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UMAYYAD,
BY
PAUL BALOG
NUMISMATIC STUDIES
No. 13
NEW YORK
1976
NUMISMATIC STUDIES
No. 13
to the memory of
CONTENTS
Preface 1
Introduction 4
A Note on Transliteration 9
Coin Weights 25
Erroneous Denominations 27
Measure Stamps 29
The Catalogue 37
1. Umayyads 43
2. 'Abbasids 109
3. Tulunids 264
PREFACE
Arabic glass coin weights have been published since the end of the eighteenth century.
Heavy weights and vessel stamps, however, have been noticed only since the end of
the nineteenth. Publications on heavy weights, coin weights and vessel stamps in-
creased in the last two decades of the nineteenth century, marking the beginning of
The field's pioneers were E. T. Rogers, Stanley Lane Poole, Flinders Petrie and
Paul Casanova, all of whom described important collections. In 1925 Adolf Grohmann
published several collections in Vienna and in 1929 Marcel Jungfleisch gave detailed
descriptions of two intact ratl disk weights, one in his own collection, the other in the
Museum of Arab Art (now the Museum of Islamic Art) in Cairo. Jungfleisch also made
Later the Amlr Jafar 'Abd al-Kader described three intact Syrian Umayyad heavy
weights and some other material from the Damascus National Museum. Francois Vir6
and Wolfgang Dudzus have also studied Arabic weights and stamps; the former pu-
blished the Hasan Husni 'Abd al-Wahhab Pasha collection in Tunis, the latter produced
two papers on the material in the Berlin Museum. In 1955, D. S. Rice summarily
though based mainly on literary sources, deserves special mention because of the
Aimee Launois contributed four works on the very substantial collections of the
Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo, the Cabinet des Medailles in Paris and the Maspero
The outstanding material of the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo has, unfortunately,
been only partially catalogued by 'Abd al-Rahman Fahmy Muhammad, curator of the
numismatic section of that Museum. He dealt only with the coin weights in a work of
some importance but made no reference to the numerous specimens already published
been thereby duplicated. This fact was mentioned in George Miles's note on Fahmy's
George Miles occupies a special place in the literature of Arabic metrology. The
pioneers in this field have already given us a great deal of information, but this has
not been gathered into a coordinated system. The knowledge which they transmitted
to us remained fragmentary and was not even always exact. Miles was the first author
not only to publish an impressive amount of new material, but also to place it in its
historical persons who figure on the glass, and in general, to bring order to the subject.
Miles's publications are always accompanied by abundant historical notes and critical
comments and provide the reader with a firm basis for further study.
Miles's enquiries into the problems of Arabic metrology cover a wide field. His study
of the coin weights raises all the problems, sometimes quite difficult to answer, of the
nature and value of the manifold emissions of the dinar, dirham and, especially, the
fals. His survey of a large body of material, produced answers to many of the hitherto
It is also due to Miles's acumen that there is now no doubt about the nature of the
vessel stamps and the purpose for which they were issued. Formerly they were con-
sidered simply labels affixed to containers made for selling spices, seeds, herbs, fruit
and other market products. Miles recognized them for what they really are, phar-
which they bear are representative of the pharmaceutical substances most frequently
I deeply appreciate the kind permission to include the following three specimens in
the catalogue: Cat. 389property of Veli al-Din Sameh bey, Ronco, Switzerland;
Cat. 625in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; Cat. 625Ain the Cabinet des
in the catalogue comprise the author's collection, now in the American Numismatic
Society.
The nucleus of the present collection was generously presented to me by the late
Marcel Jungfleisch in 1953. At that time, the collection was already one of the most
ing nearly five hundred Umayyad and 'Abbasid heavy weights, coin weights and
measure stamps. During the subsequent years, I was fortunately able to increase it
by a number of pieces to a total of over nine hundred specimens, among which are
In the part added subsequent to 1953, there are also numerous pieces with names of
officials until now unrecorded on glass, or sometimes totally unknown, and also many
unpublished varieties of glass with known names. The names of several caliphs hither-
One of the highlights of this collection is the relatively high number of intact and
have been very rare in hitherto published collections and their weights in grams seemed
to differ from each other so much that instead of a uniform result, one received the im-
pression of confusion.
Based on the well-preserved weights in this collection and taking into consideration
all the intact weights in the literature, I hope to demonstrate tentatively that under
the Umayyads and the 'Abbasids there were three different and distinct main weight
Although only sixty names of drugs are contained in this collection, when Miles has
already listed a little over one hundred (see Miles, "Pharm."), there are, nevertheless,
several drugs unpublished on glass and even a few unknown in mediaeval medical works.
Preface 3
The collection contains more than 270 weights and stamps of the Umayyad period,
nearly 500 'Abbasid pieces with the names of caliphs, viceroys, governors and other
officials known or unknown, 11 Tulunid weights and measure stamps and, finally,
about 130 anonymous weights and stamps, mostly of the 'Abbasid period. The im-
portance of the present collection will be appreciated even more since only some 650
Umayyad glass pieces have been hitherto published and the total number of 'Abbasid
and anonymous weights and stamps is less than 1400. Thus, the present catalogue
contributes another 40 percent to the corpus of known Umayyad glass and nearly
50 percent to that of the 'Abbasid and anonymous weights and measure stamps.
The eight issues of the Tulunids in our catalogue are all unpublished.
INTRODUCTION
The right of emission of glass was only exceptionally exercised by the caliph him-
self. The following are included in the catalogue: the Umayyad Yazld II, (for 'Abd
al-Malik and Yazld III, see the literature), and the 'Abbasids al-Mansur, al-Mahdl,
The caliph generally delegated the issuing of the glass to the governor, or when there
The prefects, sub-prefects, or lesser executives countersigned the pieces with their
names, at the end of the protocol of the official in charge. But in many instances they
had the right of issue also (as did Salih b. Muslim). Prefects and lesser officials often
signed with the formula 'ald yaday, ^jo ^t, "at the hands of," on executive measure
stamps. On these occasions they were responsible for the emission and their name alone
A governmental order of emission on a higher level was made manifest by the for-
mula j*\, amara, or aj jj, amara bihi, which preceded the protocol of the high officials
endowed with the rank of amlr. There is, however, an exception to this rule: when-
ever the glass was issued in the name of the caliph and countersigned by the viceroy
or the governor or both, then their protocol was preceded by 'ald yaday, ^jo Ys. only
In many instances, officials of various ranks display in their protocol the title mawla
amir al-mu'minln, ^s^ll jsJ ^y. Sometimes the chronicles affirm the fact that
these persons were manumitted by the caliph. In other instances, however, we find no
mention of such a relationship between the caliph and the official. The official displays
In several of his publications, Max van Berchem raised the question whether the
formula mawla amlr al-mu minln, used in an official protocol, was a title of office or an
honorific title, or whether it signified a personal relationship with the caliph. Van
I feel that at an early stage the title mawla really meant that the official was a
freedman of the caliph. This applies to all those individuals whose title of mawla is
mentioned by the chroniclers. It seems significant that none of the Umayyad officials
encountered on the glass are mawlas. Even among the early 'Abbasids I found only
three names who were true mawlas: Yahya, mawla of al-Mahdl (who may be Abu Salih
1 See Oleg Grabar, The Coinage of the TulUnids. ANSNNM 139 (New York, 1957), pp. 39-40.
Introduction 5
Yahya ?), Matar and Wadih. They all belong to a short period under al-Mahdl's reign
ca. 157 to 162 or 163 H. No other officials lay claim to this title until the year 199 H.
Tulunid rulers included), thirteen persons display the title of mawla. The prefects and
other lower ranking officials do not possess this title, except the prefect Harith b.
