AUTOMOTIVE

IGNITION

MAGNETO
ITS

PRINCIPLE

APPLICATION

AND

WITH
REFERENCE

SPECIAL

ENGINES

AVIATION

TO

BY

MICH.

TOEPEL

E.

\A
Member
V.

Instructor

Automotive

Society
S.

School

Government

To-

SPON

"

"

F.

N.

SPON,

120

LTD.,

Study

of

CHAMBERLAIN,
LONDON

E.

the

.EDITION

YORK

NEW

for

Ignition

Magneto

FIRS

Engineers

LIBERTY

ST.

57

1918

HAYMARKET,

S.

W.

.1

Copyrighted
E.

MICH.
ALL

Barr

"

RIGHTS

1918

TOEPEL
RESERVED

Hayfield,Inc., Printers,157-159

William

St., New

York

PREFACE

In

provide

to

The

it has

give

to

involved,

the

efficient

most

of

work
of

type

engines.

renders

ignition
of-

description

this

of

subject

practical application

purpose

consequently

the

the

concise

endeavor

automotive

to

of

the
the

on

applied

rapid expansion

difficult

been

reference

as

electricity for

on

work

ready

ignition

magneto

of

this

compiling

all

it

details

principally

treats

the

ignition, namely,

magneto.
There

is

factors
due

in

modern
the

the

the

to

doubt

no

remarkable

of

It has

developed

engines

is

which

spark

engines

and

the

of

nothing

but

magneto

ignition

that

day

present

account

on

is

reliability of

demonstrated

by

possible

influential

the

aviation

efficiency

ignition.

super-power

of

one

development

magneto

aviation

that

the

magneto

failing
un-

can

produce.
The
stands
the

contained,
from

the

of

was

easily

inasmuch

prominently

out

cardinal

It

of

superiority

features

requiring
engine

to

decided

questionaire,
grasp

the

to

is
but

that
a

produce
publish
in

as

small
a

powerful
work

that
of

is

the

this

that

field
of

one

entirely
of

amount

this

order

principles

it

in

self-

energy

spark.
in

the

reader

complex,

form
may

but

in-

VI

PRKFACE

that

obtained,
referred

has
in

experience

to

object

principles

of

this

oi

magneto

work

easily

practical

addition

acting

Magneto

obtained

impossible

volume

description

confusion

by

the

in

any

literature

the

devices.

ignition

give
of

general

because

in
of

to

because

the

also

ignition,

and

partly

forth

set

avoid

to

apparatus
"

manufacturers

be

author

of

reasons

is to

be

may
the

by

avoid

and

several

of

would

this

in

the

specific type

for

desired

provided
It

of

years

Government

of

endeavor

any

details

detail

S.

T.

the

the

been

reference

the

be

may

School.

has

minute

twenty-one

ignition field,

of

Instruction
It

had

the

Instructor

as

subject

thereby

to.

author

The

particular

any

is

advantage

Another

teresting subject.

the

compass

modification

every

of

elaboration

small

features.
The

of

knowledge
the

of

study

carburetors,
contained
aviation

many
etc.,

herein,

engines,
engines

the

is

of

of

principles

subjects,

diverse

except

when

internal

teries,
bat-

as

tion
informa-

referring

equally applicable
the

the

consequently

volves
in-

ignition

to

other

combustion

New

April

to

motive
auto-

type.

York

15,

1918.

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

LIST

PAGE

Frontispiece

Symbols
Angularity,

Vee

engine,

45

degrees

Angularity,

Vee

engine,

90

degrees

76
74

'

circuit

Battery

timer

Battery

timer

Buzzer

test

68

diagram

ignition,

connected,

cross

66

section

spark

plug,

airplane

Cross

section

spark

plug,

rotary

Current

path,

Current

path,

armature

inductor

4
14

magneto

62

order,

OX2

Firing

order

Firing

order,

Flame

propagation

engine

Hispano-Suiza

path,

inductor

Flux

path,

polar

engine

94
,

96

spark

around

plug

electrodes

72
17

magneto
inductor

starting

18

magneto
of

calculation

the

95

engine

Sturtevant

Flux

60

series

multiple

Curtiss

Firing

magnetizing

coils

32
19

magneto

56

syringe

Hydrometer
Internal

circuit

Internal

wiring

diagram,

high-tension

plan, synchronized

42

magneto

magnetos

and

control
24

switch

Magnetizing

91

""

connected

High-tension

44

type

engine

jrotary

for

engine

engine

batteries,

Formula

48

type

magneto

type

polar

rotary

Distributor,
Dry

93

set

Cross

Cylinder,

engine....

Vee

coils

Magneto

ignition,

Magneto

ignition,

34

Vee

connected,

cross

single

Magnetic

field, bar

magnet

Magnetic

field, like

poles

Magnetic

field, unlike

Magnetic

field, wire

spark,

engine

88
78
26

repel

poles
helix

Vee

engine

attract

28
29
30

Vlll

LIST

Magneto

ignition,

Magneto,

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

spark.

two

82

engine

Vee

90

engine

rotary

40

Oscillogramms
Position

of

Relation

of

Rotary

engine,

brush

carbon

advance

spark

to

of

position

21

distributor

on

piston

pistons

84

travel

92

rods.

connecting

and

circuit

Rotating

inductor

winding,

and

Rotor

20

breaker

Section,

lead

Section,

nickel-iron,

plate

16

magneto

52

battery

storage

54

battery

storage

.-

Sparks
circuit

Stationary

22

breaker

Stray

magnetic

field,

armature

diagonal

Stray

magnetic

field,

armature

horizontal

Stray

magnetic

field,

armature

reversing

Stray

magnetic

field,

armature

vertical

Valve

and

Wire

helix,

Wiring

plan,

ignition
absence

storage

timing,
of

airplane

magnetic

battery

12

6
10

engine

31

field

charging

80

circuit

58

sparks

Magneto

is

What

1.

The
of

implied

form

movement

takes

movements

produce

in

which

body
the

form

of

is reached

In

is

the
heat

necessary

to

It

the

upon

3.

What

that

the

simultaneously

effect

4.

How

There

present

the

is called

many
are

time,

until

to

energy

ignition, this

is

of

used

develop

temperature

only possible

in

energy

principle

form.

some

ignition depend^

heat.

of

forms

of

produced
physical

point

be

must

means

in

of

in

ignition?

rise

evolution

potential

'and

^the

the

cause

affected,

is

of

rise

light begins

continues

the

cause

development

is

The

to

will

of

molecular

expenditure

is evident

continued,

ignition ;

produce

the

through

of

molecular

corresponding

produce

to

result

molecular

violent
a

inflammation

kinetic

sufficient

these

this

rays,

form

which

emission

the

necessary

every

permit

to

red

where

What

2.

and

glow

to

in

and

if

is the

body

energy

heat

gap.

ignition?

term

place,

temperature,

m/m,air

combustible

kinetic

of

the

by

of

ignition

over

combustion?

may

change

heat
be
which

and

when

light

called

tion,
inflamma-

produces

this

ignition.

of

energy

forms

of

sources

four

namely,

will

energy

mechanical,
1

produce
known

caloric,

ignition?
at

the

chemical

XUTO.Ut/n

IGNITION

which

of

electrical,any

and

\I\C\KTU

YK

utilized

be

may

to

produce ignition.
What

5.

of

advantages

the

are

electricty

in

producing

ignition?
on
Electricity

has
to

the

at

in the best

6.

is

What

potential energy?

is the

in

composed

electrons

others

he

"

one

neutralize

the

caused

to

of

flow.

and

most

It is.

in

some

metals

everything.

build

thing
every-

up

elements

being positive,while

kind

to

ordinary

In the
and

another

one

in

different

two

positiveelectrons,

tricitv in motion

Copper

which

atoms

utilized it is necessary

from

electricity?

negative.

termed

are

motion.

of

energy

passivestate

the

that

say

are

the

of

theory

exists
Electricity
scientists

work.

Energy?

applies to

which

What

they

suit the purpose

to

doing work.

of

is Kinetic

What

called

desired

in any

appear

be altered

capacity for doing

That

9.

produced according

manner.

power

The

8.

to

flexibility

is energy?

What

The

7.

be

caused

place and

any

its wonderful

that it may

advantage

requirementsand

form,

of

account

if

however,

current

easier

to

substances than
for

the

coursi-

is
electricity

separate the

when

"

instance,

the

to

negative
will be
set

elec-

in others.
electrons

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

much

without

move

resistance

and

they

known

electricity.The

distinction

by

We

analogy.

an

but

when,

normally

until

presence

is

several

are

motion,

one

current

is

the

the

mosphere,
at-

of

its

conditions
wind

is

in motion.

set

methods

clear

Similarlyelectricity
in
setting electricity

of

ways

the

of

feel.

we

made

bear, and

to

of

current

by

in

change

great

unaware

are

until it is

unnoticed

There

we

great

surrounded

brought

rise which

to

remains

is

there

pressure

caused

is

be

may

live

as

non-conductors,

as

pointed out that there

and
between
a
electricity

difference

is

air, there

rubber,

are

known

are

be

it may

here

and they
difficulty
hard

in

conductors.

IGNITION

of

electric

exciting an

in electric

the propertiesof magnetism

by utilizing
induction
of a
produced by the motion

conductor

or

magnet

past

What

10.

wire

molecules

Molecules

and

same

are

still smaller

divisions.

11.

What

theory

In
that

is the

the

first

radiating from
distance
Second
to

cut

from
"

the

of

or

atoms?

the

have

the

mbre

force

form

and

conception'

lines

by

which

open

conductor

Atoms

substance.

form

to

poles becomes

that any
lines of

poles,

which

substance

magneto?

is surrounded

that become

curves

of

place we

magnet

every

magnet

of any
tinymasses
propertiesof the

are

the

permanent

conductor.

are

contain

past

of

force

catenary

diffused

the

as

greater.
or

wire

is affected

moved

by them,

so

as

con-

AUTOMOTIVE

sequently
angles

to

Third
is

is

current

direction

the

of
intensity

"

Primary

"

"

number

or.

what

current

thus

of

generated

of lines of
amounts

the

path, armature

"

the

to

magnets

force

and

cut

same

to

the

through

the

type magneto.

Platinum

"

"

The

Primary

to

collector

brushes.

carrying

lever,

Primary
Circuit

"

winding,

Ground

Breaker

"

the

shaft.

Secondary

"

B-BB

motion.

winding.

Hollow

"

right

at

Condenser.

"

wire

Armature.

"

in the

up

of

thing,to the strength

rapidityof motion.

Current

TGXIT1OX

the

upon

given time,

set

the

dependent

in

MAGNETO

and

condenser

breaker

fastening

contact

and

primary
primary winding

contact.

connection.
screw.

screw.

secondary
flows

current
to

platinum

circuit

the

ground.
from

ground

breaker,

secondary or high-tensioncurrent
through the secondary winding to the
The

spark plugs, to ground.

"

back
flows

to

ground.

from

distributor,

ground
to

the

Fourth

conductor

the

maintain

to

wires

or

such

the

of iron

winding

is

magneto?

mechanical

device

ignitethe

12-A

is the

What

series

electric

What

cycle of electric

in

is

necessary
on

as

rotating
stationary

applied

high

magnetic

tension

for
a

the

shuttle

the

which

to

current

of the armature.

applied

produced

current

of the

as

to

in

magneto?
conductor

field in its

by
vicinity.

magneto?
is

self-contained, that

and

secondary winding,
production of the spark, either
type of

secondary winding

inductor

current

revolution

one

high-tension magneto
is; it has both the primary

and

in

engines.

wound

as

as

rent
generating electric curin the cylinders
mixture

changes through

of

the variation

13.

for

is induction

What

An

such

means,

gaseous

repeatedly passes

12-B

magneto?

The

of

that

generating current

combustion

internal

of

order

employed.

to

is

acting inductivelyupon
be

may

What

12.

of

method,

armature

masses

instead

that

"

in

armature.

an

as

which

on

arranged

motion,

continuous

body,
cylindrical
Fifth

be

can

form

convenient

that the most

"

IGXITIOX

MAdXKTO

AUTOMOTIVE

type magneto.

may

armature

be

or

the

primary

stationaryas

in the

AUTOMOTIVE

Stray
armature

from

magnetic
in
the

MACNKTO

tick!

horizontal
north

pole

in

an

armature

type

position, the
at

the

right

to

magneto,

the

flux

ing
flow-

magnetic
the

south

pole.

