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2 AUTHORS:
Giovanni Tommaso Rocca
Serge Bouillaguet
University of Geneva
University of Geneva
16 PUBLICATIONS 79 CITATIONS
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P conservativa conservative
Reconstruccin de los
dientes posteriores tratados
endodnticamente:
tcnica adhesiva
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minimum by increasing the longevity of every single restoration by highest quality and
to proceed according to the rules of minimal invasivity, thus avoiding unnecessary
removal of sound tooth structure. Up to now minimally invasive dentistry focused
on primary restorations such as preventive resin restorations and small adhesive
composite restorations. It must be stressed that the principle of minimally invasive
treatment in connection with highest quality implies not only for primary restorations,
but for the entire field of re-dentistry as well, thus touching large restorations on vital
and, in particular, on devital teeth.
Minimal invasivity can only be achieved by using adhesive techniques, because adhesion
assures sufficient retention without the need of tooth-destructive macroretentive and
fricative elements. In addition, adhesive systems may seal the cavity thus minimizing
bacterial penetration. In this perspective, the adhesive restoration of devital teeth is an
excellent example how adhesion may completely change the restorative approach. With
Suggested restoration
Class I
Class II MO
or OD
Direct composite/Indirect NO
restoration
(except unfavorable
occlusal context, thin
and fissured walls)
Cusps coverage
YES
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P conservativa conservative
sobre la base de la factibilidad clnica. Desde un punto de vista esttico, la posibilidad de mantener toda la pared vestibular representa
una gran ventaja. En caso de existir una discroma preexistente de la
dentina, se podr proceder con un blanqueamiento interno mediante
una mezcla de perxido de hidrgeno y perborato antes de proceder
a la obturacin definitiva.
Una vez que se haya aislado la cavidad con un dique de plstico y
matriz metlica, se procede con las tcnicas adhesivas (Tabla 2).
Hay que conservar, limpiar y acondicionar la pared en resina distal
mediante pulido con arena con partculas de 27 micras de Al2O3. En
este punto, el esmalte y la dentina se graban con cido ortofosfrico
al 35-37% respectivamente durante 10 y 30 segundos.
Seguidamente, la cavidad se enjuaga con abundante agua y se seca
con delicadeza. Despus, se rehidrata la dentina con una solucin
primaria y se evita aplicar silano para no incurrir en el riesgo de con-
Conditioning
Dentin
Self-etch System
Self-etching primer
(10 sec and dry)
Etch-and-rinse System
Ortophosphoric acid
(10 sec)
Bonding resin
(10 sec and dry)
Primer solution
(10 sec and dry)
Bonding resin
(10 sec and dry)
Priming
Bonding
Enamel
Composite Resin
Silica-based ceramic
Ortophosphoric acid
(30 sec)
Bonding resin
(10 sec and dry)
Organic silane
(60 sec and dry)
Bonding resin
(10 sec and dry)
Hydrofluoric acid
(following manufacturer
instructions)
Organic silane
(60 sec and dry)
Bonding resin
(10 sec and dry)
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the presence of weakening fissures should be detected. In the specific case of the
premolar presented, the presence of a large and sound mesial wall, which protects the
tooth from dramatic mesio-distal failures, allows the entire conservation of the vestibular
and palatal cusps (Table 1).
A radiographic examination must always confirm the clinical diagnosis (Figure 1c).
According to the minimally invasive philosophy, the restoration by a full adhesive
approach is the best choice to reinforce the system and to avoid a further loss of
substance. As their quality and longevity are not essentially different, the choice of a
direct or indirect technique is above all dictated by clinical feasibility. From an esthetic
point of view, the possibility to conserve entirely the vestibular wall of a maxillary
premolar is a great advantage. In case of pre-existing dentin discolorations, an internal
bleaching with a mixture of perborate and hydrogen peroxide can be performed before
P conservativa conservative
the definitive restoration (Figure 4). Once the cavity isolated with a rubberdam and a metallic matrix, adhesive procedures can be effectuated (Table
2). The distal resin composite wall is cleaned and conditioned by use of 27
microns Al2O3 sandblasting. Then, enamel and dentin are both etched with 35-37%
orthophosphoric acid 10 and 30 seconds, respectively. The cavity is abundantly rinsed
with water and gently dried. Dentin is then wet with an amphiphilic primer solution and
well dried. Organic silane application on composite is omitted to avoid contamination of
the dentinal hybrid layer. A thin layer of bonding resin is spread into the cavity, excess
is removed and the resin is polymerized with a powerful LED device for 20 seconds as
close as possible to the surface of the bonding layer. The next step is the application
of the resin composite. The goal is to limit the resin polymerization shrinkage. To that
purpose, the resin composite is progressively stratified into the cavity by 2-3 mm
oblique increments, starting from the interproximal distal wall (Figures 2a-2b) Each
layer is polymerized for 40 seconds with the LED lamp. Then, restoration is finished
and polished with silicone points and fine abrasive disks. A final touch of polymerization
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under glycerin gel avoids any oxygen-inhibition layers. Finally, rubber-dam is removed
and occlusion is checked and eventually adjusted (Figure 2c).