There is also a fourteenth official with the title of mawla, Sulayman b. Harthama,
presumably a son of the governor Harthama b. Nadr Jaball. Although he is not men-
tioned by the chronicles, the fact that he was an amlr with the title of mawla empowered
The incidence of such a high proportion of mawlas among the top-ranking officials
strongly favors Max van Berchem's opinion that, at least from 199-200 H. onward,
the title mawla amlr al-mum'imn became an honorific title or a title of office. This
should be evident in the case of Ahmad b. Tulun's son Khumarawayh, who quite cer-
tainly was born as a free person, yet is proclaimed as mawla amir al-mii'minin on the
But there seems to be ample evidence that other honorary titles were also in constant
use at a much earlier time. In fact after the year 101 H. it became usual to affix on the
glass after the name of the caliph, the viceroy, the governor and the finance-director,
only in the protocol of the highest ranking officials or of the caliph, and which never
occurs after the names of lesser, executive officials like prefects, is certainly more than
a mere wish of good health or longevity. Such a naive ejaculation would be out of
I have counted eight different formulas of these pious invocations occuring in strict
or honorific formulas were employed over more or less extended periods. Others
appear on the glass of only a single official. They must have been bestowed on persons
of the highest rank as a special honor by the caliph, who at first used the formula to
exalt his own position. The formulas very soon became part of the protocol of all the
leading government officials. Very simply, the formulas must have had about the same
ambassador.
Once such an honorific formula was bestowed on an official, it stayed with him dur-
ing his whole career and did not vary. It happened, however, exceptionally, that an
official of particular merit or high standing at Court received two distinct honorifics
Al-Khaslb b. 'Abd al-Hamld (190-1 H.) and Abu Ja'far Ashinas (219-30 H.):
'All b. Yahya (226-9, 234-5 H.): jlUI lil and UJl ,y.\.
As noted, the first formula, jlUI a^L^], was adopted by the Umayyad caliph Yazld
II in 101 H., and bestowed shortly afterwards on the last Umayyad finance director
and governor, 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan. It then appears in the protocol of all the sub-
sequent 'Abbasid governors and finance directors until 176 H., never to be used again
after this date. To this title, Salih b. 'All had a second honor added, jlUI which
The next title, 40)I jujSl, became the most popular of all pious formulas and lasted
from its institution in 141 H. throughout the whole 'Abbasid rule in Egypt and even
*J jlUI ^uI seems to have been reserved for the caliph al-Mahdl alone and so occurs
jlUI is also a fashionable title introduced in 177 H. and present on the glass
until 236 H.
oli jO)I JU.I was reserved for three successive caliphs, al-Mu'tasim, al-Wathiq and
al-Mutawakkil, and bestowed also on Muzahim b. Khaqan, one of the last 'Abbasid
governors before the Tulunids. This formula is present on the glass between 218 and
254 H.
Lastly, two other honorific formulas, each restricted to one official, should be men-
tioned: jOJI ey\ for 'AH b. Yahya (226-35 H.) and l^li 4j)I JU.I (sic) for Yazld b.
The following tables show clearly that there was, at all times, considerable overlap-
ping between the older, time-honored formulas, and the newly invented honorifics.
Matar, 157-9 H.
Introduction
Ashinas, 219-30 H.
Ashinas, 219-30 H.
Minor Officials
The present catalogue contains the names of 120 known persons, the names of 30
unknown 'Abbasid officials and also the initials of three Greek employees who are
not known, but whose dates are fixed by the officials on whose glass they appear.
There are 17 Umayyads: one caliph, nine governors and finance directors and seven
prefects and executives. The 101 known 'Abbasids are as follows: seven caliphs,
two viceroys, 47 governors and finance directors (some hold both offices) and 44 pre-
fects and executives. The catalogue contains only three Tulunid rulers.
Most of these persons are known from the glass, or at least from the chronicles.
The 19 following officials were, however, completely unknown in the literature as well
as on the glass:
Junada b. Maysara, prefect under 'Ubayd Allah b. al-Habhab in 111 H. (Cat. 115-123).
Salih b. Qustantln, prefect under Nawfal b. Furat, between 141 and 143 H. (Cat. 397-
399, 407).'
'Abd al-'Azlz b. Humayd, prefect under al-Layth b. al-Fadl, in 182 or 187 H. (Cat. 625).
'Abd Allah b. Abl-Bakr, prefect or executive for Husayn b. Jamll (Cat. 635).
Abu Bakr b. Junada, prefect for al-Muttalib b. 'Abd Allah, (Cat. 650).
Sulayman b. Aflah, prefect or executive for al-Muttalib b. 'Abd Allah (Cat. 650).
(Cat. 202-203).
al-Hasan b. Abi'l-Mahasin, prefect for Yazld b. 'Abd Allah, between 242 and 253 H.
(Cat. 704-705).
The dates and rank of office of the prefects and executives listed above are now
established through their association on the glass with high officials well known to us.
The officers can now take their place in the Umayyad and 'Abbasid hierarchy.
In addition to the personalities who were completely unknown until their appearance
on the glass, there are also those mentioned in the chronicles, whose names, however
have not yet been observed on weights and measure stamps. Among the latter figure
the caliphs al-Amln and al-Ma'mun as heir apparent (Cat. 640, 648), and the 12 fol-
al-Khaslb b. 'Abd al-Hamld, finance director, 190-1 H. Only in VViet, Precis. (Cat.
633-634).
Harith b. Zur'a, prefect for al-Muttalib b 'Abd Allah, 201 H. (Cat. 650).
Introduction 9
Grohmann No. 4 was misread: it is Yahya mawla amir al-mu'minln and not Harthama)
The names of three minor officials of the dar al-'iyar are also known from coin weights
although nothing else about them has been preserved. They are: Kayl, a Copt whose
name was correctly read and interpreted by Miles as Chael. Kamil, sometimes written
without the alif and, finally, Sawlris, also a Copt; the latter's name was also read
correctly by Miles.
If we do not know more about the persons of these officials than we did before, at
least we know reasonably well the dates and extent of their activity. Indeed, Kayl's
name occurs on coin weights of Salih b. 'All (133 H.) and is still present on those of
Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath (143 H.). Kamil's name is found on the coin weights of
Nawfal b. Furat (141 H.) and is last seen on those issued jointly by Yazld b. Hatim
and Muhammad b. Shurahbll (152 H.) Finally, Sawlris appears on the issues of Yazld
b. Hatim and Salama (ca. 144 H.) and disappears after the joint emission by Muham-
A Note on Transliteration
It is not unusual, in Arabic epigraphy, to find a word split at the end of a line. In
this way, one, two or more letters of the word come at the end of the first line, and
the rest of the letters, sometimes only the last one, follow at the beginning of the sub-
sequent line. In the English translation we tried to follow the arrangement of the
wording in the Arabic text as far as it was reasonable, though often alterations in the
sequence of words or their transposition in the English text became necessary to avoid
clumsiness or confusion.
In archaic Arabic writing, the names Ishaq, Ismail, Salih, Sulayman, 'Abd al-
Rahman and Marwan (and a few others) are written without the alif: j^H J_.,rl
the alif (which is nonexistent in the archaic inscription) with the usual horizontal stroke
over the a. We have in the transliterated inscriptions disregarded this tradition for
two reasons: we wanted to render the exact spelling of the names written in their archaic
form and we found that in a few exceptional cases certain names really were spelled
with an alif. The horizontal stroke at the top of the a was therefore reserved in the
transliterations for these instances e.g. Cat. 515). Textual matter and the English
The heavy weights were manufactured in two distinct forms: disk weights and ring
weights, abundantly described by various authors. The ratl, its double and its fractions
appear, from the beginning, both as disk weights and as ring weights (the latter ap-
pellation is by Miles). For example, the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo has, among the
still unpublished material, disk weights of Qurra b. Sharlq, Usama b. Zayd and Hayyan
b. Shurayh. So have we in this collection. At the same time there are, in the present
The wuqiyya, as Miles has observed, is mostly in the form of disk weights. But
there are exceptions, such as the half-wuqiyya ring weights of Itakh al-Turki with
Harthama b. Nadr Jaball (Cat. 681-684) and some anonymous wuqiyya ring weights of
later 'Abbasid issues: Cat. 799-800 are double wuqiyyas, Cat. 801 is a simple wuqiyya.
