2.

Dimension 3 satisfies the objectives of minimum weight and cost. The second dimension is not
chosen because it only consists of materials which has high cost and weight such as nickel, and
nickel based super alloy. Eventhough, its Youngs modulus Yield strength and performance index
are highest compare to the 2nd and 3rd dimension whereas the 2nd dimension has lower stength
and stiffness compare to the 3rd dimension.The materials that satisfy the 3rd dimension have low
cost and low weight, top 5 of them are medium carbon steel, low carbon steel, stainless steel,
nickel and nickel based superalloys. The corresponding mechanical properties needed for this
dimension are materials with Youngs modulus of 193 Gpa and yield strength of 139 Mpa.

4.
Material
Medium carbon steel
Low carbon steel
Stainless steel

Cost(MYR/kg)
1.71-1.91
1.71-1.91
19.3-21.3

Low carbon steel

Stainless steel

1e12

Nickel

Young's modulus (Pa)

1e11

Medium carbon steel

1e10

1e9

Nickel-based superalloys

1e8

1e7

1e6

10000

100000

1e6

1e7

Yield strength (elastic limit) (Pa)

1e8

1e9

Medium carbon steel

Low carbon steel

Yield strength (elastic limit) (Pa)

1e9

Nickel-based superalloys

1e8

Nickel
1e7

Stainless steel

1e6

100000

10000
0.1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Price (MYR/ kg)

5. When choosing the dimension for the material , the higher the Youngs modulus and yield
strength , the higher the performance index .However , higher cost is required as both of them
increases. Medium carbon steel has the same price range as low carbon steel , however it has
slightly higher Youngs modulus and yield strength and this make it an ideal material in this
dimension. Minimum modulus is more limiting over critical stress , minimum modulus is a
property that is essentially unchangeable for a given material. The modulus of elasticity of AISI
4140, and nearly all other kinds of steel, is about 29 million pounds per square inch, regardless of
heat treatment or cold work.
6.

The stages that contribute the most to the energy consumption and CO2 emission are material
production , manufacture of material and its end of life potential . The CO2 emission and energy
consumption is relatively high for the production of stainless steel are due to :

The electricity production needed to produce stainless steel.

The extraction and preparation of ores and the production of ferro-alloys, including the
electricity needed for these processes.
The production processes at stainless steel sites

Stainless steel is 100% recyclable and has one of the highest recycling rates of any material. It is
estimated that at least 70% of stainless steels are recycled at the end of their life. This recycling
process uses a blast furnace (BF) and its main inputs are coal and ore. Ore preparation and
upstream activities offer the greatest potential to reduce CO2 emissions. If stainless steel was to
be produced solely from raw materials, the CO2 emissions from the production of ferro-alloys
would be 4.2 tons per ton of stainless steel. However, CO2 emissions decrease as the amount of
stainless scrap is increased. On average, around 36 % of stainless steel scrap (ISSF Scrap Survey,
2008) is used to produce one ton of stainless steel. As a consequence, carbon dioxide emissions
are 2.8 tons per tons of stainless steel. Due to the high recycling rate of stainless steel this
represents a 33% reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated by ISSF, 2009)