What

14.

is meant

induced

The
What

15.

\r.\FlTO

M.

AI'TOAIOTlVi:

the

by

the

are

high-tension?

term

of

current

K'iXITION

the

secondary winding.
of

principal parts

high-tension

and

condenser.

the

motion

magneto?

Magnets, winding,

magneto-electricity?

is

What

16.

which
Electricity

magnet

;t

circuit breaker

past

is

produced by

conductor

of

that

or

of

conductor

;"ast a magnet.
17.

What

is the

the

When

when

except

"

reversals

magneto

generates
the iron

iron

of

occur

is

and

two

so

"

revolution

"

the

of the magnet

"is
18.

suddenly

flux
to

employed

are

degrees

sparks

per

revolution.

fixed, the

the

the south

that

every
of

from

the

pole
"

90

sparks

through

the

is
180

or

north

"

the

and

which

rotor

number

flowing

is

per

pole
rotor

reversed.

is the

What

on

instrument

180

disposed

degrees depending

magneto?

every

is

core

type of magneto,

shoes

specialpole

the flux

When

the

rotating armature

of

operation

rotates,

armature

designated as

of

principle

cycle of operation

in

high-tension

magneto?
The

cycleof operationsin a high-tensionmagneto

follows, the rapid reversals of flux in the
are
as
iron core
in both
induce
primary and secondary
winding an
alternatingelectro-motive force, the
maximum
being reached for any given speed when
the actual

The

cam

that the

flux in the iron

operatingthe
primary

core

breaker

is

zero
substantially
lever is so designed

circuit is closed

during the period

AUTOMOTIVE

Stray magnetic
is in

field of

vertical

through

the

about

reverse.

to

MAGNETO

winding,

an

armature

position,the
as

the

IGNITION

type

magnetic

polarity

of

magneto,
flux
the

is at

armature

ture
armazero

is

induced

the

when

until

not

from

growing
for

value, and

afterwards, but

the

zero

little time

some

become

has

voltage

again.

zero

induced

the
at

period of closingthe primary

the

During

rises

current

steadily in

predetermined instant

separated by
with

the

the contacts
the

at

contacts

rupture

of

The

sudden

the

instantaneous

as

the

an

enormous

field

winding
to

cause

of

the

iron

of

reason

that

interval

short
to

the

close

There

namely,

is
the

Then

spark

continual

by

contacts

of

time
and

the

the

current

the

causes

secondary

the

sufficient
electrodes

is maintained
in the

flux

in the
the

during

separated.

cam

to

secondary

change

rotation

remain
the

are

voltage is

between

this

the

again

an

This

in

voltage induced

produced

core

period

the

with

jump

to

spark plug, and

by

value.

magnetic field,and
secondary turns,

is induced

instant.

spark

the

by

the

is surrounded

extent

some

collapseof

this

circuit

suddenly
is in parallel
The
condenser
cam.
and insures that there is no arcing
this instant, consequently the
at
is almost
taneous.
instanprimary current

voltage
at

the contacts

rupture of the primary

an

is

voltage

its maximum

to

IGNITION

\GNKTO

M.

AUTOMOTIVE

permits

the

After
tacts
con-

cycle of operation is

important part

condenser, although

of
an

the

peated.
re-

magneto,

essential

part

of the magneto,
if

it

were

plays a purely subsidiarypart, and

the primary circuit
possible to break

quickly enough
magneto
purpose

would

it would

be

in fact, be

of the condenser

unnecessary

better

is to

without

and
it.

the
The

delay the production

10

AUTOMOTIVE

Stray magnetic
armature

in

breaker

a
are

MAGNETO

lie-Id of

position when
about

to

an

IGNITION

armature

the
separate.

contact

type

magneto,

points

of

the

the
cuit
cir-

12

Stray magnetic
has
in

advanced

through

the

field in
about

winding.

an

armature

45 degrees,

type

magneto,

the magnetic

flux

ture
arma-

pass

break,

of

characteristics

the

primary

magnetic

the

shall

rate

created

equal, vitalIv dependent upon

the magnetic circuit through

which

at

things being

disappears is, other

held

other

In

instantlycollapse at

Obviously, the

of the break.

the time

circuit.

the

on

magnetic field

that the

current

and

wire,

of

turns

magnetic

the

it is necessary

words

by

of

ratio

the

on

13

IGXITIOX

MAGXKTO

ACTOMOTIVK

of

characteristics

the

this

which

magnetic
magnetic

that the
passing. This means
will insure
a
circuit that is completely laminated
of the magnetic field than
more
rapid dying a\vav
is

held

would

if there

occur

solid

the

during

up

by

What

20.

ignitionof
internal

an

It

magneto
a

of

small

the

or

of

combustion

other

propogation in

appreciable extent

currents
rate

at

occurs.

ignition?

is to
in the

produce the
cylinderof

spark given by a
applianceas being simply
the

regard

electric

an

set

engine.

of intense

source

be

the

magneto

magneto

field any

may

retard

to

explosive charge

an

possible to

is

currents

magnetic lines

the

principles

the

are

function

The

tending

collapseof

the

eddy

period of change, these eddy

reaction

their

which

which

in

masses

magnetic

in the

are

heat

and

the

rate

of flame

engine cylinder depends

on

the

available

to

in

energy

an

the

consequently the horse power

developed in an engine, provided the spark is of
but if
sufficient intensityto insure
good ignition,
is
and the spark intensity
is too weak
the mixture
ignitionspark

low,

too

horse

misfiring may

power

Under

and

drops

occur,

in

which

case

the

off.

startingconditions,

however,

the

problem

14

AUTOMOTIVE

Current

MAGNETO

path, polar inductor

K'.MTION

magneto.

is

cold

ignitea

to

used

fuel

than

is rather
the

Let

of

liberation

of

This

has

the
in

present
mist

or

spray

rather

in the

which

electrical

is

energy

is moved

conductor

-form

magnet,

fourth,

engine

in detail

consider

to

at

energy

ical
mechan-

transforms

This

in

that

means

magnetic

of

means

field

if

motive
electro-

an

or
produced in it,if the conductor
portion of a closed circuit,an electric

force

The

heat

into

produced by

induction.
electro-magnetic

current

the

itself into electrical

magneto

the

in the first instance

given by

have

in

energy

spark.

back

we

sudden

electrical energy.

into
This

of

magneto

transformed

by

of

strument
in-

an

as

object the

amount

energy

spark plug, and

means

magneto

is derived

mechanical

and

energy,

the

the form

which

is transformed

It

be

to

as

its main

for

definite

energy,
the

wire

if
especially

one,

so

consider

enginecylinderin

the

heavy
form

therefore

us

which

the

hot

energy

vapor.

from

than

gas

cylinder in

the

it certainly
requiresmore

difficult,as

more

15

IGNITION

MAGXKTO

AUTOMOTIVE

is

will flow

in this circuit.

essential

parts of

second,

magneto

winding, third, a

first,a

are,

circuit

breaker,

condenser.

is the

function

of

the

primary winding

to

produce the rapidchange of flux \vhich is necessary

in the secondary winding a voltage of
induce
to
for the production of the spark.
sufficient intensity
We
be moved
have already stated that if a magnet
past
force

conductor

a
a

voltage will

the conductor
an

wire

or

electric

or

current

be

wire

so

as

induced
forms

will flow

to

in

cut

the

it,and,

portion of
in it.

lines of

that

if

circuit

16

MAGXRTO

AUTOMOTIVE

is

What

21.

low-tension

magneto?

In this type there is but

transformer

high-tensionor

the

direct for

make

used

What

22.

is

with

In

the

low-tension
break

and

principle

of

to

may

be

current

ignition.

magneto

the

of

extra

opening

of

ignitionemploying
principleof operation

the

magneto,

on

moment

current

low-tension

high-tensionsystem

based

is

low-tension

transformer?

low-tension

winding and requires

one

step the

to

IGXITION

of

produced

current

the

platinir.n
points

at

the

of

the

circuit breaker.

Rotor

winding- is

The

is

What

23.

and

through

then

of the

inductor
the

magneto.

blocks

rotor

in

reverse

magnetic

way.

will be

winding are

flux

is made

will flow.

In the

to

one

to

pass

direction

electromotive
alternating

an

produced, and,

connected

revolve.

magneto?

type

stationarywinding, first in

force

current

inductor

this type, the

In

and

an

winding of an
stationaryand

an

if the terminals

outside resistance.

principleof

the

inductor

the

magneto,

being generated

of

is moved

winding

to

as

so

stead
winding ina
winding when
lines of magnetic

in its

is induced

current

17

IGNITION

MAGXETO

MOTIVE

A I'TM

in

the

cut

the

force.

is

What

24.

\Yhen
constant

an

iron

is

core

as

path of

inductor

an

occurring every
path of the magnetic
from

of the

pieces,but
and

the

piece

of

the

by

the

at

netic
mag-

rotor

block
moved

will again be
flow will be

the magneto

to

the

base

arrows

of

block, through

rotor

rotor

has

rotor

magnetic

causes

of

degrees.

opposite

the

reversal

to

90

opposite faces
direction

the

When

pole piece.

half

one

flux is indicated

pole

one

through
magnets,
winding, through

pole

magneto,

90

flows

and

type of magneto.

inductor

polar

flux

The

magneto?

of a fixed
comprises iron masses
polarityoperating in conjunction with
carrying the windings, the instrument

designated

Flux

of

type

rotor

or

inductor

polar

the

the
the

opposite

degrees, the

presented to the
in the opposite

produce

an

ing
alternat-

current.

What

25.

is

magneto
to

each

two

spark

provided
end

of

magneto?
with
the

two

distributors,connected

secondary winding, de-

18

AUTOMOTIVE

signed

MAGNETO

produce

IGNITION

sparks simultaneouslyat
different spark plugs in the same
engine cylinder.

two

to

What

26.

is

sleeve

of

of

90

every

produced

embodies

rotating

inductor
every

magneto,
180

are
rotating poles N,
always of
N is opposite G, the flux flows from
of the winding C to F, to S.
core

and
from

second

figure the pole X

the direction of the flow of flux

N to F, through C to G, to S.

reversal

has

the
N

same

to

polarity,
G, through

moved

is reversed

third figure the rotating poles occupy

G
the field pieces F and
here
are
position,

and

circuited, scavenging

short
core

C.

27.

What

The

is

meant

occurrence

by

of

simultaneously

lines

stray

the

two

in the

term

of

from

cylinderof

flows

midway

magnetically

flux

out

Synchronized

sparks

to

over

the

In

uf

degrees.

the

are

revolution.

every

The

In

sleeve.

degrees,consequently 4 sparks

path of a polar
magnetic flux occurring

the

by

shuttle

the

Flux

when

stationary

rotatingsleeve produces a
mature
magnetic flux through the stationaryar-

movement

change

magneto?

surrounded

armature

The

inductor

which

magneto

type

two

two
an

of

tin-

netos?
Mag-

netos
mag-

engine.

20

the

distributor

later

than

the

conjunction
28-C.

How

the

with

the

number

distributor

the

the

and

secondary

through

passes

the

to

the

engine

to

the

is

30.

to

with

grounded

the magneto

the

is termed

current

internal

trode,
elec-

center

cams.

breaker

is

closing

and

mechanical

the

primary

and

one

cam

for

device

circuit,

having

acuated

move-

contact.

does

How

The

circuit
are

actuated

housing,

movable

contacts

plate and
a

from

circuit breaker?

circuit

able

high-

positive,

the

from

the

magneto,

stationarycontact

one

in

electrode

it is termed

Mowing

Rotating' circuit breaker

opening

in

center

secondary winding, through

cable,

flow

emanating

frame, engine, spark plug shell

What

degrees

operates

current

high-tension current

spark plug

of the

29.

of

it.

high-tensioncurrent

end

set

magneto?

magneto

of the

is

main

does

tension

When

which

or

the

plate and

breaker

either

by

one

contacts

actuated

operate?

mounted

on

or

cams

more

may

by

be

rotating
fixed

fixed

rotating cam.

on

in
a

effect

What

31.

circuit

It has

primary

circuit

through

it is

wire,

rapidityof

the

\Yith

is limited

the break

use

condenser

the

across

of

of

What

lever

is

block

of

of segments
of

of
the

arcing

WRONG

distributor,contacts

on

advanced.

otherwise

will become

The

the

highly

pitted and

ing,
open-

should

brush

finished

surface

burnt.

insulatingmaterial

or

brushes, equal

carbon
be

fitted with

fired, an
a

brush

to

insulated
or

number

the

number

having

segment

distributing
by

means

is distributed
high-tensioncurrent
cylindersin their proper firingsequence.

which

the

be

distributor?

cylinders to

member

brush

fully

distributor

the

32.

carbon

the' segment,

on

tion
imperfecnecessary

WRONG

timing
full

the

by

points.

contact

RI6HT

Position

the

prevent the destructive

to

long

across

it becomes

and

bullet

circuit breaker

mechanical

of the circuit breaker

to

condenser

the

when

by

without

circuit.

primary

shooting
possible to attain

broken

is

secondary spark
primary

by experiment,that

shown

been

the

secondary?

the

upon

of

rapid breaking

the

has

21

IGNITION

MAf.XETO

AUTO-MOTIVE

to

22

AUTOMOTIVE

What

33.

