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CHAPTER I
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is
happening at the time of speaking.
Example : Please dont make so much noise. Im studying.
We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something
which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at
the time of speaking.
Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment.
We often use the Present Continuous when we talk about a period around the
present.
Example :Youre working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do
We use the present continuous when we talk about the changing situation.
Example : The population without jobs is increasing very fast.
1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED
The adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are NOW, RIGHT NOW,
TOMORROW,ETC
1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
The patterns of Present continous tense consist of :
1.3.A. Positive Pattern
S + am/is/are + Verb 4.Now
S + sedang + 4..sekarang
Examples :
1. I am studying English now.
2. We are going to Jakarta tomorrow (akan)
3. You are singing now.
4. He is making a cake now.
5. she is sewing a shirt now.
EXERCISE 2 : Change the following sentences into (+), (-), and (?)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CHAPTER 2
PAST TENSE
2.1. The Use of Simple Past Tense
We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.
2.2. The Adverbs of time used
The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last.., a week ago, this
morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear,
etc.
2.3. The Patterns of Simple Past Tense
3. Did they play football in the field yesteryear? Yes, they did/No, they
didnt
2.3.4. The Question-word Pattern
QW + did + S + Verb 1.Yesterday?
Qw + yang + S + 1.?
Examples:
1. What did John see in the river yesterday ? a crocodile
2. When did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday
QW + Verb 2.Yesterday? S + did
QW + 2..?
Examples :
1. Who saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did
2. What grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did
EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English !
1. Kami menjual mobil kami kemarin
2. Apakah kamu pergi ke luar tadi malam ?
3. Dia tidak datang ke pesta itu minggu lalu
4. Apakah kamu tidur nyenyak tadi malam ?
5. Kami menjual rumah kami di Jakarta tahun lalu.
6. Manajer pemasaran tersebut melakukan penelitian minggu lalu.
7. Apakah perusahaan anda menjual kursi tahun lalu ? Ya.
8. Kapan anda menjalankan usaha anda di Jakarta ? tahun lalu
9. Siapa yang membuat kue itu kemarin ? ibu saya.
10. Apa yang jatuh di jalan kemarin ? Tas saya.
EXERCISE II. Change the following sentences into (+), (-), ( ?), Present
Continous Tense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tom saw the cats having business under the tree yesterday
They played cricket at school last week
Did the policeman arrest the thief last night ?
The teacher did not attend the meeting this morning
Chapter 3
PRESENT FUTURE TENSE
We often use will in this situation:
Offering to do something:
e.g. That bag looks heavy. Ill help with it.
Agreeing and refusing to do something:
e.g. Ive asked john to help me but he wont
Promising to do something.
e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I promise.
Asking someone to do something.
Will you close the window,please!
A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
S + will/shall + Verb 1 Tomorrow
S + akan + 1 .
Example:
1. John will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.
2. Mrs.Maria Eva will play badminton tomorrow
B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
S + wont/shant + Verb 1 Tomorrow
S + tidak akan + 1 ..
Example:
1. John wont run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.
2. Mrs.Maria Eva wont play badminton tomorrow
We often use will to be going to when we say what we have already decided to do,
what we intend to do in the future.
e.g. A:Theres a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?
B: No, I am too tired. I am going to have an early night.
The pattern :
S + am/is/are + going to + Verb 1
S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb 1
Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1.. .?
QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1 ..?
4. PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to talk
about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities.
We can use the Present Perfect Tense with already to say that something has
happened sooner than expected :
e.g. Dont forget to post this letter, will you? Ive already posted it.
We can use the Present Perfect Tense with just (= a short time ago)
e.g. Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.
We talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present, we use the
present perfect.
e.g. Dave: Have you travelled a lot, Nora?
Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different countries.
We often use ever and never with the present perfect:
e.g. have you ever eaten caviar?
We have never had a car.
We have to use present perfect Tense with This is the first time, It the first
time
e.g. This is the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)
We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting
something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: e.g. Has it
stopped raining yet ? (not did it stop).
The pattern:
S + have/has + verb 3.etc
S + havent/hasnt + Verb 3..etc
Have/has + S + verb 3.. .etc?
QW + have/has + S + verb 3..etc?
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Example :
-
The pattern:
S + had + verb 3when/before S + V2
S + hadnt + Verb 3 when/before S + V2
Had + S + verb 3 when/before S + V2 ?
QW + had + S + verb 3 when/before S + V2 ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rumah itu sangat sunyi ketika saya tiba. Semua orang sudah pergi tidur.
Saya merasa sangat lelah ketika saya pulang, jadi saya langsung pergi tidur
Saya tidak lapar, saya baru saja makan siang.
To tidak bearada di rumah ketika saya tiba. Dia baru saja keluar.
11
12
Saya sudah mengetik selama tiga puluh menit ketika listrik itu padam
13
14
15
16
17
18
He would have become a presiden if his party had won in general election
19
The meeting would have been starting since this morning if Mayor had come
on time.
