Apaches

Apache is a name given to a group of indigenous nations culturally close eastern Arizona,
northwestern Mexico (northern states of Sonora and Chihuahua), New Mexico, and parts of Texas
and the Great Plains name. The term "Apache" probably comes from the Zuni "Apachu" which means
"enemy"; hence the name they gave them the Spanish. They called themselves Ndee, which means
"the people". They spoke a set of Southern Athabaskan languages, which have been classified into
"apache of the plains", "apache eastern" and "western apache".
They were fishermen, hunters and farmers. They lived in small family-based groups. The groups
were formed with several families of matriarchal character. They shared the same rite of the Sioux
and Cheyenne.
When the Spaniards arrived, the Mapuche had reached the southwestern US a migration from
Canada about 500 years. It was a powerful and warlike tribe, in continual struggle with whites. The
surrender of the tribe took place in 1886 when the Chiricahua were deported to Florida and Alabama,
where they were under military confinement. They always showed great ferocity as much skill as
warriors and strategists.
In 1900 about 17 000 Apaches lived in freedom. His best-known leader, Geronimo (Gokhlayeh), born
in 1829 and died of natural causes at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, in 1909. It happened as the Apache chief
Cochise, who lived 62 years. He was the son of Cochise, Taza, who appointed Geronimo to succeed
his father. Now in reserves in Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma on a number between 5500 and
6000. A small minority of 20 Mescalero Apaches still exist on the northern border of the Mexican
states of Chihuahua, Sonora and Coahuila.
Religion
The apache religion was not highly structured, religious life directed shamans. They have organized
a belief in the afterlife, the priority for them was survival, hence the importance of healing rituals and
the absence of an extensive theology.
They are performing rites related to the cycle of life, including the first steps of a child and puberty
ceremony included.

Arapaho / Tapajs
People who represents the Native American tribe arapahoe 1 arapahoe or people-of-cow (or in
French "Gens de Vache") historically lived in the east of the Great Plains of the present states of
Colorado and Wyoming than todayIt is part of the United States.
They were strong allies of the Cheyenne tribe and slightly aligned with the Sioux.
Etymology
Its name comes from Pawnee "tirapihu" ("merchants") or the crow 'alappah "(" people with many
tattoos, "the customary ceremonial circles were being burned on the face). They called themselves
"inu-na ina" ("our people").
Language
The Arapaho language (Arapaho language) is an Algonquian language closely related to the
language spoken by the Gros Ventre, with whom the Arapaho also shared a long cultural affiliation.
The Cheyenne language, the language of the Blackfoot and other Algonquian languages on the
Plains, were quite different from Arapaho. The language has three dialects or divisions: the
"basanwnema" the "Atsina 'or Gros Ventre, who became a separate tribe, and" na''wathinahana ".
History
The arapaj and Gros Ventre were a single large tribe that lived along the valley of the Red River of
the North, in the north of the present Minnesota and Canada. In the early 1700s the large tribe split
into two, forming the Gros Ventre (the "A'aninin '), which remained in the region of Saskatchewan,
and the Arapaho, who went south.
It not found no direct historical or archaeological evidence to suggest how and when Arapaho tribes
entered the region of the Great Plains. Before moving to the plains, surely the American Indian tribe
of the Arapaho lived in Minnesota and North Dakota. Before European expansion in the region, the
Arapaho lived in present-day South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas. They are
housed in teepees which the women made from bison skin.

The Chickasaw
are a tribe muskogee linguistic family, whose name probably
comes from "Rebel", or may mean "the descendants of Chicsa"
chickasha, mythical character who claim to be descendants.
They were divided into two groups: Impsaktea and Intcukwalipa.
NE occupied the banks of the Mississippi and Alabama rivers,
near present Memphis (Tennessee) and Oklahoma. They are
linguistically related to the Creek and Choctaw
Demography
1560 were about 8,000 individuals. Disease and the wars
dwindled to 5,000 in 1600 and 1,200 in 1786, but increased to
3,500 in 1820 and 6,068 in 1832 (counting the slaves). In 1900
they were surveyed about 5,652 pure Indians, 4,600 blacks and 650 mestizos; by 1950 it is estimated
at 9,000 (5,350 in Oklahoma) and in late 1990 had counted 19,000 Chickasaw. According to the
Indian US Census 2000, there were 20,887 chickasaw pure, 3,014 mixed with other Indian tribes,
12,025 mixed with other races and 2,425 Chickasaw Chickasaw-other tribes mixed with other races.
In total, there are 38,351 people with Chickasaw ancestors. According to figures from the BIA in
1995, the Ardmore Agency of the Chickasaw Reserve, 23,036 inhabitants (34,000 aimed at the tribal
roll) were counted.
Custom
They lived around Memphis in narrow and irregular settlements of up to six kilometers long,
connected by a road network of 250 kilometers uns. Each family owned three buildings: a rectangular
summer house, fitted with wooden sticks and twigs covered bark, a barn and a house of round winter,
bats covered by an interweaving of more sticks and twigs, covered with grass and mud. But many of
them, after the US Independence, adopted the cabins borders. They were semi-nomadic and
separated from the Choctaw, with whom they could form a single tribe originally as the Choctaw
occupied Chicsa the North and South; They were merchants and had matriarchal clans, each of
which is distinguished by an animal emblem and was commanded by a minko or a Council of Elders.
The minko tishu was the main boss. They had a dual social division intermarriage, and lived the
intensive cultivation of maize.
The supreme being associated to the sky, the sun and the fire; They claimed that the sun god,
Ababinili eliminated the darkness and sent men to land to plant corn. Other gods were Hottuk
Ishtohcollo, good god, and Hottuk Ookproose, evil god. They believed in an immortal soul, without
eternal punishment in the Flood and in a final judgment where rain oil, blood and fire. They buried
their dead in a ditch in front of his house, sitting and wrapped in a blanket, with their best clothes.

