MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

JJ503 MECHANICAL WORKSHOP PRACTICE 4

NAMA
AKMAL GHAZALI
ZULKIFLI SHAFIE
HAIKAL ARIFF
JAGROSHAN SINGH

NO. PENDAFTARAN
01DKM13F1016
01DKM13F1028
01DKM13F1015
01DKM13F1026

TITLE : CNC LATHE MACHINE PROCESS

DATE OF SUBMITTED : 11 OCTOBER 2015
LECTURER :

PUAN SITI ASMA BINTI BAHARUDIN

ENCIK SHUHAIRI BIN MOHAMAD SAMSUDIN

ENCIK FAUZI BIN AB GHAFAR

DEFINITION

Computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathes are rapidly replacing the older production lathes
(multispindle, etc.) due to their ease of setting, operation, repeatability and accuracy. They are
designed to use modern carbide tooling and fully use modern processes. The part may be
designed and the tool paths programmed by the CAD/CAM process or manually by the
programmer, and the resulting file uploaded to the machine, and once set and trialled the
machine will continue to turn out parts under the occasional supervision of an operator.The
machine is controlled electronically via a computer menu style interface, the program may be
modified and displayed at the machine, along with a simulated view of the process. The
setter/operator needs a high level of skill to perform the process, however the knowledge base
is broader compared to the older production machines where intimate knowledge of each
machine was considered essential. These machines are often set and operated by the same
person, where the operator will supervise a small number of machines (cell).The design of a
CNC lathe varies with different manufacturers, but they all have some common elements. The
turret holds the tool holders and indexes them as needed, the spindle holds the workpiece and
there are slides that let the turret move in multiple axis simultaneously. The machines are
often totally enclosed, due in large part to occupational health and safety (OH&S) issues.

HISTORY OF CNC LATHE MACHINE

The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to ancient Egypt and known to be used in Assyria and
ancient Greece. The lathe was very important to the Industrial Revolution.
The origin of turning dates to around 1300 BCE when the Ancient Egyptians first developed a
two-person lathe. One person would turn the wood work piece with a rope while the other used a
sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood. Ancient Rome improved the Egyptian design with the
addition of a turning bow. In the Middle Ages a pedal replaced hand-operated turning, allowing a
single person to rotate the piece while working with both hands. The pedal was usually
connected to a pole, often a straight-grained sapling. The system today is called the "spring pole"
lathe. Spring pole lathes were in common use into the early 20th century.
An important early lathe in the UK was the horizontal boring machine that was installed in 1772
in the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich. It was horse-powered and allowed for the production of much
more accurate and stronger cannon used with success in the American Revolutionary War in the
late 18th century. One of the key characteristics of this machine was that the workpiece was
turning as opposed to the tool, making it technically a lathe (see attached drawing). Henry
Maudslay who later developed many improvements to the lathe worked at the Royal Arsenal
from 1783 being exposed to this machine in the Verbruggen workshop.[1]
During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized power generated by water wheels or steam
engines was transmitted to the lathe via line shafting, allowing faster and easier work.
Metalworking lathes evolved into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts. Between the
late 19th and mid-20th centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line shafting as
the power source. Beginning in the 1950s, servomechanisms were applied to the control of lathes
and other machine tools via numerical control, which often was coupled with computers to yield
computerized numerical control (CNC). Today manually controlled and CNC lathes coexist in
the manufacturing industries.

CNC MACHINE CONTROL PANEL LABEL

TYPES OF LATHE PROCESS

Operations
During the process cycle, a variety of operations may be performed to the workpiece to yield the
desired part shape. These operations may be classified as external or internal. External operations
modify the outer diameter of the workpiece, while internal operations modify the inner diameter.
The following operations are each defined by the type of cutter used and the path of that cutter to
remove material from the workpiece.

External operations

Turning - A single-point turning tool moves axially, along the side of the workpiece,
removing material to form different features, including steps, tapers, chamfers, and
contours. These features are typically machined at a small radial depth of cut and multiple

passes are made until the end diameter is reached.

