
These characteristics are unique to
For instance, in the U.S and the U.K there exists no energy conservation law that imposes substantial
regulations on energy consumers (factories, enterprises, etc.) so far. Instead, the size of the business
market for energy conservation is large such as the Energy Service Company (ESCO). Therefore
these companies mainly target the household sector rather than the industrial sector.
.
The main policies from each policy menu are as follows (partially quoted from Energy 2004
14
edited by the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy). In addition, the details of energy
conservation policies currently implemented in Japan are described on the web page of the Agency
of Natural Resources and Energy and the reference of Appendix 3 in details.
[Formulation of overall policies]
Establishment of the basic law on energy policy
Establishment of the Energy Conservation Law and its reinforcement through revision
Establishment of the Outline of Promotion to prevent Global Warming
[Measures and policies concerning the industrial sector]
ENEGY MANAGER system based on the Energy Conservation Law, which includes qualification
of Energy Manager, a person in charge of energy management, and training for persons in energy
management.
Voluntary Action Plan on Environment by the Japan Federation of Economic Organizations and the
follow-up thereof
Subsidy system for adoption and dissemination of technologies and facilities that contributes to
energy conservation (low interest loans, preferential tax treatments, and subsidy systems)
Subsidy system for ESCO in the industrial sector (low interest loans, preferential tax treatments,
and subsidy systems)
Activities for promotion, awareness, and dissemination of energy conservation (supply of
information, technical support, and issuance of publications, such as the Handbook of Energy
through the Energy Conservation Center)
[Measures and policies concerning the household sector]
Improvement of efficiency of equipment through the Top Runner approach
Improvement of performance concerning energy conservation of housings and buildings in
accordance with the Energy Conservation Law
Subsidy system for adoption and dissemination of technologies and facilities that contribute to
energy conservation (low interest loans, preferential tax treatments, and subsidy systems)
Subsidy system concerning ESCO in the household sector (low interest loans, preferential tax
treatments, and subsidy systems)
Radical reform of lifestyle of citizens (energy conservation labeling system, promotion of a smart
life and advertisement based on the determination of the Liaison Conference for Agencies of
Conference for Promotion of Countermeasures against Energy Conservation and Resource
Saving)
Activities for promotion, awareness, and dissemination of energy conservation (catalog for
performance of energy conservation, International Energy Star Program, etc.)
15
16
Thus,
policies need to encourage enterprises commitment to the assignment of personnel responsible for
energy management in each factory.
Regulations by Laws
In Japan, the Energy Manager system is considered as a law with penalties in accordance with the
Energy Conservation Law. The regulation has been reinforced by timely revision. The current
Energy Conservation Law adopts three regulations: (1) the obligation to realize efficient energy
utilization by criteria the government establishes.
Managers in a factory, and (3) the obligation to submit periodic reports and make medium-and
long-term plans.(3 to 5 years). At present, the followings are obligations for designated factories in
Japan.
[Type 1 designated energy management factories]
Item
Target
Content
All types of industry:
Fuel consumption ; more than 3,000 kl/year (crude oil equivalent)
Electricity consumption; more than 12,000,000 kWh/year
About 5,200 (as of the end of March 2004) factories and plants
Obligation
(1) Obligations to make efforts for rational operation, in line with the
government-formulated standards for factories to make operational judgments,
(2) Obligations to appoint nationally-qualified Energy Managers
(3) Obligation to submit periodic reports
(4) Obligation to make medium-and long-term plans (3 5 years)
Measure
In the case where the engagement of rational energy use is remarkably insufficient in
light of standards of judgments of factories, the following measures will be
17
Content
All types of industry:
Fuel consumption; more than 1,500 kl/year (crude oil equivalent)
Electricity consumption; more than 6,000,000
kWh/year
About 6,400 (as of the end of March 2004) factories and plants
Obligation
(1) Obligations to make efforts for rational operation, in line with the
government-formulated standards for factories to make operational judgments,
(2) Obligations to appoint the Energy Officer (an energy managing staff with a
one-day training program)
(3) Obligation to undertake a course for qualification improvement as an Energy
Officer (one-day training)
(4) Obligation to submit periodic reports
Measure
In the case where the engagement of rationalization for energy use is remarkably
insufficient in light of standards of judgments of factories, the following measure
will be exercised: recommendations.
Over the former qualification, examination system and certification body have
conducted. For the latter qualification, training courses are provided. They are all under control of
the Energy Conservation Center in an integrated manner.
Evaluation System
Establishment of the system allows governmental agencies to receive a report about the energy
management in factories under the supervision of Energy Managers, and the creation of evaluation
criteria has been performed. Additionally, since 2001, local studies based on the submitted reports
have been conducted in designated factories of type-1 by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry.
18
JICAs cooperation on energy conservation has continued for more than 20 years since it started
through a Development Study in Thailand in 1982. In many of the cooperation activities, the agency
has implemented making master plans in development studies to promote energy conservation,
training personnel, and establish the Energy Conservation Center for technical assistance in technical
cooperation projects.
policies from various countries has been performed. The target was mainly industrial sectors, with
many participants from Asian and Eastern European regions.
Before transformed into an independent administrative institution (October 1, 2003), JICA had
implemented development study projects at the Mining and Industrial Development Study
Department, technical cooperation projects at the Mining and Industrial Development Cooperation
Department, and training in Japan at the domestic institutions. The two departments shared some
projects (projects in Argentina, Thailand, Turkey, Iran, and Poland, etc.), but, basically, they were
grouped by a project type.
independent administrative institution, the Economic Development Department has been created and
in charge of all types of projects. At present, the department can select project types based on the
needs from the counterpart countries. Domestic institutions are continuously in charge of training in
Japan.
The performances of the projects are as follows.
Technical Cooperation Projects
Seven technical cooperation projects, which were relatively large, have been implemented, from
the first project in China in 1992 to an ongoing project in Poland, (the iron and steel project in China
is excluded here because of difference in its basic project design) (refer to Appendix 1-1). The
contents of the projects were, in principle, to establish new centers with the function of training,
Energy Audits (EA) and public relations relating energy conservation operated by governments,
training, and to enhance the function of existing centers. The outlines of the training, EAs, and
public relations, three main pillars of transferred technologies, are as follows.
19
Training
providing two types of courses: heat and electricity. In some countries, trainees can
even choose their courses depending on their needs, which, for example, targets for
management executives and managers and for particular equipment such as boiler.
Energy
Audit
The same type of audit as the general energy audit implemented in Japan. In
principle, the production process is not the subject of the audit. The EA covers only
utilities (facilities). The EA is implemented by visiting each factory and auditing
energy use of target factories in order to prepare reports including recommendations
and provide these factories with instructions.
Public
Relation
The common characteristics of previous technical cooperation projects relatively in large size are
their project structure based on these three pillars and the provision of mini-plant with the training
equipments.
The mini-plant has been developed in light of the experiences of each project.
The provided mini-plants were in large size in the initial training projects of China and
Argentina, but were improved in the projects of Thailand, Turkey, and Iran with smaller-sized and
elaborated equipment corresponding their training contents. Furthermore, in the case of the project in
Poland, procurement was localized , and its contract became almost full-turnkey services.
Development Study
The nine development studies were implemented from 1982 in Thailand to 1998 in China, (refer
to Appendix 1-3). Among these studies, some technical cooperation projects have contentiously been
implemented after the implementation of the development studies. Major contents of the
development studies included preparing national master plans for energy efficiency strategies and
the technology transfer such as EA.
Training in Japan (Group Training, Eastern Europe training, and Country Focused Training )
Group training and Eastern Europe Training were implemented every year for 19 years from 1986
to 2004 (refer to Appendix 1-4). Trainees were composed of the relevant parties of energy
conservation from various countries (especially, persons in charge of policies). Through these
trainings, they visited the governmental agencies relating to energy conservation and factories
possessing excellent systems and technologies of energy conservation in Japan in order to learn the
20
and the Eastern Europe training mainly on policies were separately implemented.
However, these training are practically integrated since the Eastern Europe training was abolished in
2004 and participants from Eastern Europe joined the general group training.
JICA Kyushu
(former Kyushu International Center) has also implemented Turkey country focused training.
21
Project Type
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Technical
Cooperation
Technical
Cooperation
Development
Study
Development
Study
Technical
Cooperation
Development
Study
Development
Study
Technical
Cooperation
Technical
Cooperation
Technical
Cooperation
11
Study on master plan for energy conservation in Republic
of Poland
12
Study on master plan for promotion of energy
conservation in Malaysia
13 Project of energy conservation in Republic of Turkey
14 Project on the practical energy management training center
in Thailand
15
Improvement of technologies for environment
protection concerning the steel industry in Peoples Republic
of China
16
Project on energy management production in Islamic
Republic of Iran
17
Poland and Japan Energy Conservation Technical Center
in Republic of Poland
22
Cooperation
Period
1982
-1984
1985.10-1986.9
1987.12-1989.1
1991.7 -1992.8
1992.2 -1994.1
1992.7 -1997.7
1995.7 -2000.6
1995.9 -1997.9
1995.11-1997.2
1995.11-2000.10
1997.3 -1999.1
1998.1 -1999.2
2000.8 -2005.7
2002.4 -2005.4
2002.9 -2007.8
Technical
2003.3 -2007.3
Cooperation
Technical
2004.7 -2008.6
Cooperation
: In operation as of 2004
Form
Period of
cooperation
Dispatch of
1997.1-2000.1
experts
Turkey
Dispatch of
1997.1-2000.1
experts
Dispatch of
1999
experts
Acceptance
2004.9-2004.10
of trainees
Third -
2004.11-2004.12
Country
Republic of Turkey
Training
: In operation as of 2004
Training in Japan (Group Training and Eastern Europe Training)
Group Training
Group training has been implemented for 241 persons from 49 countries from 1986 to 2004.
