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Appendix 1
SI UnitsNumerical Prefixes
Factor
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000001
0.000000001
Scientific
109
106
103
102
10
101
102
103
106
109
In Words
billion/milliard/trillion
million
thousand
hundred
ten
tenth
hundredth
thousandth
millionth
billionth/milliardth
SI Prefix
SI Symbol
*giga
*mega
*kilo
hecto
deca
deci
centi
milli
*micro
*nano
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
CONVERSION TABLES
The following conversion tables (reproduced with the kind permission of Spirax
Sarco) will provide conversion between SI, metric, U.S., and Imperial systems. All
tables use a multiplying factor.
231
2002 by CRC Press LLC
From/To
Millimeter
Centimeter
Meter
Kilometer
Inch
Foot
Yard
Mile
Millimeter
1
10
1000
25.4
304.8
914.4
Centimeter
0.1
1
100
2.54
30.48
91.44
Meter
Kilometer
Inch
Foot
0.001
0.01
1
1000
0.3048
0.9144
1609.344
0.001
1
0.000914
1.609344
0.03937
0.393701
39.3701
1
12
36
0.032808
3.28084
3280.84
0.083333
1
3
5280
km2
in.2
ft2
yd2
Yard
1.09361
1093.61
0.02778
0.33333
1
1760
Mile
0.621371
0.000568
1
Area
From/To
1
10,000
6.4516
929,03
8361.27
m2
0.0001
1
1,000,000
10,000
0.000645
0.092903
0.836127
4046.86
0.000001
1
0.01
0.004047
2.589987
0.155
1550
1
144
1296
6,272,640
0.001076
10.7639
0.006944
1
9
43,560
0.0001196
1.19599
0.000772
0.111111
1
4840
Acre
0.0002471
247.105
2.47105
0.000023
0.0002066
1
640
Mile2
0.386102
0.001562
1
Food Plant Engineering Systems
cm2
m2
km2
ha
in.2
f2
yd2
Acre
Mile2
cm2
232
Length
From/To
kg
kg
Ton
lb
U.K. cwt
U.K. ton
U.S. cwt.
U.S. ton
Ton
1
1000
0.453592
50.8023
1016.05
45.3592
907.185
lb
0.001
1
0.000454
0.050802
1.01605
0.045359
0.907185
U.K. cwt.
2.20462
2204.62
1
112
2240
100
2000
0.019684
19.6841
0.008929
1
20
0.892857
17.8517
U.K. Ton
0.000984
0.984207
0.000446
0.05
1
0.044643
0.892857
U.S. cwt.
0.022046
22.0462
0.01
1.12
22.4
1
20
U.S. Ton
0.001102
1.10231
0.0005
0.056
1.12
0.03
1
Volume and Capacity

From/ To
cm3
m3
liter
ft3
yd3
U.K. pint
U.K. gal
U.S. pint
U.S. gal
cm3
1
1000
28,316.8
764,555
568.261
4546.09
473.176
3785.41
m3
Liter
(dm3)
ft3
yd3
U.K. Pint
1
0.001
0.02832
0.76456
0.00057
0.00455
0.00047
0.00379
0.001
1000
1
28.3168
764.555
0.56826
4.54609
0.47318
3.78541
0.00004
35.3147
0.03532
1
27
0.02007
0.16054
0.01671
0.13368
1.30795
0.00131
0.03704
1
0.00074
0.00595
0.00062
0.00495
0.00176
1759.75
1.75975
49.8307
1345.43
1
8
0.83267
6.66139
U.K. gal
0.00022
219.969
0.21997
6.22883
168.178
0.125
1
0.10408
0.83267
U.S. Pint
U.S. gal
0.00211
2113.38
2.11338
59.8442
1615.79
1.20095
9.6076
1
8
0.00026
264.172
0.26417
7.48052
201.974
0.15012
1.20095
0.125
1
233
Appendix 1
Mass
From/To
Atmos
Mm Hg
M bar
Bar
Pascal
In H20
In Hg
psi
Atmos
1
0.0013158
0.0009869
0.9869
0.0000099
0.0024583
0.033421
0.068046
mm Hg
m bar
760
1
0.75006
750.062
0.007501
1.86832
25.4
51.7149
1013.25
1.33322
1
1000
0.01
2.49089
33.8639
68.9476
m3/sec
m3/h
Bar
1.0132
0.001333
0.001
1
0.00001
0.002491
0.0338639
0.068948
Pascal
101,325
133.322
100
100,000
1
249.089
3386.39
6894.76
In H20
In Hg
406.781
0.53524
0.401463
401.463
0.004015
1
13.5951
27.6799
29.9213
0.03937
0.02953
29.53
0.0002953
0.0736
1
2.03602
psi
14.6959
0.019337
0.014504
14.504
0.000145
0.03613
0.491154
1
Volume Rate of Flow