Although the heavy disk weights tend to disappear some time during the reign of
the caliph al-Mansur, we still meet them exceptionally from the second half of the
second century H. A fine example is our intact quarter-ratl kablr of Musa b. 'Isa
(Cat. 589).
The denominations on the weights are mostly correct. There are, however,
frequent discrepancies between the weight unit marked in the legend and the true
weight of the piece. The reader is referred to the different numbers in the catalogue.
Hundreds of fragments of the heavy glass weights have been found in excavations in
Egypt. Intact specimens of the ratl, its double and its fractions are, however, very rare
indeed.
Though there seems to be no mention of the fact in Arabic literary sources, we may
reasonably assume that the great scarcity of well-preserved heavy weights, compared
with the vast number of existing fragments, is somehow connected with a deliberate
Governors and finance directors, as a rule, rarely remained in office for more than a
year or two, or were recalled alter an even shorter period, to make room for their succes-
sors. The emission of weights and pharmaceutical containers marked with an official
With a few exceptions of anonymous issues, the glass was stamped with the name or
protocol of the officials actually in power. Whenever a new governor, finance director
or prefect entered office, new weights and measure stamps were issued in his name.
We may safely assume that not only was a charge exacted for them, but that the old
weights had to be turned in to the authorities at the same time, for immediate destruc-
tion. Indeed, it is quite clear from the examination of the fragments that they must
have been deliberately smashed. They could not have been fractured so brutally had
10
This is the reason why for such a long time there were not many well-preserved heavy
weights in modern collections and why, in consequence, it was not possible to estab-
lish how many grams the ratl, or the different kinds of ratl, used in Egypt, weighed.
Henri Sauvaire was the first Arabic scholar to study systematically and extensively the
problems of Arabic metrology. Although his work is based entirely on mediaeval Arabic
tounding amount of metrological data remains one of our main sources of information.
Sauvaire listed 165 differently named ratl weights and calculated their equivalent
values in grams. According to his tables there are, however, several larger and smaller
groups of ratls, differently named but showing exactly the same weight in grams. It
must be assumed, therefore, that sometimes one and the same ratl weight was labelled
weight but different names are considered as being identical with each other, then
Sauvaire's lists deal with all the different weights which were, according to the Arab
chronicles, used over the entire Arabic world. As we are only interested in the metro-
logical data concerning Egypt, and to a lesser degree, Syria, the number of 76 can be
reduced further.
The right procedure to establish the true weight in grams of the heavy weights
would be to weigh the glass weights themselves, comparing the resultant figures with
the data compiled by Sauvaire. For this purpose, the greater number of well-preserved
heavy glass weights which could be found for examination, the more accurate our find-
ings would be. In the following paragraphs we shall present the well-preserved speci-
mens published in the literature and also those which are in the present collection.
The first more or less complete ring weight was published by Mauss in 1897.s Mauss
did not read the inscription at the top of the weight but gave a good description of the
piece, with an accurate drawing, and recorded the weight: 437 gm. One can see from
the drawing that a few chips are missing. It was preserved in the Louvre, but now ap-
pears to be lost. Hinz attributed this weight to the Fatimids, which is evidently an
error. We know from al-Maqdisl that the Fatimids made their heavy weights of lead,
a fact which is confirmed by the preserved weights themselves.4 But they also manu-
factured weights of the wuqiyya series as well as multiples of the mithqal of bronze.5
In 1926 Petrie published two anonymous half-ratls, of 191.00 and 187.44 gm.6 Then
in 1929 two intact ratl disk weights were described by Jungfleish,7 one in the name
of al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd Allah (431.87 gm) and the other in that of 'Abd al-Rahman b.
3 Jungfleisch, "Les ratls discoides en verre," BIE 10 (1927-8, publ. 1929), pp. 62-3.
4 See Paul Balog, "Poids fatimites en plomb," RBN 1959, pp. 171-88.
8 Bruno Kisch, "Weights and Scales in Mediaeval Scandinavia," Journal of the History of
Medicine and Allied Sciences (New Haven, Apr. 1959), pp. 165-6, briefly published one of al-
* Flinders Petrie, Glass Stamps and Weights Illustrated from the Egyptian Collectionof University
All these weights are Egyptian issues. The next two publications deal, on the other
hand, with weights which were not only found in mediaeval Syria, but also made there.
The first paper is by the amlr Jafar 'Abd al-Kader of Damascus in 1935, describing two
intact Umayyad weights.8 One is a half-ratl of the caliph 'Abd al-Malik (175.50 gm.),
the other a quarter-ratl, which, although anonymous, belongs, without doubt, to the
same period (87.00 gm). Both weights are truncated cones, somewhat reminiscent of a
rubber bathtub stopper. I should like to call them "block-weights", a form which
seems to be typical of the Syrian Umayyad heavy weights. Both were found together in
Beit al-Ras in Jordan, a district which in mediaeval times was part of Syria. Four years
conical, heavyweight issued in Syria by the Umayyad caliph Yazld III (337.55 gm.).
It must be emphasized here, that the Syrian Umayyad ratl not only belongs to a
special system, but is also recognizable by its shape: all the hitherto published weights
of the Syrian Umayyad ratl system are round, truncated cone, block weights.
As has been pointed out, the Egyptian heavy weights are of two distinct types: disk
weights and ring weights. There exist, however, one or two exceptions: The ratl Cat. 2
of Qurra b. Sharlk looks like a squat milk or yoghurt bottle. As the bottom part is,
however, missing, it may have had a transverse suspension hole. The other is a compact
cylindrical weight in the form of a wine bottle cork, issued by Salih b. Muslim (Cat. 592).
Other more or less well-preserved heavy weights have been published more recently
among which are: a later 'Abbasid double ratl (CAM /., 252), a ratl of Humayd b.
Qahtaba (Launois, C.d.M. 19), and another of Ashinas (EAG I, 110). Several wuqiyya
and half-wuqiyya pieces have also been described by Miles, Rice and Dudzus (earlier
Lane Poole and Petrie had already published intact wuqiyya pieces). The first intact
ratl of the puzzling ratl kablr system was published by Miles (CAM II. Ruthven 33).
The hitherto known heavy weights in good condition number not much more than
about 12, a figure too low to allow for conclusions to be drawn as to the ponderal
system or different ponderal systems used in Egypt (and in Syria), and as to the equi-
It is therefore of great importance that our collection contains considerably more in-
tact or at least well-preserved heavy weights than are known from the literature to
date. In fact, the present collection contains 57 pieces which can be used for the estim-
ation of the weight; 27 belong to the ratl series (double ratl, half and quarter ratl,
ratl kablr, etc.), and 30 to the wuqiyya (double, simple and half). I believe, that
taking into consideration the figures from the literature, together with our own figures,
we can now classify, at least tentatively, the different ratl systems which were current in
Egypt (and in Syria) and can also identify the corresponding figures in Sauvaire's lists.
Besides the perfectly-preserved, complete specimens there are also pieces which have
lost a small percentage of their original weight either through accidental chipping or
through scaling, devitrification (oxidation) in the soil. These were included not to
establish the original exact weight of the piece, but rather to demonstrate that they be-
8 Ibrahim Artuk, "Emevilerden Halife Abdiilmalik bin Mervan Adina Kesilmi Esiz Bir
13
long to the same category as the similar intact weights. For identification of the original
exact weight, as far as possible, we have chosen only the most complete specimens.
