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PresentationTranscript
TheDelhiSultanate:TheDelhiSultanate
IntroductionandriseofDelhiSultanate:IntroductionandriseofDelhiSultanateFactorsleadingtoTurkishinvasion
Struggleforestablishmentofmonarchy
ConquestofNorthIndia:ConquestofNorthIndiaTheperiodfrom10001200ADsawmanychangesinCentraland
WesternAsia.TherewasabreakintheGujaratPratiharaempirewhichcauseduncertaintyandinstabilityinNorth
India.TheTurksbeganbyforminganewstateatthenorthwesternborderofthecountry.Duetoincreasingconflicts
betweentheKhawarizmirulersofIranandGhuridrulersofAfghanistan,thelatterwereforcedtoexpandtheirrulein
India.2battles1stBattleofTarainin1191andthe2ndBattleofTarainin1192werefoughtbetweentheGhurids
andtheChauhans,ledbyveryambitiousrulersoftheseempires,namelyMuizzuddinMuhammadandPrithviraj
Chauhanrespectively.
Slide4:HealsofoughtawarwithJaichandraoftheGahadavalakingdomin1194,whichendedintheformersdefeat
whichallowedtheGhuridrulerstomovefurthertowardsBenarasandBiharestablishinghisruleNorthIndia.Afterthe
victoryagainsttheChauhans,MuizzuddinMuhammadmovedbacktoCentralAsiatodefeattherulingKhawarizmi
rulers.TheysufferedadisastrousdefeatatthehandsoftheKhawarizmis,butitallowedthemtoconcentratetheirefforts
inIndia.InIndiatooGhuridsfacedstrongoppositionfromtheindigenouspeople,butMuizzuddinsucceededin
suppressingthemby1206.
Slide5:SLAVEDYNASTY
THEMAMELUKORSLAVEDYNASTY(circa12001526):THEMAMELUKORSLAVEDYNASTY(circa12001526)
Mameluk,literally'owned',wasasoldierofslaveoriginwhohadconvertedtoIslam.Thephenomenonstartedin9th
centuryADandgraduallythemameluksbecameapowerfulmilitarycasteinvariousMuslimsocieties.
Slide7:TheconceptofequalityinIslamandMuslimtraditionsreacheditsclimaxinthehistoryofSouthAsiawhen
slaveswereraisedtothestatusofSultan.TheSlaveDynastyruledtheSubcontinentforabout84years.Qutbuddin
Aibak,ShamsuddinIltutmushandGhiyasuddinBalban,thethreegreatSultansoftheera,werethemselvessoldand
purchasedduringtheirearlylives.TheSlaveDynastywasthefirstMuslimdynastythatruledIndia.
Slide8:MuhammadGhurihadnosonsoheraisedthousandsofslaveslikehissons.Hewouldthentraintheminthe
wayroyalchildrenweretrained.DuringGhuri'sregime,slavesoccupiedallkeypositionsinthegovernmentmachinery.
ThreefavoriteslavesoftheSultanwereQutbuddinAibak,TajuddinIldizandNasiruddinQubachah.Heappointed
themgovernorsofDelhi,GhazniandLahore,respectively.Ghurinevernominatedhissuccessorbutitwasobviousthat
thesuccessorwastobeoneofhisslaves.
Slide9:AfterGhuridiedin1206,QutbuddinAibakwaselectedasthenewSultan.HewasthefirstMuslimrulerwho
ruledSouthAsiaandhadhisheadquartersintheregionaswell.Hewasalsocalled"LakhBakshSultan".However,
becauseofhisefficientadministrationandfarsightedvision,hisnamehasbecomeinseparablefromthehistoryof
SouthAsia.OneofhisbiggestcontributionsisthefamousQutubMinarinNewDelhiwhichheconstructedfirstlyto
announcethemilitaryandofficialarrivalofhisfaithIslamintheIndianSubcontinentandsecondlytoannouncehis
triumphantvictoryovertheRajputforceswhomhedefeatedinahugebattle.

