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1.

CULVERTS

1.1. General information


Culverts are crossing, serving to lead water from a canal or a drain
below a road or another channel.
When the height and discharge have been determined, the purpose of
the design is to provide more economic sewer, which is that with lower
cross section meets the design requirements.The sewers are tubes that
can be circular section or frame (square or rectangular) usually buried,
used in drains or crosses with roads, can flow filled or partially filled
depending on certain factors such as: diameter, length, surface
roughness and mainly water, both the input and output levels.
In many places, a sewer corresponds to the hydraulic and structural
requirements for stream crossing. The adequate structure must be
chosen on the basis of the following criteria:
The costs of construction and maintenance
Risk of failure
Risk of damage to property
The traffic safety
Environmental and aesthetic considerations
The convenience of construction.
Although the cost of individual sewers tends to be relatively small, the
total cost of the sewer with - building constitutes a substantial part of
the total cost of the construction of roads. Similarly, the maintenance of
the sewer may be responsible for a large part of the total cost of
maintenance of the hydraulic characteristics of the road. Improvement
of traffic and low cost service can be achieved through a judicious choice
of the criteria of design and a careful attention to hydraulic design of
each culvert.
The sewers are constructed from a variety of materials and are available
in many different shapes and configurations. When you select a sewer,
the following should be considered:
Profiles of roads

Characteristics of the channel


Assessments of flood damage
Construction and maintenance costs
Estimates of useful life
According to laboratory research, said that sewer is not submerged if the
load on the input is less than a certain critical value called H, whose
value varies from 1.2 to 1.5 D D being D diameter or height of the sewer

1.2. Types of sewers


1.2.1 types of sewer by the flow at the entrance and exit
Type I: output dipped
Figure 1

Hydraulic
load H * entry is greater than the diameter D, and the tie rod
exit, it is greater than D, in this case the drain is full:
Then: H * > D
>D
D x 1.25 D

Sewer-filled

at the

Type II: output non-submerged


Figure 2

H > H*
Andt
< D
Sewerfilled.
1.2.2 TYPES OF SEWERS FOR THEIR ABILITY
A pipe culvert
For equal flow rates at or below 1.2 m3 / s
Transitions LP length

Qmax=Di2 (m3 /seg )

LP4 Di

Transition leads no protection input and output transition takes rockfill


protection thick layer equal to 0.20m .
Length of protection

LP3Di

Minimum internal diameter

Di=0 .51

CULVERTS OF 2
For flow rates
m3 / s 2.2 m3 / s
2

TUBOS
ranging from 0.5

Qmax=2 Di (m /seg)
Length of transitions

Lt 5 D i

The input and output transitions take protection of rockfill thick layer
of rock to a height 0.25 m above the bottom of channel 1.2 D.
Length of protection at the entrance
Length outlet protection

L p5D i

Minimum internal diameter

CULVERTS OF 2 EYES

L p4 Di

Di=0 .5 1 m

For flow rates ranging from 1.5 m3 / s and 4.5m3 / s


Section eye = Width x Height
D x 1.25 D
Maximum Capacity
Qmax=3.1 D 2(m3 /s)
Input and output protection rockfill and layer thickness of 0.25 m rock .
Transitions length
=D+ b
b = channel template
Length of protection at the entrance
Length outlet protection

Lp=3 D

Lp=5 D

Minimum internal diameter

Di=0.80 m

CULVERTS OF 3 EYES

For flow rates ranging from 2.3 m3 / s and 10.5 m3 / s


Section eye width x height = D x 1.25 D
Q max=4.8 D2(m3/ s)

Input and output protection rockfill and a layer thickness of 0.25 m rock .
Length of transitions =D+ b

b = Template channel
Length of input protection
Lp 3 D
Length Lp leakage
L p5D
protection
Minimum internal diameter
Di=0.80 m

TYPES

TYPES OF SEWERS.
CROSS SECTION

USED MATERIAL
SIMPLE CONCRETE

SINGLE TUBE OR

OR REINFORCED,

MULTIPLE

VITRIFIED CLAY,
CAST IRON.