Thus the figures in the tables are the result of the best-preserved weights and not of the
average or of the frequency peaks, as is usual in the case of coins. Not in all cases, but
in most, the lesser weight of glass specimen belonging to a series means a loss of weight
and not a lightweight piece, as is usually the case with gold or silver coins.
TABLE 1: Approximate Mean Gram Values of the Various Ratls and Their
Fractions a
Umayyad
'Abbasid
Ratl kablr
system
Syrian
Umayyad
Double ratl
(4) 780.00"
Ratl
(6) 395.00
(2) 493.00
(1) 337.55
1/2 ratl
(9) 190.00
(1) 175.50
1/4 ratl
(9) 94.00
(1) 123.00
(1) 87.00
Double wuqiyya
(5) 61.00
11/2 wuqiyya
(2) 48.00
Wuqiyya
(8) 37.00
(13) 33.00d
1/2 wuqiyya
(18) 15.90
1/6 wuqiyya
(3) 6.24
* In calculating the mean weight of ratls where only a few specimens were available or where a
significant disparity exists between the weights of well-preserved ratls, the fractions of the ratl
b Based on the weight of the ratl; three of the four specimens are badly chipped.
Specimens Analyzed
Umayyad
Ratl
11
'Abbasid.
Wuqiyya
Catalogue:
In the literature:
(CAM I 135)
(BMC 18)
Catalogue:
Chipped
In the literature:
(Dudzus, "Gewichte" 5)
Chip missing.
In the literature:
(CAM I, 252)
Sixth Wuqiyya
6.25
6.24
6.22
'Abbasid Ratl
Double Ratl
Ratl
15
Half Ratl
Catalogue:
In the literature:
188.60
179.85
180.00
(Vire 29)
Chipped
Illegible
194.62
190.68
(CAM /, 254)
179.98
191.00
(Petrie 176)
183.43
Anonymous
187.44
Chipped
(Petrie 175)
Quarter
Catalogue:
Ratl
In the literature:
is a quarter ratl.
(CAM I, 255).
In the literature:
Unidentified
Double Wuqiyya
16
Anonymous 58.55
(CAM I 239)
patches.
Very late.
Anonymous 59.92
Very late.
Catalogue:
Wuqiyya
Catalogue:
737. Same
801. Anonymous
803. Anonymous
804. Anonymous
In the literature:
31.45 (BMC 27 g)
29.24 Anonymous
(Petrie 255)
Anonymous
(Petrie 256)
Anonymous
(Petrie 254)
34.02
31.37
31.50
31.69
31.32
31.24
Catalogue:
682. Same
Half Wuqiyya
In the literature:
15.74
16.06
17
683. Same
718. Same
719. Same
728. Same
729. Same
805. Anonymous
806. Anonymous
807. Anonymous
15.60
15.51
15.94
16.08
15.95
15.54
15.77
15.70
15.58
16.63
15.67
16.64
(CAM I, 195)
Muzahim b. Khaqan
16.11
In the literature:
Anonymous
Catalogue:
Ratl Kablr
In the literature:
492.60
Catalogue:
791. Yahya
ratl kablr.
In the literature:
236.52
(Petrie 174)
Catalogue:
589. Musa b.
'Isa
123.35
18
Wuqiyya Kablr
No intact wuqiyya kablr weights have been found to date. Two anonymous ring
weights in this collection (Cat. 799, 800), although marked wuqiyya kablr, are only late
From the five weights of the ratl kablr series published above (ratl, half and quarter
ratl kablr) it is possible to calculate that the wuqiyya kablr should weigh approximate-
ly 41 gm.
Dahmds or Dahmasas
Catalogue:
Ratl
In the literature:
Half Ratl
In the literature:
pp. 39-40.)
Quarter Ratl
In the literature:
Anonymous, 87.00
Catalogue:
The evidence points to three major and distinct ratl systems in use in Egypt. There
also occur, as exceptions, two other weight systems, either due to isolated circumstances
(Cat. 795, "Standard of the year 88") or to some local tradition (Cat. 802, three dahmas).
A quite different ratl of lighter standard was used in Syria under the Umayyads.
But this "Syrian Umayyad ratl" was issued and used in Syria, and not even stray
Our study of the intact pieces in our collection and those in the literature and a
comparison of them with the data furnished by Sauvaire leads to the following con-
clusions:
1. Umayyad ratl
Our figures indicate that the Umayyads introduced an Egyptian ratl weighing
about 440.00 gm. This early ratl was kept in use from Qurra b. Shank's gover-
norship until some time during al-Mansur's reign. The equivalent of this early
ratl seems to be in Sauvaire (Vol. 2, Pt. 2, pp. 310-311 of the original pagination;
pp. 182-3 of the offprint): a ratl Mesry of 444 gm. from seven different literary
sources but all of the same weight. He also mentions, from yet another source, a
ratl Tunisi, also of exactly the same weight. This is an example of how a weight, when
adopted in another country, acquires a new name but remains at the same weight.
I also believe that the now lost Louvre ratl published by Mauss belongs in the same
category. It is true that this ratl weighed only 437.2067 gm. compared with our empir-
ical figure of an even 444.00 gm. or the theoretical weight calculated by Sauvaire
(444.9312 gms.). The small loss (ca. 7 gm.) is easily accounted for by the chipping,
We may therefore assume that our early ratl, Sauvaire's ratl Mesry and ratl Tunisi,
as well as Mauss's Louvre ratl all belong in the category of what I propose to call the
We learn from Sauvaire (Vol. 2 Pt. 2, pp. 302-3 of the original pagination) that the
wuqiyya of the ratl Mesry and Tunisi has a theoretical weight of 37.0776 gm. The
empirical weight of the early wuqiyya in our collection, represented by five intact
specimens, is ca. 37.00 gm., a figure which corresponds well enough with the theoretical
weight worked out by Sauvaire. The three specimens listed from the literature weigh
about one gram less, which is also only a small practical difference. Worked out from
the existing wuqiyyas, the weight of the early Umayyad ratl is confirmed at 37 x 12
empirical basis, weigh 3.083 gm. each. This figure is very near the theoretical weight,
calculated by Sauvaire (Vol. 2 Pt. 1, p. 429) at 3.089 gm. Of course, the ponderal dirham
of 3.083 (or 3.089) is not to be confused with the monetary dirham. The latter has peen
calculated by Zambaur (see Grohmann, p. 144) at 2.97 gm. and the correctness of
The early ratl, as mentioned, was in use from the time of Qurra b. Sharlk onward.
torship of Nawfal b. Furat, between 141 and 143 H., a ponderal reform was introduced
and the weight of the ratl drastically reduced from 440. to ca. 397 or 395 gm. The
first ratl weight of this new standard bears, in fact, the joint names of Muhammad b.
al-Ash'ath and Nawfal b. Furat. I propose to call this new ratl of 397 or 395 gm. the
'Abbasid ratl. It remained unchanged throughout the entire 'Abbasid period and even
Documentary evidence of this 'Abbasid ratl can be found in Sauvaire, Vol. 2 Pt. 2,
pp. 308-309 (original pagination), but there is a complication: two groups, the first
a ratl weighing 395.4944 gm., and a second, weighing 397.260 gm., are rather too close
one to the other, to allow an unequivocal attribution. Even when a ratl weight is in an
margin of one or two grams. Therefore, I tried to establish the weight of the wuqiyya,
from existing intact pieces. According to Sauvaire (Vol. 2 Pt. 2, p. 302) the wuqiyya
of the 397.260 gm. ratl should weight 33.105 gm. and that of the 395.4944 gm. ratl,
32.957 gm. (my calculation for the latter is 32.91 gm.). But the intact 'Abbasid
weigh an average of 32.0 gm, which is too low a figure. It would, therefore, be more
practical to leave open, at least until further evidence is at hand, the question of which
of the two weights, 397.260 gm., or 395.4944 gm., is the true weight of the 'Abbasid
ratl.