L/h
L/sec)
L/h
m3/sec
m3/h
ft3/h
U.K. gal/m
U.K. gal/h
U.S. gal/m
U.S. gal/h
3600
1
3,600,000
1000
28.3168
272.766
4.54609
227.125
3.785411
0.001
1
0.000278
0.000076
0.000063
3.6
0.001
3600
1
0.028317
0.272766
0.004546
0.227125
0.003785
ft3/h
U.K. gal/m
U.K. gal/h
U.S. gal/m
U.S. gal/h
127.133
0.03535
127,133
35.3147
1
9.63262
0.160544
8.020832
0.133681
13.198
0.003666
13198.1
3.66615
0.103814
1
0.016667
0.832674
0.013368
791.888
0.219979
791,889
219.969
6.22883
60
1
49.96045
0.83267
15.8503
0.00440
15,850.3
4.40286
0.12468
1.20095
0.02002
1
0.016667
951.019
0.264172
951,019
264.1718
7.480517
72.057
1.20095
60
1
From/To
234
Pressure
From/To
Btu/h
W
kcal/h
kW
Btu/h
1
3.41214
3.96832
3412.14
kcal/h
0.293071
1
1.163
1000
0.251996
0.859845
1
859.845
kW
0.000293
0.001
0.001163
1
Energy
From/To
Btu
Therm
J
kJ
Cal
Btu
1
100,000
0.00094
0.9478
0.0039683
Therm
0.00001
1
0.000009478
0.0039683 105
kJ
1055.06
1
1000
4.1868
1.055
105,500
0.001
1
Cal
251.996
25199600
2388
238.85
1
Specific Heat
From/To
Btu/lb F
J/kg C
Btu/lbF
1
0.00023
J/kg C
4186.8
1
235
Appendix 1
Power
Btu/ft2h
From/To
Btu/ft2h
W/m2
kcal/m2h
W/m2
1
0.3169
0.368
kcal/m2h
3.154
1
1.163
2.712
0.859
1
Thermal Conductance
Btu/ft2 h F
From/To
Btu/ft2 h F
W/m2 C
kcal/m2 h/C
W/m2 C
1
0.176110
0.204816
kcal/m2 h/C
5.67826
1
1.163
4.88243
0.859845
1
Heat per Unit Mass

Btu/lb
Btu/lb
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
1
0.4299
2.326
1
Linear Velocity
From/To
ft/min
ft/s
m/s
ft/min
1
60
196.850
ft/sec
0.016666
1
3.28084
m/s
0.00508
0.3048
1
From/To
236
Heat Flow Rate
Appendix 1
237
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
Conversion can be achieved by using the following formula:
F to C
C = (F 32) 5/9
C to F
F = (C 9/5) + 32
Appendix 2
A2.1 SOME HELP WITH CALCULATIONS
What follows are some basic rules of calculations. Most readers will find them
familiar, however, this section is included for those who will benefit from a general
refresher. Included is a small section outlining the rules applying to exponents and
fractions. Throughout many years of helping many students with mathematical
problems, I learned that a lack of understanding fractions and exponents is the base
cause for a dislike of things numerical.
A2.2 THE PLUS/MINUS RULE

