Aluno

(a) : ..............................................................................................
..............................................

Time
7:00
7:50
8:40

Monday

Tuesdey

School schedule
Wednesday Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Break
9:45
10:35
Provas e Trabalhos
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Data

Nota

Faltas

INTRODUO

In order to succeed, your

desire for success should
be greater than your fear
of failure.
Bill Cosby
Car@s alun@s, esta apostila foi desenvolvida especialmente para
vocs por mim, Prof. Aline Midori Takahara. Para tanto, contei com a ajuda
de livros e gramticas da lngua inglesa e, claro, como no poderia deixar
de ser, do Google. Os contedos (dispostos logo aps essa introduo)
seguem os Referenciais Curriculares da Rede Estadual de Ensino de Mato
Grosso do Sul, disponveis no site da Secretaria de Educao do Estado de
MS e tambm na escola.
Leiam, agora, alguns avisos e lembretes importantes:
Copiem os horrios de aula na tabela da folha anterior e nunca se
esqueam de trazer a apostila nas aulas de ingls;
Cuidem bem da apostila. Lembrem-se: ela deve durar o ano todo;
Registrem as datas de provas, trabalhos e tarefas para no se
esquecerem de faz-los;
Utilizem a tabela da pgina anterior para fazer o controle de notas e
faltas;
Os vistos so importantes e ajudam na composio da nota bimestral,
portanto, faam suas atividades em tempo e no se esqueam de
exigi-los na sua apostila;
Vocs no devolvero os livros at o final do ano. Eles sero utilizados
como material de apoio para as aulas. Eu avisarei quando vocs
tiverem que traz-los;
Vocs ainda tero que copiar algumas coisas do quadro (poucas, no
se preocupem), por isso mantenham seus cadernos de ingls entre
seus materiais. Eu continuarei entregando exerccios impressos para
que vocs faam e colem nos cadernos com os respectivos vistos;
Eventualmente, em virtude do tempo e do grau de dificuldade, alguns
contedos podem ser deixados de lado ou podem no vir a ser
abordados em sala de aula.

Thats all folks!

With my best wishes,

Teacher

Aline Midori Takahara

Sumrio

1 BIMESTRE................................................................................................
1.1

1.1.1

Reading Strategies..........................................................................

1.1.2

Cohesion/conjunctions.....................................................................

1.1.3

Phrasal verbs (verbs with preposition)............................................

1.1.4

Adverbs of place, doubt, affirmation, intensity, manner..................

2 BIMESTRE................................................................................................
2.1

LINGUISTIC ASPECTS.............................................................................

2.1.1

Past Perfect Tense............................................................................

2.1.2

Present Perfect Continuous.............................................................

2.1.3

Gerund and Infinitive forms.............................................................

3 BIMESTRE................................................................................................
3.1

LINGUISTIC ASPECTS.............................................................................

LINGUISTIC ASPECTS.............................................................................

3.1.1

Reflexive Pronouns..........................................................................

3.1.2

Reciprocal Pronouns - each other, one another...............................

3.1.3

Relative Pronouns............................................................................

3.1.4

Passive Voice...................................................................................

3.1.5

Tag Questions..................................................................................

4 BIMESTRE................................................................................................
4.1

LINGUISTIC ASPECTS.............................................................................

4.1.1

Reported Speech.............................................................................

4.1.2

Verbs: say tell...............................................................................

4.1.3

Reported Questions.........................................................................

1 1 BIMESTRE
1.1 LINGUISTIC ASPECTS
1.1.1 Reading Strategies
Observando as estratgias de leitura a seguir, voc finalmente
concluir que: A compreenso do texto dispensa a traduo palavra por
palavra. O uso excessivo do dicionrio implica em perda de tempo.
necessrio o uso constante de raciocnio para analisar, deduzir e concluir
satisfatoriamente. Sempre que voc ler um texto instrumental, no caso um
texto em lngua estrangeira, deve:
1 No usar o dicionrio neste primeiro momento.
2 Atentar para a apresentao visual do texto.
3 Atentar para o ttulo do texto (h sempre uma correlao entre ttulo e
assunto do texto).
4 Fazer um brainstorm do ttulo (todos os possveis assuntos que podem
aparecer no texto), utilizando o seu previous knowledge (o que voc sabe
sobre o assunto).
5 Fazer uma previso dos possveis assuntos a serem tratados no texto
(Prediction).
6 Ler o texto do comeo ao fim, partindo do geral para o especfico,
atentando para:
6.1 as palavras transparentes (cognate words).
6.2 as palavras conhecidas (palavras que voc j sabe em ingls).
7 Inferir as palavras apenas pelos seus contextos, sem a ajuda de um
dicionrio.
8 Depois de ter lido todo o texto, voc deve ler cada pargrafo
novamente, atentando para o tpico frasal de cada pargrafo.
9 Voc deve usar o dicionrio apenas para entender as palavras mais
importantes de cada pargrafo.

Dependendo do objetivo da leitura, voc dever distinguir trs nveis

de compreenso:

1 General comprehension: obtida atravs de uma leitura rpida para se

captar as informaes genricas do texto, ou seja, o que de maior
relevncia para o texto.

2 Main points comprehension: A leitura dos pontos principais exige que

nos detenhamos com maior ateno na busca das informaes principais do
texto, observando cada pargrafo para identificar os dados especficos que
mais interessam ao leitor.

3 Detailed comprehension: Este tipo de leitura mais profundo que os

anteriores. Exige a compreenso dos detalhes do texto e demanda, por isso,
muito mais tempo. Deve ser cuidados, especialmente quando aplicada em
instrues operacionais de equipamentos, experincias, etc., de modo que
seu funcionamento seja preciso e seguro.

Maior sucesso ter o leitor no estudo do texto se fizer uso de algumas

estratgias de leitura, bem como todas as dicas que o prprio texto
proporciona. Conhea a seguir alguns desses elementos.

1 SKIMMING:

Estratgia que consiste em lanar os olhos rapidamente sobre o texto,

buscando captar o assunto geral apenas, se este for o objetivo da leitura.

2 SCANNING:

uma estratgia de leitura no-linear em que o leitor busca objetivamente

localizar as informaes em que est interessado. Atravs do scanning o
leitor objetivo e seletivo e nem sempre precisa ler o texto todo.
Exemplo: procurar no texto nomes prprios, datas, lugares, etc.

3 COGNATES (TRANSPARENT WORDS):

Muito comuns na lngua inglesa, os cognatos so termos de procedncia

grega ou latina bastante parecidos com o Portugus tanto na forma escrita
como no significado. Seria interessante o aluno notar que os cognatos
podem ser:

Idnticos: radio, piano, hospital, nuclear, social, etc.,

Bastante parecidos: gasoline, inflation, intelligent, population, history, etc.,
Vagamente parecidos: electricity, responsible, infallible, explain, activity,
etc.

4 REPEATED WORDS:

Quando certas palavras aparecem vrias vezes no texto, mesmo com

formas diferentes (exemplo: socialism, social, socialist, socialize...),
normalmente so importantes para a compreenso. As palavras repetidas
aparecem especialmente na forma de verbos, substantivos e adjetivos e
nem sempre so cognatas.

5 TYPOGRAPHY:

As marcas tipogrficas so elementos, que, no texto, transmitem

informaes nem sempre representadas por palavras. Reconhec-las um
auxlio bastante til leitura.
Ex: negrito maiscula, sinais de pontuao, distribuio do texto na pgina
(voc poder perceber se poesia, propaganda, dilogo, etc.

6 KEY WORDS:

As palavras-chave so aquelas que esto mais de perto associadas

especificamente ao assunto do texto, podendo aparecer repetidas e
algumas vezes na forma de sinnimos. A identificao das key words
atravs do skimming, leva-nos a ter uma viso geral do texto.

7 PREDICTION / INFERENCES

a atividade pela qual o aluno levado a predizer, inferir o contedo de

um texto atravs do ttulo ou de outros elementos tipogrficos, como
ilustraes (Non-verbal information) por exemplo. Sendo uma atividade do
tipo pr-leitura, a prediction contribui para estimular o interesse e a
curiosidade do aluno pelo contedo de um texto que o tpico sugere.