See the details as per Appendix 1. The countries that have participated in such training are as
follows:
Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chili, China, Columbia, Cote
d'Ivore, Croatia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Lithonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongol,
Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Serbia and Montenegro,
Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay,
Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam, 49 countries in total.
Regional focused training for Eastern Europe
Regional focused training for Eastern Europe training has been implemented for 112 persons
from 14 countries from 1994 to 2003. See the details as per Appendix.
23
following sectors.
Although their main purposes are not directly connected to energy conservation
as they belong to the issues of other sectors, they have ultimately contributed to energy conservation.
Projects related to renewable energy and efficiency of transmitted distribution of electric
power (managed by the Economic Development Department)
Projects related to preservation of natural environment and air pollution (managed by the
Global Environment Department)
Projects related to transportation and traffic (managed by the Social Development
Department)
Therefore, in
order to implement cooperation in an effective and efficient manner, it is important for GAP to;
(2) recognize the current situation sufficiently, (2) consider the necessity and priority order in
counterpart countries, (3) identify whether Japans technologies and experiences are able to solve
a problem, (4) ensure effective results are expected from a project, (5) consider sustainability of
the project after the completion of the GAP project, and (6) diffuse transferred technologies over
corresponding local areas.
Therefore, in policy dialogue, new projects starting in the next fiscal year and the direction of
future assistance (cooperation) would be formally determined based on not only exchange of
perspective in terms of problems in recipient countries and Japans experience but also results of
previous projects and research.
Project
(1) Development Study: Research on feasibility of energy/environment policies is conducted in
recipient countries and the master plan for environmental improvement in focused target areas
or industries is created.
(2) Human Resource Development Cooperation: Trainees who have capacity to formulate the
energy/environment policy are accepted in Japan, and as technical assistance Japanese experts
24
are dispatched to recipient countries in order to raise engineers and Energy Managers
awareness on energy conservation and prevention of industrial pollution, as well as to improve
technical skills in factories and contribute environmental improvement.
(3) Research Cooperation: Japan and recipient countries jointly conduct research and development
in regards to technical issues, in order to provide technologies and abilities accumulated in
Japan. (4) Investigation of Technical Verification: Proper technologies are developed and
verified and investigation of technical verification is performed for the purpose of
dissemination of such technologies in recipient countries.
Related organizations are as follows.
Japan External Trade OrganizationJETRO
Association for Overseas Technical ScholarshipAOTS
Japan Overseas Development CorporationJODC
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development OrganizationNEDO
Electric
Source: Web page of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry excerpt from
http://www.meti.go.jp/report/downloadfiles/g11026g31j.pdf
The seven targeted countries are China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia,
and Philippine.
The project has been implemented since 1993.
Project expenses in 2004 were 7.6 billion yen.
In the developing economies of the Asia-Pacific region, energy demand is predicted to continue rising
dramatically along with economic growth. These economies are now becoming highly interested in energy
conservation technologies that are already commercially available in industrialized economies. To respond to the
rising demand, NEDO is implementing various projects to disseminate these technologies, including international
fundamental research projects, to increase the efficient use of energy.
The model projects, once implemented as part of the Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) - a pilot phase
project under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - were launched in Kazakhstan in
FY2002 as part of the Joint Implementation (JI) of the Kyoto Protocol. The projects contribute to the accumulation
of useful information for the concrete development of other forthcoming JI and Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) projects.
(1) Fundamental Research Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy
a)
25
Develop and suggest efficient energy use policies for countries involved by collecting and analyzing
information on the countries' energy policies and energy consumption trends.
b) CDM/JI Feasibility Studies Program
Feasibility Studies (F/S) are conducted with the aim of ascertaining the viability of introducing technology for
the efficient use of energy by Japanese companies as Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) project activities.
(2) Model Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy
In model projects, technologies already in practical use in Japan are introduced into energy-intensive industries
in countries with developing economies to demonstrate the effectiveness of such technologies and the
dissemination thereof.
(3) Technology Dissemination Projects for Increasing the Efficient Use of Energy
These projects involve the dispatch of technical experts to implementation sites of model projects or to other
plants of the same industry in order to disseminate the technologies.
Installati
on
(b) Basic Survey Project for Joint
Implementation, etc.
Model projects
Basic
Design
Equipment
Manufact
uring
Testl
operation
Demonstra
tive
operation
Transpo
rtation
Disseminatio
n seminar
Host Country
Term of Project
Counterpart
Implementation Site
Andra Pradesh
Implementation
Model
project
for
Thailand
1999 - 2004
Utilization of Waste
Thailand
of Industrial Waste at
Industrial Estate
Model
Project
for
India
2001 - 2004
26
Jharkhand State
of
Affairs,
Cement
Plant
Model
The Ministry of
and Industry
project
for
China
2002 - 2004
Guangxi Zhuang
Unilization of Waste
Autonomous Region
Development Reform
Plant
Model
Commision
Project
for
High-Efficiency
Gas
Myanmar
2002 - 2004
IWAMA
Indonesia
2002 - 2004
Ministry of
Barikbaban City
Turbine Technology
Model
project
for
Flare
Gas
and
Hydrogen
Recovery
Systems
in
Oil
Refinery
Model
project
Increasing
Efficient
Use
for
Kazakhstan
2002 - 2005
the
Resources/West Kazakhstan
of
Province/Ministry of Ecology
Energy
Model
Uralsk City
for
Vietnam
2003 - 2005
Ministry of Industry/Ministry of
Renovation to Increase
Environment
Thanh-hoa City
Energy in Brewery
Model project for high
Indonesia
2003 - 2005
performance industrial
Ministry of
Bekasi City
furnace
Project completed: 17 in China, 3 in Indonesia, 2 in Thailand, 1 in Vietnam, Malaysia, Myanmar, and India.
In addition, NEDO has performed ODA projects concerning China, Thailand, and Vietnam, etc.
since 1993. Project expenses in 2004 were 1.81 billion yen. And the outline of the projects is as
follows (quotation from web page of NEDO:
(http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/activities/3_kokusaikanren/1/t-oda_e.html)
27
The purpose of research cooperation projects is to study issues of technical development (technical
needs) that would be difficult to resolve only through the research and development abilities of
developing countries, and to use the technical, research, and development abilities of Japan, to jointly
implement research and development with research institutions of developing countries, to resolve such
issues on technical development, and to improve the research and development abilities of developing
countries.
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Subsidary
Memorandum of understanding
NEDO
Dispatching
technicians
Subsidary
researchers
and
Acceptance of researcher
Equipment and facilities supply
28
29
investments from governments and private sectors in April 2000. While GEFs main operation is to
provide grant aid, PCF focuses on the use of market mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol and
dissemination of knowledge and experience.
Advantages of the PCF for developing countries are to gain profits through sales of the amount of
reduced greenhouse gas and to gain access to technologies dealing with global warming. Investors
can obtain the amount of reduction of greenhouse gas at a lower cost. Therefore, the World Bank
points out that PCF can be useful for achievement of goals based on the Kyoto Protocol
http://www.prototypecarbonfund.org).
Specific projects are mentioned as follows.
Uganda: Project concerning compact hydraulic power generation for rural electrification
(off-grid hydropower development)
Honduras: wind power generation
Czechoslovakia: energy efficiency project
Poland: geothermal power generation
Rumania : afforestation project
Additionally, in response to the raise of expectation for profits to developing countries through the
implementation of CDM, the World Bank created the Community Development Carbon Fund,
which specialized in small-size CDM projects for rural areas in smaller countries and developing
counties in 2002. The World Bank aims to contribute to sustainable development at a community
level through projects on renewable energy, energy conservation, methane recovery, and agro
forestry.
Trends of International Assistance Organizations
International organizations also participate in assistance for energy conservation. In addition to
PCF, the World Bank implements capacity building projects in developing countries through the
establishment of
reducing greenhouse gas in developing countries, studies on CDM/JI projects, and the creation of
plans for structuring related systems and activities, with funding from donor countries.
Furthermore, Asian Development Bank also implements capacity building projects relating to global
warming in PREGA (Promoting Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas
Abatement). As well as UNEP and UNDP provide cooperation to improve policies, organizations,
and systems mainly through seminars.
Moreover, even other institutes that had not positively implemented countermeasures against
global warming have started activities for the global issue, as a result of analysis of the linkages
between global warming and their original projects such as development, environmental protection,
health, hygiene, and food. This trend is called the mainstream of global warming policies and is
gradually spread.