P conservativa conservative
nica permite la conservacin de la dentina sana y del esmalte marginal, dejando la posibilidad de, en el futuro, la adhesin de posibles
reconstrucciones sucesivas sobre el esmalte, con los consiguientes
efectos beneficiosos ya conocidos sobre la estabilidad marginal5.
El procedimiento adhesivo tambin permite el uso de un perno, que
tambin hubiera sido necesario en una clsica preparacin total para
corona protsica. Adems, la preparacin de una cavidad para la reconstruccin adhesiva mantiene los mrgenes de la restauracin lejos
del pegamento periodontal, con los consiguientes beneficios para la higiene y la salud periodontal6.7. Una tcnica de restauracin indirecta en
resina compuesta se realiza en una media de dos citas8,9. En la primera
cita se realiza la cavidad con anestesia local para lograr la geometra
correcta, despus se elimina la vieja obturacin en composite de las
superficies interproximales y las cspides vestibulares y linguales se
reducen hastra mantener 2-3 mm de distancia del plano oclusal (Figura
5b). Una vez que se ha aislado correctamente la cavidad (Figura 5C),
se aplica un sistema adhesivo sobre toda la dentina y sobre las partes mesio-distales subgingivales del esmalte marginal y polimerizado.
Entonces se procede a aplicar una capa de composite en la zona de
la dentina y neo box mesial, polimerizando el material. El objetivo es
rellenar la cavidad pulpar, recubrir toda la dentina y obtener una geometra ideal de la cavidad. Es decir, obtener una correcta inclinacin,
evitar irregularidades, tener los mrgenes reposicionados en la zona supragingival y un correcto espacio interoclusal. La elaboracin
de una concavidad en la zona central de la cmara pulpar ayudar
al reposicionamiento de la pieza durante la etapa de cementacin y
aumentar la superficie de unin con el mismo. El alisado de los mrgenes de esmalte con fresas diamantadas es el ltimo paso antes de
la toma de la impresin (Figura 5D).
As, la cavidad se rellena con un material provisional resinoso fotopolimerizable (ej.: Fermit, IvoclarVivadent AG, Schaan, Switzerland) (Figura
6b, 6c). Luego, se realiza la restauracin indirecta en el laboratorio.
5. Preparacin de la cavidad para la reconstruccin indirecta. a) Despus
de una semana se ha reducido la discroma y el diente est listo para
ser preparado. b) Se retira el composite antiguo y se bajan las cspides
de 2-3 mm. c) Se asla la cavidad y se trata adhesivamente. Se aplica la
resina compuesta hbrida en los box mesiales y distales para reubicar
el margen ms coronalmente. El uso de una resina transparente en la
primera parte de la cmara pulpar facilita la deteccin delos canales
radiculares en caso de retratamiento endodntico. d) Renovacin del
esmalte lingual y vestibular. Toda la dentina est recubierta de una fina
capa de resina. La cavidad est lista para la toma de la impresin.
5. The preparation of the cavity for the indirect restoration. a) After 1 week the
dental dyscromia is reduced. The tooth is ready to be prepared. b) Old composite
is removed and the cusps are reduced 2-3 mm. c) Cavity is isolated and adhesively
treated. A hybrid composite resin is applied in the mesial and distal boxes to
relocate margins occlusally. The use of a transparent shade in the first part of the
pulp chamber facilitates the detection of the root canals in case of endodontic reintervention. d) Lingual and vestibular enamel is refurbished. All dentin is covered
by a thin layer of composite resin. The cavity is ready to be impressed.