The third ponderal system used in 'Abbasid Egypt was that of the ratl kablr. Al-
ratl kablr or its fraction was known until quite recently (see CAM II Ruthven 33),
scholars tried to deduce its weight (see Grohmann, Chrestomathie, p. 152, paragraph 1
and note 5). Grohmann conjectures its weight at ca. 518 gm.
Although intact or well-preserved specimens of this series are still quite rare, we have
three, as well as twenty fragments, in the present collection. The present corpus of the
ratl kablr series consists, of two ratls, two half and one quarter ratl. Although the
number of the well-preserved specimens is rather small, their weights are quite accurate
The full ratl kablr, according to our figures, weighs ca. 493.0 gm.; the half, ca. 240 gm.
and the quarter, 123.35 gm. Multiplied by four, the quarter has the exact weight of
the full ratl kablr. The half, somewhat lighter, is less well-preserved.
I believe that I can identify the group of ratls in Sauvaire (Vol. 2 Pt. 2, p. 311) which
represent the ratl kablr: the ratl folfoly, that of Qayrawan, of Sevilla, Fez and Tunis,
and the ratl of Fez, Tlemcen and Tunis. They all weigh 494.368 gm. according to
Sauvaire's calculations. The ratl kabir makes its first appearance on the weights of
Ibrahlm b. Salih and his prefect 'Asim b. Hafs, between 165 and 167 H. The last issue
dates from the reign of al-Mutawakkil, around 247 H. In the present collection the
ratl kablr system is represented by Cat. 339-342, 572, 573-574, 582, 583, 587, 588, 589,
607, 608, 622, 626, 627, 633, 641, 646, 651, 688 and 791.
There are no specimens of this system in our collection and only three intact pieces
of this series are known from the literature: the half- and quarter-ratl pieces of the
caliph 'Abd al-Malik, described by Jafar 'Abd al-Kader, and the full ratl of Yazld III,
published by Ettinghausen. The half ratl bears the name of 'Abd al-Malik, the full
ratl that of Yazld III and his Syrian prefect; the quarter, although anonymous, is
undoubtedly contemporary with 'Abd al-Malik. Fortunately, there exists another full
ratl of 'Abd al-Malik which fits exactly into this weight system. It is a lead disk
weighing 337.5 gm. of the transitional Arab-Byzantine style, with 'Abd al-Malik's
protocol and the mint name Filastln.9 Artuk described it as a lead seal, but I am con-
vinced that it is a weight. There is little doubt in my mind that from the reign of
'Abd al-Malik until that of Yazld III (67-126 H.) a special weight system was used in
The nearest figure to this Syrian Umayyad ratl is in Sauvaire, Vol. 2. Pt. 2 p. 307,
in the 5th row from the bottom. It is listed as the Ratl roumy (romain) de Sicile (Edrisy),
of 346.0576 gm. It seems to belong to the same weight system. Grohmann, Chresto-
mathie, p. 151, mentions that according to Zambaur (WNZ 1903, p. 319) the lightest
Egyptian ratl weighs 343 gm., a figure even closer to our weights, except that Zambaur
speaks of an Egyptian ratl, and the ones with which we are concerned are Syrian.
Pliny says that the Athenian mina consists of one hundred drachmae (or its equi-
valent denarius, of 3.41 gm. and weighs, therefore, 341.0 gm. This figure seems to be
9 Pliny, NH 21.109.34.
5. Exceptional Weights
The 'iyar of 88 H. (Cat. 795-796) is a controversial piece. When I first published it,
I took the date, 88 H., at its face value. This was, however, contested by Miles (CAM I,
both Miles's and Walker's attribution of the weight to the second or even third century H.
is correct.
Miles, as well as Walker, thought that the century has been omitted from the date,
as sometimes happens on coins in later times. But I believe now, the number may have
another meaning; it could be a reference to the year in which this specific standard
(jL*) was instituted: standard of the year 88 H., or more exactly, as engraved on the
weight: standard in the year 88 H. This is, of course, only an assumption. I am also
tempted to assume that it is identical with the Greek-Byzantine libra of 297.945 gm.
listed on the second and third line of Sauvaire Vol. 2 Pt. 2, p. 307. Notably, 297.5 gm.
are equivalent to one hundred dirham kayl of ca. 2.97 gm., so that one should consider
the standard of 88 H. just that: 100 dirham kayl. It is true that our specimen (Cat.
795) actually weighs only 291.60 gm., but loss of 5-6 gm. surely resulted from the rather
The second category of exceptional weights is the dahmas or dahmasas, listed under
the weights used by the medical profession in Sauvaire (Vol. 2 Pt. 2. pp. 425, 505).
Sauvaire refers to the Escurial Ms. of al-Antary, Les poids et les mesures de capacite en
usage en medecine. The dahmas is equivalent to three mithqal or dirakhmy: 9.9315 gm.
The mediaeval Egyptian artisans who prepared the small glass weights destined for
the control of gold, silver and copper coins, merit the highest praise for skill and ac-
curacy (see Miles, Coin Weights). Discrepancies, whenever they occur, generally do
not differ more than a few centigrams, usually only one or two, from the theoretical
weight.
The artisans who manufactured the heavy glass weights, which often weighed several
hundred grams, also merit our admiration. The heavy weights are mostly quite accurate,
but considering their bulk and the rather primitive manufacturing techniques of their
times, one should be prepared to accept, as still within the limits of good workmanship,
imperfections of the mediaeval Egyptian glass weights. The present collection contains
an intact disk ratl weight of the early 'Abbasid prefect 'Abd al-Rahman b. Yazld
(Cat. 440), weighing 433.67 gm. There are also, in this collection, three equally well-
23
preserved wuqiyya disk weights of the same man (Cat. 442-444). Cat. 442 weighs
37.98 gm.; Cat. 443 37.50 gm. and Cat. 444 37.66 gm. As the wuqiyya multiplied by
twelve gives the weight of its ratl, the ratl of Cat. 442 would be 455.76 gm., that of Cat.
443 450.00 gm. and, finally the ratl of Cat. 444 would weigh 451.92 gm. As can be seen,
all three wuqiyya weights differ from each other, all are overweight and the ratl issued
One should, therefore, be somewhat lenient when drawing conclusions from the
preserved, intact weights themselves and comparing them with the theoretical weight
Number of
Frequency
Mean
High
Low
specimens
peak
weight
Value
Value
Dinar
between
35
4.43
3.99
4.20
1/2 Dinar
43
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.08
1/3 Dinar
42
1.40
1.36
1.42
1.35
Dirham
2.80
2.84
2.76
1/2 Dirham
1.35
Dirham kayl
2.95
2.95
2.95
2.92
dirham kayl
24
Fals
Number of
Number
Fre-
Average
High
Low
Miles's
qlrat or
of spec-
quency
weight
value
value
average
kharruba
imens
peak
36
6.99
7.15
6.92
6.957
35
6.83
6.91
6.75
34
6.53
6.546
33
6.354
32
6.19
6.204
Q1
Ol
30
14
5.76
5.87
5.46
5.847
29
5.270
28
5.49
Coin Weights
Most of our systematic knowledge of coin weights is due to George Miles, whose
research in this field has left little for future generations of Arabic metrologists to
discover. The facts published in his paper on eighth-Century Arab coin weights are
based on the exhaustive study of nearly 700 coin weights. Of these, 85 are dinars, 16
dirhams and 587 pieces are fals weights. Of the latter, 423 well-preserved specimens
served as a basis of calculation of the exact weight of the kharruba (or qlrat) and of the
The number of coin weights included in the present collection is, naturally, much
more modest. It consists of 231 pieces, of which 120 are dinars and fractions of the
The average weight of our dinar weights is slightly lower than that of Miles, 4.20 gm.
against 4.23 gm. Our average of the half dinar (43 specimens) is 2.09 gm. against
his 2.12 gm. and the third (42 specimens) is 1.36 gm. against his 1.41 gm. The dif-
Miles's study of the dirham is based on 16 specimens. We have only 10 pieces, but
they present one or two interesting new features. The average weight of our dir-
hams is only 2.80 gm., roughly five centigrams less than that of Miles, 2.85 gm.