Quanto mais cultura geral (background Knowledge ou Schemata)

tiver o leitor, mais fcil ser a sua prediction. Tomemos como exemplo
o ttulo ECOLOGIA. Um leitor com um conhecimento razovel poderia
ordinariamente predizer sobre o assunto listando palavras como: Meio
ambiente / poluir / desastroso / poluentes / matar / devastao /
poluio / florestas tropicais / animais em extino / proteger /
protestos / chuva cida / produtos qumicos / natureza /
reflorestar / envenenar, etc.
Estas palavras poderiam at no fazer parte do texto, mas muito
provvel que faam.
Observe agora o mesmo ttulo em ingls e avalie o grau de dificuldade
comparando com aquele em portugus: ECOLOGY.
Environment / to pollute / disastrous / pollutants / to kill / to devastate / acid
rain / nature, etc.

1.1.2 Cohesion/conjunctions

As conjunes tm um papel muito importante, tanto na lngua

portuguesa quanto na inglesa, pois elas conseguem fazer nosso

discurso/fala ficar mais claro sem a necessidade de vrias pausas

desnecessrias.

Temos, antes de mais nada, que saber qual a proposta da frase ou texto para
que possamos encaixar a conjuno correta.
Vejamos:
Temos conjunes para conectar duas ideias similares. (conjuno: as).
Temos conjunes para conectar duas ideias diferentes. (conjuno: but).
Temos conjunes para conectar uma ideia alternativa. (conjuno: or).
Esses foram apenas alguns exemplos, vejamos agora o estudo de cada uma
separadamente.
Adversative conjunctions Conjunes adversativas
So conjunes que nos do ideias opostas. So elas:
but mas
however entretanto
nevertheless mesmo assim

1.2 CONSECUTIVE OR CONCLUSIVE CONJUNCTIONS

CONJUNES CONSECUTIVAS OU CONCLUSIVAS.
So usadas para finalizar frases ou textos, ou fazer uma concluso. So elas:
so ento/por isso
therefore portanto

thus por isso

consequently consequentemente
then ento
hence da/logo

1.3 CONCESSIVE CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNES

CONCESSIVAS
SO CONJUNES QUE NOS DO CONCESSES OU
PERMISSES. SO ELAS:
although embora
even though muito embora
in spite of apesar de

1.4 CONJUNCTIONS OF ACCRUALS - CONJUNES DE

ACRSCIMOS.
So aquelas que vo nos dar uma ideia de continuidade. So elas:
besides alm disso
moreover alm do mais
futhermore alm disso-ademais

1.5 EXPLANATORY CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNES

EXPLICATIVAS
Essas conjunes vo nos dar uma ideia explicativa do assunto em questo ou
uma razo pra alguma coisa ou algum. So elas:
because porque
as como
since desde
for pois/visto que

1.5.1 Phrasal verbs (verbs with preposition)

1.5.2 Adverbs of place, doubt, affirmation, intensity, manner

2 2 BIMESTRE
2.1 LINGUISTIC ASPECTS
2.1.1 Past Perfect Tense
Construo bsica

HAD + VERBO NO PARTICPIO

Vejamos abaixo todas as formas de construo utilizando como exemplo o
particpio do verbo GO (ir):
Forma afirmativa
I
had gone
You had gone
He
had gone
She had gone
It
had gone
We had gone
You had gone
They had gone

I'd gone
You'd gone
He'd gone
She'd gone
It'd gone
We'd gone
You'd gone
They'd gone

Eu tinha ido
Voc tinha ido
Ele tinha ido
Ela tinha ido
Ele/ela tinha ido
Ns tnhamos ido
Vocs tinham ido
Eles tinham ido

Forma negativa
I
hadn't gone
You hadn't gone
He
hadn't gone
She hadn't gone
It
hadn't gone
We hadn't gone
You hadn't gone
They hadn't gone

Eu no tinha ido
Voc no tinha ido
Ele no tinha ido
Ela no tinha ido
Ele/ela no tinha ido (neutro)
Ns no tnhamos ido
Vocs no tinham ido
Eles no tinham ido
Forma interrogativa

Had
Had
Had
Had
Had
Had
Had
Had

I
gone?
You gone?
He gone?
She gone?
It
gone?
We gone?
You gone?
They gone?

Eu tinha ido?
Voc tinha ido?
Ele tinha ido?
Ela tinha ido?
Ele/ela tinha ido? (neutro)
Ns tnhamos ido?
Vocs tinham ido?
Eles tinham ido?
Forma Interrogativa- negativa

Hadnt
Hadnt
Hadnt
Hadnt
Hadnt
Hadnt
Hadnt
Hadnt

I
gone?
You gone?
He gone?
She gone?
It
gone?
We gone?
You gone?
They gone?

Eu no tinha ido?
Voc no tinha ido?
Ele no tinha ido?
Ela no tinha ido?
Ele/ela no tinha ido? (neutro)
Ns no tnhamos ido?
Vocs no tinham ido?
Eles no tinham ido?

Quando utilizar o Past Perfect

O Past Perfect normalmente utilizado para relacionar duas aes ocorridas
no passado
Susan had already left when I arrived
(Susan j tinha sado quando eu cheguei)
Frases de Fixao
Quando ela chegou festa, ele j
tinha ido
Ela j tinha ido quando voc
chegou?
Eu nunca tinha visto ela antes
Ns no tnhamos comido qdo
voc chegou
Voc j tinha comido caviar?
Eles no tinham comprado o carro
ainda
Eu tinha acabado de ir para a
cama

When she arrived to the party, he had

already gone
Had she already gone when you
arrived?
I had never seen her before
We hadn't eaten when you arrived
Had you ever eaten caviar?
They hadn't bought the car yet
I had just gone to bed

Notes:_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Exercises
I - Make the past perfect:
1. When I arrived at the cinema, the film ____________________ (start).
2. She ____________________ (live) in China before she went to Thailand.
3. After they ____________________ (eat) the shellfish, they began to feel sick.
4. If you ____________________ (listen) to me, you would have got the job.
5. Julie didnt arrive until after I ____________________ (leave).
6. When we ____________________ (finish) dinner, we went out.
7. The garden was dead because it ____________________ (be) dry all summer.
8. He ____________________ (meet) her before somewhere.
9. We were late for the plane because we ____________________ (forgot) our
passports.
10. She told me that she ____________________ (study) a lot before the exam.
11. The grass was yellow because it ___________________ (not / rain) all
summer.
12. The lights went off because we ___________________ (not / pay) the
electricity bill.
13. The children ___________________ (not / do) their homework, so they were
in trouble.
14. They ___________________ (not / eat) so we went to a restaurant.
15. We couldnt go into the concert because we ___________________ (not /
bring) our tickets.
16. She said that she ___________________ (not / visit) the UK before.
17. Julie and Anne ___________________ (not / meet) before the party.
18. I ___________________ (not / have) breakfast when he arrived.
19. He ___________________ (not / use) email before, so I showed him how to
use it.

20. You ___________________ (not / study) for the test, so you were very
nervous.

II - Make past perfect simple questions:

1. _______________________ (you / go) there before we went together?
2. _______________________ (she / see) the film already?
3. Why _______________________ (he / forgot) about the meeting?
4. _______________________ (it / be) cold all week?
5. _______________________ (I / read) the book before the class?
6. When she arrived, _______________________ (we / eat) already?
7. Where _______________________ (you / be) when I saw you?
8. _______________________ (they / travel) by bullet train before?
9. _______________________ (John / meet) Lucy before they went on holiday
together?
10. _______________________ (you / do) your homework before I saw you?
11. Where _______________________ (she / work )?
12. _______________________ (I / pay) the bill before we left?
13. _______________________ (we / visit) my parents already that winter?
14. When you called, _______________________ (they / eat) dinner?
15. How _______________________ (he / manage) to fix the cooker?
16. _______________________ (my sister / be) sick for a long time?
17. How much _______________________ (she / study) before the exam?
18. What _______________________ (you / cook) for dinner that night?
19. When _______________________ (they / arrive)?
20. How many coffees _______________________ (she / drink) before the
interview?

2.1.2 Present Perfect Continuous

Construo bsica

HAVE BEEN + VERBO + ING

Forma afirmativa

I
have been working
You have been working
He
has been working
She has been working
It
has been working
We have been working
You have been working
They have been working

I've been
You've been
He's been
She's been
It's been
We've been
You've been
They've been

Eu tenho estado
trabalhando
Voc tem estado
trabalhando
Ele tem estado trabalhando
Ela tem estado trabalhando
Ele/ela tem estado
trabalhando
Ns temos estado
trabalhando
Vocs tm estado
trabalhando
Eles tm estado
trabalhando

Forma negativa
I
haven't been working
You haven't been working
He
hasn't been working
She hasn't been working
It
hasn't been working
We haven't been working
You haven't been working
They haven't been working

Eu no tenho estado trabalhando

Voc no tem estado trabalhando
Ele no tem estado trabalhando
Ela no tem estado trabalhando
Ele/ela no tem estado trabalhando
Ns no temos estado trabalhando
Vocs no tm estado trabalhando
Eles no tm estado trabalhando

Forma interrogativa

Have I
been working?
Have You been working?
Has He
been working?
Has She been working?
Has
It
been working?
Have We been working?
Have You been working?
Have They been working?