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Slide10:QutbuddinAibakwasaveryrefinedandinticratebuilder.Heledtheconstructionsofthesecuritytowers,check
posts,taxpostsandafewofthefortsinthemostimportantcitiesofhisempiretoavoidplunderingsandloots.His
devotiontoIslamisattestedbytwomosquesbuiltbyhimatDelhiandAjmer.Aibakdiedin1210,fromtheinjurieshe
receivedwhilefallingfromhishorseinagameofpoloandthushisrulelastedonly4years.
Slide11:HewassucceededbyhissonAramShah,whoprovedtobeincompetent.TheTurknoblesinvitedIltutmish,
oneoftheslavesandsoninlawofAibak,toassumechargeofthestateaffairs.Iltutmishruledforaround26yearsfrom
1211to1236andwasresponsibleforsettingtheSultanateofDelhionstrongfootings.HewastheGovernorofBadaun
whenhedeposedQutubuddin'ssuccessorAramShahandacceededtothethroneoftheDelhiSultanatein1211.
Slide12:Heremainedtheruleruntilhisdeath.HeisregardedastherealconsolidatoroftheTurkishconquestsinin
NorthIndia.Afterascendingthethrone,hewasengagedinaseriesofbattlesandthusextendedhisempire.In1229
AD,hewashonoredwiththetitleofSultanIAzam(GreatSultan)fromAliMastansirBillah,theKhalifahofBaghdad.
Duringhisreign,IltutmishavertedtheattackledbythefamousMongolChengizKhan.
Slide13:FollowingthedeathofIltutmishin1236therewasaseriesofweakrulersandawarofsuccessionstarted
betweenhischildren.FirstRuknuddinFiruzsatonthethroneforsevenmonths.Hewasviewedasunfittoruleand
wasthusmurdered.HewasreplacedbyRaziyaSultana(12361239).Ashrewdpolitician,Raziamanagedtokeepthe
chiefsincheck(theyhadthoughtshewouldbeapuppetonthethronewhomtheycouldcontrol),whileenlistingthe
supportofthearmyandthepeople.Hergreatestaccomplishmentonthepoliticalfrontwastomanipulaterebelfactions
intoopposingeachother.AnothersonofIltutmush,Bahram,tookoverfromRaziyaSultanain1239.Hedeclared
himselfkingwiththesupportofthefortychiefs.RaziyatriedtoregainthethronewiththeaidofherhusbandAltunia,a
chiefofBathinda,butwasdefeatedandkilledinafightwithbandits
Slide14:DuringBahram'stwoyearsasking,thechiefsthathadoriginallysupportedhimbecamedisorderedand
constantlyfoughtwitheachother.Itwasduringthisperiodofunrestthathewasmurderedbyhisownarmy.Next,
Masud,sonofRuknuddinFiruz,becameSultanfrom1242to1245.HewasreplacedbytheyoungestsonofIltutmush,
NasiruddinMahmud,whobecameSultanin1245.ThoughMahmudruledIndiaforaround20years,butthroughout
histenurethemainpowerremainedinthehandsofBalban.
Slide15:OndeathofMahmud,GhiyasuddinBalbandirectlytookoverthethroneandruledDelhi.Duringhisrulefrom
1266to1287,BalbanconsolidatedtheadministrativesetupoftheempireandcompletedtheworkstartedbyIltutmush.
Balban[12001287]wascapturedbytheMongolswhenhewasachild.TheysoldhiminBaghdad.Laterhewas
broughttoDelhiwhereIltutmushpurchasedhim.HewasoneoftheChalgan(agroupofthefortymostimportantnobles
ofthecourt).WhileNasiruddinspentmostofhistimeengrossedinreligiousaffairs,Balbanwastherealruler.Nasir
uddinmarriedBalban'sdaughter,whichmadethelatterevenmorepowerful.AfterthedeathofNasiruddin,Balban
becametheSultan.