Four of our dirham weights belong to the Umayyads (Cat. 217 to Yazld b. Abl
Yazld and Cat. 243-245 to 'Isa b. Abl 'Ata) and three to the 'Abbasids (Cat. 357 to
the caliph al-Mansur, Cat. 434 to Yazld b. Hatim and Cat. 631, a half dirham, to
There are also three pieces of special interest, dirhams kayl or legal dirham weights:
Cat. 680 belongs to Itakh al-Turkl, Cat. 834 is anonymous and Cat. 925 has the name of
The Umayyad and 'Abbasid dirham weights were issued well before the Fustat
mint started to strike silver dirhams in 172 H. (see Miles "Coin Weights," p. 83).
This is an indication that silver, although of extraneous origin, was circulating in Egypt
at a very early date. The weights of the glass dirham coin weights, those published by
Miles as well as ours, are curiously and constantly lighter than the circulating Umayyad
and early 'Abbasid silver dirhams and stayed between 2.80 and 2.85 gm., 10 to 15 centi-
grams less than the actual silver coins. For the present there seems to be no explanation
There exists, however, a special dirham glass weight, the dirham kayl, which
conforms exactly to the silver dirhams. Although intact dirham kayl weights are
extremely rare (only two simple and one double dirham kayl weights have been pre-
served), the weight of the single glass dirham kayl is exactly 2.95 gm, the same figure as
that established by Miles for the silver coins. (Miles, "Coin Weights," p. 83 and "Byzan-
Cat. 434 has the legend "dirham of two-thirds" and weights 2.76 gm., which may sig-
nify that the piece weighs, according to the law, two-thirds of a mithqal (2.834 gm.);
This dirham of two-thirds of 2.80-2.85 gm. may explain that the other ordinary
dirham glass weights, also of 2.80-2.85, were issued according to the same regulations.
It definitely does not justify their existence at a time when there were the glass dir-
hams kayl of 2.95 gm. and when all the silver coins weighed ca. 2.95 gm.
There are also several "dirhams of 13 kharruba." As Miles pointed out, they should
not be considered dirhams, but 13 kharruba fals weights. In these cases the word dir-
ham is only an engraver's error, or rather, the popular expression used generally for
Our series of fals weights consists of 101 pieces. The highest value is 36 kharruba
(or its equivalent the qlrat), the lowest 9. The glass fals weights which are inscribed
with various multiples of the kharruba or qlrat were hitherto considered as different
fals weights, according to the number of their kharruba. They have been constantly
referred to as: a fals of 36, or 32, or 25, or 18, etc. This would mean that there is
no fals unit of fixed value, and that the word is a vague name for a piece of copper,
contains.
I am convinced, however, that this is not so and that the fals is a well-determined
weight unit of fixed value. I think that the complete fals consists of 36 kharrubas.
There are no fals weights of a denomination higher than 36 kharrubas, and the fals
kharruba fals. For example, the 35-kharruba fals is 35/36th of the complete fals unit,
the 25-kharruba fals is 25/36th of the complete fals. There is another argument in
favor of the 36-kharruba full fals: we have a half fals of 18 qlrat (Cat. 821).
Petrie's coin weight No 249, which weighs 10.57 gm, would then be a unique example
of a one and one-half fals weight. According to Miles ("Coin Weights," p. 85) it should
have the theoretical weight of 7.027 gm. +3.514 gm. = 10.541 gm. Therefore, Petrie's
specimen would not be incompatible with our theory, if it were a one and one-half
fals piece, and if the full fals really is composed of 36 kharruba. And, of course, I have
no explanation to offer for the"half fulQs" mentioned by Miles ("Coin Weights," p.87)
of 17, 15 and 9, except that ^j^j has been engraved instead of JxZ, by mistake or
negligence.
It is correctly assumed by Miles ("Coin Weights," p. 86) that the glass fals weights
were destined to weigh copper coins and not gold or silver, and that copper was not a
fiduciary currency but was accepted by weight based on its intrinsic value.
On some weights the word shatr, J*Ji, occurs (see Miles, "Coin Weights," p. 84).
Shatr means "half" or "part" and occurs on " . . . the 22 kharruba and on . . . the 12
kharruba." On these weights shatr can only mean part, because neither 22 nor 12
kharruba are half of the complete, 36 kharruba fals. On the other hand, we have in
this collection an anonymous weight (Cat. 828) marked shatr of 18 qlrat, for which
the translation "half" would be correct. The word nisf, ^aJ, "one-half," in connec-
tion with 17 qlrat (Cat. 84) and 9 qlrat (Cat. 833) can only be part or portion and not
A "fals al-kablr" was mentioned by Miles ("Coin Weights," p. 83; it occurs on some
of the 30-kharruba pieces (Cat. 152-155), but as their weight is about the same as that
of the ordinary 30-kharruba fulus (Miles found a difference of three centigrams above
the normal weight), he had no explanation for the special name. Neither have I.
Three substances are named on some of the heavy weights. These are -J~, meat;
grapes; and t_>Lt, jujube. Meat occurs on seven issues, all of them early. Grapes is
found on three emissions and jujube on one only. These three substances are not
pharmaceuticals which are found in great numbers and variety on the vessel stamps,
but rather the simple market products. This is the reason why they are on weights and
not on the stamps of vessels which were reserved for the sale of drugs. There can be no
doubt that meat is not a medicine, nor, most probably, are the two other substances,
although the fruit of the jujube has been used as a drug. But then other vegeta-
bles which normally are consumed as foodstuffs have also been prescribed as medica-
ments. At one time I thought that the word written ^^jJI, was to be read as i*JI,
which is the expression for unminted gold or silver, and that the heavy weight on which
it occured, was a special ratl for precious metal. Although I now accept Grohmann's
and Miles's reading, grapes, I am still a little skeptical, because I do not understand why
a commodity of such little economic importance should have deserved a special ratl
Erroneous Denominations
Although the denominations on the weights are mostly correct, errors occur from
time to time and on examination of a glass weight one should always check the
denomination against the actual weight (of course, only when a weight is intact or at
least very well-preserved). Errors are relatively few, when we consider the great
number of preserved specimens, but I found in this collection twelve faultily "la-
belled" weights, of which four are coin weights and eight heavy weights. They are
as follows.:
Coin weights:
Catalogue:
only 28.
808. This bears the Coptic figures for 26 kharruba, but the actual weight is that
of 28.
28
Heavy weights:
648. Notwithstanding the legend: ratl kablr, this is a later 'Abbasid double ratl.
791. Inscriped one-quarter ratl, the weight is that of a half ratl kablr.
799-800. Both pieces have the legend wuqiyya kabir, but are 'Abbasid double
wuqiyya weights.
weight.
807. This is the most curious piece of all. An oval disc, it bears the legend one-
quarter dirham kayl, three times repeated, and in reality, is a half wuqiyya.
Measure Stamps
A substantial part of the collection consists of vessel stamps, 413 specimens distri-
The measure stamps can also be grouped in the following categories: Those which
show the protocol of officials and the name of a substance, with or without the name
of the measure of capacity of the vessel. Or those on which, after the names of the
From a very early date, it became usual to affix two stamps to the rim of the vessel,
one with the name of the drug and another with the short protocol of the official re-
sponsible for the manufacture of the pharmaceutical measure of capacity. The latter
stamp is called the "executive stamp." We have a few specimens which are composed
of a segment of the rim of the bottle, with the two stamps still attached to it side by
side.
