Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
(SCE)
DEPT.OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND
GEOMATIC ENGINEERING
I, hereby confess that I have prepared this report on my own effort. I also admit not
to receive or give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge
that everything mentioned in the report is true.
_________________
Student Signature
Name
Matric No. :
Date
PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
1/8
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE
DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
1/01/14
1/01/15
1.0 OBJECTIVE
TO DETERMINE THE CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS OF LOW
PERMEABILITY
3.0 THEORY
When a fully saturated soil is subjected to a compressive stress, its volume tends to decrease. The
decreasing of its volume is due to compression of the solid grains and escape of water from the voids.
In a free drainage soil such as saturated sand the escape of water can take place rapidly. But in clay,
due to low permeability, the movement of water occurs very much slowly and therefore, considerable
time may be required for excess water to be squeezed out to permeable boundaries.
Settlement is the direct result of the decrease in soil volume and consolidation is the rate of volume
decrease with time. The consolidation test is use to estimate the amount of settlement and time of
consolidation. From this test some consolidation parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (c v),
coefficient of volume compressibility (m v), compression index (Cc), preconsolidation pressure (Pc) can
be determined.
There are two methods for determining the coefficient of consolidation:
(i)
Casagrande or log (time) or 50% consolidation
(ii)
Taylor or time or 90% consolidation
Tv H 2
cv
t
2
(3.1)
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AMENDMENT
DATE:
15
20
25
30
35
40
Settlement (mm)
5
10
15
20
x
25
1.15x
30
Time (minute)
0.1
t50
Settlement (mm)
1000
60
B = 4A
100
120
10000
20
80
100
0% consolidation line
40
10
140
160
2/8
1/01/14
1/01/15
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DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
3/8
1/01/14
1/01/15
5.0 PROCEDURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Measure the internal diameter (D) and the height of the ring, using internal vernier calipers.
Weight the ring to the nearest 0.01g (m R).
Cutting the specimen and trimming into ring.
Determine the initial moisture content from trimming soil.
Determine the weight of ring and specimen (m 1)
Determine the mass of bulk specimen (m) to the nearest 0.01g using this equation
m = m1 mR
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Place the consolidation ring and specimen (cutting edge uppermost) centrally on the porous
disc.
Fit the ring retainer and cell body and then place the upper porous disc centrally on top of the
specimen.
Place the consolidation cell centrally in position on the platform of the machine base.
Lift the end of the beam to allow the loading yoke to be raised to the vertical position and adjust
the loading stem by screwing it downwards until the end engages closely in the recess on the
top of the loading cap
Attach the compression dial gauge to the arm on the support post.
Add weight (2.5 kg) carefully to the load hanger
Add water at room temperature to the cell and make sure that the specimen and upper porous
disc are completely submerged.
Wind down the beam support and at the same time start the clock.
Observe the compression gauge readings and the clock, and record the readings on a
consolidation test form at the selected time intervals.
Plot the readings of the compression against time to a logarithmic scale and against squareroot-time.
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EFFECTIVE
DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
4/8
1/01/14
1/01/15
Sample No.: A1 - 1
Cell No: 4
BEFORE TEST
Moisture content from trimming: 22.9
Weight of ring : 439.35
Weight of sample + ring: 260.43
Weight of sample : 178.92
Weight of dry sample: 145.35
Weight of initial moisture: 33.57
Initial moisture content: 23.1
Gs
(%)
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(mm)
2
(mm )
(mm)
3
(mm )
3
(Mg/m )
3
(Mg/m )
1 = 0.622
SETTLEMENT READINGS
Elapse time
hr
min
sec
0
10
20
30
40
50
1
2
4
8
15
30
1
2
4
8
24
Time
(min)
time
Clock
time
Gauge
reading
0
0.17
0.33
0.50
0.67
0.83
1
2
4
8
15
30
60
120
240
480
1440
0
0.41
0.57
0.71
0.82
0.91
1.00
1.41
2.00
2.83
3.87
5.48
8.00 am
0
21
23
25
29
35
41
49
58
66
75
86
95
107
115
124
126
8.01 am
8.02 am
8.04 am
8.08 am
8.15 am
8.30 am
9.00 am
10.00am
12.00 pm
4.00 pm
8.00 am
Cumulative
compression, H
(mm)
0
21 x 0.002 = 0.04
23 x 0.002 = 0.05
25 x 0.002 = 0.05
29 x 0.002 = 0.06
35 x 0.002 = 0.07
41 x 0.002 = 0.08
49 x 0.002 = 0.10
58 x 0.002 = 0.12
66 x 0.002 = 0.13
75 x 0.002 = 0.15
86 x 0.002 = 0.17
95 x 0.002 = 0.19
107 x 0.002 = 0.21
115 x 0.002 = 0.23
124 x 0.002 = 0.25
126 x 0.002 = 0.25
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7.0 RESULTS
CONSOLIDATION TEST CALCULATION SHEET
Date started:_________________
Soil Type: __________________
BEFORE TEST
Moisture content from trimming: _______(%)
Weight of ring : ___________________ (g)
Weight of sample + ring: ____________ (g)
Weight of sample : _______________ (g)
Weight of dry sample: _______________(g)
Weight of initial moisture: ____________(g)
Initial moisture content: ______________(%)
Initial void ratio,
Gs
1 = ____________
SETTLEMENT READINGS
hr
Elapse time
min
sec
0
10
20
30
40
50
1
2
4
8
15
30
1
2
4
8
24
Time
(min)
time
Clock
time
Gauge
reading
Cumulative
compression
, H (mm)
8.0 CALCULATIONS
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1/01/14
1/01/15
9.0 DISCUSSIONS
10.0 CONCLUSIONS
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DATE:
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11.0 QUESTIONS 1
2
1. From your experimental data, determine the coefficient of consolidation, c v (m /year) using
Casagrande Method. Please comment your answer.
3
2. Clay samples collected from 5 metres deep in Batu Pahat has a unit weight () of 18 kN/m .
The following data were recorded during an oedometer test.
2
25
0.85
50
0.82
100
0.71
200
0.57
400
0.43
800
0.3
200
0.4
50
0.5
(i) Plot the graph of void ratio against effective stress on semi-log graph and determine the
compression index (Cc), Preconsolidation pressure (Pc) and coefficient of volume
compressibility (m v).
(ii) Define whether the soil is normally consolidated or over consolidated.
QUESTIONS 2
2
1. From the experimental data , determine the coefficient of consolidation, c v (m /year) using
Taylor Method. Please comment your answer.
3
2. Clay samples collected from 10 metres deep in Parit Raja has a unit weight () of 20 kN/m .
The following data were recorded during an oedometer test.
2
50
0.95
100
0.92
200
0.81
400
0.67
800
0.53
1600
0.4
400
0.5
100
0.6
(i) Plot the graph of void ratio against effective stress on semi-log graph and determine the
compression index (Cc), Preconsolidation pressure (Pc) and coefficient of volume
compressibility (m v).
(ii) Define whether the soil is normally consolidated or over consolidated.