Facing - A single-point turning tool moves radially, along the end of the workpiece,
removing a thin layer of material to provide a smooth flat surface. The depth of the face,
typically very small, may be machined in a single pass or may be reached by machining

at a smaller axial depth of cut and making multiple passes.

Grooving - A single-point turning tool moves radially, into the side of the workpiece,
cutting a groove equal in width to the cutting tool. Multiple cuts can be made to form
grooves larger than the tool width and special form tools can be used to create grooves of

varying geometries.
Cut-off (parting) - Similar to grooving, a single-point cut-off tool moves radially, into
the side of the workpiece, and continues until the center or inner diameter of the
workpiece is reached, thus parting or cutting off a section of the workpiece

Thread cutting - A single-point threading tool, typically with a 60 degree pointed nose,
moves axially, along the side of the workpiece, cutting threads into the outer surface. The
threads can be cut to a specified length and pitch and may require multiple passes to be
formed.

Internal operations

Drilling - A drill enters the workpiece axially through the end and cuts a hole with a
diameter equal to that of the tool.
Boring - A boring tool enters the workpiece axially and cuts along an internal surface to
form different features, such as steps, tapers, chamfers, and contours. The boring tool is a
single-point cutting tool, which can be set to cut the desired diameter by using an
adjustable boring head. Boring is commonly performed after drilling a hole in order to
enlarge the diameter or obtain more precise dimensions.
Reaming - A reamer enters the workpiece axially through the end and enlarges an existing
hole to the diameter of the tool. Reaming removes a minimal amount of material and is
often performed after drilling to obtain both a more accurate diameter and a smoother
internal finish.
Tapping - A tap enters the workpiece axially through the end and cuts internal threads into
an existing hole. The existing hole is typically drilled by the required tap drill size that
will accommodate the desired tap.

TYPE OF TOOL
TOOL
CUTTER 1

PICTURE

TAILSTOCK

BORING

CUTTER 2

CUTTER
(FINISHING)

U-DRILL

MACHINE STOPPER

G-CODE AND M-CODE FOR OUR PROJECT

G-CODE AND FUNCTION

G-code
G00
G01
G02
G03
G28
G96

Function
Move in a straight line at rapids speed
Move in a straight line at last speed commanded by a
(F)eedrate
Clockwise circular arc at (F)eedrate
Counter-clockwise circular arc at (F)eedrate
Return to home position
Constant Surface Speed ON

M-CODE AND FUNCTION

M-code
M03
M05
M08
M09
M24
M25
M30

Function
Spindle ON (CW Rotation)
Spindle Stop
Flood Coolant ON
Coolant OFF
Tool magazine down
Tool clamp
End of Program, Rewind and Reset Modes

CNC LATHE PRODUCTS

Computer Numerical Control or CNC Lathe machines are used to produce parts by turning a rod
of the selected material and feeding various cutting tools into the material at varying depths and
angles. This machinery allows us to produce very precise parts with minimal or no secondary
processing.
This picture shows the project that we have done. The finishers are very smooth and almost
perfect. This CNC machine is very useful for factory to make a work become easier.

CONCLUSION

After a practice for 5 weeks we have to recognize machine CNC Turning 'closer. We can learn
how to use CNC lathe machines using the code 'G' and 'M' as well as understand the uses, type
and functions of the CNC lathe machines'. Spirit of cooperation between members of each group
can be cultivated during practice and practice proper safety measures during practice.

1. We can understand how the use of CNC lathe machine at work project.
2. We can complete the project according to project design and project dimensions.
3. Made to achieve the project objectives and in accordance with our requirements.
4. Understand what has been taught in theory and in practice can be machined.
5. We can solve the problems during the project coordinate system before we make a simulation.
6. We can understand how to enter data (key-in) program at CNC Lathe machine control panel.
7. We can use the machine CNC lathe skills to the project.
8. Able to produce ideas for the design of this CNC project.
9. We know the functions of G code and M code.
10. We learn put the codes to the machines.