The apposition of drug stamp and executive stamp on the vessels started under
Yazld b. Abl-Yazld (Cat. 221) who was Umayyad prefect and also finance director
between 116 and 128 H. The latest stamp with the name of the measure of capacity
dates from the governorship of 'All b. Sulayman, between 169 and 171 H., but the
stamps with an official's protocol and the name of drugs ceased before this date. For the
period after 171 H. through the entire 'Abbasid period and also under the Tulunids,
only executive stamps have survived. Some of the drug stamps may also result from
It has already been stated that it was Miles who recognized that the stamps with
names of substances were, in reality, labels for pharmaceutical containers and not simple
markers for seeds, fruit, vegetables and other market products. Over one hundred
drugs are listed in Miles, "Pharm." and these seem to represent the pharmaceuticals
which were prescribed in the everyday medical practice of the eighth and ninth centuries
A.D. As there were about 3000 different drugs known to the authors of Arabic medical
works, those substances on the glass must have been only the most frequently dispensed
medicaments.
hitherto unpublished drug names from the vessel stamps in this collection. They are
the following:
^l, myrtle
29
JsS^I, rosemary
tfjll, garum
On most vessel stamps, except on the purely executive ones, the quantity of the
content is marked. The most common measure of capacity is the qist or its fractions
(1/2, 1/4). Otherwise, the measure is the mikyala (mikyal or, more frequently mikyal),
the value of which is uncertain. In a few cases, however, the mikyala is specified as
containing: One-half ratl of whey (Cat. 897), or two and one-half ratl of sarsaparilla
(Cat. 866), or simply a mikyala of two ratl (Cat. 914). The word mikyala is sometimes
omitted and then the stamp reads: One half ratl of grease (Cat. 171, 190), or on other
An enigmatic measure of capacity is the qist al-kablr (Cat. 919), of which there are
also fractions: half (Cat. 920-921) and quarter (Cat. 922). The mikyal al-kablr (Cat.
288-289) also belongs here. These measures of capacity of the "kablr" system must
belong with the ratl kablr and the fals kablr systems. But whereas we now know, more
or less exactly, the weight in grams of the ratl al-kablr and its fractions, there are no
documents to indicate the value in grams or cubic centimeters of the qist or mikyal
al-kablr. In other words, there are several intact weights of the kablr system, but no
The only indications of how much a qist al-kablr weighed (and not what its content
expressed in measure of capacity) is in Sauvaire (Pt. 2, p. 442, lines 2-4): it was equi-
valent to 4 ratls of 397.26 gm. (the later 'Abbasid ratl) = 1589.04 gm.
Another measure of capacity, about which nothing but its name is known at present,
is the qistan, The qistan occurs as a half qistan, on Cat. 159-161, and as a quarter
qistan on Cat. 162-169. Miles tentatively interpreted the word j^-J as two qist,
but at the same time remarked that it seems unlikely that the engraver intended to
write "half of two qist." (CAM I, p. 51). Launois (Cairo, pp. 60-64) translated the
word jliuJ as mustar, jlk~*, or grape juice or must, which is evidently a mistake.
Qistan, jlk-J, or qistar (?), jlk~i, is probably a special measure of capacity not
mentioned in Sauvaire. There is, however, qestes, ^Jt^i, which should be the same
as qist, Ja-Ji.
Another measure of capacity, although known to Sauvaire, has never before been
met with on the glass: it is the rub', _>, or the rub'a, i^. For discussion, see our
Cat. 59-60. Finally, an equally rare measure of capacity must be mentioned; the thumn,
Very few intact measures of capacity have been preserved and those extant are all
small, only fractions of the unit, the qist. I know of only seven specimens, but there
may be more, especially in the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo. At the present, the
1. With lateral stamp, on it: olj .k~i> qist waf. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
2. Miles, "Pharm." Fig. 1. Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo, Inventory no. 14646.
. . ftt
4. Miles, "Pharm." Fig. 3. Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo. Capacity 3.0 cc.
5. Balog coll., unpublished. Small jug with handle (32 x 40 mm.), stamp missing from
spot where the upper branch of the handle joined the rim. Thin wall. Capacity 24 cc.
6. Balog coll., unpublished. Mortar shaped vessel with thick walls and pushed up
bottom, no handle. (58 x 58 mm.). One stamp (16 mm.) on the rim, one underneath.
Surfaces corroded, so that the capacity, now of 21 cc, may have been of 20 cc.
7. Balog coll., unpublished. Phiole or situla-shaped small measure, with handle and
rim. Stamp on the side opposite the handle. Total length 55 mm., width near the
neck 17, and near the rounded bottom 22. On the stamp: (i_)_L5
It will be noted that of the seven measures, one has the legend qist waf, another
mikyala waf and a third, mikyala zayt nafls. The inscriptions on the other four have
been effaced or are missing. Therefore, only three could be useful in calculating the
relationship with the corresponding qist or mikyala. The fact that on the specimen of
the Metropolitan Museum ,Jlj Ja^i is written, does not mean that this is a complete
At this stage, the few existing intact measures of capacity are not sufficient to re-
construct the value of the qist, especially as four out of seven specimens bear no indica-
tion of the container's nature and denomination, and two are mikyalas, which probably
In this regard, one cannot use Sauvaire's text (Pt. 2, pp. 439-444) with any degree of
the manifold data in Sauvaire suggest, just as the weight systems used in Egypt proved
IN THE CATALOGUE
Umayyads
Usama b. Zayd, finance director, 96-9 H./ A.D. 714-17; interim governor, 102 H./
A.D. 720-1.
Hayyan b. Shurayh, finance director, 99-101 H./ A.D. 717-20 (probably later, until
Hafs b. al-Walld, governor, 108 H./ A.D. 727; governor, 124-7 H./ A.D. 742-4; finance
director, 124-5 H./ A.D. 742-3; governor, 127-8 H./ A.D. 745-6.
Yazld b. Abl Yazld, prefect, ca. 116-7 H./ A.D. 734-45.; finance director, 127-8 H./
A.D. 745.
'ha b. Abl 'Ata, finance director, 125-7 H./ A.D. 743-5; 128-31 H./ A.D. 745-9.
'Abd al-Malik b. Marwdn, finance director, 131-2 H./ A.D. 749; governor, 132-3 H./
A.D. 748-50.
Mukhallad b. Yahya (or: Mukhallad and Yahya?) under 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan
'Abbasids
their rule.
Salih b. 'All, governor, 133 H./ A.D. 750-1; 136-7 H./ A.D. 753-5.
al-Luqa, executive, 133 H./ A.D. 750, or 136 H./ A.D. 753.
'Abd al-Malik b. Yazld, governor and finance director, 133-6 H./ A.D. 751-3; 137-41 H./
A.D. 755-8.
'Asim b. Hafs, prefect, ca. 133-41 H./ A.D. 751-8; ca. 165-9 H./ A.D. 781-6.
32
Chronology of Officials
33
Musa b. Ka'b, governor and finance director, 141 H./ A.D. 758-9.
Maymun b. Ka'b, prefect, presumably for his brother (?) Musa b. Ka'b, ca. 141 H./
A.D. 758-9.
Sa'ld b. al-Musayyib, prefect, sometime between 144-52 H. / A.D. 761-9 and 152-7
H. / A.D. 769-73.
Yahya, mawla of al-Mahdl, sometime between 158 and 169 H. / A.D. 775-85. If identi-
cal with Abu Salih Yahya, then: 162-3 H. / A.D. 778-9. In any case, this is a true
mawla.
161 H. prefect.
Wadih, mawla of al-Mansur, governor and finance director, 162 H. / A.D. 778. A true
'Abd al-Rahman b. Maysara, deputy prefect, 162 H. / A.D. 778; prefect, 167-8 H.
Ibrahim b. Salih, governor, 165-7 H. / A.D. 781-4; finance director, 174 H. / A.D. 790-1;
'Abd Allah b. Yazld, prefect, 165-7 H. / A.D. 781-4 or 174 H. / A.D. 790-1, or 176 H.