30
Bilateral Cooperation
According to OECD, achievement of cooperation in the global warming field by 19 DAC member
countries form 1998 to 2000 accounted for 4,819 cases with 7.6 billion dollars. 89% of the total
amount was donated from Japan, Germany, and the U.S., and 15.3% of the total ODA is from Japan.
31
Table 1-1
1998
1999
2000
USD
USD
USD
USD
% of total
Number of
million
million
million
million
bilateral
projects
ODA
Australia
9.7
14.6
13.5
12.6
1.6%
22
Austria
0.9
..
3.5
1.5
0.4%
Belgium
6.1
1.7
4.6
4.1
0.8%
35
Canada
23.2
9.9
21.8
18.3
1.7%
11
Denmark
18.2
0.6
3.6
7.5
1.1%
Finland
38.3
16.7
14.4
23.1
11.3%
20
France
64.1
9.5
13.5
29.0
1.1%
13
269.3
849.6
195.1
438.0
14.3%
49
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1%
1372.9
1761.4
1727.8
1620.7
15.3%
843
Netherlands
45.8
37.9
61.6
48.4
2.3%
101
New Zealand
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4%
Norway
62.0
71.2
41.9
58.4
6.6%
138
Portugal
0.0
0.0
11.5
3.8
1.9%
Spain
2.0
8.5
25.9
12.2
1.2%
58
28.5
18.2
13.4
20.1
2.1%
25
4.3
4.8
4.6
4.5
0.7%
70.4
28.7
5.8
35.0
1.0%
13
171.0
223.9
167.8
187.6
2.3%
252
2187.5
3057.3
2330.7
2525.2
6.7%
1606
Germany
Ireland
Japan
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Total
The followings are the cases of international assistance trends towards energy conservation.
The EU Committee requires the EU member nations to reduce energy consumption by 1% a
year and gives instruction of promoting energy conservation. In addition, the committee implements
projects of assistance for improving legislation to enable the energy act in each member state to
comply with priorities set by the committee, such as countermeasures against global warming.
German Agency for Technical Cooperation, GTZ, has a multitude of experience in energy
conservation-related projects as bilateral assistance including a project in Thailand. In addition,
32
assistance agencies in the Netherlands and Denmark (COGEN, DANCED, etc.) implement
various assistance projects in developing countries.
33
Chapter 2
The overview of the current situation of energy conservation was addressed in the Chapter 1.
Accordingly, Chapter 2 reviews the purposes of implementation of energy conservation and practical
means that have countries achieve energy conservation
Firstly, three significant goals to implement energy conservation are outlined as follows.
(1) Reduction of energy consumption
(2) Reduction of greenhouse gases (CO2)
(3) Reduction of energy costs
Furthermore, three
Energy Security
Energy security is to ensure a constant and stable supply of energy.
supply, it is necessary for countries to increase the domestic energy self-sufficiency ratio and to
undertake diplomatic endeavors to secure stable energy suppliers. Especially, increasing the energy
self-sufficiency ratio is a direct means to achieve the goal. As the food self-sufficiency ratio, the
domestic energy self-sufficiency ratio is the core elements of the national security, and thus is a
politically prioritized issue.
outside the framework of state. For instance, the EU put emphasis on the EU regional energy
security as an important policy issue.
In order to increase the energy self-sufficiency ratio, it is necessary to develop and promote the
use of domestic untapped energy such as nuclear, wind and solar energy, and to enhance effective
utilization of existing energies (energy conservation).
Energy conservation contributes to solution to the global issues such as energy security and
possible future exhaustion of oil.
resources in the world, and countries need to effectively utilize the limited energy resources
Related issues of JICA: Energy supply
34
in particular), which lead to global warming, the measures for energy conservation functions as those
for elimination of greenhouse gas emissions. Energy conservation was conventionally implemented
for the purpose of raising income and ensuring energy security in many cases. However, in recent
years, the effect of CO2 reduction has been receiving attention, and in many cases, energy
conservation has been implemented for preventing global warming. Additionally, the restriction on
the use of oil and natural gas through energy conservation contributes not only to global warming,
but also to air pollution and environmental destruction due to earth excavation.
Related issues of JICA: Measures of global warming and preservation of the natural
environment
Income Increase
Income increase by reducing costs for energy utilities is a direct purpose and incentive of energy
conservation. Through the implementation of energy conservation, we can reduce the expenses for
wasteful energy consumption, and income will increase equivalent to the amount of the reduction.
Through energy conservation, payments for the utility of electricity and gas will decrease and these
savings will be utilized for other expenditures at the household level. At the business and factory
levels, the decrease of energy consumption per unit of production (cost reduction of production) will
enhance their competitiveness. Increasing income and enhancing business competitiveness at the
national level contribute to economic growth.
If the emission-trading scheme for greenhouse gas, based on the Kyoto Mechanism, can be
effectively utilized, the reduced gas through energy conservation can be sold as assets. It allows not
only reducing costs but also increasing income concurrently.
Related issues of JICA : Private Sector Development
Based on the experiences of Japan and other countries, this section outlines the effective policy
approaches in order to achieve energy conservation in general. In addition, approaches this section
deal with is defined as approaches by policies, which is positively
implemented by
governments, and energy conservation approaches mainly by the self-help efforts of private sectors
are excluded here, unless they are controlled by the policies.
The main three points of effective policy approaches concerning energy conservation are as
follows.
(1) Establishing energy conservation systems
35
Establishing a system to take advantage of human resources inside factories and a system to
utilize outsourcing services .
(2) Implementation of administrative services relating to energy conservation
Implementation of training courses, EA for factories, and activities of publicity, awareness,
and dissemination
(3) Promoting the energy conservation business market
Promotion of ESCO business and improvement of business environment of the market
In regards to the aforementioned relationship, the matter in (1) is a framework, and the matters in
(2) and (3) are the individual measures that are positioned in the framework. It should be noted that
the methods in (2) and (3) will be fundamentally differentiated depending upon the form of the
matter in (1).
The systems are roughly divided into two types: the system based on laws and regulations and on
market principles. The former is well adopted in Japan and the tendency of the latter is strong in
Europe and the U.S.. The frameworks of promotion of energy conservation differ depending on
countries. Thus, when it comes to a concept of effective policy approaches, the structure of
framework for promotion of energy conservation ((1) above) should be conceived first. And then,
each measure ((2) and (3) above) concerning implementation of energy conservation services by
governments and promotion of activities of enterprises and markets for energy conservation should
be reviewed. This particular order is important.
36
The system of purposes for energy conservation above is organized as per Figure 2-1.
Measures
Energy security
of
global
Income increase
environment
Energy conservation
Structure
of
system
energy conservation
of
Implementation
services
of
administrative
relating
to
energy
Activation of market of
Others
energy conservation
conservation
37
commercial basis.
There are no law that imposes specific regulations upon energy consumers in
examples;
Development of Human Resources in the Area of Energy Conservation
Training courses for engineers who have expertise of energy conservation are implemented.
Many technical colleges and big companies teach technical knowledge on energy conservation to
their students or employees. However, there are virtually no special courses for energy
conservation engineers open to public in training institutes. Therefore, in most of the cases, it is
necessary to establish new institutions. Since running such courses for energy conservation
engineers does not make profit and it is rather difficult for private sectors to run such course, it is
desirable that the government run such courses as part of public services.
For reference, the training implemented by the initiative of the government of Japan are as
follows. The technical cooperation of
38
training
(4) Continuation
39
In such a case, an effective approach for promoting energy conservation is to invite energy
auditors. Energy auditors will assess ongoing energy management and define points to be
improved. After the factory is visited by an energy auditor, the procedure will be as follows.
(2) feasibility study, a study for financial viability (3) implementation, and (4) continuation.
Implementing procedures of EA are generally as follows.
Table 2-1
Order
Step
Item of implementation
Announcement
of
results
and
of
advice
for
improvement (creation of a
audit report)
proposal
concerning
items
EA in Japan has been performed free of charge by the government (Energy Conservation Center).
However, giant companies have already achieved high levels of energy conservation and there are
few potential left for energy conservation. Thus, at present, EA has been implemented on small and
medium-sized enterprises that have poor technologies and on large-sized buildings whose energy
consumption has been rapidly increased.
For a country which has lots of potential for energy saving, proposal by an EA lead to a big cost
reduction (for example, in steel making industry, the cost saved is likely to exceed 100 million yen a
year). Therefore, EA is deemed to be a beneficial service worth paying for, and some private
40
companies that specialize in energy conservation offer EAs as business project. Those private
companies are called ESCO(Energy Service Company), and ESCO has formed a large market in
Europe and the U.S. where regulations on energy conservation by governments are not so tight.
Although ESCO has various forms of EA, in general, all of the processes from (1) through (3) in
Figure 2-2 are implemented first. Then, the service fees are collected only after satisfying result of
energy conservation benefits companies in the process of (4).