Eu tenho estado trabalhando?

Voc tem estado trabalhando?
Ele tem estado trabalhando?
Ela tem estado trabalhando?
Ele/ela tem estado trabalhando?
Ns temos estado trabalhando?
Vocs tm estado trabalhando?
Eles tm estado trabalhando?

Forma interrogativa-negativa

Havent I
been working?
Havent You been working?
Hasnt He
been working?
Hasnt She been working?
Hasnt
It
been working?
Havent We been working?
Havent You been working?
Havent They been working?

Eu no tenho estado trabalhando?

Voc no tem estado trabalhando?
Ele no tem estado trabalhando?
Ela no tem estado trabalhando?
Ele/ela no tem estado trabalhando?
Ns no temos estado trabalhando?
Vocs no tm estado trabalhando?
Eles no tm estado trabalhando?

Quando utilizar o Present Perfect Continuous

O Present Perfect Continuous utilizado para descrever aes que tm
estado ocorrendo em um determinado perodo, podendo j ter sido
encerradas ou no.
ATENO:: A nfase est no perodo de durao
I've been studying English since 10 o'clock
(Eu tenho estado estudando Ingls desde as 10 horas)
You have been working much lately
(Voc tem estado trabalhando muito ultimamente)
Frases de Fixao
Eu tenho estado estudando Ingls desde
Janeiro
Voc tem estado procurando um novo
emprego?
Eu tenho estado procurando por voc o
dia todo!
O que voc tem estado fazendo todos
esses anos?
Tem estado chovendo o dia todo
H quanto tempo voc tem estado
estudando Ingls?

I've been studying English since

January
Have you been looking for a new
job?
I've been looking for you all day!
What have you been doing all
these years?
It's been raining all day
How long have you been studying
English?

Exercises
Follow the example:
1.I live here.
R: Ive been living here for 5 years.

(for five years)

2.He works there.

R:...........................................................................(for a long time)
3.You do the same thing.
R:..........................................................................(for six months)
4.They are sitting on the floor.
R:..........................................................................(for two hours)
5.I call you.
R:..........................................................................(since morning)
6.We go out together.
R:..........................................................................(for a year)
7.They study English online.
R:...........................................................................(for almost ten years)

Make the present perfect continuous negative:

1. (she / work here for five years)
_______________________________________________________________
2. (I / study all day)
_______________________________________________________________
3. (you / eat a lot recently)
_______________________________________________________________
4. (we / live in London for six months)
_______________________________________________________________
5. (he / play football so hes tired)
_______________________________________________________________
6. (they / learn English for two years)
_______________________________________________________________
7. (I / cook so Im really hot)
_______________________________________________________________
8. (she / go to the cinema every weekend for years)
_______________________________________________________________
9. (it / rain, the pavement is wet)
_______________________________________________________________
10. (you / sleep for twelve hours)
_______________________________________________________________

11. (I / not / work today)

_______________________________________________________________
12. (you / not / eat well recently)
_______________________________________________________________
13. (we / not / exercise enough)
_______________________________________________________________
14. (she / not / study)
_______________________________________________________________
15. (they / not / live here for very long)
_______________________________________________________________
16. (it / not / snow)
_______________________________________________________________
17. (he / not / play football for five years)
_______________________________________________________________
18. (we / not / drink enough water thats why we feel tired)
_______________________________________________________________
19. (I / not / sleep I was reading)
_______________________________________________________________
20. (they / not / watch TV much recently)
_______________________________________________________________
Make the present perfect continuous yes / no questions:
1. (she / run much recently?)
__________________________________________________________________
2. (it / rain?)
__________________________________________________________________
3. (he / work today?)
__________________________________________________________________
4. (I / talk a lot?)
__________________________________________________________________
5. (we / eat too much?)
__________________________________________________________________

6. (they / live here for a long time?)

__________________________________________________________________
7. (Julie / work in this company for more that five years?)
__________________________________________________________________
8. (you / study English for a long time?)
__________________________________________________________________
9. (I / do too much recently?)
__________________________________________________________________
10. (we / go out with each other for three years already?)
__________________________________________________________________

2.1.3 Gerund and Infinitive forms

O gerndio uma forma verbal caracterizada pela terminao ing.
Essa forma verbal deve ser usada sempre:
1- aps preposies:
Theres no hope of finding survivors. (No h nenhuma esperana de se
encontrar sobreviventes).
2- aps os verbos: come, go, admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, continue,
delay, detest, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, miss, practice,
resist, suggest, stop, try, understand. Ex.:
I enjoy listening

to

music.

(Eu

curto

ouvir

msica).

Go shopping requires time and money. (Ir s compras requer tempo e

dinheiro).
I continue studying

day by day. (Eu

continuo estudando dia a dia).

I appreciate drinking hot cocoa during the winter. (Eu aprecio tomar
chocolate quente durante o inverno).
3- aps as expresses:
a) Cant stand (no pode suportar / tolerar): I cant stand boring people. (Eu
no tolero pessoas chatas).

b) Its worth (Vale a pena): Its worth working on the weekends, I generally
receive a lot of money. (Vale a pena trabalhar nos finais de semana, eu
geralmente recebo muito dinheiro).
O infinitivo a forma original do verbo, que pode aparecer com ou
sem a partcula to. Deve-se utilizar o infinitivo sem o to aps:
a) os modais (can, could, must, should, may, might).
You can work today. (Voc pode trabalhar hoje).
b) os verbos auxiliares do e will.
He will call you tomorrow morning. (Ele te ligar amanh de manh).
c) as conjunes but e except.
My boss said I could do everything on the company except arrive late to
work. (Meu chefe disse que eu poderia fazer qualquer coisa na empresa,
menos chegar atrasado para trabalhar).
Usa-se o infinitivo com o to aps:
a) os verbos: tell, invite, teach, want, invite, remind, wish, desire.
I invited my sister to have lunch with me. (Eu convidei minha irm para
almoar comigo).
b) aps adjetivos e aps as palavras: too, enough, the first, the last, the
only.
You are too elderly to work on this company. (Voc muito velho para
trabalhar nesta empresa).
Excees:
a) Existem,

no

entanto,

alguns verbos (see,

notice,

feel,

hear

observe) que podem ser seguidos tanto pelo infinitivo quanto pelo
gerndio sem o to.
They heard the people talking. (Eles ouviram as pessoas conversando).
They heard the people talk. (Eles ouviram as pessoas conversarem).

b) H tambm alguns verbos (advise, try, neglect, dislike, begin, forget,

remember, hate, start, attempt, continue, love, stop, try, allow,
prefer) que podem ser seguidos de gerndio ou infinitivo com o to.
I started loving you. (Eu comecei a amar voc).
I started to love you. (Eu comecei a amar voc).
Escolha entre o gerndio e o infinitivo:
1. She delayed ______________ (get) out of bed.
2. He demanded ______________ (speak) to the manager.
3. I offered ______________ (help).
4. I miss ______________ (go) to the beach.
5. We postponed ______________ (do) our homework.
6. Id hate ______________ (arrive) too late.
7. She admitted ______________ (steal) the money.
8. I chose ______________ (work) here.
9. She waited ______________ (buy) a drink.
10. I really appreciate ______________ (be) on holiday.
11. I couldnt help ______________ (laugh).
12. It seems ______________ (be) raining.
13. I considered ______________ (move) to Spain.
14. They practised ______________ (speak).
15. Finally I managed ______________ (finish) the work.
16. I really cant stand ______________ (wait) for the bus.
17. Unfortunately, we cant afford ______________ (buy) a new car this year.
18. She risked ______________ (be) late.
19. Id love ______________ (come) with you.
20. I prepared ______________ (go) on holiday.

o o 02 o o 91 uq 81 nq o 71 u 61 su o 51 uds
41 uo 31 q o 21 unl 11 uq 01 nq o 9 o o 8 uls
7 o 6 uop 5 uo 4 dl o 3 ds o 2 u 1 :ssu
Put the verb into the correct form:

1. I dont fancy ______________ (go) out tonight.

2. She avoided ______________ (tell) him about her plans.
3. I would like ______________ (come) to the party with you.
4. He enjoys ______________ (have) a bath in the evening.
5. She kept ______________ (talk) during the film.
6. I am learning ______________ (speak) English.
7. Do you mind ______________ (give) me a hand?
8. She helped me ______________ (carry) my suitcases.
9. Ive finished ______________ (cook). Come and eat!
10. He decided ______________ (study) Biology.
11. I dislike ______________ (wait).
12. He asked ______________ (come) with us.
13. I promise ______________ (help) you tomorrow.
14. We discussed ______________ (go) to the cinema, but in the end we
stayed at home.
15. She agreed ______________ (bring) the pudding.
16. I dont recommend ______________ (take) the bus, it takes forever!
17. We hope ______________ (visit) Amsterdam next month.
18. She suggested ______________ (go) to the museum.
19. They plan ______________ (start) college in the autumn.
20. I dont want ______________ (leave) yet.