Slide16:Balbanconsideredhimself,theking,asthedeputyofGodonearth.Heorganizedhiscourtonthepatternof
thecourtsofIranikings.Nobodycouldevendaresmileinhiscourt.Soldiersarmedwithunsheathedswordsmarched
alongbesidehimwhereverhewent.Balbanestablishedthedepartmentofintelligence.Hespreadhisspiesinall
departmentsusedthemtogatherinformationaboutallpoliticaldevelopmentsandconspiracies.Thishelpedhimin
takingactiontostoptroublebeforeitstarted.Inordertowintheconfidenceofthepeople,headministeredimpartial
justicenoteventhehighestofthelandweresparediftheyhadtransgressedhisauthority
Slide17:AsaSultan,Balbanadoptedabloodandironpolicy.HeknewtheChalgandidnotlikehisgrowingpowerof
andwerejealousofhisascent.AfterbecomingSultan,Balbandecidedtocrushthem.Hehadsomemurderedwhile
otherswerebanishedtofaroffplaces.DuringNasiruddin'srule,theMongolshadadvancedmanytimesand
plunderedLahore.InordertochecktheMongolinvasion,Balbanbuiltnewfortsandorderedtherepairoftheold
ones.HedeployedthebestofhistroopsonthenorthernborderstochecktheMongols.Hispoliciespaidoff,ashe
managedtostoptheMongolthreatfromadvancingintohisterritories.
Slide18:ThegreatestsetbackforBalbaninhisentirelifewasthedeathofhisfavoriteson,PrinceMuhammad,during
thewaragainsttheMongols.Herealizedthatwithouthisson,thecentralizedmonarchythathadbeenbuiltupwith
suchcarewasboundtodissolveagain,asithadatthedeathofIltutmush.Thisrealizationprobablybrokehim.He
neverrecoveredfromthedeathofPrinceMuhammadanddiedin1287.
GhiyasuddinTughlaq:GhiyasuddinTughlaqRealnameGhaziMalikWasaslavetoGhiyasuddinBalbanofTurkey.
EstablishedTughlaqDynastyin1320A.DBuiltthe3rdcityofDelhi,TughlaqabadWasallegedlykilledbyhisownson
TheidealIdiotMuhammadbinTughlaq:TheidealIdiotMuhammadbinTughlaqHisrulebeganfrom1325ADNowfor
hisbrilliance,pairedwitheccentricity.AttemptedatshiftinghiscapitalfromDelhitoDeogiriRenameditDaulatabad
Causedgreatdealoftroubletohissubjects,asalsotothearmyandadministrationManypeoplefounditintolerable
andfellhomesick.
CurrencyChange:CurrencyChangeSwitchedcurrencyfromSilvertobrassandcoppertokensSomesay,itwastofill
hisowntreasuryinabidtoconquerthewholeworldItmayalsohavebeenduetotheongoingshortageofsilveratthat
time.MosthistoriansbelievehewasinfluencedfromthepapercurrencyinuseinChinaduringhisrule.
TheIdealism:TheIdealismHeissaidtobeoneofthemostlearnedandaccomplishedmenofhisageHisscientificand
literaryacumenwasunmatchedinhisageHewasamasterinthesubjectofHistory.Hisfavouritepastimewastosit
nexttopatientstolearnproperdiagnosiswhenamongwithphysicians.Hewasveryliberalinnaturalandmade
hospitalsandalmshousesonalargescaleforthepoorandwidowed.
Slide23:KHALJIDYNASTY
TheKhaljiDynasty(12901320AD):TheKhaljiDynasty(12901320AD)TheKhaljis,wronglybelievedtobeAfghans
wereactuallyTurkswhohadforalongtimesettledintheregionofAfghanistan,calledKhaljandadoptedAfghan
mannersandcustoms.TheGhaznavidandGhuridinvasionsandMongolpressurefromCentralAsiaandpushedthem
intoHindustan.JalaluddinKhalji(12901296AD)wasthefirstKhaljiruler.HewassucceededbyAlauddinKhalji
(12961316AD)whointroducedseveraleconomicandpoliticalreforms.Alauddinssuccessors,ShihabuddinUmar
,MubarakandKhusroKhanruledupto1320ADoneaftertheother.