ESCO undertakes a series of tasks in EA, from making a proposal for improvement points to its
implementation including the collection of service fee. Therefore, there is no difficulty for factories
to receive the service due to the low cost. On the other hand, unless satisfying result of energy
conservation is gained, ESCO cannot collect the fees, and therefore, payout time is long. Unless
ESCO wins the confidence of the factories receiving the services, or have and strong supports from
government such as soft loans, it is difficult to run such a business.
In many cases, ESCO plays the active role in the household sector most, and then, in industrial
sector. This is because there is a great deal of energy consumption in the household sectors (specially,
in buildings) in general, where there is commonality and simplicity in the technical contents.
The
industrial sector use varieties of facilities and production processes in different business. Therefore,
they use different methods of energy conservation for each type of industry. Furthermore, in order to
implement detailed EA that covers the production processes, a highly technical level of expertise is
required for energy auditors.
secret that should not be disclosed externally. Thus, it is difficult for private sector to gain enough
profit only from ESCO business for their survival. Therefore, initially, it would be more effective
for the government to initiatively provide such services at low costs.
It should be noted that ESCOs advice specializes in effective energy conservation for the
company to make profits in a short run, not in a long run like advice from the government.
Thus,
important problems to be tackled in mid-to-long term remain unsolved, making the companys
policy rather unbalanced.
Approaches where EA is implemented by a private sector through market mechanism are stated in
(3) Policy approach 3 as below.
Publicizing and Disseminating Information about Energy Conservation
In order to promote energy conservation, it is effective to establish an energy saving activities
framework. At the same time, it is also important to ensure a change in the attitude of energy
consumers and to promote voluntary activities of energy conservation through performing the
activities of publicity, awareness, and dissemination of energy conservation. Especially, publicity
such as creation of a web page enables broad promotion of energy conservation to the public at
substantially less cost. Therefore, this is highly cost effective approach
There are various methods of publicity, awareness, and dissemination, such as creation of a web
41
page, issuance of subscribed magazines and books, sales of goods, or television commercial
messages. The activities of publicity, awareness, and dissemination can be seen everywhere in a
society other than in energy conservation, and effective methods of implementation have been
introduced via books, etc.
The main purpose of the activities of publicity, awareness, and dissemination is to improve
understanding of energy conservation (Why energy conservation should be performed?) and to
introduce know-how of energy conservation (How?). In the former activity, in particular, it is
important and effective to raise peoples consciousness and social awareness for energy
conservation.
In Japan, the new concept of smart life where people are expected to have
awareness of energy conservation in their daily lives is established, and the inspiring activities
aiming at reforming peoples lifestyle itself is being in progress.
In regards to the latter activity of introduction of know-how of energy conservation, the
following information are available in Japan.
[For industry and enterprise]
Laws and regulations, policies, and systems relating to energy conservation
Systems of qualification for Energy Manger
Knowledge for examination of a Energy Manger
Know-how applied to energy conservation technologies and factories
Latest technologies of energy conservation
Good practices of energy conservation
[For household sectors]
Checklists of a lifestyle
Dictionaries of energy conservation at home
Smart fashion
Handbooks for smart life
Catalogues for energy conservation products of home electric appliances
Energy conservation contests
In addition, awarding of model cases of energy saving and systems to recruit supporting members
for energy conservation are also part of public relations activities.
Policy Approach 3: Vitalizing Energy Conservation Market
The government extends support to promote the energy conservation activities mainly undertaken
by private sectors. Especially, it is important to enable EA to be disseminated through the use of the
market mechanism in the private services, with provision of supports from the available policy
measures.
That is to say, promotion of ESCO business and creation of support for the market are
42
necessary. In order to establish and continue the ESCO market, continuous policy measures are
required through the following procedures. The experience of policy adoption for the introduction of
the ESCO business into Japans market has allowed us to review the promotion methods of the
business so far. There is more room to cultivate further effective approaches by reviewing the
projects of ESCO leading countries in Europe and the U.S. as well as GEFs assistance programs of
ESCO, which has been successful in Malaysia and China, etc.
Formulation of Policies, Research on Past Cases, Market Survey
A country may study the cases of other countries where ESCO business has already been
established (U.S., Germany, and Japan), and conduct studies for the possibility and potential of the
business in the country. At the same time, a country may conduct market survey for demand and
supply.
As a result, when the government considers that a market would properly function for
business, the announcement of policy guidelines may be given to the private sectors .
Introduction of ESCO Business as Model Projects, Research and Survey
A model project of ESCO business should be implemented initiatively by the government
through subsidies for the first step of creating the market. The result of such project should be
surveyed and researched, and the policy measures should be improved. The government can
implement a model project in several methods as employing experts and providing trial EA
services free of charge or at small expense, or entrusting its implementation to cooperative
enterprises. As for the latter case, it is effective if the government itself becomes a customer and
if the services are implemented in the governmental buildings.
Establishment of Association
At the stage where private sector demanded ESCO services to a certain extent, ESCO
association may be established and it enables people to provide and exchange information and
opinions over energy policies. At the early stage after ESCOs establishment, it is assumed that
private consulting companies, power companies, and gas companies, etc., start such projects as
sub-businesses. At the initial stage where ESCO business can be implemented on a private-sector
basis, it is desirable for the government to be a continuous customer.
In such a case, granting of some qualifications to the registered ESCO enterprises is also
effective.
43
In Chapter 1 and 2, the current situations, purposes, and means of performing energy conservation
have been reviewed. Chapter 3 will present JICAs policies on energy conservation and answer the
questions of What JICA can achieve? and What is the most appropriate cooperation by JICA?
in the midst of the existing conditions of energy conservation.
This section will overview how JICAs projects can cooperate for the three effective policy
approaches presented in Chapter 2 (institution, public services, and market), in order to analyze the
effective ways of cooperation.
Establishing Energy Conservation System
Development Study for Master Plan on Energy Conservation System
In development studies, JICA will perform comprehensive survey of the current situations,
backgrounds, and potential of energy conservation in developing countries and formulate a
master plans the countries can utilize as guidelines for their development policies.
When
governmental agencies such as Energy Conservation Center in the developing countries are
dealing with energy conservation, it would be effective to provide the agencies with machines
and equipments for Energy Audit, since it would enable the agencies to visit and provide EA for
the plants of high energy consumption.
advantages: (1) The contents of a master plan become more realistic. (2) EA technologies are
transferred, (3) the audited institution can save energy as a result of EA.
Upon the creation of a master plan, JICA dispatches a group of Japanese experts and
consultants to development countries, and counterpart members of a recipient country and the
Japanese members work together on drafting a master plan.
development studies that JICA needs to make sufficient consultations with the counterparts,
fully understand the countrys existing situation in surveys, and formulate a master plan
corresponding to their needs rather than ours.
Dispatching Advisors to Establish Energy System (dispatch of 1 or 2 expert (s))
44
The purpose is to formulate a master plan as well as in 1). With minimum inputs, 1 or 2
policy adviser (s) is allocated at the ministry of the government in charge of energy
conservation (usually Ministry of Energy) for about 2 years (reviewed if necessary). Unlike a
development study in which a master plan is made by Japanese experts, the purpose is to
allocate personnel to provide advice regarding Japans experiences when a counterpart
country makes a master plan.
Europe and the U.S. frequently adopt concerning the energy sector.
The size of inputs is small, compared with the development study, and a long term allocation
of advisors is possible.
Thus, there are advantages that enable spending much of time for
45
Training Location
Training menu
JICA
New
Energy
and
Industrial
Technology
Development
of
energy
conservation
technologies
Development OrganizationNEDO
industrial sector
Buildings
In accordance with the demands of trainees, training locations and the acceptance period of all or
each training(s) are adjusted. Training in Japan can play a vital role for promotion of energy
conservation in developing countries, and thus the selection of trainees is important. It is necessary
to clarify the problems and needs of trainee side and to prepare the training programs and system to
solve such problems.
Energy Conservation Services by Government
Capacity development should be performed for institutions implementing governmental energy
conservation services as outlined in Chapter 2 (Energy Center or a part of departments or divisions
of ministry of energy apply normally). The technical issues are outlined as follows. Upon
implementation, it is important to create a comprehensive system, which covers not only technology
transfer but also the fields of finance and/or human resources, so that the recipient institutions can
acquire and develop the required abilities in a sustainable manner.
Transfer of Technologies for Energy Audit (EA) (Dispatch of Experts, Provision of Machinery
Equipments, and Training in Japan, etc)
46
Technologies for EA outlined in Chapter 2 are transferred to developing countries. JICA has
conducted technology transfer in six counties so far, such as Bulgaria, Turkey, etc. First, in
procedures, the equipment materials for EA (measurement equipment concerning temperature, air
mass flow, and steam flow, etc., mainly apply, and the total amount of such equipments cost about
20 million yen through procurement in Japan) and the vehicles that carry such equipments (called
Shoene Bus [energy conservation bus]) which costs about 3 million yen through the local
procurement) are provided. After the selection of factories which will receive EA, a group
including 5 -6 counterparts, 1 or 2 short-term expert(s), and 1 long-term expert visit the selected
plants and provide the services.
counterparts. The selected short-term experts are personnel who have experienced to provide EA
in Japan and also have sufficient knowledge of corresponding sector necessary for EA in
developing countries (iron making, metal machineries, and ceramic industry, etc.). All members
of long-term experts, short-term experts, and counterparts jointly implement all processes of EA.