Notes:______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________

3 BIMESTRE

3.1 LINGUISTIC ASPECTS

3.1.1 Reflexive Pronouns

Os Pronomes Reflexivos (Reflexive Pronouns) so usados para
indicar que a ao reflexiva recai sobre o prprio sujeito. Nesse caso, o
pronome vem logo aps o verbo e concorda com o sujeito. Estes pronomes
se caracterizam pelas terminaes self (no singular) e selves (no plural).
Para cada Pronome Pessoal (Personal Pronoun) existe um Pronome Reflexivo
(Reflexive Pronoun). Na tabela abaixo esto indicados os Pronomes Pessoais
(Personal Pronouns) e os Pronomes Reflexivos (Reflexive Pronouns) aos
quais eles se referem.

Pronome Pessoal - Personal

Pronome Reflexivo - Reflexive Pronoun
Pronouns
I (eu)

myself (a mim mesmo, -me)

you (tu, voc)

yourself [a ti, a voc mesmo(a), -te,-se]

he (ele)

himself (a si, a ele mesmo, -se)

she (ela)

herself (a si, a ela mesma, -se)

it [ele, ela (neutro)]

itself [a si mesmo(a), -se]

we (ns)

ourselves [a ns mesmos(as), -nos]

you (vocs, vs)

yourselves (a vs, a vocs mesmos(as),

-vos,-se)

they (eles, elas)

themselves (a si, a eles mesmos, a elas

mesmas, -se)

Para entender melhor os Pronomes Reflexivos (Reflexive Pronouns)

observe o que acontece com a ao do verbo nesta frase:
The girl cut the watermelon with a knife. (A menina cortou a melancia
com uma faca.)
- Quem cortou? a menina (the girl)
- O que foi cortado? a melancia (the watermelon)
Nesse exemplo, a ao do verbo recai sobre o objeto, que a
melancia. Observe, agora, esta outra frase:
The girl cut herself with a knife. (A garota cortou-se com uma faca.)
- Quem cortou? a garota (the girl)
- O que foi cortado? a garota (the girl)

Nesse exemplo, a ao do verbo recai sobre o prprio sujeito que a

praticou.

LEMBRAR: O Pronome Reflexivo (Reflexive Pronoun) usado em funo

reflexiva indica que a ao do verbo recai sobre o prprio sujeito que a
praticou. Desse modo, o pronome vem imediatamente aps o verbo e
concorda com o sujeito.
Observe outros exemplos onde a ao do verbo recai sobre o prprio sujeito
que a pratica e concorda com ele.
He hurt himself last week. (Ele se machucou na semana passada.)
Jane killed herself. (Jane se matou.)
Take care of yourself! (Cuide-se!)
Observaes
1. O Pronome Reflexivo (Reflexive Pronoun), em Ingls, tambm
empregado para dar nfase pessoa que pratica a ao:
Jorge wrote the letter himself. (O prprio Jorge escreveu a carta.)
I will do my homework myself.(Eu prpria/mesma farei minha lio de
casa.)

They raised the

children themselves. (Eles
prprios criaram os filhos.)

2. Os Pronomes Reflexivos (Reflexive Pronouns) podem ser precedidos pela

preposio by. Nesse caso, os reflexivos (reflexives) tm o sentido
de sozinho(a), sozinhos(as) (alone). Algumas vezes, a palavra all
colocada antes de by, servindo ento como enfatizante. Observe os
exemplos abaixo:
She was waiting for her husband by herself. (Ela estava esperando sozinha
pelo seu marido.)
She was waiting for her husband (all) by herself. [Ela estava esperando
(completamente) sozinha pelo seu marido.]
Did you go to the park by yourself? (Voc foi ao parque sozinho?)

Sometimes Richard prefers to be by himself. (s vezes Ricardo prefere

ficar/estar sozinho.)
She likes making everything by herself. (Ela gosta de fazer tudo sozinha.)

Exercises
1.She usually looks at........in the mirror.
a.Herselves
b.Herself
c.Hers
2.We used to cut............at work.
a.Ourself
b.Ours
c.Ourselves
3.It is programmed to close............at night.
a.Itself
b.Its
c.Itselves
4.They really enjoy talking about.............around women.
a.Themself
b.Themselves
c.Theirs
5.I accidentally locked.........in the bedroom.
a.Myself
b.Mine
c.Myselves
6.John contradicted.................during the interview.
a.Himselves
b.Himself
c.His
7.Jane,you should take better care of...............!
a.Yourselves
b.Yourself
c.Yours
8.Qual a diferena entre 'Yourself' e 'Yourselves'?
R:.......................................................................................

Fill in these sentences with MYSELF, YOURSELF, HERSELF, HIMSELF,

ITSELF, OURSELVES, YOURSELVES or THEMSELVES.
1. Every morning I wash __________ and clean my teeth.
2. Jane is a baby, she is too small to eat by __________.
3. Peter is very lazy. He always copies his friends homework and never
does it by __________.
4. The children can decorate the Christmas tree by __________.
5. Julie is always looking at __________ in the mirror.
6. If you cant do this exercise by __________, ask the teacher for help.
7. The cat cleans __________ with its tongue.
8. Dont help us, Dad! I and Jim can paint the car all by __________.
9. You are five years old, Danny. You have to comb your hair
by __________ now.
10. Hi, Martin! Hi, Rebeca! Please, come in and make _________ at home.

3.1.2 Reciprocal Pronouns - each other, one another

Existem outros tipos de Pronomes Reflexivos (Reflexive Pronouns) que
so chamados de Reflexivos Recprocos: each other/one other. Observe a
diferena
entre
os
Pronomes
Reflexivos ourselves,
yourselves e themselves e os Reflexivos Recprocos.
Julia and I looked at ourselves in the mirror. (Julia e eu olhamos para ns
mesmas no espelho.)
Julia and I looked each other and started to laugh. [Julia e eu olhamos uma
para a outra (nos olhamos) e comeamos a rir.]
Our mother thinks that we should be more careful to each other. (Nossa
me acha que deveramos ser mais cuidosos um com o outro.)
Make sure you and Julia don't hurt yourselves! (Cuidem-se para que voc e
Julia no se machuquem!)
Julia and I enjoyed very much ourselves during the party. (Julia e eu nos
divertimos muito durante a festa.)
Julia and we don't see one other every day. (Julia e ns no nos vemos /
no vemos uma a outra todos os dias.)
Observao: each other, usado para duas ou mais pessoas e enfatiza a
idia de ao mtua, enquanto one other usado para mais de duas
pessoas.

Decide whether you have to use the reflexive pronoun, the

reciprocal pronoun (each other) or nothing.

1.

John hurt _____________ when climbing the tree.

2.

Peter and Sue helped _____________with the homework.

3.

I feel_____________ much better today.

4.

Did she make_____________ a cup of tea?

5.

The wild monkey looked at_____________ in the mirror.

6.

Brigit and Billy smiled at_____________.

7.

We're meeting_____________ at the station.

8.

During the meeting, Jane and Mary were talking to_____________.

9.

I don't remember _____________where we spent our holiday last year.

10.

We need to concentrate_____________.