SINGLE OR MULTIPLE

CORRUGATED

TUBE BOW

MATERIAL

SINGLE OR MULTIPLE BOX


CULVERT

CONCRETE

ALCANTARILLA DE
PUENTE

REINFORCED

CONCRETE
REINFORCED

CORRUGATED

TIPO ARCO

METAL, MASONRY
ARCH

COLLARS FOR PIPES.


These are built when the possibility of a removal of the soil particles at the
points of emergency and danger of failure in the structure turificacion.
Because of the water that moves around the periphery of the pipe along its
entire length.

tube

DIMENSIONS
h (m)
e (m)

18

1.52

0.15

21

1.60

0.15

24

1.68

0.15

27

1.90

0.15

30

2.13

0.15

36

2.60

0.15

42

2.82

0.20

48

3.00

0.20

54

3.50

0.20

60

3.65

0.20

1.3. Design criteria


o Hydraulic design of a sewer is in the selection of its diameter to make
an average speed of 1.25 m/s, sometimes usual to sewer a speed
equal to the canal where it will be built only in special cases the
speed will be greater than 1.25 m/s.
o The dimension of the sewer Fund is the transition from input, is
obtained by subtracting the normal surface of the water, the
diameter of the tube, more than 1.5 times the speed loading of the
tube, when it flows full or 20 per cent of the rod into the sewer.
o Culvert slope should be equal to the slope of the channel.
oFilling up the sewer or minimum coverage of land for allotment roads
is 0.60 m and crossing with the Panamerican highway is 0.9 m.
o The transition both input and output in some cases, is connected to
the sewer through a ramp with maximum 4:1 slope
o Maximum path up the culvert slope should not be greater than 1.5:1.
O Channels with road junction, the sewer must not be designed in
supercritical flows.
o The need of collars in the sewer must be determined
o Normally the sewers working level of free water, to wet your entire
section in peak periods.

O Maximum energy losses can be calculated using the formula:


o

Perd=

( Pe+ Pf + Ps )Va 2
2g

o Where the coefficients of


PE = losses per entry
PS = output losses
PF = losses due to friction in the pipe
You will = speed in the sewer
Factor f of friction losses, can be calculated by using the Moody

diagram or by the method which creates more convenient.

1.3.1. Selection of the type of structure.


A) Culverts are used:
When bridges are not hydraulically required.
When they are cheaper than a bridge (including Rails and safety
concerns).
And when the waste and the potential for ice are tolerable.
B) . Bridges are used:
Where sewers are not practical.
Where it is cheaper than a culvert.
To meet the requirements of the land use.
To mitigate the environmental damage caused by a culvert.
To prevent encroachments of runway.
To accommodate ice and large waste.
1.3.2. Hydraulic considerations.
Runoff from a culvert is usually regulated by the following factors:

Slope of the bottom of the sewer.

Slope of the bed of the stream waters above and downstream of the
place.

Type of entry.

Roughness of the walls of the sewer.

Height of choking allowed at the entrance.

Height of the haven of output.

These factors combine to determine the characteristics of the flow through a


sewer.
Study the types of flow through a sewer has helped to establish the
relationship between the height of water to the conduit entry, flow and the
dimensions of the sewer.
For a sewer design draughtsman must be set:

The design flow.

The height of allowable water at the entrance.

The height of water at the outlet

The descent that the Canal will be placed.


Its length.
Input type.
Length and type of transitions.
Out permissible flow speed.

1.3.3. Design considerations


The following considerations for the design of a sewer are provided by the
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION:

1. Sewers are designed for a minimum internal hydrostatic pressure, i.e.,


hydraulic gradient is slightly above the top tube and sometimes in the
same pipe.