Dual

:\i \

is called

dual

ignitionuses

spark plugs with

magneto

or

distributor

are

be either

may

What

the

magneto

cranked.

this

system

current

magneto

magneto

current,

is

current

also flows

cam.

current

the

magneto,

for
is

engine

battery

in

the

is

current

the

battery

that

is

direction

same

inasmuch

alternatingand

in the

magneto

impedance coil, and by

the flow of the battery

an

flow

to

battery

the

commutator,

is made

current

the

rotating

when

the

passing through
of

means

with

phase

the

ignition?

duplex

the

in

with

breaker

starting also
thrown

and

the

low-tension.

high-tensionor

In

either

The

of

set

one

breaker

both.

to

ignitionutilizes

Duplex

and

circuit

common

is called

supplied by

current

Stationary circuit

34.

transformer

battery, the

H;\ITIO

"

ignition?

the

i-"n

;x

"

the

direction

same

or

as

as

the

rent
battery cur-

in

phase, so

called.

35.

What

is independent

ignition?

Independent ignitionis
a
or

self contained

dependent

magneto
on

any

term

that

usually appliedto

it is not

auxiliarysource

connected
of

current.

to

AUTOMOTIVE

What

36.

does

\C.\KTO

high-tension

23

IGXITIOX

of

system

ignition

sist
con-

of?

In
a

magneto,

with

circuit
the

to

of

and

is

secondary winding,
and

switch

How

the action

to control

timing

in full contact

lever

of

systems

at

39.

How

can

one
a

direction

oil
the

time

same

with

the brush

fullyadvanced.

ignition

are

there

in

use

is

only one
system
present time, namely, high-tension.

from

The

break

cover

at

time?

present

the

use

the

correctly,at

contacts

Generally speaking, there

39-A

leading

by settingthe magnetic

many

the

of

cables

is timed

the distributor

segment,

the

in

distributor

timed?

magneto

having

38.

magneto

platinum

or

breaker,

in circuit with

magneto.

How

the

spark plugs

the

37.

circuit

and

condenser

primary winding

tell
left

of

or

some

hand

right

hand

counter

or

rotation
other

or

in

clockwise

neto
mag-

clockwise

neto?
mag-

is

on
usually marked
part at the driving end

magneto.

How

would
of

By turning
relation

to

the

you

ascertain
that

magneto

it and

was

the

direction

not

of

tion
rota-

marked?

feeling the magnetic pull

opening

of the contact

points.

in

24

AUTOMOTIVE

What

40.

MAGNETO

is the

of

theory

IGNITION

magnetism?

Magnetism is a phase of
which
the magnetizingprocess
vibration

of the molecules

position whereby
\Yhen

the

magnetic

magnetizing

vibration
hardened

to

of

motion

produces
the

take

effects

in

harmonious
relative

same

produced.

are

the

ceases,

process

monious
har-

is maintained

molecules

in soft

steel and

molecular

this

iron

in

pears
activitydisap-

entirely.

MAG/VETO

Internal

control

wiring plan,

It

has

Chinese

is the

which
The

goes

"

of

magnetism?

and

written

acquainted

were

compass.

history
said

been

magnetism,
legend

and

switch.

What

41.

synchronized magnetos

two

was

they
Greek

that
the

with

utilized

in

the

propertiesof
mariners

the

shepard Magnes

unexpectedly

ancient

detained

"

by

so

the

the iron

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

25

IGNITION

being held fast to a large body of

he accidentally
(magnetic iron ore) with which

nails in his shoes

lodestone

into

came

have

play a

to

come

internal combustion

is

What

42.

that the

fact remains

The

contact.

propertiesof magnetism
vital part in the ignition
of the
engine.

magnet?

body possessing the

oppositepoles of another
like poles or, having the
A

bodies

is

What

43.

to

either

of

pole.

field?

magnetic

magnet
power

attractingthe
or
repellingthe
attractingmagnetizable

of

power

region of magnetic influence surrounding the

The
tric
poles of a magnet.
magnetic field of an elecThe

is

current

traversed

What

44.

45.

is

bar

is

retains

What

A
was

its

magnet
found

horse-shoe

is
that

circuit

current.

shaped
the

bar.

of

small

magnetism

is

magnet?

composed

magnet

surrounds

magnet?

permanent

usually contains

46.

electric

an

which

simple magnetized
What

by

that

hardened
of

amount

long

time

steel, which
tungsten, and

after it is magnetized.

magnet?
like

horse-shoe, because

it

greatest magnetic strength laid

26

AI.'TO.MOTIVK

MAC.NKTO

IGNITION

fm

Magnetic
longer

field of
as

bar

magnet,

tlie distance

from

the
the

catenary

poles

curves

increases.

come
be-

28

AUTOMOTIVE

What

50.

MAGNETO

is magnetic

When

IGNITION

saturation?

fails

magnetized body

magnetized

how

matter

no

great

be

to

the

further

magnetizing

force.

is meant

What

51.

is said

magnet

has

received

any

length of

Magnetic
south

The

through
What

53.

total
a

time

after

super-saturated when

number

magnetic

it has

pair

of

than
been

it

can

retain

it
for

magnetized.

magnets,

the

north

and

other, like poles repel.

each

implied by

is the

be

to

field around

is

being super-saturated?

magnet

magnetism

more

poles facing
What

52.

by

the

of

term

lines

Magnetic
of

force

Flux?

flowing

circuit.

keeper

of

magnet?

the poles of
piece of soft iron placed across
magnet through which the lines of magnetic force

pass.

MAGXETO

AUTOMOTIVE

is

What

54.

inabilityof

The
its

lag?

magnet

instantlylose

to

core

magnetism.

What

55.

magnetic

29

IGNITION

is

useless

force

which

magnetic

leakage?

dissipationof
fail to

the

through

pass

of

lines

magnetic

armature

an

or

winding.

Magnetic

facing

56.

field around

the

south

Define

the

It is the

poles, unlike poles

in

the

magnetic
removed

57.

near

What

The

state,

from

is meant

iron.

If

magnet,

it

which
the

by

attractingpower

of

velop
de-

piece of soft iron

immediately assumes

however

term

to

possesses

magnetic
the

poles

induction?

magnet

north

the

attract.

magnetic

which

power

brought

of

power

magnetism
be

pair of magnets,

it loses

on

ing
be-

influence.

Magnetic

magnet

Attraction?

when

piece

30

" "T IV K

A U T( ) M

of

of

force

is meant

force

The
with

59.

magnet.

What

are

the flux

within

the

by
which

by

IT I " " X

lines

the

magnetic

of

enters

Traction?

Magnetic

term

is

keeper

in

kept

contact

Poles?

Magnetic
of

members

Those

1 ( ;N

"

magnet.

What

58.

KT(

brought

is

iron

\ ( ;\

magnetic

which

at

scource

leaves.

or

,
.

Helix

wire

of

within

field is created
circulate

What

are

Pieces

of

60.

magnets

the

would

and

of

inside

limit the

determine

you
was

not

and

current,

lines of

the

netic
mag-

force

wire.

of

placed

if it

magnet,

helix

pole pieces

iron

electric

an

the

turn

define

to

How

61.

each

around

by

traversed

marked

magneto?
of

the

permanent

magnetic
the

North
or

field.

pole

of

was

compass

unavailable?

The
means

north
of

an

pole

of

ordinary

magnet

can

needle,

mark

be
one

found

by

of

the

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

poles and

rub

marked

pole, rub

the eye

magnet

pole,suspend

float it

or

needle

on

is of

magnet
the

needle

If the

the

north

end

of

of

the

end

of

pole

if the

polarityand

sharp

marked

the

water,

sharp

the marked

then

points south,

lightthread

glass of

point north.

south

is of

magnet

in

the

on

the other

on

from

the needle

points north

the needle

of the needle

disc of cork

will then

the needle

point of

the

magnet

31

IGNITION

of

the

lines

of

pole

polarity.

ft

liii
Helix
force

of
when

the

note

is

current

no

How

62.

wire,

would

absence

the

passing through

determine

you

magnetic

of

the

helix.

north

of

pole

an

electro-magnet?
If

of

bar

before

iron

the dial of

pointing toward
through
hands

wire

will be

is

magnet

an

coil of wire

clock, with

the

through

pole
What

63.

dial, and

one

the

in the direction

of the clock, then

will flow
north

the

with

the
next

of

the lines of
bar
to

toward

it is held

on

end

of

current

the

flowing

rotation

of

magnetic
the

bar

clock.

the

force
The

th"j clock.

electro-magnet?

produced by

the

flow

of

direct

cur-

32

Formula

AUTOMOTIVE

for

MAGXKTO

the calculation

IGXITIOX

of

magnetizing

coils.

rent

through a

iron

core.

A
in

of

kind

Direct

current

magnetic

is used

current

an

compass?

used

are

magnetize

to

magnetize

to

nets?
mag-

this purpose.

for

used

only be

can

methods

What

66.

describe

you

surrounding

magnetic needle, restingupon a pivot,enclosed

the needle
circular case,
points nearly north.
What

65.

wire

coil of insulated

would

How

64.

33

IGNITION

MAGXETO

AUTOMOTIVE

permanent

magnets?

another

from

magnet,
induction

by

electro-magnet,or

coils traversed

66-A

would

How
insert

and

compass

direct

determine

you

in

magnet

By determining
a

by

with

set

electric

of

netizing
mag-

current

method.

is the best

which

duction
by magnetic inusually a powerful

effected

be

Magnetization may

the

the

proper

magnetizing

coil?

north

pole

marking it,next

of

the

find the

way

magnet

to

by

polarityof

magnetzing coils by insertinga piece of iron in

and find the polarity
it and switchingoh the current
of the magnetized iron with a compass,
then place
the magnet
in the coils to magnetize it in the same
that it was
originally
magnetized.
way
the

What

"7.

the

means

set

used

to

magnetize

magnets

by

coil method?

.Magnets
in

are

are

magnetized by inserting the

of coils wound

to

give the

maximum

poles
mag-

34

AUTOMOTIVE

MAGNETO

netizingeffect.
certain

s'ize of
that

current,

is.

coil,

ratingper
multiple.
size of

The

wire

resistance

per

Ib.

set

and

of

use

little over

equals

110

on

450
110

27.5 ohms,

inasmuch

necessary

for

in mind
a

coil,

magnet

that
is

draw

10 wire,
the

only

or

flow
a

wire

few

1 10

-^

of

ampere

or

1220

turns

of

the coils

of current
seconds.

pet-

of

Xo.

wound

are

21

for

requiring (tf"

It
to

turns

coils

amperes,

feet.

or

required and

5000

220

magnetized.

consequentlyas

set

21 copper

450

as

45

wind

to

he

to

feet will be

Similarilya

10 volt line would

relative

copper

and

resistance

that

of Xo.

of

watts

position

The

it follows

turns

feet

4 amperes.

each

or

voltage available.

volt line. Xo.

in

magnet

or

and

of the tables it will be found

wire. 2200

give the

drawing

charging

in series

be used, the coils

-f-

wire.

of

with

voltage

connected

for the line

table of copper

copper

line

tables

number

wound

the

on

the

on

he

may

coils absorb

Magnetizing coils,

should

depending

depending

they

usually

are

accompanying

of coils for

wire

wire,

Consulting one
set

coils

necessary

the

that

The

IGNITION

must

be borne

fullymagnetize

36

AUTOMOTIVE

the

latter is apparent,

wound

to

they

may

be

used

be

connected

110

volt circuit.