A number or symbol may be moved from one side of an equation to the other side
only if the sign in front of the number is changed. A plus item on one side of the
equation will become a minus item on the other side of the equation, and vice versa.
x = y + 5 or x y = 5 or x 5 = y
Using the do on both sides rule, one can write the equation as:
x = y+5
x 5= y+55
x5= y
A2.3 FRACTIONS
A2.3.1 THE DIAGONAL RULE
An item in a fraction may be moved diagonally across an equals sign:
A C
A B D C
= can be written as AD = BC and also as
= or =
B D
C D B A
Let us do it more slowly:
AD = BC
AD BC
=
D
D
239
240
A=
BC
D
A BC B
=
=
C DC D
A2.3.2 DO ON BOTH SIDES RULE

Whatever is done on one side of the equal sign must be repeated on the other side
in order to maintain equality.
If A = B then 2A = 2B (both sides were multiplied by 2) or A2 = B2 (both sides
were squared).
If
X=
1
Y
then
1
=Y
X
(both sides were inverted).
If the symbols are confusing, replace them with simple numbers and see if the
rule works.
If
0.5 =
1
2
then
1
=2
0.5
If
x=
1
y
then we can multiply on both sides by 2 to get

2x = 2
1 2 1 2
= =
y 1 y y
Appendix 2
241
A mistake that students sometimes make is to multiply both the numerator and
the denominator.
If
1
1
1
=
+
R R1 R2
it cannot be said that R = R1 + R2. If this is hard to see, try real numbers.
Thus,
1 1 1
= +
2 3 6
and 2 3 + 6.
In this case, the whole item
1 + 1
3 6
must be inverted.
RR
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=R=
=
= 1 2
R2 + R1 R + R
1
1
R R1 R2
1
2
+
R1 R2
R1 R2
1 1 1
= +
2 3 6
inverting both sides gives
2=
1
1
3 6 18
=
=
=
=2
1 1 6+3 3+6 9
+
3 6 36
Did you notice what happened to the numerator and denominator when a fraction
was inverted?
It looks far more complicated and difficult than it is.
A2.3.3 ADDING FRACTIONS

Reviewing an important rule will clarify the previous example. To add or subtract
fractions, the denominators (the numbers below the line) must be the same. The
quickest way to make them the same is to multiply the numerator (the number above
242
the line) and the denominator of one fraction with the denominator of the other
fraction.
x a xb ay xb + ay
+ =
+
=
y b yb yb
yb
2 3 2 4 + 3 3 8 + 9 17
+ =
=
=
= 1.417
3 4
3 4
12
12
2 3
+ = 0.667 + 0.75 = 1.417
3 4
A2.3.4 MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS

When multiplying fractions, we multiply the denominators with each other and the
numerators with each other.
x a
x a c xac
c = =
y b
y b 1
yb
2 4
2 4 6 48
3
1
6 =
=
= 3 = 3 = 3.2
3 5
35
15
15
5
0.667 0.8 6 = 3.2
Always check your use of fractions and exponents by using simple numbers.
The small amount of time invested can save a large amount of time wasted.
A2.3.5 DIVIDING FRACTIONS