JalaluddinKhalji(12901320AD):JalaluddinKhalji(12901320AD)FirstrulerofTheKhaljiDynasty.Statedthat
IndiacouldnotbeatrulyIslamicstateasmajorityIndianswereHindus.AllowedTurkishnoblestokeeptheirposts.Led
anunsuccessfulexpeditionagainstRanthambor.
AlauddinKhalji:AlauddinKhaljiAlauddinwasthesecondruleroftheKhaljidynasty.Heisconsideredthemost
powerfulrulerofthedynasty,reigningfrom1296to1316.AlauddinKhaljiwasthenephewandsoninlawofJalaluddin.
HeenteredDelhiwithhisuncle'sheadonapikeandonOctober3,1296,proclaimedhimselftheKingofDelhi.In
1297,AlauddinsentanarmytoplunderGujarat,underthegeneralshipofUlughKhanandNusratKhan.Thisarmy
lootedthetempleofSomnathandtheShivalingawasbrokenintopiecesandwasbeingcarriedbacktoDelhi.

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Slide27:AlauddinwhoorderedhimandNusratKhantoconquerRanthambore.In1299theystartedoutwith80,000
cavalryandalargeinfantrytoattackHammirDevChauhan.Hammir'sarmyrepulsedtheattackandkilledNusratKhan.
UlughKhanescapedandreachedDelhi.Khiljiwastakenabackbythisdefeatandwantedrevenge.Hefinallycame
himselfin1301,andtherewasalongsiege.Hammirwasverywellprepared.Whenthefortwouldnotfallafter
repeatedbloodyskirmishes,KhiljiresortedtodiplomacyAlauddinthenledanexpeditiontowardsthesouthofIndia.He
wassaidtobethefirstMuslimkingwhowenttothesouthtoexpandhisterritory.HemadeaslavenamedMalikKafur
thearmychief.KafurprovedtobeabravearmychiefandplunderedmanykingdomsinthesouthofIndia.
Slide28:TheconstantsuccessesinthebattlesmadeMalikKafurverypowerful.Atonepointoftime,Alauddinwas
reducedtoapuppetdancingtohistunes.Finally,MalikKafurissaidtohavepoisonedAlauddinKhiljiandmurdered
him.AlauddinKhiljiisknownforhiswartacticswhentheMongolsattackedDelhi.TheMongolsattackedalmosta
dozentimesduringthereignofAlauddinKhilji.Everytime,somedivisionofAlauddin'sarmydefeatedthem.However,
in1299,theMongolscametoDelhinotrob,buttoestablishthemselves.Thistime,Alauddinwentwithahugearmyand
brutallydefeatedtheMongols.AlauddindiedinJanuary1316,ofoedema.Histombandmadarsadedicatedtohim,
existsatthebackofQutbcomplex,Mehrauli,inDelhi
TheMadarsaofAlauddinKhalji:TheMadarsaofAlauddinKhalji
TheTombofAlauddinKhalji:TheTombofAlauddinKhalji
TheFallOfTheKhaljis:TheFallOfTheKhaljisThelastdaysofAlauddinKhaljiwereembitteredbytroublesand
misfortunes.InthemidstofthesetroublesAlauddindiedin1316AD.AfterhisdeathMalikKafurtriedtobecomethe
SultanofDelhi.Hebecameoverambitious.Whiletryingtodisposeoffhisrivals,hewaskilled.QutbuddinMubarak
Shah,thesuccessorofAlauddinKhalji,cametothethronein1316AD.KhusroKhanwasaHinduslaveofthe
MakwanasectofGujaratwhoresentedhisforcibleconversiontoIslam.HemurderedQutbuddinin1320AD.Ghazi
Tughlaq,thegovernoroftheFrontierProvince,murderedKhusroKhanin1320ADandcametothethrone.He
assumedthetitleofGhiyasuddinTughlaqandbecamethefounderoftheTughlaqDynasty.
TUGHLAQDYNASTY:TUGHLAQDYNASTYi.ghiyasuddintughlaqii.Muhammadjuna.
FiruzshahTughlaq(13091388):FiruzshahTughlaq(13091388)Firuzshahtughlaqwasbornin1309.FiruzTughlaq
wasformallycoronatedsomewherearound23rdofmarch1357.Heenjoyedareignofthirtysevenyears(135788).