69.

What

One
of

is
turn

one

Ampere

of

the

is

the

The

of

that

is

one

good rule..to

or

70-A.

How
retained

The

of
like
when

to

the south

unlike

poles

they
flux

pair

they

of

should

will

at

once

in

ing.
wind-

winding?

iron
for

wind

the

inch

ten

effect
from

one

100

in effect

distance
to

core,

of
the

wire

in diameter,

inches.

of

pair

of

from

flows

magnets

magneto?

from

be

the

north

pair of magnets
together, hence the rule,

unlike

magnets

winding

The

removed

are

stick

to

is,

which

pole

poles repel and

a

three

core

equal

turns.

of

core

of amperes

an

the

their

strength

when

magnetic

ten

follow

of

the

can

around
will

current

to

surrounding

with

total thickness

pole

on

passing through

ampere

turns)

with

use

turns

applied

as

carried

decreases

are

volt circuit,

in

turns

ampere

one

wire

ampere

.inch deep

one

of

turns

core,

of

flowing through

amperes

the

of

turn

copper

coils

tarn?

ampere

ampere

(100

turns

220

multiple for

number

equivalent

turn

one

an

of

pair

with

in

total number

What

70.

when

as

winding through which

flowing. The number

is

multipliedby

IGXITIOX

in series

an

ampere

equal

MAGXKTO

cause

poles

removed

are

be

therefore

attract,

placed

from
in

neto
mag-

position

is

there

that
unlike

is

Why

An

iron

inside

core

lines of force

is the

71-A.

as

in

between

contact

an

in

used

core

of

the

iron

influence

winding?

winding

given current

is electrical

What

other

iron

an

effect,

It

metallic

poles.

70-B.

71.

good

37

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

can

than

core

increases

ductive
the in-

produce

more

in air.

induction?

of

an

electrified

body

over

bodies.

What
tension

is called

the

primary

in

current

high-

magneto?

flows
through the primary
primary current
winding of the magneto and usually consists of a
next
few layers of coarse
to the
wire, it is wound
The

core.

71-B.

What
tension

The

is called

the

secondary

current

in

high-

magneto?

secondary

through

the

great

or

high-tension current

number

of

turns

of

flows

fine wire

primary winding at the time of the

of the
the electrodes
passing of the spark between
in
is induced
spark plug, the high-tensioncurrent
the secondary winding through the action of the
circuit breaker
interruptingthe flow of primary
wound

current.

over

the

38

AUTOMOTIVE

What

72.

The

of

JGXITION

the

secondary

current

the

on

core?

secondary
iron

of the

How

73.

effect

is the

iron

MAC.NKTO

affect

the

the

tion
demagnetiza-

core.

of

duration

the

does

retards

current

iron

the

spark

secondary

core?

secondary spark is inversely

mum
proportionalto the length of the spark, the maxiof the primary current
value
being constant.
of the
This duration
explainsthe relative slowness
duration

The

of the

demagnetizationof
How

74.

The

the

does

self-induction,

What

75.

lag

of

amount

the

lag

the

76.

What

variations
near

77.

What

and

with

the

and

why

the

prevent

co-efficient of

cores

the

value.

current

they

are

of the

to

vary?

used?

of armatures,
of

loss

energy

currents.

are

Currents

winding

varies

subdivisions

elctro-magnets,etc.,

eddy

core.

capacity

laminae

are

Structural

from

in

iron

Eddy

Currents?

generated in
of

them,

the

magnetized body by

strength of

they

is residual

are

of

no

ing
flow-

electric currents
value

the

however.

magnetism?

Magnetism remaining in the core

the
after
magnetizing effect has
opening of the magnetizing circuit.

of

ceased

windingon

the

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

is

What

78.

Hysterisisis

the

of

amount

itself

confounded

he

not

hysterisisdepends
the

certain

terisis
Hys-

energy.

of

eddy

the

and

which

currents

iron

whereas

core,

quality of

but

heat,

iron

and

core.

is the

What

79.

of
form

the

with

upon

netizes
mag-

remains

always

by sub-dividing the

avoided

length of

in

core

de-magnetizes, a

retention

the

to

manifests

it

core?

magnetizing

iron

An

magnetism

residual

iivsterisis is due

must

iron.

rapidly than

more

are

of

iron

an

on

lost in the

energy

de-magnetizing

and

its effect

and

hysterisis

39

IGNITION

ratio

of

the

primary

to

the

secondary

winding?
ratio of

The

primary

approximately 60
12.000

to

What

80.

The
19

is the

size

The

secondary

"

of

wire

the

on

and

gauge

is the

size
34

200

or

winding.

on

the

primary?

primary varies from

is usually enameled,

38

of

size

of

wire

on

B"S

the

wire

the

gauge,

on

the

to

silk-

secondary?

secondary

enameled

wire

varies
is

employed, this insulation does not occupy

space, permitting the winding to lay nearer
core

\T"".

both.

or

What

No.

of

R"S

covered

81.

turns

size of wire

24

"

"

secondary winding is
of primary wire
turns

the

to

obtain

the

maximum

secondary

from

usually
much
to

effect.

the

40

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

Primary

voltage, H

armature

IGNITION

type magneto.

Time

tween
be-

reversals .125 second.

Primary
tween

armature

type

reversals .125 second.

Secondary
H

current,

armature

current

type

.031 spark gap of

Time
between
magneto.
over

high tension
sparks .125

second.

Primary
Time

current, H armature
type adjustablepole magneto.
between
reversals .055 second.

Oscillographdiagrams.

41

What

82.

is

called

current

iron

an

wire.

copper

coil,when

longer

the

by

the
when

necessary

is

the

the

of

cylinder. A
a
battery

inductive

action

action

the

flow

across

the

gap

igniter

the

tacts
con-

coil becomes

is used

supply

to

low-tension
the

the

to

reactance

of

of

current

distance

and

posed
com-

layers of

action

interruptedby

causes

when

of

inductive

separation

whereas

current,

is

magneto
acts

armature

the

in

manner.

same

What

83.

time

extra

ignitionis

number

the

current

both

within

the

and

to

of the

principle

is it used?

how

core

Due

the

in

formed

used,

and

igniterwhich

the

the

employing

coil for low-tension

reactance

of

of

coil

are

Oscillograph

Diagrams?
in

show

Oscillograph diagrams

graphic

way

in both the primary and secondary

justwhat occurs
the primary circuit is closed, the
windings. When
rises graduallyin value, until the circuit is
current
will be induced
broken, no current
in the secondary
circuit during the period the primary current
is
attainingits full value, which is due to the fact that
the electro-motive
force induced
in the secondary
winding during this period is not sufficiently
great
break

to

down

spark plug.

the
The

circuit is broken,

The

the
one.

spark

of the

risingto

reverse

force and

the

its maximum

the

sharp peak, first in

as
direction,

air gap

when

occurs

oscillographdiagrams

electro-motive
rise to

resistance

show

that

current
one

the current

at

the

primary
value

stantly.
in-

both

the

of

an

alternating

magneto
direction, then in
is

42

AUTOMOTIVE

will

It
current

be

noticed

secondary current,
lines of
are

that

is utilized

wave

reached

.MAC.XKTO

when

force

the

KiN

only

for

the

maximum

IT1OX

the

of

the

value

ing
be-

current

of

field of

magnetic
magneto

cut.

Internal

circuit

diagram,

the

productionof

the greatest number

in the permanent

peak

h-igh-tensionmagneto.

44

AUTOMOTIVE

What

87.

The

is meant

take

to

What

The

sheets

of

part

of

charge

Cross

What

The

from

of

tin- foil and

its

condenser

the

equalization of
its maximum

primary

is

the

action

winding

when

by

after

of

tion
induc-

charge?
the

on

separatingthe

posite
opfoil.
tin-

engine type.

discharge?

difference

zero,

connected

are

What

to

the

remains

condenser

the

which

permits

retains

dielectric

by

condenser?

mass.

condenser

in

condenser

section,spark plug, rotary

is meant

condenser

89-A

of

of

place through

surfaces

89.

dielectric

the

by

IGNITION

insulatingmedium

separates the

88.

MAGNETO

of

potential

the terminals

of

conductor.

the
the

condenser
contact

on

points

the
have

separated?
The

the condenser
by
charge impressed upon
at the contact
absorbing the extra current
pointsin
the moment
of the opening of the primary -circuit is

MOT!

AUTO

returned

primary winding when

the

to

together in

come

capacity of

How

91.

its charge

or

you

it holds

it with

By comparing

condenser

the

of

one

other

deflection

of

the

standard

nect
Con-

series
of

with

of

the

line

and

the

condition

the deflection, the less the

than

deflection

leak

shown

by

which

flow

to

current

milli-ammeter

reading,

should

with

calibrated

side

one

will

be

of

the

meter.

92.

What

is

to

contain

of
about

the

low

the

The

the

center,

milli-amperes.
pointer will

on

other

or

range

scale
When

be deflected

discharge the pointer

side

of

the

scale

on

micro-farad?

micro-farad

condenser

in

the

scale,

condenser.

the
of

one

5-0-5

condenser,

deflected

the

read

to

be

pointer

the

charging the
to

through

permits

the

the

meter,

the

upon

test

condenser

the

denotes

condenser

in

terminals

of

more

greater

if

ascertain

condenser.

tested

depends

the

of the condenser,
as

be

meter

in microfarads.

also

standard

terminals

the

measured?

is measured

place the

of

one

on

charge,

40

leaks?

terminals

the

condenser

condenser,

to

and

milli-ammeter
on

contacts

of about

current

condenser

test

can

of

capacity

is the

How

The

of

form

the

the

]/?milli-ampere.

volts and

90.

45

K1XITIOX

MAC.XKTO

VI-:

is the
a

millionth of

capacity

3600

square

of

one

inches

farad.

micro-farad
of

tin-foil.

A
will
Con-

46

AUTO

for

densers

.25

from

MAC.NKTO

IGNITION

ignitionapparatus
.6 of

to

What

93.

.MOTIVE

micro-farad

effect

is the

of

rated

capacity.

large

too

usually

are

in

condenser

magneto?
Too

large

What

of

effect

is the

condenser

of low

arcing at the contact

the secondary terminal.
What

95.

The
of

is

off

the

by

that

that

capacityresults in destructive
points and a poor spark at

exist

filled

to

spark

can

separated

are

difference

electrodes, the
medium

What

in which

is

the

Spark

pass
from

of

vapors,

nature

spark

spark?

between
each

electrical
of

which

the
and

form

trodes
elec-

two

other, there

potentialor
depends upon
of the

condition

ing
sparkof

the

passes.

plug?

spark plug is a spark gap

cylinderof an internal combustion
A

metallic

with

produce

strikingvoltage,the value
of the spark gap,
the width

97.

condenser?

sparking electrodes.

is necessary

In order

must

spark?

afterwards

What

96.

small

too

path produced by the incandescence

down
broken
by the discharge. The

air
is

given

secondary

luminous

the

space

the

lowers

force.

electro-motive

94.

condenser

placed

within

engine.

the

97-A.

is meant

What

by

in

difference

usually employed
that
voltage of the secondary current
points of the circuit.
any two
is

This

What

98.

term

the

are

parts

of

47

IGNITION

MAC.XKTO

AUTOMOTIVE

potential?
denote

to

the

exists between

spark plug?

having a threaded end that screws

which
be a good insulator
into the cylinder,
must
core
a
heat
and
resistingis fitted pressure
tight
rod
the metal
within
shell, a metal
through the
of the core
is fitted with a sparking electrode
center
the end
at
projecting into the cylinder,and a
end to which
the spark plug
terminal at the outer
the
The
lead is attached.
spark passes between
A

metal

electrode

center

the

or

shell

spark

another

and

may

and

the shell itself.

99.

How

is the

between

pass

secondary

in the

electrode
the

capacity

center

of

shell,

electrode

high-tension

distributed?

current

The

secondary capacity is -not situated at the

electrodes of a spark plug, it is distributed in a
less regular manner
more
or
throughout the entire
secondary circuit.
What

100.

The

terminals

electrodes

101.