= Im
2. You are
= Youre
20
3. We are
= Were
4. They are
= Theyre
5. He is
= Hes
6. She is
= Shes
7. It is
= Its
8. Will not
= wont
9. Would not
= Wouldnt
10. Do not
= Dont
= Doesnt
= Didnt
13. Is not
= Isnt
= Arent
= Wasnt
= Werent
= Havent
= Hasnt
= Hadnt
= Cant
= Couldnt
= Mustnt
= Shouldnt
= Mightnt
= Maynt
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2. Kata kerja yang digunakan harus kata kerja transitive, yaitu kata kerja yang
bisa diikuti oleh suatu objek atau benda.
3. Rumus kalimat pasif dalam bahasa inggris adalah sebagai berikut:
S + To be + V3by
4. To be berfungsi untuk menentukan Tenses dari suatu kalimat dan untuk
membentuk awalan : di.atau: ter
5. To be dapat dijabarkan dalam 16 Tenses (lihatlah 16 Tenses pada rumus
kalimat aktif)
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1. Kata kerja yang dipakai dalam kalimat pasif ialah V3 (bukan V1, V2, V4)
2. Tenses dalam kalimat pasifditentukan aleh bentuk To be nya
3. TO BE bisa terdiri dari:
a. Satu kata saja (am/is/are/was/were) lihat nomor 5 dan 11.
b. Dua kata(will be,have been, has been, had been, would be) lihat
nomor1, 7, 9, 13. (am being-is being-are being-was being-were being)
no. 6 dan no. 12.
c. Tiga kata (will be being, will have been, have been being, has been
being, had been being, would be being and would have been) lihat
nomor 2, 3, 8, 10, 14 dan 15.
d. Empat kata (will have been being dan would have been being ) no. 4
dan 16.
4. Being dalam kalimat pasif menunjukan: Continuous.
= S tak akan di
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Example : Rapat tidak sedang akan dimulai oleh mereka pukul 9 besok pagi.
3. Present Future Perfect Tense
S + Wont have been + V3.(by her)
= S belum akan di
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No. 13 s/d No. 16, hanya menambahkan kata Not, pada kata bantu yang pertama.
Lihat pada 16 Tenses kalimat pasip bentuk berita.
Note : Keterangan pelaku (by me, by us, by him, dst) dan keterangan waktu, bisa
dipakai bila diperlukan. Tergantung kepada : kondisi dan situasi dari tiap
kalimat yang diucapkan.
= Yes/No,
25
= Yes/No,...
= Yes/No,...
= Yes/No,.
= Yes/No,
= Yes/No,...
26
= Yes/No,...
= Yes/No,
= Yes/No,
= Yes/No,
= Yes/No,
= Yes/No,
Example : Apakah proyek perumahan sedang direncanakan di kota ini ketika saya
ada di luar negeri tahun lalu ?
By whom + ? = By the mayor.
27
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)
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Rumus-Rumus Causative:
A.
B.
S + to have + something +
Eg: 1. I had my tooth pulled out yesterday
2. Ali has had his hair cut since yesterday
C.
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THE 16 TENSES
Perhatikan perubahan yang terjadi dari Rumus umum ke TENSES TERTENTU:
S + TO HAVE + SOME ONE + V1 + DST
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
V2
had
V3
had
V4
having
PATTERN EXERCISE:
TASK : Make free statements according to the PATTERNS (rumus) below:
A.
Eg :
Do +S + have + Us + V1 .?
Does
Communicative English Course
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2.
Eg :
3.
Eg : When ..
4.
Eg : Who has
5.
Have + someone + V1 + !
= suruhlah !
Eg :
B.
S +1.