Kiowa
The Kiowa tribe is one of the American Indian nations that lived
primarily on the plains of west Texas, Oklahoma and eastern New
Mexico where the first Europeans arrived. Today the Kiowa Tribe is
federally recognized, with about 12,000 members living in
southwestern Oklahoma.
Tribal history
The Kiowas emerged in the northern basin of the Missouri River, but
migrated south to the Black Hills in 1650 sharing the territory with the
Crow Indian tribe (Crow Crows in English or Spanish). Pushed
further south by the invading Cheyennes and Sioux, who in turn
were expelled from their territories in the Great Lakes by the Ojibwa
tribes, Kiowas descended by the Platte River to the Arkansas River
basin. There they fought with Comanches previously occupying that
land. Around 1790, the groups joined forces and decided to share the area. From that moment on,
the Comanches and Kiowas developed deep bonds of friendship; their people hunted, traveled and
fought together. An additional group, the Plains Apache (also called Kiowa-Apache), the Kiowas also
joined in recent years.
The Kiowas lived the typical life of the Plains Indians. Mostly nomads, survived on bison (or buffalo)
and harvested vegetables, lived in tipis, and depended on their horses for hunting and warfare. The
Kiowa emphasized especially in sackings long distance, hastaCanad arriving by the north and south
to Mexico. Although winters on their land were very hard, Kiowa is easily adapted to the climate and
not used away far south of their territory.
Famous Kiowa leaders were Tohausan, Dohausan, Guipahgah (Old Lone Wolf Head), Satanta and
Satanka (Bear Sitting). Satank Satanta and participated in the assault on the convoy of Warren.
Kiowa artists are well known for their known as "ledger art of the Plains Indians" and for his
contribution to the development of contemporary art of Native Americans pictographic artistic
expressions. The first Kiowa artists emerged from among the captives that the United States Army
was at Fort Marion in St. Augustine (Florida) at the end of the war against the Indians of the southern
plains. Among the twentieth century Kiowa artists include the Kiowa Five, a group of artists who
studied at the University of Oklahoma. "Five" refers only to male students group. The pictographic art
form known as "ledger art" was an Indian art form historically male-dominated culture of the Indian
plains. However, the "Five" now have a sixth member, a woman named Lois Smokey.

Navajo
The Navajo are the largest American Indian nation, because it has about 298 000 individuals. They
live in the southwestern United States spread across the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah and
Colorado, with 37 Navajos who live in Chihuahua and Sonora, northern Mexico. Navajo is the name
given them by the first Spaniards to call them "Apache Navajo Indians" explorers. They were nomads
and identified as enemies of the sedentary tribes, Spanish, Mexican and Anglo-American. Currently
they have been mixed with other ethnic groups, including white. Theirs is the largest single reserve of
any Native American group, to cover more than 60,704 square kilometers.
Group Athapascan speaking, have the peculiarity of naming the black with two words-a matte color
and one for black and cover bright-green and blue colors in a single name. They are originally from
Canada and did not emigrate to the American southwest to the thirteenth century. Since its contact
with the Spaniards learned to raise sheep and work silver and gemstones. In the nineteenth century
they had several violent with the Armed Forces of the United States, but eventually underwent
confrontations.
During World War II, several thousand Navajos joined the US Armed Forces where they were often
used as radio operators speaking their native tongue, which was impossible to understand Japanese.
This has been reflected in the cinema in several films, among which highlights Windtalkers, starring
Nicolas Cage.
At present, the capital of the Navajo is in Window Rock, Arizona. They are involved in a wide variety
of economic ventures including farming, mining and production and sale of woven carpets, pottery
and typical jewelry.
The Navajo call themselves "Dineh" the people. The word comes from a Navajo Tewa word
"navahuu" meaning field crop dry riverbed.

INTRODUCTION

The word tribe is a term often used in our language and it should be noted that the same may refer
various issues .The most widely used by the way, is one who says that it is a social group based on
their own territory, composed of individuals presenting similes characteristics shared habits, rites and
traditions together and have political autonomy.
It is believed that Native Americans came from Asia, mobilized by the Bering Strait were located in
Alaska and began to introduce into America, carrying stone tools and other typical tools of middle and
late Paleolithic age stone. They were nomads, were driving from one place to another to take
advantage of each food station.
The tribe, in short, is a form of social organization. There hierarchies (with a boss who dictates the
rules of coexistence) and establishes penalties for those who violate the values of the group.

CONCLUSIONS

The Navajo are the largest American Indian nation

The Navajos live in the southwestern United States
The Kiowas emerged in the northern basin of the Missouri River.
The Apache was not very structured religion, shamans led religious life.

COMMENT

The issue of North American tribes is very interesting and fascinating as states only has a broad
classification of tribes which are characterized by their housing, food, clothing, art and special
customs because they have strange ideologies but to look very interesting as one can learn from
them many good things but mostly spiritual habits as these habits are very sacred to the tribes

E SPELLINGS
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribu

Private College mixed gospel

EMANUEL

Course:
Communication and language (English)

Professor:
Yosimar Jacinto.

Degree:
Fourth high school.

Work:
Ethnic Groups in the USA.

Name: Mayrissa Verenice Yanez Ramos.

Key: 8