How

of

should
be

The

electrodes?

are

of

an

electrical source,

such

the

as

spark plug.
the

gaps

between

the

spark plug

trodes
elec-

set?

settingof

the

spark plug

electrodes

is

an

48

AUTOMOTIVE

important

MAGNETO

function

and

width

evenly, the

of

inch

an

102.

Why

has

been

are

the

the

the

circumstances,
of

it is advisable

all alike, otherwise

gaps

hut

engine

gap

may

be

to

of

to

set

will

not

.025

the
run

under

vary

settingof

found

gaps

IGNITION

ferent
dif-

1 40th

or

good practice.

spark

electrodes

plug

set

close?

there

Although
the electrodes
a

certain

of the

of

is but
a

resistance

compression

Cross

short

of the mixture.

may

be

verified

with

the

spark plug.

103,

What

is the

equivalent

by placing

be

may

compression,
a

spark

of

too

close

that

are

set

too

effect

times

twelve

gap

gap

of

in

the

which.
shunt

spark

electrodes?

Spark plug
heat

The

section, spark plug, airplane type.

at

plug

between

spark plug,the spark encounters

in overcoming the gap, because

atmospheric pressure
longer than the spark under
spark

distance

gaps

the electrodes

close

and
causing preignition

of the mixture.

tend
poor

to

flammation
in-

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

plug

miss

when

cause

the

wide

too

of

gap

the

spark

will

wide

the

engine to
is opened suddenly, also
the throttle
to spark at the safety gap.
magneto

What

105.

of

electrodes?

that

Gaps

effect

is the

What

104.

49

IGNITION

too

are

the

are

usual

cause

of

causes

failure

of

spark

plug?
from

Short-circuited
burnt

electrodes

is

What

It is

implied by

does

how

an

and

of

which

107.

bv

the

the

and

discharge

which

at

of

the

The

be

served
ob-

silent

high-tensioncables

spark plugs.

air.

may

luminous

It is due

high-tension current,

the

to

leakage

however,
ignition,

curring
oc-

is not

it.

would

How

brush

term

phenomenon

occurs

into the
affected

the

in the form

dark

sometimes

nature

tight,moisture

pressure

it occur?

electrical

in the

discharge

not

away,

porcelains,

the insulator.

condensing on
106.

carbon, cracked

locate

you

defective

spark

plug

cable?

By observingthe leakage of
in the
current

108.

to

What

dark
reach

is

or

the

the

failure

the
of

rent
high-tensioncurthe high-tension

spark plug.

storage

battery?

in a liquid1
incapable
platesimmersed
either of the plates until
of acting chemically on
of an
after the passage
electric current, when
they
Two

inert

50

AUTOMOTIVE

become

store

M.

capable

of

said

store

IGXITIoX

tric
furnishingan independent elecA storage battery,so called does not
current.
than a spring of a clock
electricity,
any more
be

can

to

muscular

stores

time

that

In the

same

The

is,

of

in

way

spring
the

renders

which
potential,

the works

kinetic,causes
strike.

sound.

or

energy,

kinetic energy,

muscular

and

\GXKTO

again

clock

so-called

to

coming
be-

move

storage

is caused
battery,the energy of an electric current
to
produce electrolytic
decompositions of such a
the
to independentlyproduce a current
nature
as
on
of the electrolizing
removal
(Houston.}
current.
"

109.

What

is the

principle

of

battery does

storage

battery?

tricity,
elecactuallystore
does it make
it is simply a
nor
electricity,
reservoir.
The
term;
charging a battery by the
of an
electric current
use
brings about a chemical
when
change, which in turn will produce electricity
the circuit is completed.

110.

storage

How

would

describe

you

battery is composed

storage

platesseparated from
called

one

group

corners,

the

other

corner.

The

two

as
respectively,

usually one

each

construction

of

more

of

two

sets

of

other

Alternate

separators.

together,

the

battery?

storage

not

at

by stripsof wood
fastened
plates are

one

of

the

upper

the

opposite diagonal
of plates are
designated.
groups
is
negative and positive. There
The
platein the negativegroup.

negativeplates are
positiveplateswith

group

at

filled with
lead

spongy

peroxide.

The

lead
two

and

the

groups

52

AUTOMOTIVE

with

away

the

in the

water

MAGNETO

lead

sulphate which

solution,

increasing the

IC.MTIOX

Unites

with

forming sulphuric acid

specificgravity

of

the

the
and

electrolyte.

UNSCREW
THIS

CAP

Section

of

How

113.

The
store

is the

hours.

hours

ampere

of

current

or

for

capacityof

within
Thus

one

hundred
hundred

storage
the

upon

it. and

five amperes
one

storage

discharge depends

platescontained
ten

battery of the lead plate type.

capacity
of

amount
or

ampere

storage

ten

for twenty

ampere

battery

will

of

the

area

usually measured

battery of
hours

rated?

battery

amperes
hours

is said
hours.

to

or

have

in
f"r
one
a

114.

is it necessary

Why

in

lyte
electro-

the

to

water

battery?

storage

add

to

53

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

only should be added to the

storage battery,coveringthe plates

distilled water

Pure

in a
electrolyte
inch, to make
to a depth of l/" of an
up for the
the capacityof the
otherwise
loss of evaporation,
battery will suffer and the exposed platesbecome
sulphated,eventuallyruining the battery.

115.

voltage of

or

battery?

storage

When

force

electro-motive

is the

What

storage battery is freshlycharged, each

found

cell will be

to

have

an

E.M.F.

of about

2.25

being used a short time this

until
falls to about 2 volts, at this figureit remains
the cell is nearly exhausted.
This appliesto the
lead platetype of storage battery.
to

2.50 volts, but after

116.

What

is

Edison

an

it differ from

This
an

from

the

storage
lead

a
batteryembodies
different
entirely

that used

materials

in the

type

battery

and

battery?

construction

which

combination

lead-acid

nickel

does

how

of

ploys
em-

elements

The
active
types.
iron oxide and the

hydrate and
the elements
or
liquidwhich surrounds
electrolyte
is an alkaline solution of potassium. The
positive
steel tubes
plateconsists of perforatedcylindrical
containingnickel hydrate and pure metallic nickel
flake. The
negative plate consists of perforated
flat steel pockets contaning iron oxide.
117.

What

are

is

Storage
At

the

the

electro-motive

force

of

Edison

an

Battery?

beginning of discharge there

is

peak

54

AUTOMOTIVE

voltage of
from

short

1.3

duration

the maximum

voltageduring
1.3 volts

NE6ATIVE

ROD

Section

of

is variable

per

he

anywhere

cell.

normal

Open

discharge

rate

circuit

voltage

POLE

IN5ULATC"

storage

and

has

battery of the

no

batterypractice. The
maintain

may

RU88tR
".,

9LANO

SIDE

which

the period
depending upon
charge and discharge. Practically

elapsingbetween

HARD

IGNITION

1.5 volts

to

is about

MAGNETO

an

average

discharge.

When

battery may

be

type.

useful

in storage
significance

Edison

Storage Battery will

voltageof
the

Nickel-Iron

1.2 volts

voltage drops to
considered
discharged.

during
1 volt

its
the

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

is the

How

118.

density

55

IGNITION

of the

electrolyte

in

storage

tested?

battery

hydrometer which is
graduated to read the density (specificgravity)
of the hydrometer. The
scale on
the stem
a
on
hydrometer is usuallyenclosed in a glasstube which
cell
holds a portion of the liquidwithdrawn
from
be tested, the lower
end of the glass tube is
to
tube long enough to reach
the
fitted with a rubber
liquidin the cell through the filler cap, the upper
end of the glass tube is fitted with a bulb syringe.
When
from
a
enough of the liquidis withdrawn
cell to float the hydrometer a reading can
be taken
of the hydrometer, rising above
the stem
at
the
level of the liquidwithin
the tube.
It is tested

What

119.

is

by

another
for

with

the

substance.

is

the

weight of a
weight of the same

Water

is taken

substance
bulk

the

as

of

standard

liquids.
What

120.

is meant

insulated

The
a

specific gravity?

Specificgravity
compared

of

means

of

source

by

the

conductors

such
electricity,

term,

which
as

Leads?

lead

to

the leads of

and
a

from

storage

battery.
What

121.

is meant

by

Sulphating

in

Storage

tery?
Bat-

"

The
the

formation

plates of

remaining in

a
a

of

hard

white

basic

storage battery,due

dischargedcondition.

to

sulphateon
the battery

56

AUTOMOTIVE

MAGNETO

IGNITION

Half Full

Charged

Hydrometer
electrolyteof a
discharged, half

syringe,
lead

the

plate

charged

or

hydrometer

storage

will

float

battery when

charged

state

as

in

the

it is in

indicated.

is

What

122.

of

Buckling

by

meant

57

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

the

plates

warping in storage batteryplatesdue

rapid discharge.

The

methods

What

123.

in

glass

will appear

bubbles

Connect

turn

them

hold

quarter of

the

leads of

the

and

on

inch

an

of

charging

slice of

copper

potato about

raw

apart, the positivepole will

green.

Procure

litmus

blue

some

moisten

store,

the

in

apart, the

same,

place the
paper

positivepole

will

the

circuit

the

at

negative

from

paper

the moisted

storage batteryon

drug

leads

two

about

quarter

the

turn

of

litmus

red.

paper

In

polarity

negativepole.
storage batteryto

polarity indicator connected

of a storage batterywill show
red
pole.

124.

little salt in it,

inch

to

circuit?

with

water

at

the

storage batteryor

of

find

to

charging

or

the leads from

circuit

wires

used

are

Battery

Storage

Dip

battery?

storage

too

in

What

current

switch,

is

battery charging

circuit?

batterycharging circuit
is usuallyconnected
to a
of

the

switch

source

fused

of

direct

double-throw

leads

going to a bank
of
in multiple,the other
lead
lamps connected
from
the lamps connectingto one
of the terminals
of the storage batteryand the other terminal connected
one

to

the

the

battery

knife
will

switch.

On

110

volt

charge approximately

at

line
the

58

AUTOMOTIVE

MAGNETO

IGXITION

DATTER.Y

1 1 111
LAMPS

SWITCH
10

no

Wiring

plan

01

VOLTS

of

storage

battery

charging

circuit.

60

AUTOMOTIVE

chemical

action

cell and

the

continuous

How
to

should
insure

dry

ampere.
batteries

example,

long

cell is

should
a

the

used,

the

negative terminal

are

connected

in

multiple-series.

connected

be

of

1.25 volts

at

results, a
in

connect

then

for

necessary

.25

of

dry

set

for
multiple-series,

volts

and

1 ampere,

5 cells in series,that
cell is connected

one

the

and

next

cell until

series,leavinga positiveand

open,

in

service?

best

of

remains

batteries

dry

requiring6

is,the positiveterminal

terminal

in

be connected

be

which

and

current.

usually rated

circuit

20 cells should

of

life and

obtain

To

of

set

hydrogen

moisture

the

connected

The

water,

generating

batteries

Dry

form

to

IGNITION

the cell.

furnishes

the

within

combine

oxygen

127.

MAGNETO

connect

such

to

5 cells
tive
negasets

in

AUTOMOTIVE

multiple, that
each

series

are

MAGXICTO

is, all of

the

connected

to

negative terminal

128.

force

E.

abreviated

129.

that

lead, and

lead

another

as

per

of

all of the

diagram.

Force?

Usually

to move.
electricity

causes

F.

M.

is

What

positiveterminals
one

is Electromotive

What

The

to

61

IGNITION

the

velocity

estimated

of

electric

the

current?

It has

been

velocityof

estimated

that

the

copper

wire

is 288.000

through

miles

tricity
elecper

second.

130.

What

is the

difference

static

between

and

voltaic

electricity?
Static
voltaic

131.

is sudden,
noisy and convulsive,
electricity
and
is silent, constant
powerful.
electricity

What

is

an

Ampere?

practicalunit

The

of

the

rate

of flow

of

electric

current.

132.

What

is

of

Amperes
circuit

an

Hour?

ampere

flowing

current

multiplied by

in hours,

time

hours.

133.

The

What

is

1000th

Milli-ampere?

part of

an

in

ampere.

an

electrical

equals ampere

62

At'TOMOTIVK

What

134.