The short-term experts perform energy audit as well as technology transfer to the counterparts.
The long-term experts supervise the project and conduct follow-up for the short-term experts.
The counterparts perform measurement and computation of the allocated portions and receive
lectures from the short-term experts about series of process including summarization of results
and proposals.
The past projects of technology transfer in EA have demonstrated the strong ownership and self
help development of recipient countries generated during the cooperation.
The technical
advantage of our country based on much of experience in this sector has been also recognized.
Therefore, it can be said that implementing the projects is of high relevance.
Items to remember upon the implementation are as follows.
(1) Although EA is performed by the counterparts as a part of administrative services, audited
factory must pay a certain amount of service fee. Thus, a factory receiving EA expects to have
good advice in return. At the same time, factories tend to be reluctant to spend their time on
activities for transfer of technologies.
(2) The result of transfer of technologies depends very much on the selection of short-term experts.
The utmost endeavors must be undertaken to understand the demands of the local parties and
report the result to Japan so that an appropriate person can be selected.
(3) In EA training for counterparts, instructions regarding an energy conservation measures of
no or low cost,a measure without investment for plants and equipments, should be given as
a basic step. In addition, it is also necessary to give the measures of large-scale energy
conservation investments.
(4) EA on production process is commonly performed in Japan. Upon JICAs transfer of
technology, however, cooperation performs EA on utilities (facilities) as a primary work.
Inspection of the production process may enable a more detailed audit and should be
implemented positively if possible. However, it is expected that some items required in the
47
audit on production process can be implemented only when the audit is continued for several
decades. Therefore, it is impossible for the audit to cover all processes of the all kinds of
industries within five-year period of transfer of technologies.
industries where the production process can be thoroughly inspected as in the textile industry in
Turkey. Thus, upon the consideration of the menu of technology transfer of EA, it is necessary
for the experts to review which industries and items should be audited.
Establishing a System of Qualification for Energy Conservation (Dispatch of Experts, Training
in Japan, etc.)
After legislation on energy conservation has been enacted, those who implement energy
conservation are normally appointed, and then, the establishment of qualification systems follows.
The type of qualification systems varies in accordance with the legislation of energy conservation.
For example, the qualifications for energy conservation are as follows.
(1) Qualification for energy management at factories
(2) Qualification for EA
(3) Qualification for the creation of an energy management report
In Japan, qualification systems of energy conservation based on the Energy Conservation Law
have been established and applied. The experience in Japan would be useful for developing
countries that will start such systems. The personnel who is familiar with the qualification systems
of energy conservation in Japan are dispatched as advisors to establish in developing countries the
system of the qualifications and also to make questions for examinations.
Establishing Training Courses on Energy Conservation (Dispatch of Experts, Provision of
machinery equipments, and Training in Japan, etc)
The establishment of training courses for energy conservation has been achieved in six
countries including Turkey, Thailand, and etc.
utilizing mini-plants, which is based on the courses provided in Japan by Sumikin Management
Co., Ltd as an entrusted business from the Energy Conservation Center. In order to establish the
training courses, the following cooperation is required.
(1) Creation of curriculums and textbooks by long-term experts of heat and electricity and
short-term experts from each field, provision of training for counterparts to be training
instructors, and assistance for entire operation and management of the courses and the
acceptance of trainees
(2) Installation and start-up of the provided equipments (mini-plant and peripheral machinery
equipments)
(3) Installation and start-up of locally procured components of a mini-plant
(4) Education of training instructors (counterparts) in training in Japan
The contents of training-course curriculums differ in accordance with demands of developing
countries. Before establishment, the curriculums have to be carefully examined and discussed in
48
a preparatory study.
sustainable development after the end of projects, which was recognized in the past project
experiences, the number of trainees and reasons for them to take the courses have to be clarified
at the stages of preparatory study. After such process, the necessity of cooperation should be
deliberately reviewed. The past projects did not always provide training courses that
corresponded with the demands of a recipient country.
In addition to the basic inputs of advisory expert dispatches, the equipment provision
The
cooperation by dispatch of experts, provision of equipments, and training in Japan can cover the
following items presented as the effective approaches in Chapter 2.
Survey for the precedent and market of energy conservation business
Assistance for introduction of model projects and for research and study
Establishment of ESCO association
49
General Outline
In 3-1-1, the methods to effectively implement individual projects have been outlined. At the same
time, the successful cases of an individual project do not necessarily lead to a promotion of energy
conservation for the entire nation, only with contribution to a part of it.
promotion of energy conservation for the entire nation, it is essential to have a view (view of
program) as to how individual cooperation methods are combined to form entire cooperation. Here,
how JICA looks at the programs in the field of energy conservation will be explained.
Basic concepts are as follows.
Developing countries will not be changed by the cooperation of JICA. The power of
willingness of developing countries that intend to change themselves shall be utilized to the
utmost extent, which shall lead the countries to a proper direction through the cooperation of
JICA.
The energy conservation that targets a nation means a macro level of engagement that influences
all patterns of energy consumption in industrial, household, and transportation sectors. In Japan, for
instance, about 10,000 factories that are relatively large in the industrial sector only (Type 1 and 2 of
designated energy management factories) are working on energy conservation.
In order to
implement such large-scale reforms, the large-scale of policies, budgets, and systems and a log time
period are necessary for governmental administrative departments, and also self-help efforts from
private sectors are essential. Only JICAs small-scale input, several hundred million yen for five
years at most, is not sufficient in reality to build new system that would generate the positive effect
of energy conservation at national level.
entire efficiency of energy use in recipient countries. This is the difficulty of implementing energy
conservation.
The only way for JICAs small-scale projects to achieve the goal is to implement them
strategically. If cooperation is performed in a strategic manner based on the past experiences, it is
possible for JICAs projects to be a part of contributions to realizing the promotion of energy
conservation in developing countries. Being strategic means full-scale selection and concentration,
and to have a long term view.
this case, a pin-point target have two aspects: the willingness of recipient countries and the timing
of assistance.
Thewillingness of recipient countries corresponds with previous terms of The power of
willingness of developing countries that intend to change themselves shall be utilized to the utmost
extent.
This means the necessity of providing assistance that meets the needs of developing
countries: what they intend to perform next and what they demand in order to establish systems and
organizations.
That is to say, 80% of assistance efforts are devoted to what the developing
countries can achieve with their willingness, and the rest of 20% to the creation of additional values
50
which they cannot perform by themselves. Comparatively superior technologies are strongly
demanded in this type of cooperation, and energy conservation is one of assistance field suitable for
it.
Some may take it for granted that assistance to promote self-help efforts of developing countries
to the utmost and then go along with them work well.
cases because we tried to introduce systems which worked well in Japan to developing countries
believing they are superior to the systems they have.
On the other hand, it is also important to judge whether or not what a developing country intends
to perform next is correct . When policies that go in the wrong direction are assisted, there is a
danger of policy change on a unilateral basis. A typical example of incorrect policies is to sow seeds
in bad soil. First, a system (soil) must be created, and then an organizations that is positioned on
such system is created.
Such order must be kept. Requests from developing countries that desire
to sow the seeds but have no soil must be discussed and examined with them through development
studies, and JICA has to restructure the contents of cooperation with responsibilities as necessary.
The timing of assistance, the other concept of pin-points, is to start assistances after figuring
out when developing countries intend to change themselves.
repeatedly, with continuous inputs in the long run. In technical cooperation projects, inputs are
usually intensively implemented in five years , and it may be more effective in some cases to divide
the five-year project period into two: two and three years of separately implemented projects, for
example, when the projects have sufficient inputs for five years. In the first two years, a master plan
on energy conservation system is made, and the next two years have no inputs, waiting until the
legislation of the master plan is established.
qualification system of Energy Managers and training courses would be introduced in the
cooperation projects in the following three years. When the initially formulated master plan is not
legislated, it is possible not to continue any additional inputs. In order to implement such actions, it
is necessary to consider program.
and this view enables us to continue assistance in different circumstances of recipient countries.
Successful Case of Program Cooperation
It is said that the project in Turkey is the most successful case of all previously implemented
projects in cooperation of the energy conservation sector of JICA.
project, which is being implemented as of 2004, the counterpart members of the National Energy
Conservation Center in Turkey (EIE/UETM) have shown excellent performances of managing both
training courses and EA services, which are core parts of the technology transfer.
In addition, they
also have played important roles in promoting energy conservation in the country.
As a result of proper contents of several inputs performed at proper timings, the JICAs project
has contributed to the promotion of energy conservation in Turkey.
is continuous endeavors of the Turkish government, and the supports from Japan have not
51
timing by JICA, and Turkish government took advantage of the opportunity and has made the
present achievements.
The factors of success in Turkey are outlined as below.
Background of Energy Conservation in Turkey
52
1995-1997:
JICAs expert dispatch
1995-1997:
Implementation of JICAs development study
NECC performed promotional activities of energy conservation such as EA, training, and publicity.