3.1.3 Relative Pronouns

Os pronomes relativos so utilizados para ligar duas oraes, como no
exemplo abaixo:

Orao 1: Tom Cruise is a famous actor

(Tom Cruise um ator
famoso)
Orao 2: He starred in "Mission: Impossible"
(Ele estrelou em "Misso:
Impossvel")
Orao 3: Tom Cruise, who starred "Mission: Impossible", is a famous actor
(Tom Cruise, que estrelou "Misso:Impossvel", um ator famoso)

WHO / WHOM (Que, o qual, a qual) Utilizado para fazer referncia a

pessoas
That is the man who / whom bought
Aquele o homem que comprou meu
my car
carro
The singer who / whom she admires
O cantor que ela admira Elvis
is Elvis

WHICH (Que, o qual, a qual) Utilizado para fazer referncia a coisas ou

animais

O carro que ele comprou vermelho

Onde est o vinho que ela trouxe?
Este o cachorro que eu achei

The car which he bought is red

Where is the wine which she
brought?
This is the dog which I found

THAT (Que, o qual, a qual) Pode ser utilizado para pessoas, coisas ou
animais
Aquele o homem que comprou meu
carro
That is the man that bought my car
O cantor que ela admira Elvis
The singer that she admires is Elvis
O carro que ele comprou vermelho The car that he bought is red
Onde est o vinho que ela
Where is the wine that she brought?
trouxe?

ATENO: Aps a vrgula, jamais se usa o pronome relativo THAT: Peter,

who lives in London, is my friend.

WHERE (Onde, em que, no qual, na qual)

O Hotel onde ns ficamos era
The Hotel where we stayed was very
muito caro
expensive
A cidade em que ela mora muito
The city where she lives is very far
longe

WHEN (quando, em que, no qual, na qual)

Eu nunca esquecerei o dia em que

I'll never forget the day when I met her
a conheci
The day when he was born
O dia em que ele nasceu

WHAT (o que)

Ela no me disse o que aconteceu She didn't tell me what happened

Eu no sei o que ele fez
I don't know what he did

WHOSE (Cujo)
O homem cujo carro foi roubado
mora ali
A mulher cuja filha eu conheci
uma advogada

The man whose car was stolen lives

there
The woman whose daughter I met is a
lawyer

O Pronome relativo poder ser opcionalmente omitido sempre que

vier imediatamente antes de um pronome pessoal
Onde est o vinho que ela
trouxe?

Where is the wine she brought?

ou: Where is the wine (which/that) she
brought?

O cantor que ela admira

Elvis

The singer she admires is Elvis

ou: The singer (who/that) he admires is
Elvis

Exercises
1 (CARLOS CHAGAS SP) My
neighbor, _________ name is Peter,
will arrive tomorrow
a)
whose
b)
what
c)
what
d)
when
e)
of whom
f)
her
2 - (CARLOS CHAGAS SP) My
sister, _____ lives in Italy, _________
Italian fluently
a)
which speak
b)
who speaks
c)
who speak
d)
that speak
e)
what speaks
3 (PUCCAMP SP) Her brothers
restaurant, ________ is easy to find,
has excellent food
a)
that
b)
which
c)
_
d)
What
e)
None
of
the
above
alternatives apply
4 (CARLOS CHAGAS SP) My
oldest sister, ________ books you
borrowed, is looking for you
a)
what
b)
which
c)
who
d)
whom
e)
whose

c)
which
d)
whom
e)
whose
6 (CARLOS CHAGAS) rico
Verssimo is a writer ___________
style I appreciate very much
a)
whose
b)
that
c)
who
d)
of that
e)
of whom
7 (FMU SP) He is the man
____________ sings very well
a)
whom
b)
how
c)
which
d)
who
e)
what
8 (UFSCar SP) Go and find the
driver
________
arrived
here
yesterday
a)
he
b)
who
c)
whose
d)
what
e)
whom
9 (PUC RS) That is the girl
______________ we spoke with
a)
who
b)
which
c)
what
d)
of who
e)
of that
GABARITO

5 (CARLOS CHAGAS SP) My

uncle Harry, ___________________ I
havent seen for years, is coming
for Christmas
a)
that
b)
what

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A
B
B
E
A
A
D
B

3.1.4 Passive Voice

Usamos a voz passiva em ingls quando destacamos a ao do verbo em si, o
objeto que recebe a ao. A pessoa que praticou a ao o agente fica em segundo
plano e freqentemente no mencionado. Prefere-se a voz passiva, por exemplo, na
linguagem impessoal, quando no interessa o agente ou ele indefinido, ou
desconhecido, ou bvio. A voz passiva formada em ingls com o auxiliar to be +
past. participle do verbo principal. Veja a tabela abaixo:
Tempo verbal
Simple present
Simple past
Present Continuous
Past continuous
Simple Future
Simple conditional
Present perfect
Past perfect
Modal auxiliary
Exemplos:
Voz ativa
My father
My father
My father
My father
My father
My father
My father
My father
My father

Voz ativa
Take/takes
Took
Am/is/are taking
Was/were taking
Will take
Would take
Have/has taken
Had taken
Can/could/must/etc...

is a builder. He builds the house.

built the house.
is building the house.
was building the house.
will build the house.
would build the house.
has built the house.
had built the house.
could build the house.

Voz passiva
The house is built (by my father).
The house was built.
The house is being built.
The house was being built.
The house will be built.
The house would be built.
The house has been built.
The house had been built.
The house could be built.

Compare estes outros exemplos:

Somebody cleans this room everyday.
This room is cleaned everyday.
Martin washed his car yesterday.
His car was washed yesterday.
The maid will do the dishes later.
The dishes will be done later.
The room looks nice. Somebody has put it away.
It has been put away.
The room looked nice. Somebody had put it away.
It had been put away.
She is making a cornmeal cake now.
The cornmeal cake is being made now.

Voz passiva
Is/are taken
Was/were taken
Am/is/are being taken
Was/were being taken
Will be taken
Would be taken
Have/has been taken
Had been taken
Modal+be+past.part.

She was making the cornmeal cake when I arrived.

The cornmeal cake was being made when I arrived.

Exercises
01. A voz passiva de Im reading the
magazine :
a) The magazine is being read (by me).
b) The magazine was being read (by
me).
c) The magazine has been read (by
me).
d) The magazine had been read (by
me).
e) The magazine were read (by me).
02. He said: Can you show me your
passport?
a) He asked me can you show your
passport?
b) He asked to show my passport.
c) He asked: show you passport.
d) He asked to me show you passport.
e) He asked me whether I could show
him my passport.
03. He said: I am sweeping my floor.
a) He said he sweeps his floor.
b) He said he was sweeping his floor.
c) He said that he was sweeping my
floor.
d) He said his floor sweeps.
e) He said that floors are to be swept.
04. She said to me: Go!
She told me_______________.
a) had
b) going
c) go
d) to go
e) has gone
05. They said to us: Dont go!
They told us ________________.
a) go to not
b) not go
c) not going
d) not to go
e) going not

06. I said to him: "I'll leave soon."

I told him that I ______ soon.
a) will leave
b) 'd left
c) 's left
d) 'd leave
e) am leaving
07. (FATEC) She said: "I had to leave". She said (that) ______.
a) she is leaving
b) she had leaving
c) she had to leaves
d) she had to leave
e) she had to leaving
08. (UNESP) Sue asked Barbara: "What
movie do you want to see?"
Sue asked her what movie
______________
a) did she want to see.
b) does she want to see.
c) to see.
d) she wanted to see.
e) she want to see.
09. He said: "I have slept a lot".
a) He said: slept a lot, I have.
b) He said: I have slept a lot.
c) He told slept a lot.
d) He told me to sleep a lot.
e) He said he had slept a lot.
10. She said to me: "I'm washing my
car."
a) She said that she washes cars.
b) She said that she was washing her
car.
c) She said to wash her car.
d) She said to her car: wash!
e) She said she is washes cars.

3.1.5 Tag Questions

O Question Tag usado no final de uma sentena, transformando-a em
pergunta, para pedir uma confirmao do que se est dizendo, para demonstrar
polidez ou para fazer uma sugesto.
O Question Tag formado pelo verbo auxiliar (afirmativo ou negativo) mais o
sujeito de uma sentena. Ex.:
Its hot today, isnt it? (confirmao)
1-Se a sentena afirmativa, o tag question negativo.
2-Se a sentena negativa, o tag question afirmativo.
1- You speak English, dont you?
(sentena afirmat.) (tag quest. neg.)
2- She doesnt speak English, does she?
(sentena neg.) (tag quest. afirm.)
Ao contrrio do que falamos em portugus, no se usa o verbo na confirmao
(tag question), mas sim o auxiliar de tempo. No caso do exemplo n 1,
perguntaramos: Voc fala ingls, no fala?, e no exemplo n 2, Ela no fala ingls,
fala?, assim percebemos que a confirmao se faz com o verbo, mas em ingls, com
o auxiliar.Ex.:
She came here last night, didnt she?
She didnt come her last night, did she?
Ex.:
They will be there, wont they?
They wont be there, will they?
Ex.:
You wouldnt have time, would you?
You would have time, wouldnt you?
Ex.:
She has two sisters, doesnt she?
She doesnt have two sisters, does she?
Casos especiais:
1- Quando o sujeito da sentena um pronome derivado de -body ou -one,
usa-se o pronome they no tag question.Ex.:
Someone is crying, arent they? (Algum est chorando, no est?)
Nobody knew the answer, did they? (Ningum sabia a resposta, sabia?)
2- Quando a sentena comea com I am, usa-se no tag question arent I.Ex.:
I am your friend, arent I? (Eu sou seu amigo, no sou?)