An

An

is direct

.a

flowing in
by

the

force

into

emerge

direction.

one

north
the

which

circuit,the pole from

a

alternatelyin

Positive

term,

magnetic circuit, the

lines of

into

flows

current?

is meant

What

.In

IT1ON

current?

which

current

electric current

136.

IC.N

directions.

What

135.

alternating

an

electric

opposite

the

is

MAC.XKTO

pole?

pole

from

air.

In

the current

which
trical
elec-

an

flows

circuit.

Cylinder, rotary engine.

is meant

What

137.

In

which

through

the

the

What

Negative

term,

is

Jn

pole?

connected

electrical

an

is

force

body

to

pass

electrical circuit, the

an

flows

the current

circuit

conductor
electric

flow.

force

pole into

the

magnetic circuit, the negativepole into which

the lines of

138.

by

after

to

the

having passed
source.

conductor?
or

substance

which

freelythrough' it.

allows

What

139.

is

insulator?

an

is

insulator

An

is

Wh"t

139- A

non-conductor,

resistance
Rubber

63

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

flo\v of

the

to

siderable
offeringcon-

the electric

of the best insulators.

one

insulation?

is called

140.

an

electrical conductor

of

an

electrical current.

of

electrical

resistance?

unit of electrical resistance

is called

property of
the flow

it opposes
-141. -What

is the

it is the

flow

What

one

in

ampere

is Ohms

that

resistance
force

electro-motive

an

of

unit

of

amount

of

current

142.

substance.

is Resistance?

What

That

The

metallic

in any

of the current

age
leak-

the

non-conductingcovering, to prevent

rent.
cur-

ohm,

an

will limit
one

volt

the
to

electrical circuit.

an

and

law

of

which

by

is it

how

applied?

|||

I=

The

IT
is

in amperes

current

in

force

volts,divided

motive
equal to the electroby the resistance in

ohms.
E
electro motive

The

product of

the current

in

volts,is equal to the

force

in amperes

and

the resistance

in ohms.
E

:!I

R=~

resistance

The

force
.

in

in ohms

is

volts,divided

equal to the
by the current

motive
electroin

peres
am-

64

AUTOMOTIVE

What

143.

is

is

What

An

is

open

device

the resistance

144.

IGNITION

Rheostat?

rheostat

MAGNETO

an

of

for

of

purpose

ing
vary-

electrical circuit.

an

circuit?

open

circuit exists

circuit is

the

when

continuous

broken, preventing the flow

trical
elecof

rent
cur-

through it.

145.

An

What

is

closed

circuit?

electrical circuit is closed

continuous

is established

path

when
that

conducting

a
a

current

can

pass.

146.

What

is

shunt
of

portion

146- A.

What

The

term

primary

and

the current

magneto,

The

path

What

circuit?

of

resistance

low

circuit, which

through the

current

147.

short

main

is meant

by

prevents

around

any

flow

the

of

circuit.

the

term

ground

circuit?

circuit of the
applied to the return
secondary windings of a magneto, when
flows through some
metallic part of the

other

is

an

than

an

electrical

insulated

conductor.

capacity?

to permit
abilityof a conductor
be passed into
to
quantity of current
acquiringa difference in potential.

certain

it before

What

148.

65

IGNITION

MAGXETO

AUTOMOTIVE

by dampening?

is meant

bringing the pointer of

to rest
quickly.
measuring instrument
The

of

act

electric

an

is

What

149.

is

switch

,A

is

What

switch

terminal
switch

with

wire

one

grounded

What

Loose
the

opening

closing an

or

are

switch?

ignition

to

leading to
the other

the magneto,

on

is

an

engine,when switch
is grounded
current

150.

for

device

circuit.

electrical

149- A.

Switch?

contacts

and

the

dirty contacts

or

are

closed

of

or

the

on

in

the

the

primary

becomes

failure

poor

ground

from

part

magneto

causes

common

wire

metallic

some

the

operative.
in-

switch?

connection

at

terminals.

151.

What

is Platinum?

refractorywhite metal which does not oxidize

readily,the specificgravityof platinum is 21.53,
which
than

water.

152.

What

220

that

means

test

is

test

this metal

is 21.53

times

heavier

line?

line consists

of

connection

to

volt circuit, preferably direct current,

110

or

one

of

66

AUTOMOTIVE

the

M.UIXKTO

IGNITION

line wires

terminatingin a flexible cable with

a
piece of l/16th of an inch copper wire at the
end
for testing. The
other line wire is connected
to

lamp

socket

from
cable.

the
\Yhen

carrying
socket

terminates

the ends

the

lamp,

other

in another

of the two
circuit

the

lamp lights. The

line will be

for

testingthe continuityof windings, open

circuits, condensers,

test

What

box

is mounted

is

buzzer

found

and

useful
short

or

test

test

set.

set?

containingtwo dry cells,on top of which

teries
an
ordinary vibrating buzzer, tjiebat-

in the box

are

connected

batteryleads terminatingat
of

completed

etc.

P"ux/er

153.

is

ible
flex-

flexible leads

brought together, the

are

nection
con-

tlie box, the

other

battery

in series,
a

one

binding post
lead

connects

of
on

to

the

top
one

68

AUTOMOTIVE

spark
the

is

value

points are

MAGNETO

dependant
of

the

other

"

primary

IGNITION

things being equal"

current

when

the

on

contact

separated.

SWITCH
TO

RATJERY

SPAffff

PLU6S

^=

COIL
GROUND

Typical battery-timer circuit.

to

The

primary

Tbe

high-tension current
winding in coil, to

flows

from

tery,
battery ground to batto switch, to ballast resistance, to primary
winding,
circuit breaker, to ground.

ground.

current

flows

from

coil ground

distributor,

to

to

ondary
sec-

spark plug,

to

157.

are

timer

ignition system?

battery,a switch,

lobes

cam

fired,
of
acts

as

equal

timer

is the

What

158.

whole

finger,the
of

How

The

are

windings

primary winding
in series with

across

end

is

denser
con-

bearing

distributor

provided

the

of

of

the
for

the

ballast

condenser

Battery-timer

tributor.
disthe

is the

ballast

is

nected
con-

resistance

and

the

is connected

resistance

nected?
con-

transformer

The

the

What

top

parts?

and

by

pointsof the circuit breaker.

winding is grounded at one end
leads to the rotatingfingerof the

160.

timer

and

cam

arm

be

spark.

the

circuit breaker,

of

time

same

forms

surmounted

being

the

which

carries the

extended

An

on

circuit breaker

base

and

outfit.

of the

arrangement

the

which

for the shaft

variation

usual

the

at

completes the

mounted,

are

usuallymounted
which

cover

which

plate on

159.

distributor

is

induction

or

having a number
of cylindersto

number

ringer

shaft,

typical Battery-

the circuit breaker

shaft

the

to

distributor

the

mounted,

are

transformer

which

coil,a timer base upon

condenser

of

principal parts

the

What

69

IGNITION

MAGNKTO

AUTOMOTIVK

in

and

directly
ary
secondthe other

distributor.

Battery-timer

coil?

The

small

in series
amount

amount

with
of

the

of resistance which

is connected

primary winding, this limits the

battery current
flowingthrough the coil.

70

AUTOMOTIVE

\C..\KTO

IGNITION7

What

161.

is the

When

the

in the

placed

battery

of

amount

circuit

"off"

this

under

the

ballast

from

out

time

same

heats

of

primary
the

offers

result

greater

of current

flowing

from

battery current

preventing

flow

the

with

and

amount

of

excess

is not

increased

an

through

primary, preventing it

any

switch

off the

cut

the

primary

the

the

ditions,
con-

affect

not

resistance,

this limits the

the

through

normal

condition

flows

that the ballast resistance

resistance

does

positionto

current

and

under

and

engine stops

current,

resistance?

Ballast

flowing through

current

if the

winding,

the

resistance

ballast

of

of

tinier coil operates

the
amount

action

burning

and

at

rapid discharge

of

the
the

battery.

What

162.

is meant

Between

circuit :an.d the

in

comparison

one

revolution

attain

spring

also

mechanicaj

What

advanced

is

coil.

to

contacts

In

of

the

spark

elapses which

the

length

of

lag?

at

is

time

for the

the

spark

appreciable
required'by
A

high speed engine.

required

primary

certain

primary

current,

its;full strength,this is called the magnetic.

the
lag..fof

163.

with

of

opening
of the

of time

of time

amount

of

occurrence.

interval

plug, an

to

instant

the

coil

by battery-timer

or

open

time

The

close

requires
lag of

is the

some

required
through
time,

for

the

this

the

timer

action

of

is called

a,

the

the circuit,breaker.

effect

of

lag

in

battery-timer system
the spark
because

battery-timer system?
the
does

spark
not

"

must

take

"

be:

place

at

the

is

points open, there

that varies
according to
reason
why a battery-

the

when

moment

contact

retarding-influence
is

that

circumstances,

If

163-A

the

lag in

measured

system

1/30

to

flywheel,

the

advanced

be

gine
en-

an

on

equal

was

on

lever

timing

the

far must

magneto.

R.P.M.

2000

at

revolution

than

battery-timer

running
of

one

advance

requires more

timer

71

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

how

correct

to

it?

360

equal 12.

timer

speed,advance

necessary

30 divided

shaft

the

winding

If the

ballast

of

resistance

the

when

contacts

between

the

that, \vhereas. in the

by

165.

current

ference
dif-

only vital

of' the
of

itself

upon

the

two

is

systems

the

magneto,

is the

in

engine?

an

to

the

principle

of

ignition

principleof ignitionof
combustion
engine may

internal

produce

at

moment

with

the

when

engine

the
and

of

the

mixture

the..mixture
be .defined

precise moment

piston,a spark capable

ture, the
varies

is

What

The

of

action

that

so

generated by magnetic induction

is supplied
in a battery-timer
system the current
constant
voltage.
batteryof practical

primary
and

eliminated

were

working

and

magneto?

closed, the

are

coil

timer

is short-circuited

primary winding

the

cam

degrees.

high-tension

running at

between

difference

is the

What

164.

by

of

in
as

an

!follows,

in the. travel

ignitingthe

mixi-r.

spark

should

place

its

speed,

take
-

72

AUTOMOTIVE

The
the

MACM-TO

ignitionof

spark

first

the mixture

the electrodes

about

feet per

12

maximum
take

the

effect

place at

crank

over

Flame

the

One

course

that

took

place

at

in order

so

to

piston, the

speed
obtain

spark

the

pro""

the

should

passing of

the

the

electrodes

of

principle of compression

spark plug'.

in

internal

engines?

the

the

rounding
immediately sur-

center.

around

engine

atmospheric
ago

the

on

of the fundamental

combustion
of

second,

top dead

is the

combustion

takes

instantaneous,

not

spark plug, the

given time before

propagation

What

166.

of the

flame

of

is

mixture

ignitesthe

pogation

ir.NITlON

is the

gas

or

pressure,

of
principles
compression of
mixture

but

explosion was
place

before

it

would
was

much

the internal
the

charge,

explode

discovered

stronger if

ignition.

at

long
pression
com-

the

When

the

compressed

return

into

mixture

quarter of its originalvolume

one

space,

the

stroke

compression

the

on

its

of

half

to

doubled, when

is

pressure

closes, forcing the

inlet valve

smaller

is

mixture

originalvolume
piston begins to
the

IGX1TTOX

MAC.NKTO

AUTOMOTIVE

as

ignited,it explodes with far

in
could be possible,
greater force than otherwise
this way
by using a smaller engine cylinderand less
is obtained.
mixture,
combustible
higher efficiency
a

When

engine

an

engines

As

rule

through

the

On

occasions

more

than
friction

along
inlet

1000

is open,

so

happens

this

the

some

reason

inlet valve

until

has

the

or

piston

valve

linear

and

inlet

the

has

passed

through

pipe and

several

feet per
gas

short

the

finally

short

turns.

is apt to be

the mixture

charge of

the very

rush

to

induction

speed of

full

cylinderin

for

one

mixture

the

cylinderbefore

fillthe

to

mixture

the

center.

the

and

carburetor

the

closed

dead

lower

than

more

is not

valve
the

have

enough

closes, and

inlet valve

the

high speed,

at

runs

fast

enter

cannot

to

when

Then,

rule.

minute,

but

is unable

period the

to

owing
enter

inlet valve

compression suffers,the same

thing
the high
the engine is very hot, as
rarifies the
charge, making it less

the

when

temperature

consequentlygreat care is taken to

design the induction passage correctlyin order that
the greatest efficiency
full compression and
may
be obtained.
High compression also has its effect

powerful, and

on

the

ignitionwhich

spark
under

may

be

itself in that

obtained

from

the

cient
suffi-

ignition

the
compression, but when
compression is exceedinglyhigh, the spark is apt
fail altogether.
to take the safetygap
or

system

normal

manifests

74

AUTOMOTIVE

167.