However, the Energy Conservation Law was not established and the quality level of energy
conservation technologies was not high. In such circumstances, the development study on the master
plan, provision of EA for trial, and a study and survey on industrial sectors were performed in order
to promote energy conservation activities of UETM..
1997-2000:
JICAs expert dispatches
JICAs follow-up development studies and studies for the possibility of further cooperation
required expert dispatches from the energy conservation sector.
2000-2005:
Implementation of JICAs technical cooperation projects
For enhancement of energy conservation activities by EIE/UETM, EA, training, and publicity, were
implemented.
2004-2005:
Implementation of JICAs third-country training programs
At the stage where the result of JICAs technical cooperation projects was partially obtained,
third-country training programs were performed. The programs prepare EIE/UETM to manage
projects by themselves while it also aimed to benefit neighboring countries from dissemination of
technology.
Future outlook
2005- Senior overseas volunteers (scheduled)
Establishment of the Energy Conservation Law has become realistic within Turkey. Thus, more
cross-cutting activities for energy conservation among ministerial agencies have been seen. Also, the
abilities of EIE/UETM are sufficient to promote energy conservation within Turkey. Therefore, it is
judged that Turkey can independently promote energy conservation in the industrial sector without
assistance from other countries in the future, and therefore, senior overseas volunteers are to be
dispatched for follow-up.
2005- Technical cooperation projects (scheduled)
In Turkey, a great amount of energy is consumed in industrial and power generation sectors. The
system of promoting energy in industrial sectors conservations has been established by assistance
from donors. Thus, the next target of cooperation on the energy conservation is power generation
sectors.
The factors of the successful case in Turkey quoted from above are the followings:
The training in Japan introduced Japans experience on energy conservation to the trainee of a
Turkish policy maker.
Turkey at that time.
The creation of a master plan was completed in development studies when EIE started reviewing
an overall picture of energy conservation policies
After EIE/UETM learned and acquired simple EA technologies from assistance provide by the
World Bank and UNIDO, JICA performed the transfer of advanced technology of EA, which
targeted for factories.
Practical training courses utilizing mini-plants were established by technical cooperation project
by JICA when EIE/UETM was providing factories with classroom lectures for Energy Managers
53
All of cooperation above was performed with proper contents at proper timings.
Timing of Inputs at Each Stage
The lessons from the cooperation in Turkey allow us to group countries into three categories by
their promotion level of energy conservation.
Level 1: Stage of Assistance for Establishing a System
Countries that needs assistance for establishing fundamental systems on energy conservation.
Dispatches of policy advisor, training in Japan for policy makers, and development studies are
expected as in(1) Establishing of energy conservation systems of 3-1-1.
Level 2: Stage of Assistance for Individual Measures
Countries that have established fundamental system on energy conservation to some extent (Since
completely established system is hardly seen even in developed countries, only necessary is to find
out whether the country has decent environment where assistance can be implemented. This has to
be confirmed in preparatory studies.). Assistance for those countries shall be establishment of
organizations and provision of support for energy conservation activities as in method presented in
(2) Implementation of services of energy conservation by the government and (3) Promotion
of the energy conservation market in 3-1-1.
Level 3: Stage of Assistance for Self-Help Development
Countries beyond the stage of level 2, where systems of promoting energy conservation have
been reinforced and positive results of energy conservation have been obtained to some extent.
The small input of follow up assistance, including third country training, and dispatch of senior
oversea volunteers, is available to promote self-help development, benefit neighboring countries,
perform troubleshooting, and transfer knowledge for further development of the countries.
54
The methods of effective cooperation in energy conservation sectors of JICA have been presented.
At the same time, assistance policies also require priorities regarding which countries to be assisted.
The way the decisions on such priorities are made will be briefly mentioned in this section.
Energy conservation has overall goal of making contribution to global environment measures.
Thus, all countries whose energy use is predicted to grow in the future will find this concept highly
applicable. Among those, especially, countries which meet the following conditions are likely to
receive high priority for foreign assistance in energy conservation sector.
Few countries seem to meet all of the following conditions, and energy conservation can be still
achieved without the conditions sufficiently met.
a tool for making a priority order.
statistical data of the growth rate of demands for commercially used primary energy and electricity,
and electricity prices.
High Policy Priority on Energy Conservation.
In countries placing a high policy priority on energy conservation, counterparts are generally well
organized and have good ability for operation.
successfully achieve energy conservation, and thus cooperation in those countries is significant.
The policy priority is not necessarily measurable from statistical data, influenced by other factors,
and it is necessary to observe and understand the bureaus and counterparts in charge of energy
conservation.
organization working for its promotion place a high policy priority on energy conservation.
55
Lastly, points to be remembered upon JICAs future cooperation on energy conservation will be
listed as lessons from its past cooperation experience.
The concept of target on energy conservation (giant enterprises and small and medium-sized
enterprises)
The requests for promoting energy conservation in small and medium-sized enterprises are
sometimes raised by developing countries.
countries are foreign affiliates, and they own technologies and experts on energy conservation.
However, about 80% of energy consumption in developing countries is generated from those giant
corporations, and the effect of cooperation for the small and medium-sized enterprises would not
give much influence to the national level of energy conservation. Moreover, the significance of
energy conservation is poorly recognized in small and medium-sized enterprises, and they invest in
other necessities prior to energy conservation.
engineers and publicizing energy conservation are simply not enough. There must be policy
incentives such as laws and regulations ensuring subsidies for investing in energy conservation.
The governments of developing countries tend to think that establishing no subsidy system and
policies still allow medium-sized enterprises to voluntarily tackle energy conservation if the
enterprises learn the potential of energy conservation to reduce business costs. However, many small
and medium-sized enterprises suffering from limited financial sources cannot afford even making
investments prior to energy conservation, although their improvement points are clearly identified.
When the cooperation targets only small and medium-sized enterprises, it is important to find out
if the country extends political assistance such as subsidies and legislations. Also, it is necessary to
target the entire society, and thus the cooperation should involve giant corporations as well as small
and medium sized enterprises.
Differences in Basic Understandings of Energy Conservation among Countries (between
Japan, Europe and the United States)
Utilizing the knowledge of Japan does not mean faithful copy of Japanese model in
developing counties but transforming corresponding portions into the form adoptable to the
utilization of recipient countries.
conservation between Japan, and Europe and the United States: the former through its legal
regulations and latter through the use of market mechanisms.
system, which was a driving force of Japan to reach the highest global standard, is not commonly
undertaken in Europe and the U.S., in which the countries tend to place a priority on encouraging
businesses such as ESCO rather than exercising regulations.
56
This is accepted in
the society where familiarity with the principle of what the private sector can do should be
performed by the private sector is common. Therefore, governments are afraid of the backlash from
the private sector when exercising new regulations.
It is necessary to note that cooperation should be always reviewed over whether or not the
introduction of Japans experience on energy conservation is suitable for the circumstances of
countries adopting the approaches of Europe and the United States, and there is no need to stick to
Japans approach.
Provision of Mini-Plants
Many of technical cooperation projects on energy conservation have provided mini-plants and
training courses utilizing the training facilities.
commonly used in factories across all industrial sectors, is a facility designed for effectively
providing trainees with practical training courses on energy conservation.
It has contributed to
It is necessary to adequately
review the appropriateness of introducing a mini-plant, and upon the determination of its
introduction, sufficient preparation is necessary.
What has been mainly pointed out thus far is as follows.
The mini-plant aims to provide opportunities to acquire basic technologies on energy conservation,
and trainees are expected to acquire skills of manually operating its equipments.
On the other
hand, the training level is sometimes not high enough for trainees from giant corporations,
especially when they have automatic operation in their factories.
facility needs enough space for practical training classrooms, and building construction work
including interior parts are normally necessary before the installation to a mini-plant. The
constructions must be completed by the recipient countries with no delay.
Since equipments such as boilers, furnaces, and open burners generate high temperature of heat,
restrictions in accordance with the Fire Defense Law may apply.
For the effective utilization of a mini-plant, a specially designed facility, the expertise of
mini-plant training is required at each stage of formulating specifications, installation, trial
operations, and training.
For sustainability of energy conservation , the counterparts need to acquire the maintenance
skills of the mini-plant as well as its operation skills.
short-term expert (or a long-term expert) who sufficiently understand the structure of mini-plant
facilities.
57
Guidelines
After drafted and publicized, the Thematic Guidelines, presenting us lessons and analysis of
effective approaches over promoting energy conservation, shall play its primary role when JICA
makes decision upon formulating new projects in energy conservation sector.
Most significantly,
Since the
adoption of Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997,
international frameworks have been steadily established. The promotion of energy conservation is
directly linked with CO2 reduction, one of the greenhouse gases.
Japan as well as of developing countries have separated energy conservation from global
environment issues, dealing with each of them in different bureaus.
projects on energy conservation to global environment projects has been hardly discussed. .
From now on, it is necessary to consider not only how trend of global warming works as an
incentive of promoting energy conservation, but also how energy conservation contributes to the
global issue.
For example, the possibility of gaining certified emission reduction (CER) from EA is
considered. It is important to have partnerships with organization working on the global warming
issue.