FiruzTughlaqwasbynomeansadistinguishedmilitaryleaderbutwasabenevolentrulerwhotrulycaredforhis
subjects.
Slide34:Hewaskeenlyinterestedintheeconomicimprovementoftheempire.Heusedthestateresourcesforpublic
welfareactivities.HeledacampaignagainsttherulerofjajnagarandtwocampaignsintoBengalandwas
unsuccessful.Hethusdecidednottoconquertheareasthathadbrokenawayandmaintainastrongholdoverthe
areasstillinhishands.Hedecreedthatwheneveranoblediedhissonwouldsucceedhim.Thisprincipleappliedto
thearmyaswell.Heimposedonly4typesoftaxesonhissubjectsandabolishedthe24whichprevioulsyexisted.He
bannedinhumanepunishmentslikecuttingofhandsfingersetc.forsmalloffencesHeemployedkotwalstomakealist
ofunemployedpeopleandprovidedthemwithemployment.Healsoprovideddowriesforthepoor.
Slide35:FiruzTughlaqopenedacharitablehospitalinthecapital(Darushshifa)forthebenefitofall.Physicianswere
appointedforindooraswellasoutdoorpatientswhoweresuppliedfreemedicinesandfood.Hesetupalarge
departmentofpublicworkswhichworkedforafterhisbuildingprogramme.Hedugandreparedanumberofcanals.
ThesecanalswerebuiltforirrigationaswellastoforwatersupplyHebuiltanumberofnewtowns.Afewstillstandlike
hissar(nowinharyana)andfiruzabad(nowinuttarpradesh)Firuzshahtughlaqdiedaround20thSeptember1388.
FiruzTughlaqwasthelastgreatruleroftheempireafterhisdeaththedeclineoftheempirebegan.
Slide36:FiruzTughlaqwasthelastofthegreatrulersofthedynasty.Withhimdepartedthegloryoftheempireand
beganthegradualdeclineoftheempire.AllthesixsuccessorsofFiruzTughlaqincludingonesonandfivegrandsons
werephantomrulersHissuccessors.GhiyasuddinTughlaqshahii(hisgrandson)(138889)Abubakr(138990)
Nasiruddinmuhammadshahiii(139094)Alauddinsikandarshahi(1394)NasiruddinmuhammadshahTughlaq
(13941412)Nusratshahtughlaq(141214)ThesuccessorsofFiruzbeingnonentitiesdonotdeserveaplaceamong
thesovereignrulersofthegreatempire.Theresponsibilityofdegenerationoftheempirecannotbeattributedtoany
oneruler.
Slide37:SAIYIDDYNASTY
SayyidDynasty:SayyidDynastyTheSayyidDynastyruledDelhiSultanateinIndiafrom1414to1451.Thesucceeded
theTugluqdynastyandruledthatsultanateuntiltheyweredisplacedbytheLodidynasty.Their37yearperiodof
dominancewitnessedtheruleof4differentmembersofthedynasty.ThefourrulersduringthisveryperiodwereKhizr
Khan(14141421),MubarakShah(14211434),MuhammadShah(14341445),AlamShah(14451451)
KhizrKhan(14141421):KhizrKhan(14141421)KhizrKhanwasthefounderruleroftheSayyidDynasty.Hemostly
engagedhimselfinkeepingintacttheterritoryofthesultanatewhichhehadacquiredinthebeginningofhisreign.The
sultanateofDelhicouldnotgainascendancyduringthistimeandthereforeremainedoneofthestatesamongcertain
othersignificantstatesofthenorth.
MubarakShah(14211434):MubarakShah(14211434)MubarakShahascendedthethronewithoutanyopposition
afterthedeathofhisfatherKhizrKhan.Hedidnotacceptsuzeraintyofanyforeignpower.HealsosavedtheDelhi
sultanatefromthenominalsuzeraintyofaforeignpowerandissuedcoinsinhisname.Hefoughtfor13yearsagainst
hisexternalandinternalenemiesandthuskepttheterritoryintact.