How

would
the

to

define

you

that

internal

which

by expansion gives out

its

to

of

Angularity
engine.

168.

What

the

cylinders

is meant

four

169.

by

in

cycle
With
and
then

occurs,

the

the

90

is

finally

Vee

degree

applied

as

for

operation

combustion

valve

type

the

to

ternal
in-

piston passes
the

with

over

of

the
the

on

the
the

on

operation.

one

the

four

stroke

engine?

open

mixture

mixture

exploding

of

cycle

the

piston rises,

the

the
When

intake
in

draws

substance,

and

energy,

necessary

detail

internal

the

from

engine?

strokes

Name

taken

or

engines1 in

originalcondition.

combustion

The

recurring series of

combustion

heat

imparted

applied

as

engines?

which

returned

is

Cycle

term

repeats itself, a
in

operations, as

the

IGNITION

combustion

internal

scries

KTf)

ACN

piston

descends

suction

valves

stroke,

closed,

stroke.

compression
dead

compressed

center

mixture

pressing
com-

the

spark

and

the

76

AUTOMOTIVE

termed,

brake
is

power

MAGXKTO

Actual

rated.

or

usually

ir.MTlON

determined

brake

or

the

by

horse
of

use

the

of convertingthe
dynamometer, which is a means
developedby a gasolineengine into elecricity.
power
of electricity
the amount
in
generated is measured
volts and
which, when
multipliedtogether
ampers,
called watts, 746 watts
are
equal 1 horse power,
therefore

of watts,

the number

Angularity

cylinders

the

of

in

divided

45

by 746 would

degree

Vee

type

engine.

represent the horse

power

under

Rated

engine
by

of

means

Automotive

follows,

as

equals
bore

horse

of

the
of

number

test.
a

mean

power

devised

by

the

gasoline

is determined
the

Societyof

is expressed
Engineers. This formula
D2
multipliedby N, divided by 2.5
In

power.

this formula

equals

cylindersin inches squared, and

cylindersdivided by the constant

formula,
as

horse

formula

D2
This

developed by

neither

however,
the

factors

effective pressure

are

is

the
the

2 5.

H.P.

tions,
subject to modificaof piston speed or the
compensated for.

AUTO

MOT

requires 1

It
foot

in

high

1 second

Ibs. 1 foot

in

high

Ibs.,100 feet high in 1 minute.

brake

can

550

or

Ibs. 1

lift 33000

to

power

1 minute,

330

or

How

175.

horse

77

IGNITION

MAGNETO

[VE

horse

calculated

be

power

by

formula?

Pi
D*

4
R.P.M.

-X
7500
I)1'

Diameter

of

piston, in

inches

squared.

Pi

l/4of Pi

.7854.

or

Number

=--

7500

have

How

177.

of

cylinders.

Revolutions

==

is
Why
engine?

To

in inches.

stroke

Constant.

==

R.P.M.

176.

of

Lenth

it necessary

the

spark

would

you

minute.

per

to

time

the

magneto

at the proper

occur

proceed

to

time

to

the

moment.

magneto

to

an

engine?
One
No.
the

of
1.*

the
In

an

cylindersis usually designated as

engine with the cylindersin line,

cylinder nearest

airplaneengines
the pump
*NOTE"

are

No
been

the

to

the

left hand

designated as
standard

startingcrank
No.

and

cylindersnearest

in
to

1.

designation

of

No.

cylinder

having
adopted by Airplane engine manufacturers,
show
No.
1 cylinder at the left side,
firing diagrams

all

pump

end.

AUTOMOTIVE

Place
dead

the

MAGNETO

piston of
follow

(or

center

No.

IGNITION

the

cylinder on
manufacturers

place the magneto on its base

loose, place the timing lever
position,or,
spark type
when
the

it must

timing in
engine.

if the
be set

order

to

the

number

prevent

of

full

of

the

tarded
re-

fixed

degrees

back-kick

any

-o

the coupling

the

is

magneto

tions),
instruc-

with
in

upper

later

from

-o

T
Magneto
units

ignition system, 8 cylinder Vee

engine, the
comprise two high-tension magnetos, firingone
spark

plug

in each

RemOve
shaft
the
to

the

cylinder
the

on

breaker

direction

in the

and

cover

in which

it is to

block

distributor

block

cvlinder

cable
to

about

are

coupling

to

alter the

tion
posi-

Remove

the

and

its base.

to

magneto

distributor

connect

to

until

rotate

breaker
the

magneto

shaft.

the

Fasten

the

turn

platinum points of the circuit

separate, in this positionsecure
shaft, taking care
not
magneto
of the

blocks.

engine

separate

which

note

is in contact

leading from
the

terminal

the
on

with

terminal
the

the

distributor,

spark plug
the

of

of

distributor

No.
block

is in line with

which

and

of

set

terminal
the

178.

the

on

the

If

brush
block

the

magneto

Varying

the

block

distributor

is

leading to No. 1
securing the coupling

segment

or

before

shaft.

is meant

What

ment
seg-

remaining spark plug cables

and the rotation
of firing
sequence

distributor.

the

marked

to

to

or

the

connect

according

brush

distributor

the

79

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

by timing

the time

of

manipulation?

lever

ignitionis

for

desirable

eral
sev-

lag of the
ignitiondevice, qualityof the mixture, speed of the
engine or conditions of load under which the engine
is operated.
In a magneto
a
quired
very brief period of time is reto complete a cycle of operationwhich
sists
conof the reversal
of polarityin the windings,
in the
the current
building up and interruptingprimary circuit and distributingthe high-tension
the spark plugs.
to
current
In a batteryignition
time is required
system more
also be
to build
up the primary circuit, there may
mechanical
some
lag in the interrupter,
consequently
is necessary
in a batteryignimore
spark advance
tion
when
ployed.
system than
ignitionis emmagneto
A

reasons

which

lean

mixture

of

too

rich

be

is slow

required for
true

may

full
a

due, either

to

time

burning, more

inflamation,the

mixture, in both

same

cases

the

ing
be-

being
spark

timing must be advanced.

The lag of the spark is proportionalto the speed
of the engine,at 2000
revolutions per minute, the
crankshaft

will

move

twice

as

far before

the

spark

80

AUTOMOTIVE

Valve

Inlet

opens

valve

Ignition

"

closes

occurs

\G.\KTO

ignition timing

and

Inlet valve

M.

dead

center.

50

degrees

"

20

"

Exhaust

valve

opens

Exhaust

valve

closes

( FT ispano-Suiza)

degrees
"

"

of

rCXITION"

an

airplane engine.

late.

ahead

45 degrees
10 degrees

of
from
after

dead

center.

bottom
top dead

dead
center

center.

than

occurs

earlier

an

The

higher

the

the

"stroke should

revolutions

1000

at

pressure

81

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

minute

per

spark timing is required.

piston speed the

in order
spark occur
exerted

be

may

earlier in the
that the
the

at

point. Consequently spark

needed
and

after

because

chamber,

short

is

imum
max-

vantageous
ad-

most

is

advance

the electrical circuit is broken

taken

spark has

the

sequently
con-

place

interval

time

in

the

combustion

elapses before

the

sufficiently
expanded to
the piston.
the maximum
exert
on
pressure
The
timing lever should be in a positionin proportion
and a good operator learns to
to the load
observe
the effect of manipulating the timing lever
and act accordingly,
gauging the lever positionfor
engine speed and gradually retard the spark when
down
the engine is slowed
by work, always just
If the engine speed decreases,
keeping ahead of the knock.
either from closingthe throttle or excessive
be retarded
the engine will
or
work, the spark must
pound or knock, as the explosions tend to force
in the wrong
the pistonsand crank-shaft
direction.

charge

What

179.

The

fullyignitedand

is meant

number

of

by

the

degrees advance

engine depends on
the timing lever and the
to engine speed.
on

magneto,

range

of 25

degrees
50

driven

degrees.

at

degrees

effective

relation

on

of the
the

advance

retard

or

the range

an

180.

of

range

or

of

engine

tard?
re-

effective
of

movement

magneto

speed

timing lever,
engine?

and

speed

having
how

many

82-

AUTOMOTIVE

181.

magneto

of

MAGNETO

driven

at

of

the

degrees

30

effective

30

timing lever,

how

range

grees
de-

many

engine?

degrees.
A

182.

engine speed, having

the

on

IGNITION

magneto
a

range

driven
of 40

26.66

degrees

effective

degrees

many

1^2 times

at

engine speed,

of the
the

on

ing
hav-

timing lever,

how

engine?

degrees.

"

o"

-O

Magneto
units

ignition

comprise
spark

two

high-tension

'two

plugs in each

is the

What

183.

system,

cylinder

relation

of

each

magnetos,

cylinder on

separate

spark

engine,

Vee

advance

firing

one

engine

to

the

blocks.

piston

travel?

To

ascertain

degrees

to

by
which
in

the

piston

of

an

in

travel
of

means

the horizontal

fractions

relation

the

lines
inch

of

spark

inches,

advance

it may

be

in
culated
cal-

accompanying chart, in
represent the pistontravel

and

the

vertical

lines

the

84

AUTOMOTIVE

IGNITION

MAGNETO

4.5

X
30

to

In

/?"LA
7d

T/ON

Inches

Or

TffAVFL

What

185.

is the

of

relation

85

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

magneto

speed

to

engine

speed?
The
is

the

to
proportional

revolution

per

186.

What

shaft

speed

relation of magneto

is
to

of

the
the

of

number

four

stroke

relation

of

distributor

engine speed
sparks required

to

cycleengine.

speed

of

the

magneto

shaft?

four

cylindermagneto 2 to 1. A six cylinder

3 to 1. An
eight cylindermagneto promagneto
ducing
four sparks per revolution
2 to 1. An
eight
tion
producing two sparks per revolucylinder
magneto
4 to 1. A twelve
cylindermagneto producing
four

sparks

per

revolution

3 to

1.

86

AUTOMOTIVE

How

"187.

would

There

be

would

safety

detect

you

would

What

188.

'MAGNETO

failure

the

no

spark

cause

when

gap,

IGNITION

the

at

ignition?

spark plugs.

spark

to

magneto

the

of the

high-tension

the

at

circuit

is

in

order?

good

Sparking

the

safety gap is an indication that

there is a gap in the secondary circuit greater than
the resistance of the secondary winding, as for instance
spark plug electrodes burning too. far apart.
What

189.

at

is

safety gap?

An

auxiliarypath of the high-tension current

protect the winding, and
insulatingparts of
when

magneto,

itself
instance

190.

if

When

an

twice

and

and

of
so

takes

191.

How

engine
then

that

the

will

not

stops,
is the

one

place

out

of

would

you

test

start

the

fires

but

and

once

flywheel rocking

or

leads

two

have

or

back

placed,
mis-

been

explosions,the

next

sequence.

for

trouble

in

high-tension

ignition system?
the

magneto

ground

or

short-circuiting

wiring are in good order,

platinum contact
points of the circuit
breaking properly and at the correct
switch

charge
dis-

cannot

cause?

spark plug

that after

magneto

See

high-tension current

the

through the spark plug gap, as for

disconnected.
spark plug cable became

forth, what

Some

one

the

to

see

that

breaker

time,

the
are

if the

points

be

suspected,see

not

broken

may

brushes

are

condenser

-defective

.flash, .a
..points

that

plugs

not

grounded, chafed

are

in

spark plugs are

inside

the

that

see

of it has

carbon

permittinga
of

compression

the

projection

some

or

overheated,

become

early ignitionof

that, in the combustion

result

particleof

spark

condition.

good

Pre-ignitionis the
chamber,

cut.

or

the

to

the

on

pre-ignition?

is

What

192.

contact

leading

cables

see

the

on

distributor

the

that

segment,

oil

;or

in good

and

the

87

IGNITION

MAGXKTO

-AUTOMOTIVE

the

too

gaseous

mixture.