Other relating fields of energy conservation
The information of energy conservation projects has not been sufficiently exchanged between JICA
and other organizations such as NEDO, the World Bank, and others presented in Chapter 1.
is expected to have partnerships with them.
JICA
sometimes seen even in countries where similar types of projects are implemented for the same
counterparts (example case is in Thailand).
various types of projects are mixed, building a strong partnership would lead to future success of
projects.
Japan has a history in which the energy conservation was promoted by self-help efforts from
58
In the past technical cooperation on energy conservation, the evaluation of projects was based on
the number of inputs, such as the number of trainees taking courses and of factories receiving
EA.
be applied to programs, which is possibly operated in the long run, while its introduction to projects
seems more difficult due to its relatively limited operation period.
59
Project type
Period of
cooperation
(1)
Project-type
1992.7 -1997.7
technical
cooperation
(2)
The
Industrial
Energy
Conservation
Project
Argentine Republic
Project-type
1995.7 -2000.6
technical
cooperation
(3)
Project-type
1995.11-2000.10
technical
cooperation
(4)
Project-type
Turkey
technical
2000.8 -2005.7
cooperation
(5)
Project-type
2002.4 -2005.4
technical
cooperation
(6)
Project-type
technical
2002.9 -2007.8
cooperation
Technical
2003.3 -2007.2
cooperation
project
(8)
Technical
2004.7 -2008.6
cooperation
project
: In operation as of 2004
60
Name of project
1. Background
project
2. Project goal
3. Project period
of
Energy
Efficiency
Center Project / the
Republic of Bulgaria
July 1991: Request
from the Bulgarian
government for a study
on the possibility of
energy conservation
February 1992-January
1994:
Development
Study
September
1993:
Request
from
the
government
for
cooperation on the
Establishment
of
Energy
Efficiency
Center
January 1994: Dispatch
of a Basic Study team
for cooperation in
energy conservation in
Eastern Europe
November
1994:
Dispatch
of
a
preparatory study team
May 1995: Dispatch of
long-term experts
August 1995: Making
a consultation for
implementation
and
signing on R&D.
-EA in factories
-Improvement
for
technologies
-Economic evaluation
-Information
management
-Publicity
-Proposal of measures
-Environmental
evaluation by energy
conservation
5 years (November
1995 October 2000)
61
To
strengthen
the
capacity and function
of the energy center to
propose
energy
conservation measures
by themselves and
instruct
industrial
sectors for energy
conservation
4. Counterpart
Short-term
expert
(total number, the
number
of
months/frequency)
Acceptance
of
trainee
(1-2
month(s)/frequency)
Provision
equipment
of
Dalian
Economic
Committee/
Energy
Conservation
Training
Center in Dalian
National Institute of
Industrial
Technology
(INTI)/Research
and
Development Center for
Energy
Conservation
CIPURE)
Energy
Efficient
Center of Ministry of
Economy, Trade and
Industry (EEC)
Leader:
Susumu
Horiguchi Kiyoshi
Yoshimoto
Coordinator:
Mitsuo
Yoshida Yoshinobu
Kariya
Long-term experts (heat):
Hiroshi MurataHiroshi
Mizuta
Long-term
expers
(electricity):Tadayuki
Komada Tetsuomi
Nawa
Establishment
of
a
practical training plant : 7
persons
Method of use and
calibration of measuring
equipment: 2 persons
Lecture of technologies
for energy conservation:
7 persons
Energy
audit
on
processes: 5 persons
Total: 21 persons
1993FY:
4
(observation type)
1994Y:
4
(observation type)
1995FY:
4
(observation type)
1996FY:
4
(obervation type)
1997FY:
3
(observation type)
Total: 19 persons
1995FY:
4
persons
(observation type)
1996FY:
3
persons
(observation type)
1997FY:
2
persons
(practical training type)
1998FY:
2
persons
(practical training type)
1999FY: 3 persons (2
persons for practical
training type and 1
person for observation
type)
2000FY:
1
person
(practical training type)
Total 16 persons
1995FY: 2 persons
(observation type)
1996FY: 2 persons
(observation type)
1997FY: 2 persons
(practical training type)
1998FY: 1 person
(practical training type)
1999FY: 2 persons (1
person for practical
training type and 1
person for visitation
type)
2000FY: none
Total (up to 1999FY):
9 persons
Measuring machinery
equipments for EA:
persons
persons
persons
persons
persons
62
Domestic assistance
activity
6.
Activity
transfer
technology
for
of
7.
Activities
of
long-term experts at
local sites
Establishment
of
practical
training
plant
Training for CP
Acceptance, inspection,
and troubleshooting on
equipments
Guidance
of
test
operation and operating
technologies
Creation of training text
books for a practical
training plant
Transfer of technologies
to
CPs
(plant
management, heat, and
electricity management)
Guidance for the method
of use for measuring
machinery equipments
Creation of teaching
materials for training and
guidance
for
implementation
63
simple measurement
equipments (Keyence
System),
such as
analyzer
of
gas
emissions,
thermometer,
and
flowmeter, etc.
Equipments
for
education: audio-visual
equipmenst,
office
automation equipments
such
as
personal
computers, and books
Supply of technical
information,
recruitment of experts,
planning
and
implementation
of
training programs in
Japan, and holding
domestic committees,
etc.
(1) EA, not including
a practical training
plant (mini-plant)
(2)
Selection
and
assistance of a model
factory, designed for
the diffusion of energy
conservation
from
EA-recipient factories
None
Transfer
of
technologies to CPs
(plant
management,
heat, and electricity
management)
Guidance
for
the
method of use for
measuring machinery
equipments
Structural
improvement of EEC
Creation of handbooks
for implementation of
the EA and clarification
of possible items of the
audit
Reinforcement
of
CIPURE
for
its
organizational self-help
development
Guidance of the
Energy Audit in
factory
Transfer
of
EA
technologies
Implementation of EA and
guidance
for
its
improvement
Improvement
of
information system
Guidance
for
training
and
publicity activity
8.
Energy
Conservation Law,
etc.
Visitations to factories
Training, seminars, lecture
meetings, etc.
Many
classroom-lecture
type training were already
held.
Implementation
of
training for using practical
training
devices
in
December, 1997 including
videos, brochures, and
news letters, ect for public
relation.
Transfer
of
EA
technologies
Implementation of EA
and guidance for its
improvement
Energy
conservation
database of (factory data,
cases
of
energy
conservation, etc)
Database by sector and
customer
Improvement
of
updating/management of
technical information
Visitation to factories
Training
(including
practical
training
at
plants), seminars, lecture
meetings, etc.
Seminars
by
long-term/short-term
experts, etc.
CP
training
courses
(Energy Managers, and
boiler operators)
Brochures for sales for
soliciting of training and
EA
Videos, brochures, and
news letters for public
relation
Establishment
of
partnership
with
domestic
relative
organizations
The quality of CPs has
reached a considerably
Satisfactory level, but
there are no heat control
system.
The
energy
policies
target
the
suppliers, and the energy
64
for
its
self-help
development
(promoting discussions
with undersecretary of
Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry,
Energy Secretary, and
officers of embassies
and making efforts for
receiving fund sources
through cooperation of
NEDOs study and of
ESCO establishment
Transfer
of
EA
technologies:
OJT
through
a
model
factory (designated 5
factories)
Implementation of EA
and guidance for its
improvement
Energy conservation
database of (factory
data, cases of energy
conservation, etc)
Database by sector and
customer
Visitation to factories
Seminars and lecture
meetings, etc.
Seminars
by
long-term/short-term
experts, etc.
CPs participation in an
academic conference
to report the case study
of EA, holding EEC
seminars.
Creation of brochures,
ball pens with a logo
mark, and wall-hung
clock
for
public
relations
Introduction of EEC to
foreign
countries
through the domestic
radio programs
July 1999: Energy
Conservation Law was
enacted.
However,
bylaws were not yet.
No obligation for EA is
required. Transfer of
technologies to CP is
conservation
for
consumers
(industrial
sectors) is dependent
upon
their
self-help
efforts. Training and
appropriate allocation of
personnel are required.
65
almost completed.
Project
of
Energy
Conservation
/
The
Republic of Turkey
September
1997:
Request from Turkish
government for The
establishment of training
courses for future Energy
Managers.
April 1999: Dispatch of a
preparatory study team
October 1999:
of a short-term
team
Dispatch
advisory
December
study
rd
2001:
Project on Energy
Management
Promotion / Islamic
Republic of Iran
March
1999:
Study
June
2001:
short-term study
1997-March
Development
May-August
1999:
Dispatch of short-term
experts
th
October
2000:
Dispatch
of
a
preparatory study team
May
2001:
short-term study
1st
July
2001:
short-term study
2nd
To
improve
educational system of a
person responsible for
energy
(Energy
Managers)
with
advanced technologies
and abilities
Transfer of training
projects/system
of
qualified person for heat
management
Training project
Establishment of Energy
Manager support system
EA on factories
66
November
2000:
Request
for
establishment
of
Energy Conservation
Center
1st
March
2002:
5th
short-term study
The
governmental
system
where
industrial sectors of
Poland can promote
energy conservation
measures is improved
by ECTC.