I am here, arent I? (Eu estou aqui, no estou?)

3- Com o verbo anmalo may, o question tag ser may + pronome + not.
Ex.:
I may go, may I not? (Posso ir, no posso?)
4- Quando se faz uma sugesto com lets, usa-se sempre shall we? Ex.:
Lets go out, shall we? ( Vamos sair, no vamos?)
Lets have dinner, shall we? (Vamos jantar, no vamos?)
Exercises

Escolha a opo com a 'tag question' mais adequada para as sentenas abaixo.

1. He was studying
English,...................?
a. Was he?
b. Wasn't he?
c. Is he?
2. The movie is fun,.....................?
a. Is it?
b. Isn't it?
c. Was it?
3. I am intelligent,...................?
a. Aren't I
b. Isn't I?
c. Am I?
4. He can drive,.................?
a. Can he?
b. Can't he?
c. Could he?
5. Turn off the light,....................?
a. Do you?
b. Should you?
c. Will you?

6. Let's call them,.................?

a. Shall we?
b. Go we?
c. Let's?
7. You're married,...................?
a. Aren't you?
b. Are you?
c. Will you?
8. They don't like English,....................?
a. Do they?
b. Don't they?
c. Are they?
9. She isn't American,.................?
a. Is she?
b. Are she?
c. Was she?
10. There was a power cut
here,..................?
a. Wasn't there?
b. Is there?
c. Was there?

Antes que algum pergunte, sim. para responder as prximas

questes em INGLS!!!
1- Voc me ligou ontem, no ligou?
____________________________________________
2- No foi fcil, foi?
____________________________________________
3- Vocs estudaram, no estudaram?
____________________________________________
4- Ela gosta de ler, no gosta?
____________________________________________
5- Vamos viajar, no vamos?
____________________________________________
6- Podemos ficar aqui com vocs, no podemos?
____________________________________________
7- Ele foi para a praia, no foi?
____________________________________________
8- Ela no tem tempo, tem?
____________________________________________
9- Voc trabalhou ontem, no trabalhou?
____________________________________________
10- Os seus amigos no trouxeram nada, trouxeram?
____________________________________________
11- Voc mudou, no mudou?
____________________________________________
12- Ela no estava com vocs, estava?
____________________________________________
13- O Herman vir aqui no ano que vem, no vir?
____________________________________________
14- O seu carro estava quebrado, no estava?
____________________________________________

36

15- Voc no vai precisar do carro hoje, vai?

____________________________________________

4 BIMESTRE

4.1 LINGUISTIC ASPECTS

4.1.1 Reported Speech
1. He works in a bank
She said ___________________________________________________________
2. We went out last night
She told me ________________________________________________________
3. Im coming!
She said ___________________________________________________________
4. I was waiting for the bus when he arrived
She told me ________________________________________________________
5. Id never been there before
She said ___________________________________________________________
6. I didnt go to the party
She told me ________________________________________________________
7. Lucyll come later
She said ___________________________________________________________
8. He hasnt eaten breakfast
She told me ________________________________________________________
9. I can help you tomorrow
She said ___________________________________________________________
10. You should go to bed early
She told me ________________________________________________________
11. I dont like chocolate
She told me ________________________________________________________
12. I wont see you tomorrow
She said ___________________________________________________________
13. Shes living in Paris for a few months
She said ___________________________________________________________
14. I visited my parents at the weekend
37

She told me ________________________________________________________

15. She hasnt eaten sushi before
She said ___________________________________________________________
16. I hadnt travelled by underground before I came to London
She said ___________________________________________________________
17. They would help if they could
She said ___________________________________________________________
18. Ill do the washing-up later
She told me ________________________________________________________
19. He could read when he was three
She said ___________________________________________________________
20. I was sleeping when Julie called
She said ___________________________________________________________

4.1.2 Verbs: say tell

Os verbos SAY e TELL, embora praticamente sinnimos no significado

(transmitir informao), gramaticalmente so diferentes. Ambos podem ser
traduzidos em portugus pelos verbos DIZER e FALAR, sendo que TELL pode
ser tambm traduzido por CONTAR.
A diferena reside no fato de que com o verbo SAY, normalmente no h
na frase um receptor da mensagem (objeto indireto); enquanto que com o
verbo TELL o receptor da mensagem est normalmente presente na frase.

Veja os exemplos:

He said that inflation will decrease. - Ele disse que a inflao vai diminuir.
He told the reporters that inflation will decrease. - Ele disse aos jornalistas que
a inflao vai diminuir.
What did he say when you told him this? - O que que ele disse quando tu
disseste isso para ele?

38

Entretanto, quando se reproduz textualmente as palavras do emissor da

mensagem, o verbo a ser usado deve ser sempre SAY, mesmo que o receptor
da mensagem esteja presente na frase. Exemplo:

He said "Good morning" to us. - Ele disse "Bom dia" para ns.

Complete with said or told:

1. Julie ______________ that she would join us after work.
2. She ______________ me that she was going running this evening.
3. John ______________ us that he couldnt come to the party.
4. John ______________ that he had been to the cinema at the weekend.
5. She ______________ them she wanted to quit.
6. David ______________ he was going to arrive at eight.
7. They ______________ that they didnt want to meet us on Tuesday.
8. I ______________ him I wasnt impressed.
9. Lucy ______________ Julie that she was leaving on Wednesday.
10. We ______________ that we were going on holiday the following week.
11. Jack ______________ my mother he would be in Spain this week.
12. I ______________ that I hated mushrooms.
13. She ______________ she loved chocolate.
14. They ______________ they were meeting Luke today.
15. They ______________ us they were going to the museum this afternoon.
16. He ______________ he wouldnt start without us.
17. I ______________ them Id bring pudding.
18. Jonathan ______________ it would rain today.
19. They ______________ us that it was fine to come late.
20. The boss ______________ me that I should do some more work on this report.

4.1.3 Reported Questions

direct question

reported question

She said: "Are you cold?"

She asked me if I was cold.

He said: "Where's my pen?"

He asked where his pen was.

Reported questions are one form of reported speech.

We usually introduce reported questions with the verb "ask":

He asked (me) if/whether... (YES/NO questions)

39

He asked (me) why/when/where/what/how... (Question Word

questions)

As
with reported
statements,
we
may
need
to
change pronouns andtense (backshift) as well as time and place in reported
questions.
But we also need to change the word order. After we report a question, it is
no longer a question (and in writing there is no question mark). The word order
is like that of a normal statement (subject-verb-object).
YES/NO questions
We introduce reported YES/NO questions with ask + if:
direct

She said:
"

Do you like
coffee

?
"

report
ed

She
asked if

I liked coffee

In reported question: No
auxiliary "do". Pronoun change
and backshift.

Note that we sometimes use "whether" instead of "if". The meaning is the
same. "Whether" is a little more formal and more usual in writing:

They asked us if we wanted lunch.

They asked us whether we wanted lunch.

Question Word questions

We introduce reported Question Word questions with ask + question word:
direct

He said: "Where

do you
live

?
"

report
ed

He asked me
where

I lived

In reported question: No
auxiliary "do". Pronoun
change and backshift.

Remember that there are basically three types of question: 1) YES/NO

questions: Do you want tea? 2) Question Word questions: Where did you drink
tea? 3) Choice questions: Do you prefer tea or coffee? Reported Choice
questions have the same structure as Reported YES/NO questions. Questions
with the verb BE always have a different structure:Was the tea cold? Where is
my tea? You can see all these differences in the examples below.
Look at these example sentences:
direct question

reported question

40

YES/NO
question

Question Word
question

Choice
question

I said: "Can I help you?"

I asked if I could help her.

She said to us: "Did you

feel cold?"

She asked if we had felt cold.

He said: "Are your hands

cold?"

He asked whether my hands

were cold.

He said: "Where are you

going?"

He asked me where I was

going.