wont have + ones house + V3 + etc
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(Kata Dasar)
Past Tense
Past
Participle
V1
V2
V3
to do
did
done
Present
Participle
V4
~ing
33
to have
had
had
having
mempunyai
to tell
told
told
~ing
to own
owned
owned
~ing
memiliki
to read
read
read
~ing
membaca
to write
wrote
written
writing
menulis
to listen
listened
~ed
~ing
mendengarkan
to speak
spoke
spoken
~ing
to say
said
said
~ing
berkata, mengatakan
10
to ask
asked
~ed
~ing
11
to answer
answered
~ed
~ing
menjawab
12
to borrow
borrowed
~ed
~ing
meminjam (dari)
13
to lend
lent
lent
~ing
meminjamkan (kepada)
14
to give
gave
given
giving
memberi (kan)
15
to send
sent
sent
~ing
mengirim, menyuruh
16
to repeat
repeated
~ed
~ing
mengulang
17
to buy
bought
bought
~ing
membeli
18
to sell
sold
sold
~ing
menjual
19
to present
presented
~ed
~ing
20
to wait (for)
waited
~ed
~ing
menunggu
21
to see
saw
seen
~ing
22
to visit
visited
~ed
~ing
mengunjungi
23
to invite
invited
~ed
inviting
mengundang, mengajak
24
to reject
rejected
~ed
~ing
menolak
25
to refuse
refused
~ed
refusing
26
to inprove
improved
~ed
improving
memperbaiki, meningkatkan
27
to avoid
avoided
~ed
~ing
menghindari (kan)
28
to deny
denied
denied
~ing
menyangkal, mambantah
29
to arrange
arranged
~ed
arranging
30
to plan
planned
~ned
~ing
merencanakan
31
to make
made
made
making
membuat, menyebabkan
32
to build
buit
built
~ing
membangun, mendirikan
33
to burry
burried
burried
~ing
menguburkan
34
to scold
scolded
~ed
~ing
memarahi
34
35
to rebuke
rebuked
~d
rebuking
memarahi
36
to bribe
bribed
~d
bribing
menyuap, menyogok
37
to attack
attacked
~ed
~ing
menyerang
38
to defend
defended
~ed
~ing
mempertahankan
39
to enforce
enforced
~d
enforcing
memaksa, memberlakukan
40
to learn
learnt
learnt
~ing
belajar
41
to study
studied
studied
~ing
mempelajari
42
to copy
copied
copied
~ing
menyalin
43
to compose
composed
~d
composing
menyusun, mengarang
44
to review
reviewed
~ed
~ing
mengulang kembali
45
to interview
intervived
~ed
~ing
mewawancarai
46
to repair
repaired
~ed
~ing
mereparasi
47
to know
knew
known
~ing
48
to understand
understood
understood
~ing
mengerti
49
to take
took
taken
taking
mengambil, mengantarkan
50
to eat
ate
eaten
~ing
makan
51
to drink
drank
drunk
~ing
minum
52
to substitute
~d
~d
subtituting
mengganti
53
to succeed
~ed
~d
~ing
berhasil, menggantikan
54
to devide
~d
~d
dividing
membagi
55
to nominate
~d
~d
nominating
mencalonkan
56
to cook
~ed
~ed
~ing
memasak
57
to receive
~d
~d
receiving
menerima
58
to believe
~d
~d
believing
percaya
59
to agree
~d
~d
~ing
setuju
60
to disagree
~d
~d
~ing
tidak setuju
61
to propose
~d
~d
proposing
mengusulkan
62
to oppose
~d
~d
opposing
menentang, melawan
63
to predict
~ed
~ed
~ing
meramalkan
64
to let
~ed
~ed
~ting
membiarkan, mengijinkan
65
to put
~ed
~ed
~ting
meletakkan
66
to cut
~ed
~ed
~ting
memotong
67
to continue
~d
~d
~ing
meneruskan, melanjutkan
menggambar, menarik
35
68
to draw
drew
drawn
~ing
berpikir, berpendapat
69
to think
thought
thought
~ing
menyatakan, mengutarakan
70
to express
~ed
~ed
~ing
membuktikan
71
to prove
~d
~d
proving
ingat
72
to remember
~ed
~ed
~ing
mengingatkan
73
to remind
~ed
~ed
~ing
memperingatkan
74
to warn
~ed
~ed
~ing
mengingat-ingat, menghafal
75
to memorize
~d
~d
memorizing
melupakan
76
to forget
forgot
forgotten
~ting
mengagumi, memuji
77
to admire
~d
~d
admiring
memuji
78
to praise
~d
~d
praising
menghina
79
to insult
~ed
~ed
~ing
menyerahkan
80
to submit
~ted
~ted
~ting
melaporkan
81
to report
~ed
~ed
~ing
membuka
82
to open
~ed
~ed
~ing
menutup
83
to shut
~ed
~ed
~ting
menutup
84
to close
~d
~d
closing
85
to mark
~ed
~ed
~ing
menimbang
86
to weigh
~ed
~ed
~ing
mengukur
87
to measure
~d
~d
measuring
mengevaluasi
88
to evaluate
~d
~d
evaluating
89
to taste
~d
~d
tasting
memegang, mengadakan
90
to hold
held
held
~ing
menyentuh, meraba
91
to touch
~ed
~ed
~ing
mengajar
92
to teach
taught
taught
~ing
mengembalikan
93
to return
~ed
~ed
~ing
menjawab
94
to reply
replied
replied
~ing
membayar
95
to pay
~ed
~ed
~ing
menghitung
96
to calculate
~d
~d
calculating
melempar
97
to throw
threw
thrown
~ing
memukul
98
to hit
~ed
~ed
~ting
memukul
99
to beat
~ed
~ed
~ing
menggigit
100
to bite
bit
beaten
~ing
bersembunyi
101
to hide
hid
hid
hiding
melayani, menghidangkan
36
102
to serve
~d
~d
serving
menerangkan
103
to explain
~ed
~ed
~ing
menafsirkan
104
to interpret
~ed
~ed
~ing
meramalkan
105
to predict
~ed
~ed
~ing
mengaktifkan, menggiatkan
106
to activate
~d
~d
activating
memotivasi, menggerakan
107
to motivate
~d
~d
motivating
Note : tanda ~ (tilde), ialah tanda yang berarti Kata Dasar (Infinitive)
Contoh : to work ~ ed = worked // ~ ing = working, dst.
to pada Infinitive, tidak dipakai sebagai predikat dalam suatu kalimat (Lihat Rumus)
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