MuhammadShah(14341445):MuhammadShah(14341445)MuhammadShahwasthenephewofMubarakShah
andwasnominatedasthesuccessorofhisuncle.Hewasanincapablerulerandthereforepavedthewayforthe
downfallofthedynasty.Muhammadshahfailedtosafeguardhiskingdomfrominternaldisruptionandforeignattacks.
Thushefailedasarulerandthedeclinebegan.
AlamShah(14451451):AlamShah(14451451)AfterthedeathofMuhammadShahin1444,hissontookoverthe
throneunderthetitleofAlamShah.Duringtheyear1447,hevisitedaplacecalledBadaunandloveditsomuchthat
hedecidedtostaythereforever.HeruledBadauntillhediedintheyear1478,withhisdeaththeSayyiddynastycame
toanend.
LODIDYNASTY:LODIDYNASTY
Slide44:LodiDynastyTheLodidynastyinIndiaarosearound1451aftertheSayyiddynasty.TheLodhiEmpirewas
establishedbytheGhizlaitribeoftheAfghans.TheyformedthelastphaseoftheDelhiSultanate.Therewerethree
mainrulersinthehistoryoflodidynasty:1)Bahlullodi.2)Sikanderlodi.3)Ibrahimlodi.
SultanIbrahimKhanLodi14891526,theyoungestsonofSikandar,whosucceededhimafterhisdeath.:Sultan

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IbrahimKhanLodi14891526,theyoungestsonofSikandar,whosucceededhimafterhisdeath.Hewasafearless
militaryleaderandkeptouttheoppositionforalmostadecade.BythetimeIbrahimascendedthethrone,thepolitical
structureintheLodiDynastyhaddissolvedduetoabandonedtraderoutesandthedepletedtreasury.
Slide46:IbrahimsTomb
:Inthelate15thcenturythesupplylinesoftheDeccanhadcollapsed.SultanIbrahimbeingthemilitaryman,gathered
militarysupportandkilledhisbrotherandreunitedthekingdombytheendofthatsameyearin1517.Afterthis,he
arrestedAfghannobleswhoopposedhim.TheAfghannoblestendedtobeloyaltotheGovernorofBihar,DariyaKhan
becausetheywantedhimtoruleDelhi,notSultanIbrahim.
Slide48:MenwhotriedtotakeovertheLodithronewereextremelycommonduringSultanIbrahimstime..Duetothe
lackofthislawofsuccession,IbrahimwasforcedtoputdownagreatdealoftheseambitiousmenHisownuncle,Alam
Khan,betrayedIbrahimbecausehewantedtoruleDelhi.KhanpledgedhisallegiancetoBaburaswell.Sultan
IbrahimsdeathleadtotheestablishmentoftheMughalEmpireinIndia.HewasthelastemperoroftheLodidynasty.
WhatwasleftofhisempirewasabsorbedintothenewMughalEmpire.Baburcontinuedtoengageinmoremilitary
campaigns.Duetothedemandsofthenobles,hisyoungerbrotherJalalKhanwasgivenasmallshareofthekingdom
andwascrownedtherulerofJaunpur.
Slide49:Ibrahimwasknowntobeaverysternrulerandwasnotlikedmuchbyhissubjects.IbrahimLodhiwasthus
killedinabattlewithBaburwhowasthefounderoftheMughaldynastyinIndia.WiththedeathofIbrahimLodhi,the
Lodhidynastyalsocametoanend.Thelodidynastywasnotabletoprotectifwarfareweretobreakoutonthretrade
routes.SultanIbrahimKhanLodiwaseasilythreatenedbecausehisregionwassurroundedbyseveralotherdynasties
andterritoriesDidnotfightagainsteachotherbecauseofreligiousaffairs.BaburandSultanIbrahimwerebothSunni
Muslims.