He said: "Why didn't you

say something?"

He asked me why I hadn't said

anything.

He said: "When will they

come?"

He asked when they would

come.

He said: "Who has

seenAvatar?"

He asked me who had

seenAvatar.

He said: "How much

might it cost?"

He asked me how much it

might cost.

She said to me: "Where is

the station?"

She asked me where the

station was.

"Do you want tea or

coffee?"

He asked whether I wanted

tea or coffee.

"Is the car new or secondhand?"

He asked whether the car was

new or second-hand.

Change these direct questions into reported speech:

1. Where is he?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
2. What are you doing?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
3. Why did you go out last night?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
4. Who was that beautiful woman?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
5. How is your mother?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
41

6. What are you going to do at the weekend?

She asked me ______________________________________________________
7. Where will you live after graduation?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
8. What were you doing when I saw you?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
9. How was the journey?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
10. How often do you go to the cinema?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
11. Do you live in London?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
12. Did he arrive on time?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
13. Have you been to Paris?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
14. Can you help me?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
15. Are you working tonight?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
16. Will you come later?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
17. Do you like coffee?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
18. Is this the road to the station?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
19. Did you do your homework?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
20. Have you studied reported speech before?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
The end
42

Se voc, assim como a grande maioria dos mais de 7 milhes de

estudantes, escolheu a lngua inglesa como opo de LE, este artigo para
voc!
Antes de mais nada preciso entender que, assim como as questes
das outras reas do Enem, itens de LE possuem diferentes nveis de
dificuldade e so, na sua maioria, essencialmente interpretativos, podendo
trazer textos, imagens, charges etc. O diferencial que alm da capacidade de
interpretao, nestes casos tambm ser exigido do candidato conhecimentos
mnimos relacionados a lngua estrangeira escolhida, o ingls no caso.
Vejamos abaixo um exemplo de questo de ingls que caiu na prova de
Linguagens e Cdigos do Enem 2011, resolvida e comentada.

Questo Enem 2011

Hows your mood?

For an interesting attempt to measure cause and effect try Mappiness, a

project run by the London School of Economics, which offers a phone app that
prompts you to record your mood and situation.
The Mappiness website says: Were particularly interested in how peoples
happiness is affected by their local environment air pollution, noise, green
spaces, and so on which the data from Mappiness will be absolutely great for
investigating.
Will it work? With enough people it might. But there are other problems. Weve
been using happiness and wellbeing interchangeably. Is that ok? The difference
comes out in a sentiment like: We were happier during the war.
But was our well-being also greater then?
Disponvel em: http://www.bbc.co.uk Acesso em: 27 jun. 2011 (adaptado).
O projeto Mappiness, idealizado pela London School of Economics, ocupa-se do
tema relacionado
A) ao nvel de felicidade das pessoas em tempos de guerra.
B) a dificuldade de medir o nvel de felicidade das pessoas a partir de seu
humor.
C) ao nvel de felicidade das pessoas enquanto falam ao celular com seus
familiares.
D) relao entre o nvel de felicidade das pessoas e o ambiente no qual se
43

encontram.
E) influncia das imagens grafitadas pelas ruas no aumento do nvel de
felicidade das pessoas.
RESOLUO E COMENTRIOS
Traduo livre do texto referente questo
Como est seu humor?
Por uma tentativa interessante de medir causa e efeito, experimente
Mappiness, um projeto gerido pela Escola de Economia de Londres que oferece
um aplicativo de telefone que registra seu humor e situao.
A pgina de internet do Mappiness diz: Ns estamos muito interessados em
como a felicidade das pessoas afetada pelo ambiente em que ela se
encontra poluio do ar, barulho, rea verde, etc assim os dados do
Mappiness se tornam absolutamente interessantes para anlise.
Isto vai funcionar? Com um nmero suficiente de pessoas, pode ser que sim.
Mas existem outros problemas. Ns temos considerado felicidade e bem-estar
como um fator comum. Isso est certo? A diferena se apresenta desta forma:
Ns ramos mais felizes durante a guerra.
Mas nosso bem-estar tambm era maior naquela poca?
Alternativa D
O tema central do texto encontra-se na segunda linha do segundo pargrafo,
que responde esta questo com fidelidade. Atente-se para: how peoples
happiness is affected by their local environment (como a felicidade das
pessoas afetada pelo ambiente). A alternativa C leva os apressadinhos at a
palavra PHONE no texto e as ilustraes levam os sem-tempo ou sem-ingls
at a alternativa E. As outras poderiam ter sido excludas pelo bom-senso.
Repare que esta questo, apesar de trazer um texto que exige vocabulrio
razovel, poderia ser respondida corretamente mesmo por aquele candidato
que possui conhecimentos bsicos da lngua inglesa. Nesse sentido,
ressaltamos 3 dicas que valem para esta e outras questes de lngua
estrangeira no Enem:

Sempre leia o enunciado e as alternativas antes do texto. Muitas

vezes, como no exemplo acima, a questo pede a ideia ou tema central do
texto, ou algum dado especfico. Quando l o enunciado primeiro voc j faz
a leitura mais atenta buscando a resposta, evitando a perda de tempo de
reler o texto. Alm disso, a leitura das alternativas, que sempre estaro em
portugus, j ajuda o candidato a ter uma ideia geral do que se trata o texto;

Procure utilizar tcnicas de ingls instrumental para identificar

certas palavras, especialmente se o seu vocabulrio foir bsico e bem
limitado. Uma boa estratgia definir quais so as palavras chave no texto e
tentar deduzi-las pela ideia geral do mesmo. Conforme dito na dica anterior,
uma boa olhada nas alternativas pode ajudar a traduzir tais palavras;

No se esquea da estratgia de eliminao de alternativas, na

qual voc reduz a chance de erros e ganha tempo. Na questo usada com

44

exemplo, as alternativas C e E no faziam o menor sentido perante o

tema do texto, e poderiam ser descartadas por esta tcnica.
Tenha em mente que, apesar de haverem apenas 5 questes de LE no Enem,
estes pontos so preciosos e podem fazer toda a diferena na disputa por uma
vaga na universidade.

Eis uma tabela com TODOS os tempos verbais em ingls para te

ajudar!