When dividing with a fraction, invert the numerator and use the multiplication rule.
a c a d ad
= =
b d b c bc
3 2 3 5 15
= =
= 1.875
4 5 4 2 8
3 2 0.75
=
= 1.875
4 5 0.4
A2.4 EXPONENTS
The mathematical principles used in working with fractions are similar to those for
exponents. Remember when you work with exponents that anything with the exponent of zero is equal to one with the exception of zero itself. We exclude zero from
this definition, because it is meaningless and it will cause havoc with all our
Appendix 2
243
equations. 00 is an undefined quantity, and we will just keep it as such. Zero with
any exponent other than zero is zero. Be careful not to divide by zero, because this
causes all sorts of disarray in mathematics.*
What follows are some ground rules regarding exponents.
1. A product of two numbers with an exponent can be written as:
( xy)a = x a y a
6 2 = (2 3) = 2 2 32
2
This works both ways, if you have to multiply two numbers that have the
same exponent, you can multiply the two numbers, and the product will
have the same exponent as the individual numbers.
2. Where we multiply numbers with different exponents but similar base
numbers, we can simply add the exponents.
2 x 3 = 2 x x x = 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 2 x 1+1+1 = 2 x 3
2 is the coefficient, x is the base, and 3 is the exponent.
x a x b = x a+b
22 23 = 25
4 8 = 32 = 2 5 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
If the exponents are not the same and the base numbers are not the same,
multiplication is just not possible.
x a yb = x a yb
3. When an exponential number is raised to an exponent, we multiply the
exponents.
(x )
= x ab
(2 )
= 26
(2 )
= (8) = 64 = 2 6
a b
3 2
3 2
* If zero is a big problem in mathematics, and zero means nothing, then nothing is a big problem in
mathematics.
244
The square root of any number is that number to the exponent of 1/2 . In
the same way, the fourth root of a number is that number to exponent 1/4 .
The same rule applies:
( )
xa = xa
1
2
= x2
( )
16 = 4 2 = 4 2
1
2
= 4 2 = 41 = 4
4. When we divide exponential numbers where the base numbers are the
same, we get:
xa
= x a x b = x a +( b ) = x a b
xb
23
= 2 32 = 2
22
8
=2
4
Notice the change of sign on the exponent when we inverted the base
number to do the multiplication.
When we divide exponential numbers with different base numbers, even
if the exponents are the same, ((xa)/(xb)) they cannot be manipulated.
When you do try to do anything strange, answers may result. Use small
numbers to check the rule.
22 4
= = 0.44
32 9
2
22 2
= 0.667 2 = 0.44
=
32 3
22
32
22
3
2
= 0.667
3
With simple fractions, we can multiply and divide the numerator and the
denominator with the same amount, and the ratio will stay the same. This
does not work when you manipulate exponents. Multiplying exponents
means raising the exponential number by the power of the multiplier.
Dividing exponents means taking roots of the numbers. Be very careful
when you work with exponents.
Appendix 2
245
A2.5 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Quadratic equations can be generalized as:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, and c are numbers called coefficients. The equation can be solved by
factorization, drawing a graph, or using a formula.
A2.5.1 SOLUTION
BY
FACTORIZATION
An easy test to determine if an equation will factorize is as follows:

Multiply the coefficients a and c.
Write down the factor pairs of the product.
If the sign of c is +, then adding one of the pairs together will give the
coefficient b if the equation factorizes.
If the sign of c is , then subtracting one of the pairs together will give the
coefficient b if the equation factorizes.
The procedure can be illustrated using the equation:
4 x 2 + 5x 6 = 0
The product ac = 24.
The factor pairs of 24 are (1,24) (2,12) (3,8) (4,6).
Since c is one of these pairs, we must subtract to give the coefficient of x. The
required pair is (3,8).
Writing the equation with this pair gives:
4 x 2 + 8 x 3x 6 = 0
4 x ( x + 2) 3( x + 2) = 0
( x + 2)( 4 x 3) = 0
x+2=0
x = 2
4x 3 = 0
x=
A2.5.2 SOLUTION USING
THE
3
4
FORMULA
If an equation does not factorize, the following formula can be used:
246
x=
b b 2 4 ac
2a
Factorization by use of the formula can be illustrated with the following equation:
3x2 4x 1 = 0
This equation does not factorize. The coefficients are: a = 3, b = 4, c = 1.
Therefore:
x=
x=
{(4)
( 4)
4(3)( 1)
2(3)
4
{16 + 12}
6
x=
4 5.291
6
x=
9.291
= 1.55
6
x=
1.291
= 0.22
6
4 28
6
A2.6 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