Slide50:AfterSultanIbrahimstragicdeathonthebattlefield,BaburnamedhimselfemperoroverSultanIbrahims
territory,insteadofplacingAlamKhan(Ibrahimsuncle)onthethrone.Baburcontinuedtoengageinmoremilitary
campaigns.Babarmanagedtoboostthemoraleofhistroops,whichenabledthemtodefeattheRajputs
ThePeriodOfDeclineOfTheDelhiSultanate:ThePeriodOfDeclineOfTheDelhiSultanate
Slide52:MuhammadTughlaqsreign.Rebellionindifferentpartsofthecountry.Hedashedfromonepartofthe
countrytoanothertosupresstherebellion.TheDelhiSultanatebegantodisintegratefollowingthedeathof
MuhammadBinTughlaq.HissuccessorFirozShahwasnotabletorescuetheTughlaqdynastyfromitsdeclineand
eventuallyitwasoverthrown.AfterFirozShah,thestruggleforpowerbetweenthesultansandthenoblesstartedonce
again.EventuallythegovernorsofnoblesbecameindependentandthesultanofDelhiwasconfinedvirtuallytoasmall
areasurroundingDelhi.
Slide53:TIMURSINVASIONTheweaknessoftheDelhiSultanatewasmadeworsebyTimursinvasionof
Delhi(1398).HismotivewastoseizethewealthaccumulatedbythesultansofDelhioverthelast200years.Timurs
invasiononceagainshowedthedangerofaweakgovernmentinIndia.Itresultedinthedrainoflargeamountof
wealth,gold,silverjewelleryetcfromIndia.TheinvasionofTimur,mayhoweverberegardedasmakingtheendofthe
phaseofstrongrulebyDelhisultans,althoughtheTughlaqdynastyitselflingeredontill1412.
Slide54:Onepoliticalreasonforthedeclineofthesultanatewastheabsenceofanywellestablishedanduniversally
acceptedlawofsuccession.Thenoblesbecamethekingmakersandcontrolledtheweaksultans.Theresponsibilityof
thedisintegrationoftheDelhisultanatecannotbeascribedtoanyoneruler.
Slide55:Thereweresomepersistantproblemsduringthemedivaltimes,suchastheRelationsbetweenthemonarch
andthenobles.Theconflictswiththelocalrulersandzamindars.Thepullofregionalandgeographicalfactorsetc.
Ferozinstitutedaseriesofreformsaimedatappeasingthenoblesandthesoldiersbutwhich,howeverweakenedthe
centralmachineryofadministration.
Conclusion:ConclusionIbrahimLodidiedonApril21,1526,atPanipat.HewasthelastAfghansultanofDelhi.He
wasasuspicioustyrantwhoincreasinglyalienatedhisnoblesduringhisreign.ThesonofSikandarLodi,Ibrahim
succeededthethroneonhisfathersdeath(Nov.21,1517)andwasquicklyfacedwithcontinuingdisputesbetweenthe
royalfamilyandAfghannobles.Onenoble,DawlatKhanLodi,governorofPunjab,fearingforhisownsafety,calledin
theMughalkingofKabul,Babur,whoadvancedtowardDelhianddefeatedandkilledIbrahiminthefirstbattleof
Panipat.Thisvictoryledtotheestablishmentofmughalruleinindia.
Thebattleofpanipat(1526):Thebattleofpanipat(1526)ThefirstbattleofPanipattookplaceinNorthernIndia,and
markedthebeginningoftheMughalEmpire.Thiswasoneoftheearliestbattlesinvolvinggunpowderfirearmsandfield
artillery.In1526,theforcesofZahirUddinMuhammadBabur,theTimuridrulerofKabul,defeatedthemuchlarger
armyofIbrahimLodi,SultanofDelhi.Thebattlewasfoughton21AprilnearthesmallvillageofPanipat,inthepresent
dayIndianstateofHaryana,anareathathasbeenthesiteofanumberofdecisivebattlesforthecontrolofNorthern
Indiasincethetwelfthcentury.
Slide58:ItisestimatedthatBabur'sforcesnumberedabout15,000menandhehadbetween20to24piecesoffield
artillery.Lodihadaround130,000men,thoughthatnumberincludedcampfollowers,whilethefightingforcewas
around100,000to110,000menintotal,alongwithatleast300warelephants.HinduKingsRajputswereneutralbut
fewTomarRajputsofGwaliorfoughtforIbrahimLodi.

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