Lista de Verbos Regulares

1

INFINITIVE

2 PAST

PORTUGUS

TO ASK

ASKED

PERGUNTAR

TO CARRY

CARRIED

TRANSPORTAR

TO CHANGE

CHANGED

TRANSFORMAR

TO CLEAN

CLEANED

LIMPAR

TO CLIMB

CLIMBED

SUBIR

TO CHANGE

CHANGED

TRANSFORMAR

TO CONTINUE

CONTINUED

CONTINUAR

TO DROP

DROPPED

DEIXAR CAIR

TO DRY

DRIED

SECAR

TO ENJOY

ENJOYED

APRECIAR/GOSTAR DE
45

TO HELP
TO HURRY

HELPED
HURRIED

AJUDAR
APRESSAR

TO IRON

IRONED

PASSAR ROUPA

TO LISTEN

LISTENED

OUVIR

TO LOVE

LOVED

AMAR

TO LOOK

LOOKED

OLHAR PARA

TO OPEN

OPENED

ABRIR

TO OCCUR

OCCURRED

OCORRER

TO PAINT

PAINTED

PINTAR

TO PERMIT

PERMITTED

PERMITIR

TO PLAY

PLAYED

TO STAY

STAYED

BRINCAR/JOGAR/TOCA
R
FICAR/PERMANECER

TO STOP

STOPPED

PARAR

TO STUDY

STUDIED

ESTUDAR

TO TALK

TALKED

FALAR

TO WASH

WASHED

LAVAR

TO WACTCH

WATCHED

OLHAR/OBSERVAR

TO WATER

WATERED

AGUAR

TO WORK

WORKED

TRABALHAR

Verbos Irregulares - Irregular Verbs

INFINITIVO

PASSADO
SIMPLES

PARTICPIO
PASSADO TRADUO

TO ARISE
TO AWAKE

AROSE
AWOKE

ARISEN
AWOKEN

ERGUER, LEVANTAR
ACORDAR, DESPERTAR-SE

TO BE
TO BEAR

WAS / WERE
BORE

BEEN
BORNE

SER, ESTAR, FICAR

SUPORTAR, AGUENTAR

TO BEAT

BEAT

BEATEN

BATER, SUPERAR, VENCER,

DERROTAR, ESPANCAR

TO BECOME
TO BEGIN

BECAME
BEGAN

BECOME
BEGUN

TORNAR-SE
COMEAR, INICIAR

TO BET

BET

BET

APOSTAR

TO BITE

BIT

BITTEN

MORDER

TO BLEED
TO BREAK

BLED
BROKE

BLED
BROKEN

SANGRAR
QUEBRAR
46

TO BRING

BROUGHT

BROUGHT

TRAZER

TO BUILD

BUILT

BUILT

CONSTRUIR

TO BURN

BURNT/BURNE BURNT/BURNE QUEIMAR

TO BUY
TO CAST

BOUGHT
CAST

BOUGHT
CAST

COMPRAR
LANAR

TO CATCH
TO CHOOSE

CAUGHT
CHOSE

CAUGHT
CHOSEN

PEGAR, AGARRAR
ESCOLHER

TO COME
TO COST

CAME
COST

COME
COST

VIR
CUSTAR

TO CUT
TO DEAL

CUT
DEALT

CUT
DEALT

CORTAR
TRATAR, LIDAR

TO DIG

DUG

DUG

CAVAR, ESCAVAR

TO DO

DID

DONE

FAZER

TO DRAW

DREW

DRAWN

DESENHAR, TRAAR, PUXAR,

TO DREAM
TO DRINK

DREAMT /
DREAMED
DRANK

DREAMT /
DREAMED
DRUNK

SONHAR
BEBER

TO DRIVE

DROVE

DRIVEN

DIRIGIR, GUIAR

TO EAT

ATE

EATEN

COMER

TO FALL

FELL

FALLEN

CAIR, DESAGUAR, ABATER-SE,

DECRESCER, DIMINUIR

TO FEED
TO FEEL

FED
FELT

FED
FELT

ALIMENTAR, NUTRIR
SENTIR, NOTAR

TO FIGHT

FOUGHT

FOUGHT

LUTAR, BRIGAR

TO FIND
TO FLY

FOUND
FLEW

FOUND
FLOWN

ACHAR, ENCONTRAR
VOAR

TO FORBID
TO FORGET

FORBADE
FORGOT

FORBIDDEN
FORGOTTEN

PROIBIR
ESQUECER(-SE)

TO
TO
TO
TO

FORGAVE
FROZE
GOT
GAVE

FORGIVEN
FROZEN
GOT / GOTTEN
GIVEN

PERDOAR
CONGELAR, GELAR
OBTER, CONSEGUIR
DAR

TO GO

WENT

GONE

IR

TO GROW

GREW

GROWN

TO HANG

HUNG

HUNG

CRESCER, FLORESCER,
GERMINAR
PENDURAR, SUSPENDER

TO HAVE

HAD

HAD

TER, POSSUIR

TO HEAR

HEARD

HEARD

TO HIDE
TO HIT

HID
HIT

HIDDEN
HIT

OUVIR, ESCUTAR, TER

NOTCIAS
ESCONDER(-SE), OCULTAR

TO HOLD
TO HURT

HELD
HURT

HELD
HURT

FORGIVE
FREEZE
GET
GIVE

BATER, CHOCAR-SE
SEGURAR, AGARRAR
FERIR(-SE), MACHUCAR
47

TO KEEP
TO KNOW

KEPT
KNEW

KEPT
KNOWN

MANTER, CONSERVAR,
SABER, CONHECER

TO LAY

LAID

LAID

PR, COLOCAR, DERRUBAR,

TO LEAD

LED

LED

CONDUZIR, LIDERAR, DIRIGIR,

COMANDAR
APRENDER, FICAR SABENDO

TO LEARN

LEARNT /
LEARNED

LEARNT /
LEARNED

TO LEAVE

LEFT

LEFT

PARTIR, DEIXAR, SAIR

TO LEND
TO LET

LENT
LET

LENT
LET

EMPRESTAR
PERMITIR, DEIXAR

TO LIE

LAY

LAIN

DEITAR, JAZER

TO LOSE

LOST

LOST

PERDER

TO LIGHT
TO MAKE

LIT
MADE

LIT
MADE

ACENDER, ILUMINAR
FAZER, CRIAR, ELABORAR

TO MEAN

MEANT

MEANT

SIGNIFICAR, QUERER DIZER

TO MEET

MET

MET

ENCONTRAR(-SE), REUNIR(-SE)

TO
MISUNDERSTA MISUNDERSTO MISUNDERSTO ENTENDER MAL, INTERPRETAR
ND
OD
OD
MAL
TO PAY
PAID
PAID
PAGAR
TO PARTAKE

PARTOOK

PARTAKEN

PARTICIPAR

TO PROVE

PROVED

PROVAR, COMPROVAR

TO PUT

PUT

PROVED,
PROVEN
PUT

TO QUIT

QUIT / QUITTED QUIT / QUITTED DESISTIR, ABANDONAR

TO READ
TO RIDE

READ
RODE

READ
RIDDEN

LER, INTERPRETAR
CAVALGAR, ANDAR DE
BIBICLETA, CARRO, ETC.

TO RING
TO RISE

RANG
ROSE

RUNG
RISEN

SOAR, TOCAR (CAMPAINHA,

TELEFONE)
ERGUER-SE, LEVANTAR-SE

TO RUN

RAN

RUN

CORRER, APRESSAR-SE

TO SAW

SAWED

SAWN

SERRAR

TO SAY

SAID

SAID

DIZER, AFIRMAR, DECLARAR

TO SEE

SAW

SEEN

VER, PERCEBER

TO SELL

SOLD

SOLD

VENDER

TO SEND
TO SET
TO SEW

SENT
SET
SEWED

SENT
ENVIAR, MANDAR
SET
PR, DISPOR, AJUSTAR
SEWN, SEWED COSTURAR, COSER

PR, COLOCAR

TO SHAKE

SHOOK

SHAKEN

SACUDIR, AGITAR, APERTAR A

MO (EM CUMPRIMENTO)

TO SHAVE

SHAVED

SHAVEN /
SHAVED

BARBEAR-SE

TO SHINE
TO SHOOT

SHONE
SHOT

SHONE
SHOT

BRILHAR
ATIRAR, FERIR COM TIRO
48

TO SHOW

SHOWED

SHOWN

MOSTRAR, APRESENTAR

TO SING

SANG

SUNG

CANTAR

TO SINK

SANK

SUNK

AFUNDAR

TO SIT

SAT

SAT

SENTAR(-SE)

TO SLEEP

SLEPT

SLEPT

DORMIR

TO SLIDE

SLID

SLID

ESCORREGAR, DESLIZAR

TO SMELL

SMELT /
SMELLED

SMELT /
SMELLED

CHEIRAR

TO SOW

SOWED

SEMEAR

TO SPEAK

SPOKE

SOWN /
SOWED
SPOKEN

TO SPEED
TO SPEND

SPED /
SPENT

SPED /
SPENT

APRESSAR(-SE)
GASTAR (DINHEIRO), PASSAR
(TEMPO)
ESTRAGAR, DESTRUIR, MIMAR

TO SPOIL

SPOILED /
SPOILT
SPREAD

SPOILED /
SPOILT
SPREAD

STOOD

STOOD

ESPALHAR, ESTENDER
FICAR OU PR-SE DE P

TO STEAL

STOLE

STOLEN

ROUBAR, FURTAR

TO STICK

STUCK

STUCK

CRAVAR, FINCAR

TO STRIKE

STRUCK

STRUCK

BATER, GOLPEAR

TO SWEAR

SWORE

SWORN

JURAR

TO SWEEP

SWEPT

SWEPT

VARRER

TO SWIM
TO SWING

SWAM
SWUNG

SWUM
SWUNG

NADAR
BALANAR

TO TAKE

TOOK

TAKEN

TOMAR, PEGAR, LEVAR

TO TEACH

TAUGHT

TAUGHT

ENSINAR

TO TELL

TOLD

TOLD

DIZER, CONTAR

TO THINK

THOUGHT

THOUGHT

PENSAR, ACHAR

TO THROW

THREW

THROWN

LANAR, ATIRAR

TO SPREAD
TO STAND

FALAR

(CRIANAS)

TO
UNDERSTOOD UNDERSTOOD ENTENDER, COMPREENDER
UNDERSTAND
TO WAKE
WOKE
WOKEN
ACORDAR
TO WEAR

WORE

WORN

VESTIR, USAR, TRAJAR

TO WET

WET / WETTED WET / WETTED MOLHAR, UMEDECER

TO WIN

WON

WON

GANHAR, VENCER

TO WRING

WRUNG

WRUNG

ESPREMER, TORCER

TO WRITE

WROTE

WRITTEN

ESCREVER

49