An equation such as y + x = 5 has an infinite number of pairs that will satisfy it.
This is also true for the equation y x = 3 . There are, however, only specific values
for x and y that will satisfy both equations.
y+x =5
yx =3
Adding the two equations gives:
2y = 8
y=4
x =1
Appendix 2
247
This is rather simplistic. The rule is that we need the same number of equations
as we have unknowns. Working with three unknowns requires three equations, and
so forth.
x + 2 y + 3z = 20
2 x + y + z = 11
3x 2 y + 2 z = 8
The easiest unknown to remove will be y. If we multiply the second equation
by 2, we can subtract that from the first equation to get:
x + 2 y + 3z = 20
4 x + 2 y + 2 z = 22
3 x + z = 2
Adding equation 3 to equation 1 will also eliminate y, and we get:
x + 2 y + 3z = 20
3x 2 y + 2 z = 8
4 x + 5z = 28
We are left with two equations and two unknowns. There is no easy way to get
rid of either of the two unknowns, so we will multiply the first one with 4 and the
second one with 3 to get the x values the same.
12 x + 4 z = 8
12 x + 15z = 84
Adding them gives:
19 z = 76
z=4
Now, all we have to do is substitute the known values into the formulas and
solve for x:
4 x + 5 4 = 28
4 x = 28 20 = 8
x=2
248
And finally, to solve for y:

x + 2 y + 3z = 20
2 y = 20 2 3 4 = 6
y=3
All three equations are satisfied when x = 2, y = 3, and z = 4.
A2.7 DIFFERENTIATION
A2.7.1 RULE 1
If
y = axn then
dy
= nax n1
dx
Differentiate:
y = 3 x 3
dy
= 3(3 x 31 ) = 9 x 4
dx
x6
3
y=
dy 6 x 5
=
= 2x5
3
dx
3
y = 2x 4
( )
3 1
dy 3
3x 4
= 2x 4 =
dx 4
2
y=5
y = 5x 0
dy
= 0 5 x 01 = 0
dx
Remember that anything to exponent 0 (zero) is 1, and anything multiplied with
0 is zero.
Appendix 2
249
A2.7.1.1 Repeated Differentiation

When a function is differentiated, the differential coefficient is written as ((dy)/(dx))
or f(x). When the function is differentiated again, the second differential coefficient
is ((d 2y)/(dx)) or f(x).
y = 3x 5
dy
= 15 x 4
dx
d2y
= 60 x 3
dx
d3y
= 180 x 2
dx
A2.7.2 RULE 2
A function of a function is a function in a function. If y = (u)v, then
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
y = (2 x 3 4 x ) 5
let (2 x 3 4 x ) = u then y = u 5
dy
= 5(u) 4 (6 x 2 4)
dx
dy
= 5(2 x 3 4 x ) 4 (6 x 2 4)
dx
A2.7.3 RULE 3
Differentiation of a product of two functions y = uv is given by
dy
du
dv
=v
+u
dx
dx
dx
y = 3x3(2x2 9x +5)4
let 3x3 = u and (2x2 9x +5)4 = v
250
] [
dy
= (2 x 2 9 x + 5) 4 9 x 2 + 3 x 3 ( 4(2 x 2 9 x + 5)3 ( 4 x 9))
dx
dy
= 3 x 2 ((2 x 2 9 x + 5) 4 3) + x ((16 x 36)(2 x 2 9 x + 5)3 )
dx
dy
= 3 x 2 (2 x 2 9 x + 5)3 (3(2 x 2 9 x + 5) + (16 x 2 36 x ))
dx
dy
= 3 x 2 (2 x 2 9 x + 5)3 (6 x 2 27 x + 15 + 16 x 2 36 x )
dx
dy
= 3x 2 (2 x 2 9 x + 5)3 (22 x 2 63 x + 15)
dx
If this looks confusing, try another way.
dy
dv
= v 4 (3 3 x 2 ) + 3 x 3 4(v)3
dx
dx
dy
= 3 x 2 (v)3 (3(v) + x ( 4)( 4 x 9))
dx
dy
= 3 x 2 (v)3 (3(2 x 2 9 x + 5) + 16 x 2 36 x )
dx
dy
= 3 x 2 (2 x 2 9 x + 5)3 (6 x 2 27 x + 15 + 16 x 2 36 x )
dx
This is not difficult, but the numbers can get confusing. In this problem, all three
of the rules were used.
Differentiate y = x2(4x 3)
dy
= 2 x ( 4 x 3) + x 2 ( 4)
dx
dy
= 8 x 2 6 x + 4 x 2 = 12 x 2 6 x = 6 x (2 x 1)
dx
y = x 2 ( 4 x 3) = 4 x 3 3 x 2
dy
= 12 x 2 6 x = 6 x (2 x 1)
dx
This simple problem is perhaps easier to understand and verify. Now for something slightly more complicated.
Appendix 2
251
A2.7.4 RULE 4
If
u
dy
y = then
=
v
dx
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
Differentiate the following:

y=
x4
(2 x 1)3
let x 4 = u and (2 x 1)3 = v

du
dv
= 4 x 3 and
= 3(2 x 1) 2 (2) = 6(2 x 1) 2
dx
dx
dy (2 x 1)3 ( 4 x 3 ) x 4 (6(2 x 1) 2 )
=
dx
((2 x 1)3 ) 2
dy (2 x 1) 2 ((2 x 1)4 x 3 6 x 4 (1))
=
dx
(2 x 1) 6
dy 8 x 4 4 x 3 6 x 4 2 x 4 4 x 3 2 x 3 ( x 2)
=
=
=
dx
(2 x 1) 4
(2 x 1) 4
(2 x 1) 4
For more elaborate differential work, you should get a basic mathematics text.
A2.8 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

When it is necessary to find the turning points of a system described by a function,
the first diffential will give the turning points, and the second differential will indicate
if it is a maximum or a minimum.
The operation works as follows:
Find ((dy)/(dx)) and set ((dy)/(dx)) = 0 to find the turning points.
Find ((d 2y)/(dx)) and substitute the turning points into this second differential.
If the value is positive, the point is a minimum point; if it is negative, it is a maximum
point.
Find and distinguish between the maximum and minimum values of 2x3 5x2 4x
252
dy
= 6 x 2 10 x 4 = 0
dx
(3 x + 1)(2 x 4) = 0
x=
1
3
x=2
d2y
= 12 x 10
dx
When
x=
1 d2y
1
= 12 10 = 14
3
3 dx
this is a maximum point at:

2
1
1
2 5 4 2 15 + 36 19
1
2 x 3 5 x 2 4 x = 2 5 4 =
+ =
=
3
3
3
27 9 3
27
27
When x = 2,
d2y
= 12(2) 10 = +14
dx
this is a minimum point at:
2x3 5x2 4x = 2(2)3 5(2)2 4(2) = 16 20 8 = 12
Appendix 3
Steam Tables
253
Temperature
(C)
Specific
Volume g
(m3 kg1)
0.6108
0.6970
1.2276
2.3366
4.246
7.384
12.349
19.940
31.192
47.39
70.14
101.35
143.35
198.53
270.3
361.3
476.0
892.4
1553.8
2550
3973
8581
206.3
179.92
106.38
57.79
32.89
19.52
12.03
7.671
5.042
3.407
2.361
1.673
1.213
0.892
0.67
0.51
0.39
0.22
0.13
0.08
0.05
0.02
Adapted from Lewis (1987)
Specific Enthalpy (kJ kg1)

hf
0.0
8.4
42.0
83.9
125.7
167.5
209.3
251.1
293.0
334.9
376.9
419.1
461.3
503.7
546.3
589.1
632.1
741.1
852.4
966.9
1085.8
1345.1
hfg
2501.6
2496.8
2477.9
2454.3
2430.7
2406.9
2382.9
2358.6
2334.0
2308.8
2283.2
2256.9
2230.0
2202.2
2173.6
2144.0
2113.2
2030.7
1938.6
1834.3
1714.7
1406.0
Specific Entropy (kJkg1K1)