Transfer of training
projects/system
of
qualified person for
heat management
Transfer of training
projects/system
of
qualified person for
heat management
Information
and supply
management
EA for factories
Publicity
Publicity
Information
management
Proposal of measures
Publicity
Coordinator:
Iwasa
Long-term
experts
(technology): Iwao Asada
Long-term experts
Jyunichi Naeka
Long-term
(training):
Kawase
Long-term
experts:
Hidetaka Urakubo
experts
Taichiro
Proposal of measures
Proposal of measures
Establishment
of
support system of
energy conservation
support
member
system
4 years (July 2004
June 2008)
Polish
National
Energy Conservation
Agency (KAPE)
Leader:
Iwanami
Kazutoshi
Ryosuke
Coordinator: Yoshinori
Terazaki
:
Long-term
experts
(heat):Masataka
Morita
Long-term
(electricity):
Takahashi
experts
Susumu
Measuring
machinery
equipments for EA:
analyzer
of
gas
emissions, thermometer,
and flowmeter, etc.
Equipments
for
education: audio-visual
equipments, and office
automation equipments
such
as
personal
computers
Measuring machinery
equipments for EA:
analyzer
of
gas
emissions,
thermometer,
and
flowmeter, etc.
Equipments
for
education:
audio-visual
equipments, and office
automation
67
Shuichi
Long-term
experts
(heat):Yaufumi
Serizawa
Long-term
(electricity):
Kamiya
experts
Kiyoshi
Long-term
experts
(policy):
Mitsuo
Ninomiya
About 5 persons a year
About 4 persons a year
Plant
of
practice
training:
boiler,
furnace, trap facilities,
and pump and fan
facilities
Measuring machinery
equipments for EA:
analyzer
of
gas
emissions,
thermometer,
and
flowmeter, etc.
Equipments
for
education:
audio-visual
equipments, and office
equipments
such
as
personal computer, and
books
Creation
of
basic
specifications
of
a
practical training plant,
supply
of
technical
information, recruitment of
experts,
and
holding
domestic committees, etc.
equipments such as
personal computer
Creation
of
basic
specifications
of
practical training plants,
supply
of
technical
information, recruitment
of experts, and holding
domestic
committees,
etc.
(1) Transfer of a system
of qualified person for
heat management in
Japan
(2) The facilities for
practical
training
(mini-plant) are provided
for the
purpose of
training personnel to be
able to conduct EA for
energy
conservation
within factories of each
enterprise.
Creation of basic
specifications
of
practical
training
plants,
supply
of
technical information,
recruitment of experts,
and holding domestic
committees, etc.
(1) Transfer of a
system of qualified
person
for
heat
management in Japan
(2) EA for factory
(3) Adoption of a
system of assistance
member
Acceptance,
inspection,
and troubleshooting of
equipments
Acceptance, inspection,
and troubleshooting of
equipments
Acceptance,
inspection,
troubleshooting
equipments
Guidance
of
trial
operation and operating
technologies
(1) Training
(2) E A
(3) Publicity and proposal
of policies
Creation
of
teaching
materials for training
course and guidance of
implementation
Guidance of the method of
use
for
measuring
machinery equipments
Transfer of technologies of
Transfer of technologies
68
and
of
automation equipment
such
as
personal
computers
Creation of basic
specifications
of
practical
training
plants,
supply
of
technical information,
recruitment of experts,
and holding domestic
committees, etc.
(1) Transfer of a
system of qualified
person
for
heat
management in Japan
(slightly lower level)
(2) Dispatch of experts
for supporting policies
(3)SABA
as
a
cooperative
group
implements
understanding
of
effect
of
energy
conservation
at
factories, transfer of
and
guidance
of
technologies
to
factories.
The
guidance and advice to
SABA is conducted by
Japan.
Acceptance,
inspection,
troubleshooting
equipments
and
of
Guidance
of
test
operation
and
operating technologies
Guidance of trial
operation
and
operating technologies
Creation of training
text for a practical
training plant
Transfer
of
technologies relating
to a system of
qualified person for
heat management in
Japan
Creation of training
text books for a
practical training plant
Transfer
of
technologies relating
to a system of
qualified person for
heat management in
Japan
Assistance of creation
of teaching materials
for training
Transfer
of
through
using
the
machinery equipments
for practical training
Implementation of EA and
guidance
for
its
improvement
Assistance for issuance of
energy
conservation
technology handbooks
Assistance of structuring
energy
conservation
database
Introduction of standards
for judgment of energy
conservation
Assistance for enhancing
publicity
systems
for
energy conservation
Regulations in accordance
with
Ministerial
Ordinances exist.
technologies of EA for
factories
Implementation and
guidance
of
improvement
concerning an audit
for factory
Assistance for creation
of information system
None in principle
Supply of information
supply of information
to the cooperative
agencies of Iran
The
Energy
Conservation Law exists.
The
Energy
Law
exists, but no Energy
Conservation
Law
exists.
The
establishment
of
Energy Conservation Law
is awaiting a decision
making
at
Cabinet
meetings concerning.
Form
(2)
Energy conservation in industrial sectors in Republic of
Turkey
(3)
Energy conservation in Poland
(4)
(5)
69
Period of
cooperation
1997.1-2000.1
Dispatch of
experts
Dispatch of
1997.1-2000.1
experts
Dispatch of
1999
experts
Acceptance
2004.9-2004.10
of trainees
Third-country 2004.11-2004.12
training
: In operation as of 2004
Form
(1)
Study on master plan for project on energy
conservation / Kingdom of Thailand
(2) Study on maser plan for industrial energy conservation
in People's Republic of China
(3)
Study on master plan for energy conservation for
factory / Argentine Republic
(4)
Study on master plan for energy conservation in
Republic of Hungary
(5) Study on master plan for energy conservation in
Republic of Bulgaria
(6)
Study on master plan for optimum use of energy in
Islamic Republic of Iran
(7)
Study on master plan for rational use of energy in
Republic of Turkey
(8)
Study on master plan for energy conservation in
Republic of Poland
(9)
Study on master plan for promotion of energy
conservation in Malaysia
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Development
Study
Period of
cooperation
1982
-1984
1985.10-1986.9
1987.12-1989.1
1991.7 -1992.8
1992.2 -1994.1
1995.9 -1997.9
1995.11-1997.2
1997.3 -1999.1
1998.1 -1999.2
70
71
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
Total
Albania
Bulgaria
18
Croatia
Czechoslovakia
11
Estonia
Hungary
10
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
21
10
Romania
14
11
Slovakia
13
12
Ukraine
13
Yugoslavia
14
Serbia and
10
12
11
10
12
11
12
11
11
12
112
Montenegro
Total
Related projects
In addition to the aforementioned projects, JICA has implemented the following projects in other
sectors as related projects.
energy conservation .
Related projects of renewable energy and efficiency of power transmission and distribution
(managed by Economic Development Department)
Related projects of environmental protection and air pollution (managed by Global Environment
Department)
Related projects of transportation and traffic (managed by Social Development Department)
72
World Bank
Project Name
ID
Product Line
Coutry/
Area
Approval
Date
P078131
Global Environment
Project
Tunisia
4-Nov-04
P070246
Global Environment
Project
Poland
14-Oct-04
P068124
Global Environment
Project
Uruguay
13-May-04
P075343
IBRD/IDA
Serbia and
Montenegro
16-Mar-04
P073542
Carbon Offset
Czech
Republic
17-Oct-03
P079978
IBRD/IDA
Croatia
7-Oct-03
P071461
Global Environment
Project
Croatia
7-Oct-03
P071019
Global Environment
Project
Vietnam
24-Jun-03
P066396
IBRD/IDA
Vietnam
25-Jun-02
P073778
Global Environment
Project
Vietnam
25-Jun-02
P065059
IBRD/IDA
Poland
7-Jun-01
P055906
Global Environment
Project
India
27-Jun-00
P055739
IBRD/IDA
Ukraine
27-Jan-00
P039200
IBRD/IDA
Brazil
5-Oct-99
Country/Area
Initial Listing
Most Recent
Update
TYPE
19-Oct-01
29-Jul-02
PPTA
73
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2004) Energy White Paper/2004 version published
by GYOSEI Corporation ion
Committee of Editing of Almanac for Resources and Energies (2003) 2003/2004 Almanac for
Resources and Energies published by Industry Data Publishing Company
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2004) Energy 2004 published by Energy-forum
Energy Conservation Measures of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2003)
Enlarged Edition of Statute Book of Energy Conservation Law revised in 2003 published by
Energy Conservation Center
Energy Conservation Center (2004) Manual of Facilities and Equipment for Energy
Conservation in 2004 published by Energy Conservation Center
Unit for Analysis of Economy of Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (2004) Illustrated
Introduction of How to Read Energy and Economy Data (revised version) Energy
Conservation Center
Mitsuo Iguchi
Conservation Center
74
Kazuo Usui
Kiyoshi Kamiya and Shiro Suzuki (2003) Energy Conservation of Buildings published by
Denkishoin co.,ltd.
Web sites
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
http://www.meti.go.jp/
http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
http://www.eccj.or.jp/link/link_j.html
75