What

193.

is necessary

it at

Lubricate

especiallythe
also

to

send

it to

194.

How

The
the

platinum

often

of

of

should

of

magneto

from

"1000 miles,

tributor,
dis-

all anyone
it is unwise
of

case

trouble,

be

oiled?

oilingdepends entirelyupon

operation,on

operationis

in

and

station.

required

every

about

mechanic,

instrument

the

importance

50 hours

skilled

service

service

good

it clean,

keep

points

contact

dry. This is

it

keep

with
a

in

magneto

intervals,

proper

do, unless

tamper

the

condition?

running

should

keep

to

on

magneto,
motor

mobiles,
auto-

trucks, every

airplanes,every

good rule.

on

25 hours

88

AUTOMOTIVE

195.

What

the

arc

MAGNETO

IGNITION

of

advantages

an

Auxiliary vibrating:

system?
To

assist

in cold

the

starting of

hand

cranked

engines'

weather.

engine, the
ignition system.' 8 cylinder Vee
comprise two high-tension magnetos, cross-connected,

Magneto
units

196.

What
and

The

cylinder.

spark plugs in each

firing two

does

auxiliary

an

auxiliary vibrator
two

within

current

is carried

system

windings

small

housed

consist

system

of

it operate?

does

how

vibrator

the

and

switching device.

through

of

consists

the vibrator

condenser,
The
to

rator,
viball

battery

the circuit

of

breaker

being

the

distributor

the

high-tensioncurrent
spark plugs through the

magneto;

distributed

to

the

the switch

When

the magneto.

on

89

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

lever

from
placed on the batteryposition,the current
ings
the batteryis conducted
through the vibrator windthe vibrator and
to the primary winding
to
of the magneto.
The vibrator is simultaneouslyset
is

into

operation

with

throwing

the

switch

lever

sparks are produced at the plugs

until the cam
separates the platinum points,thereby
bringing the magneto primary winding into the
A
circuit.
continuous
shower
of sparks is produced
the platinum
in that period of time in which
pointsare held open by the cam.
battery,but

on

What

197.

The

are

no

the

characteristics

of

rotary

engine?

engine is due
to the fact that there are
no
literally
reciprocating
tion
parts in the absolute sense, the apparent reciprocabetween
the pistonsand cylindersbeing solelya
steady running

relative

of

since
reciprocation,

rotary

both

travel

in

circular

path.
The

rod

master

rod
in

vertical

is

as

follows

that

in

rotary engine, is the

is vertical when

necting
con-

the crankshaft

is

position.
A
pulses
imseven
cylinder rotary engine has power
spaced 102.8 degrees apart and requires a
magneto givingtwo sparks per revolution, driven at
\Y\ times engine speed.
order of a seven
The firing
cylinderrotary engine

nine

cylinderrotary engine has

power

impulses

90

AUTOMOTIVE

spaced

80

MAC.NKTO

degrees apart and requires a magneto

sparks per revolution, driven at 2%

giving two
times engine speed.
The firingorder of
is

follows

as

IGNITION

nine

cylinderrotary engine

1 "3"5"7"9"2"4"6"8.

Magneto
lead

for

9 cylinder rotary

terminates

in

with

the

in contact

The

magneto

engine, the high-tension

brush-holder, the

segments

is

of

usually

tension lead terminates

in

brush

separate

gear

brush

of

which

is

distributor.

driven, the

high-

holder, the carbon

being in contact with a separate distributor

revolvingwith the engine,solid brass wires leading
to the spark plugs.

brush

92

AUTOMOTIVE

cylinder rotary

MAGNETO

engine,

pistons

and

connecting

master

rod

in

the

rods.

vertical

IGNITION

outline
No.

of
1

position.

relative

cylinder

positions
about

to

of
fire,

Battery
units

comprise

breakers,

plugs

timer

in

two

each

ignition system,
a

generator,

cross-connected

cylinder.

93

IGNITION

MAGNETO

AUTOMOTIVE

cylinder

storage

Vee

battery,

distributors,

engine, the
two

firing

two

circuit

spark

94

AUTOMOTIVE

Firing
viewed

order

from

M.\";\KT()

Hispano-Suiza

pump

1L"

end:

8R"

K'.MTIOX

cylinder
2L"

7R"

engine.

Vee
4L"

5R"

3L-

6R.
Manufacturer's

5R_3L"

6R-.1

firing order
L"

8R"

2L"

7R.

from

propeller

end:

4L

"

Firing order

Curtiss

5 R"

2L"

8
6R"

cylinder Yee
4L"

95

IGXITIOX

MAGXKTO

AUTOMOTIVE

8R"

engine
3 L"

7R.

OX2

96

AUTOMOTIVE

IGNITION

MAGNETO

3K\\/y7

I-'iringorder,
1 L"

8R"

Sturtevant
3L"

6R"

8
4L"

cylinder
5R"

Vee

2L"

enuine

7R.

INDEX

Advance

retard,

and

179

of,

range

131

Ampere,

132

hour,

133

mill!-.
69

turn,
turn

as

applied

molecules

Atoms,

70

winding

10

and,

vibrator

Auxiliary

to

of

advantages

system,

construction

coil,

ballast

of

lag

system,

of

lag

on

discharge,

Carburetor,

what

Circuit

breaker,

is

a,

163

engine,_163-A

an

operation

principle

parts

effect

principle

a,

of

units

Brush

in

of

of

of

a,

a,

a,

171

170

operates,

97

156

a,

of

modern,

106

a,

parts

29
how

160

a,

159

162

lag,

Battery-timer

in

resistance

connections
effect

operation

and

196

an,

Battery-timer

195

an,

30

a,

157
155

of

98

INDEX

Circuit, closed, 145

description of
distribution

battery charging, 124

the
capacity
secondary

of

high-tension,
effect

of

rapid breaking
the secondary, 31
ground, 146-A
find the polarity
how
to
of

method

proper
to

the

of

of

connecting
when

charging,

primary

upon

123

charging,
a

storage

polarity

of

battery
both

induction,

or

of

dielectric

of
of

test

to

functions

a,

of

the
the

capacity is too high,

capacity is too low,

91
85

a.

capacity of a, 90
retaining the charge,

the

measuring
of

89- A

87

a,

of a, when
of a, when

effect

winding,
86

a.

89

discharge,
effect

82

primary

on

parts
what

154

reactance,

action

how

164

transformer.

construction

a.

88

is a, 84

Current, alternating,
definition

of

definition

of

difference

in

134

primary, 71- A
secondary, 71-B
potential of the

secondary, 97-A

direct, 135
the
on
65
magnetizing,
secondary flow of, in a magneto,
velocity of the electric,129
effect

of

the

secondary,

Currents, eddy; 76
Cycle, application
definition

Distributor,

148

32

is

146

Coil, battery-timer, 159, 160,

principle

the

125

unknown,
short,

Dampening,

144

open,

Condenser,

of

99

of

of

the

the

168

term,

term,

167

iron

28-C

core,

72

93
94

100

INDEX

IGNITION

co

"

tin ued
of

source

of, in

systems

switch,

149-A

testing

for

in

trouble

what

is dual, 33
is duplex, 34

what

is independent.

what

of

power

time, 38

present

high-tension

system

35

56

magnetic,

electric, 71

of

principle
Insulation,

the

at

use

produce.

191

of,

Induction,

will

that

energy

139- A

Insulator, 139

Iron

effect

core,

duration

of

of

the

secondary

spark

on

the, 73
effect

Laminae,

Magnet,

the

of

secondar\r

hysterisis

effect

used

winding,

in

what

how

current

an,

on

the, 72

78
is

why

an.

70-B

75

are,

coercive
how

on

of, 49-A

force

to

determine

to

determine

the

the

north
north

pole
pole

of
of

a,
an

61
tro-.
elec-

62
of

keeper

53

a,

insert, in magnetizing
super-saturation of a. 51

proper

to

way

what

is a, 42

what

is

bar. 44

what

is

bell

what

is

shaped. 48
47
compound.

what

is

horse-shoe,

what
what

is

permanent,

is

an

Magnets,

retaining

Magnetic

attraction,

electro-, 63

the

description
field, 43
flux, 52
lag, 54

46
45

strength

of

the, 70-A

57
of

a,

compass,

64

coil, 66-A

101

.NDEX

ACNE

continued

TIC"

55

leakage,

permeability, 49
poles, 59
of, induction,
50
saturation.
58
traction,

power

oj,41

history

Magnetism,

77

residual,

of,

theory

40

of, coils, 67

calculation

Magnetizing,

56

coil,proper

insert

to

way

magnets,

66-A

65

current,

methods
of, 66
wiring of, coils, 68

Magneto,

cause

cycle
cycle

sparking

of

a,

of

electric

of

operation

effect

of, lag on an
electricity,16
flow of secondary

safety

gap,

188

12-A

current,
in a

of, rotation

direction

the

at

high-tension, 18

not

marked,

39- A

184

engine,

28-C

current.

how

a, is timed, 37
is timed
to
an
engine, 177
a,
of a, 39
of rotation
find the direction
to
to keep a, in good
running condition, 193

how

to

how
how
how

oil a,

194

of, 12-B
pole pieces of a, 60
principle of, ignition, 20
principle of operation of a. 17
22
principle of operation of a low-tension.
principle parts of a high-tension, 15
relation of, speed to distributor, 186
relation of, speed to engine speed, 185
relation
9
of, speed to engine speed on
a
cylinder rotary engine, 198
theory of a. 11
the term
high-tension, defined, 14
at ^
on
timing range
engine speed,
a, driven
induction

180

timing
timing

range

on

a,

driven

at

engine speed,

range

on

a,

driven

at

I1/? engine

182
what
what

is

what

is
is

what

is

a.

12

spark, 28
high-tension, 13

low-tension,

fixed

21

181

speed.

1.02
MAGNETO

tin ued

con

"

what

is

what
what

is

is

24
26
sleeve inductor.
starting. 28-R

what

is
is

two

unidirectional, 28- A

what
what

Micro-farad,
Mixture,

spark.

inductor

an

of.

indications
and

of, 23

its

lean, 173
rich. 172

a
a

10

atoms,

and

Oscillograph
Platinum;

type

92

of

law

25

synchronized, 27

are

indications

Molecules,
Ohm's

is

what

Magnetos,

polar inductor,

application.

142

83

diagrams,

151

Pole, negative, 137

positive, 136
Potential,

in, 97-A

difference

Resistance,

140

action of ballast, ,161

unit of electrical, 141

Rheostat,
Safety

143

gap,

of
is

cause

what

Spark

advance
what
what

Spark

to

a,

piston travel, relation

is a, 95
is necessary

plug, cable,

sparking

magneto
189

to

how

to

produce

a.

a
leaky,
misplacing,

a,

gaps
gaps

set

too

set

too

usual

causes

what

is

a,

97

107
190

98

electrodes, setting of, 101

set close, why,
are
gaps
close, effect

the, 188

of, 183

96

locate

cables, effect of
of
construction

at

102

of,

103

wide, effect of, 104

of failure of a, 105

103

INDEX

adding

battery,

Storage

is, 119

what

Specific gravity,

water

to

buckling

of

construction

in

lead

type

Edison,
of

charging

effect

of

discharging

a.

Ill

force

of

a,

electro-motive

force

of

an

leads

of

the

polarity

of

of

of

a,

connecting

charging
sulphating

circuit, 125
of the
plates

what

a,

108

in

a,

is

the

lyte
electro123

109

a,

method

proper

rated, 113

of

120

a,

principle

117

118

a,

find

to

115
Edison,

is

a,

density

the

test

in
how

of

capacity

the
to

an

112

a,

electro-motive

how

and

116

effect

how

122

a,

110

a,

between

difference

Switch,

114

a,

plates

the

of

in

a,

a,

to

121

149
of

cause

failure

150

ignition. 149-A

Test

line, description

Test

set,

Timer

Timing

Winding,

of

of

description

parts,

a,

152

of,

arrangements

lever,

manipulation.

range

on

turn

ampere

difference

ratio

primary

size

of

wire

on

size

of

wire

on

variation

of

to

timer

a.

70

coil

secondary,
to
secondary,
80
primary,
81
secondary,
of

lag in

and

164

magneto,

voltage
of

applied

182

181.

180.

between
of

induced

as

158

178

magneto.

153

buzzer,

a,

74

19

79

sion,
high-ten-

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