hg
2501.6
2505.2
2519.9
2538.2
2556.4
2574.4
2592.2
2609.7
2626.9
2643.8
2660.1
2676.0
2691.3
2706.0
2719.9
2733.1
2745.4
2771.8
2790.9
2801.2
2800.4
2751.0
sf
sfg
sg
0.0
0.03
0.15
0.30
0.44
0.57
0.70
0.83
0.95
1.08
1.19
1.31
1.42
1.53
1.63
1.74
1.84
2.09
2.33
2.56
2.79
3.26
9.16
9.07
8.75
8.37
8.02
7.69
7.37
7.10
6.80
6.54
6.29
6.05
5.82
5.60
5.39
5.19
4.99
4.53
4.10
3.68
3.28
2.45
9.16
9.10
8.90
8.67
8.45
8.26
8.08
7.93
7.75
7.62
7.40
7.36
7.24
7.13
7.03
6.93
6.83
6.62
6.43
6.25
6.07
5.71
0
2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
175
200
225
250
300
Pressure
(Absolute)
(kPa)
254
Metric System Steam Table
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
212.0
215.3
218.5
221.5
224.4
227.2
229.8
232.4
234.8
237.1
239.4
241.6
243.7
245.8
247.8
249.7
251.6
253.5
255.3
257.1
258.8
260.5
Latent
Heat
(Btu/lb)
Total
Heat of
Steam
(Btu/lb)
Psig
26.79
25.23
23.80
22.53
21.40
20.38
19.45
18.61
17.85
17.14
16.49
15.89
15.34
14.82
14.33
13.88
13.45
13.05
12.68
12.33
11.99
11.67
180.0
183.4
186.6
189.6
192.5
195.3
198.0
200.6
203.1
205.4
207.7
209.9
212.1
214.2
216.2
218.2
220.1
222.0
223.9
225.7
227.4
229.1
970.4
967.2
966.3
964.3
962.4
960.4
958.8
957.2
955.5
954.0
952.5
951.1
949.6
948.2
946.8
945.5
944.2
942.9
941.6
940.4
939.3
938.1
1150.3
1151.6
1152.8
1153.9
1154.9
1155.9
1156.8
1157.8
1158.6
1159.4
1160.2
1161.0
1161.7
1162.4
1163.0
1163.7
1164.3
1164.9
1165.5
1166.1
1166.7
1167.2
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
Temp
(F)
320.9
322.4
323.9
325.4
326.9
328.4
329.8
331.2
332.5
333.9
335.2
336.0
337.0
339.2
340.4
341.7
343.0
344.2
345.4
346.6
347.8
348.9
Specific
Volume
(cu ft/lb)
4.86
4.76
4.67
4.57
4.48
4.400
4.319
4.241
4.166
4.093
4.023
3.955
3.890
3.826
3.765
3.706
3.648
3.591
3.538
3.486
3.435
3.385
Heat of
the
Liquid
Latent
Heat
(Btu/lb)
291.1
292.7
294.3
295.9
297.4
298.9
300.4
301.8
303.2
304.6
306.0
307.4
308.8
310.1
311.4
313.5
314.1
315.3
316.6
317.8
319.1
320.3
893.4
892.2
891.0
889.5
888.7
887.5
886.4
885.3
884.3
883.2
882.4
881.1
880.0
879.0
878.0
876.2
875.8
874.9
873.9
873.0
872.0
871.0
Total
Heat of
Steam
(Btu/lb)
1184.5
1184.9
1185.3
1185.7
1186.1
1186.4
1186.8
1187.1
1187.5
1187.8
1188.1
1188.5
1188.8
1189.1
1189.4
1189.7
1189.9
1190.2
1190.5
1190.8
1191.1
1191.3
(continued)
255
Temp
(F)
Heat of
the
Liquid
Psig
Specific
volume
(cu ft/lb)
Appendix 3 Steam Tables
Imperial System Steam Table
Psig
262.1
263.7
265.3
266.9
268.3
269.8
271.3
272.7
274.1
276.8
279.4
281.9
284.3
286.7
289.0
291.3
293.5
Heat of
the
Liquid
Latent
Heat
(Btu/lb)
Total
Heat of
Steam
(Btu/lb)
Psig
11.38
11.09
10.82
10.67
10.32
10.00
9.86
9.65
9.45
9.07
8.72
8.40
8.10
7.82
7.56
7.32
7.09
230.8
232.4
234.0
235.6
237.2
238.7
240.1
241.6
243.0
245.7
248.4
251.0
253.5
255.9
258.3
260.6
262.9
936.9
935.8
934.8
933.7
932.5
931.5
930.5
929.5
928.5
926.6
924.7
922.9
921.1
919.4
917.6
916.0
914.3
1167.7
1168.2
1168.8
1169.3
1169.7
1170.2
1170.6
1171.1
1171.5
1172.3
1173.1
1173.9
1174.6
1175.3
1175.9
1176.6
1177.2
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
Temp
(F)
350.1
351.2
352.4