2. The choice of the diameter of the culvert, is made according to the


flow so that it does not exceed the permissible speed, you can use
table 9.1.
With table 9.1 can be defined for diameter:
A maximum permissible speed of 1.06 my (3.5 feet s), for a sewer
with transition in land, both the input to the output.
A maximum permissible speed of 1.5 my (5 ft/s), for a culvert with
concrete, both for input and for output transition.
TABLE 9.1 DATA FOR PIPE DIAMETER SELECTION
Transition of

Transition of

Earth

concrete

Pipes

Flow rate (m3s)

Flow rate (m3s)

Diamet

Diameter

Area

er

(cm)

(m2)

30.48

0.07

(inch)
0 - 0.076

0 - 0.110

12

3
0.077 0.112

0.111 0173

15

38.10

0.11
4

0.113 0.176

0174 0.249

18

45.72

0.16
4

0.177 0,238

0.250 0.340

21

53.34

0.22
3

0.239 0.311

0.341 0.445

24

60.96

0.29
2

0.312 0.393

0.446 0.564

27

68.58

0.36
9

0.394 0.487

0.565 0.694

30

76.20

0.45
6

0.488 0.589

0.695 0.841

33

83.82

0.55
2

0.590 0.699

0.842 1,000

36

91.44

0.65
6

0.700 0.821

1,001 1.175

39

99.06

0.77
1

0.822 0.954

1,176 1,362

42

106.68

0.89
4

0.955 1,096

1.363 1.563

45

114.30

1,02
6

1097 1,246

1,564 1,778

48

121.92

1.16
7

1.247 1.407

1,779 2008

51

129.54

1.31

8
1.408 1,578

2009 2,251

54

137.16

1.47
8

1.579 1.756

2.252 2.509

57

144.78

1,64
6

1.757 1946

2.510 2.781

60

152.40

1824

1947 2,146

63

160.02

2011

2.147 2.356

66

167.64

2.20
7

2.357 2.574

69

175.26

2.
412

2.575 2.803

72

182.88

2.62
6

2.

The maximum elevation of the water at the entrance to the sewer


level is equal to the diameter of the pipe plus 1.5 speed into the
sewer charge is to say:

D+1.5 h v

Where:
2

hv=

v
2g

4. The minimum slope of the drain is from

0.005(S0 =5 )

5. Coverage of minimum ground between the Crown of the road and the tube:

Major roads and railways minimum coverage of 0.90 m

(3 ft).
On roads in farms (plots) minimum coverage of 0.60 m (2 ft).

6. Slope to the edge of the road: 1.5: 1


7. Transitions reduce load losses and prevent erosion decreasing speed
changes.
Transitions can be made of concrete, Earth and soil - cement.
Transitions of concrete are required in the following cases:

At crossings of railways and main roads.

In the sewers with diameter greater than 36 inches. (91.44


cm).

In the sewers with speeds greater than 1.06 my (3.5 ft/s).

The maximum transition slope supports a slope of 4: 1

8. Necklaces that increase the length of the movement of water through


the outside of the tube.

9. Assumed losses are 1.5 times load speed in the pipeline more losses
by friction.

hT 1=1.5 hv +hf E
10. For the calculation of losses in the sewers running full, you can use the
following formula, in the metric system:

hT 2=Q2 (

0.0881 ( 1+k e ) 10.2907 n2 L


+
)
16
D4
3
D

Where:

hT 2 = load, in m.
k e = coefficient of loss at the entrance.
D = diameter of the pipe in m.

n = roughness coefficient.
L = length of the sewer, in m
Q = flow, m3/s
Experimental values of K, for different conditions of entry, which vary in
the form indicated, have been determined:
INPUT TYPE

VARIATION

AVERAGE

0.43 0.70

0.50

0.08-0.27

0.10

0.10-0.33

0.15

------

0.20

0.5 0.9

0.85

For entries with rectangular edges


installed flush in the vertical walls of
head.

For entries with edge rounded installed


flush on vertical walls of head

For concrete pipe stem or campaign


installed flush into the wall of vertical
head.
For outgoing concrete tubes with stem
or campaign ends.
For steel or corrugated metal pipes.

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