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P conservativa conservative
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restoration during luting and improve the adhesive surface available for the future
endocrown. Finishing the enamel margins with fine diamonds instruments is the last
step before impression (Figure 5d). A soft light-curing resin is applied as temporary
restoration (eg Fermit, IvoclarVivadent AG, Schaan, Switzerland) (Figures 6b, 6c)
P conservativa conservative
The indirect restoration is then fabricated in-lab. In that specific case the endocrown
was milled from a CAD/CAM composite resin block (LAVA Ultimate, 3M ESPE AG,
Seefeld, Germany) and then esthetically modified with a free-hand technique. During
the second appointment the workpiece is tried in the mouth. The anatomy, the
esthetic integration, the interproximal surface contacts and the fit of the margins are
checked. Consequently, the internal surface of the indirect resin composite restoration
is adhesively treated and then left under light protection. (Table 2, Figures 7a-7c)
The next step is the adhesive treatment of the cavity (Table 2, Figures 8a-8c). The
presence of only enamel and resin composite, without exposure of dentin, facilitates
the whole procedure. A conventional photopolymerizable hybrid resin composite is
used as luting cement. Before the insertion into the cavity, this composite should
be heated-up to a temperature of about 50C to decrease its viscosity. Immediately
thereafter, the restoration is inserted into the cavity and forced in place manually with
the finger. The use of metallic plugger is contraindicated when the thickness of the
restoration is fine, because it may introduce fractures. Excesses of luting composite
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para endurecer el cemento fotopolimerizable. A continuacin, se procede a una polimerizacin completa de contacto con la superficie a
irradiar aplicando la luz durante 90 segundos en cada superficie (Figura 9b). Cualquier sobrante de composite se retira mediante una fresa
diamantada y todo se vuelve a pulir aplicando una presin suave con
discos flexibles o puntas de silicona. El procedimiento se concluye
mediante la aplicacin de un gel de glicerina sobre toda la superficie
y repolimerizando durante 5 segundos el cemento, lo cual elimina el
efecto de la inhibicin de la polimerizacin por el oxgeno. Finalmente, se retira el dique de goma y se revisa la oclusin (Fig. 10a-10b).
CONCLUSIONES
Recientemente, la reconstruccin de dientes tratados endodnticamente con sistemas adhesivos ha sido fuertemente defendida porque permite prevenir una mayor prdida de tejido sano. De hecho, las tcnicas adhesivas aseguran la suficiente retencin de material sin que sea
necesario efectuar una preparacin macroretentiva agresiva10-12. En
concreto, el uso de recubrimientos cementados como la endocorona
para la reconstruccin completa del elemento tratado endodnticamente se est desarrollando cada vez ms en detrimento de la tcnica clsica de reconstruccin con corona protsica completa. La razn que
ha llevado a este cambio de paradigma ha sido el enfoque ms conservador de esta tcnica, que preserva los tejidos dentarios y permite
nuevas intervenciones en el futuro en caso de fallo. Adems, las endocoronas eliminan ciertos pasos, como la colocacin de pernos cementados, la reconstruccin del mun, la corona temporal y una posible
extensin de la corona clnica, que pueden incidir tanto en la duracin
como en los costes de la terapia. Todos estos pasos intermedios tam-
at margins are removed with a probe and interproximal floss. A final push with a
plastic ultrasonic tip helps to seat the restoration in its final position (Figure 9a). A
first light polymerization with a high power LED unit which serves to fix the surface
of the luting composite is performed for 5 s per surface. Then full polymerization
in contact with the irradiated surface is achieved by light curing for at least 90 s
per surface (Figure 9b). Any composite excess is subsequently removed with fine
diamonds and re-polished with flexible discs or silicone points with slight pressure.
A layer of glycerine gel is finally applied over the entire surface of the restored tooth
and the luting composite is cured for 5 s per surface through this gel to eliminate the
oxygen inhibition layer on the surface of the luting composite, if still present. Finally,
rubber dam is removed and occlusion is checked (Figure 10).
CONCLUSIONS
Recently, the restoration of endodontically treated teeth with adhesive techniques
has been advocated both in the root and in the crown to prevent further loss of
P conservativa conservative
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Bibliografia/References
1. Goldstein GR. The longevity of direct and indirect posterior restorations is uncertain and may
be affected by a number of dentist-, patient-,
and material-related factors. J Evid Based Dent
Pract 2010;10:30-31.
2. Ericson D, Kidd E, McComb D, Mjr I, Noack
MJ. Minimally Invasive Dentistry - concepts and
techniques in cardiology. Oral Health Prev Dent
2003;1:59-72.
3. Reeh ES, Messer HH, Douglas WH. Reduction
in tooth stiffness as a result of endodontic and
restorative procedures J Endod 1989;15:512-6.
4. Panitvisai P, Messer HH. Cuspal deflection in
molars in relation to endodontic and restorative
procedures. J Endod 1995;21:57-61.
Lithium-disilicate reinforced glass-ceramics (e.g. IPS e.max Press and CAD, Ivoclar,
Schaan-Liechstenstein) may be alternatives to this concept above all for esthetic
reasons. Several in-vitro studies and some in-vivo trials have confirmed the validity
of this adhesive approach, especially for molars10,14-19. By relying on adhesion, no
radicular posts are necessary any more on molars and at the present moment it is
difficult to decide if posts are necessary on premolars and front teeth. If yes, they
may only be considered in case of extremely destructed teeth. Consequently, in
many instances, restoration of devital teeth may follow the same principles as the
restoration of vital teeth20.
Photos copyright
Figures 1 and 2 with the courtesy of GT. Rocca, I. Krejci, Restaurations adhsives pour dent
dpulpe. Lalternative au tout couronne. Ralits Cliniques 2011(1)25-31.