353.5
354.6
355.7
356.7
357.8
358.9
359.9
360.9
362.0
363.0
364.0
365.0
365.9
366.9
Specific
Volume
(cu ft/lb)
3.338
3.292
3.248
3.204
3.160
3.118
3.078
3.039
2.999
2.961
2.925
2.890
3.856
2.823
2.790
2.758
2.726
Heat of
the
Liquid
Latent
Heat
(Btu/lb)
Total
Heat of
Steam
(Btu/lb)
321.5
322.7
323.8
325.0
326.2
327.3
328.4
329.5
330.6
331.8
332.8
333.9
335.0
336.0
337.1
338.1
339.1
870.5
869.1
868.8
867.3
866.4
865.5
864.6
863.8
862.8
861.9
861.1
860.3
859.4
858.6
857.7
856.9
856.1
1191.6
1191.8
1192.1
1192.3
1192.6
1192.8
1193.0
1193.3
1193.5
1193.7
1193.9
1194.2
1194.4
1194.6
1194.8
1195.0
1195.2
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
Temp
(F)
Specific
volume
(cu ft/lb)
256
Imperial System Steam Table (CONTINUED)
6.88
6.68
6.50
6.32
6.14
5.98
5.83
5.69
5.56
5.43
5.30
5.18
5.07
4.97
265.1
267.2
269.3
271.3
273.3
275.2
277.1
279.0
280.8
282.6
284.4
286.1
287.8
289.5
912.7
911.2
909.6
908.2
906.7
905.3
903.9
902.5
901.2
999.8
998.5
897.2
895.9
894.6
1177.8
1178.4
1178.9
1179.5
1180.0
1180.5
1181.0
1181.5
1182.0
1182.4
1182.9
1183.3
1183.7
1184.1
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
367.9
368.8
369.8
370.7
371.6
372.6
373.5
374.4
375.3
376.2
377.1
377.9
378.8
2.695
2.665
2.635
2.606
2.578
2.551
2.524
2.498
2.472
2.447
2.422
2.397
2.373
340.1
341.1
342.1
343.1
344.1
345.1
346.0
347.0
347.9
348.9
349.8
350.7
351.6
855.3
854.4
853.6
852.8
852.0
851.2
850.5
849.7
848.9
848.1
847.4
846.6
845.9
1195.4
1195.5
1195.7
1195.9
1196.1
1196.3
1196.5
1196.7
1196.8
1197.0
1197.2
1197.3
1197.5
Source: Farrell (1979).
257
295.6
297.7
299.7
301.7
303.6
305.5
307.3
309.1
310.9
312.6
314.4
316.0
317.7
319.3
Appendix 3 Steam Tables
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74

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Volume and Capacity

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Volume Rate of Flow

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Heat per Unit Mass

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Heat Flow Rate

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A2.2 THE PLUS/MINUS RULE

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A2.3.2 DO ON BOTH SIDES RULE

then we can multiply on both sides by 2 to get

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A2.3.3 ADDING FRACTIONS

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A2.3.4 MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS

A2.3.5 DIVIDING FRACTIONS

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A2.5 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

An easy test to determine if an equation will factorize is as follows:

A2.5.2 SOLUTION USING

If an equation does not factorize, the following formula can be used:

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A2.6 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

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And finally, to solve for y:

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A2.7.1.1 Repeated Differentiation

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