/ A.D. 792.
34
Musa b. 'Isa, governor, 171-2 H. / A.D. 787-8; 175-6 H. / A.D. 791-2; 179-80 H.
/ A.D. 795-6.
Salih b. Muslim, prefect, ca. 171-82 H. / A.D. 787-98., under Layth b. al-Fadl, 182 H.
Musa b. Sabiq, prefect, sometime between 171 and 180 H. / A.D. 787-96.
Hashim b. Salim, executive, 171-2 H. / A.D. 787-8 or 175-6 H. / A.D. 791-2 or 179-80 H.
/ A.D.795-6.
or
'Abd al-'Aziz b. Humayd, prefect under al-Layth b. al Fadl, 182 H. / A.D. 798, or
'Abd Allah or 'Ubayd Allah b. Muhammad, prefect, then governor, 189-90 H. / A.D.
804-5.
'All b. al-Safradl, prefect for al-Husayn b. Jamll and Malik b. Dalham, between 190
Malik b. Dalham, governor and finance director (22 Rabl' II 192-4 Safar 193 H. / Feb.
al-Multalib b. 'Abd Allah, governor, 198 H. / A.D. 813-4; 199-200 H. / A.D. 814-5.
Abu Bakr b. Junada, prefect under al-Muttalib and under al-Sarl b. al-Hakam.
Chronology of Officials
35
'Abdawayh b. Jabala, prefect, 212-3 H. / A.D. 827-8; governor, 215-6 H. / A.D. 830-1.
'Isa b. Mansiir, prefect, Sha'ban 215-6 H. / A.D. 830-1; governor, with title of mawla,
'All b. Yahya al-Armani, governor, with title of mawla, 226-9 H. / A.D. 840-3;
Harthama b. Nadr Jabali, prefect before 230 H. / A.D. 844; governor, 233-4 H. / A.D.
Khut 'Abd al-Wahid Yahya, governor, with title of mawla, 236-8 H. / A.D. 850-2.
Zakariya and 'Isa, sons of Yahya, government clerks, 237 H. / A.D., 851, or before.
/ A.D. 852-6.
Yazid b. 'Abd Allah, governor, with title of mawla, 242-53 H. / A.D. 856-67.
Tulunids
Ahmad b. Tulun, governor, with title of mawla, 254-66 H. / A.D. 868-79; ruler, 266-
70 H. / A.D. 879-83.
To get reasonably clear pictures of the inscriptions from photographs taken directly
of the glass pieces themselves would have been an extremely difficult task. Therefore,
I used plaster casts which are easier and quicker to photograph. I also employed a
special technique which had already served me well in the photographing of badly
worn or dark Islamic copper coins, that of shading with graphite. The prominent patrs
of the coins or the glass (primarily the inscriptions) are very delicately treated with
graphite, which has been rubbed onto the tip of one's finger. Then the graphite is
passed onto the surface of the cast with very slight strokes. It is important not to apply
any pressure, otherwise not only the prominent parts of the inscriptions, but also the
whole surface between them, become dark, and the purpose of the treatment is defeated.
When correctly applied, the legends stand out very clearly from the background.
To show well-preserved, complete ring weights in lateral view, and one very large
disk weight in frontal view, direct photographs of the glass were preferred. On some
weights the inscriptions are much effaced and would not have been visible; we therefore
decided not to reproduce them. Others are not illustrated since the surface of the glass
was too brittle, and the making of a cast would have seriously damaged the already
precarious state of the legends. Some varieties are already well known from illustrations
in other publications; these have been omitted from the plates. On the other hand,
quite a few hitherto unpublished or otherwise interesting pieces have been illustrated in
several specimens.
More than half of the photographs were made with the affectionate help of my wife.
THE CATALOGUE
'Abd al-Kader Amlr Jafar 'Abd al-Kader, "Monnaies et poids en verre indits,"
Ahmed Issa Ahmed Issa Bey, Dictionnaire des noms des plantes en latin, francais,
siecle A.D. avec les noms de drogues," JESHO 6 (1963), pp. 219-27.
Cairo, 1936.
Bernard, Samuel, Notice sur les poids arabes anciens et modernes, Paris, 1817.
BMC Stanley Lane-Poole: Catalogue of Arabic Glass Weights in the British Museum,
London, 1893.
Arabic Glass Weights and Measure Stamps in the Benaki Museum, Athens, and
the Peter Ruthven Collection, Ann Arbor. First Part: The Benaki Collection,
Arabic Glass Weights and Measure Stamps in the Benaki Museum, Athens, and
the Peter Ruthven Collection, Ann Arbor. Second Part: The Peter Ruthven Collec-
Casanova Paul Casanova, Catalogue des pi&ces de verre d'epoque byzantine et arabe
Casanova, "Poids" Paul Casanova, "Etude sur les inscriptions arabes des poids
pp. 89-121.
Eichstempel aus Agypten in den Berliner Museen," Aus der Welt der Islamischen
39
40
EAG I George C. Miles, Early Arabic Glass Weights and Stamps, (ANSNNM 111),
EAG II George C. Miles, Early Arabic Glass Weights and Stamps. A Supplement,
Ettinghausen, Richard, "An Umayyad Pound Weight," Journal of the Wallers Art
al-Ghafiqi M. Meyerhof and G. Sobhy, The Abridged Version of the "Book of Simple
Cairo, 1932.
Grabar, Oleg, The Coinage of the Tulunids, (ANSNNM 139), New York, 1957.
Heuser, G., "Die Personnennamen der Kopten," Studien zur Epigraphik und Pa-
Vienna, 1853.
Paris, 1877-83.
Jungfleisch, "Poids" Marcel C. Jungfleisch, "Un Poids et une Estampille sur verre
datant d'Ahmed ibn Touloun," BIE 30 (1947-8, publ. 1948), pp. 1-9.
Jungfleisch, BIE 1956 Marcel C. Jungfleisch, "Le systeme ponderal islamique dit
Leiden, 1912.
Kisch, Bruno, "Weights and Scales in Mediaeval Scandinavia," Journal of the History
of Medicine and Allied Sciences (New Haven, Apr. 1959), pp. 165-6.
Kmietowicz, Anna, "Deneraux et poids musulmans en verre conserves dans les musees
Catalogue: Bibliography
41
1959.
Launois, Maspfro Aimee Launois, Catalogue des etalons monetaires et autres pieces
1940.
Miles, "Coin Weights" George C. Miles, "On the Varieties and Accuracy of Eighth
Century Arab Coin Weights," Eretz Israel 7 (1964, L.A. Mayer Memorial Vol.),
pp. 78-87.
Miles, "Corning" George C. Miles, "Umayyad and 'Abbasid Glass Weights and
Miles, "Cumin" George C. Miles, "Cumin and Vinegar for Hiccups," Archaeology,
1951, p. 23.
Miles, "Hayyan" George C. Miles, "A Glass Measure Issued by Hayyan b. Shurayh,"
Studi Orientalistici in Onore di Giorgio Levi Della Vida 2 (Rome, 1956), pp. 148-58.
Miles, "Muntaza" George C. Miles, "Early Islamic Weights and Measures in Mun-
8th Century A.D.," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 15 (New
MSES Paul Balog, Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt and Syria, (ANSNS 12),
Petrie Flinders Petrie, Glass Stamps and Weights Illustrated from the Egyptian
Rice, David Storm, "A Wuqiyyah Weight of Wadih," BSOAS 17 (1955), p. 172, in a
pp. 98-112.
et de la metrologie musulmanes, " Journal Asiatique 14, 15, 17, 19, Paris, 1879-
1887.
42
Wiistenfeld, F., Die Statthalter von Agypten zur Zeit der Chalifen, Gottingen, 1875-6.
I. UMAYYADS
QURRA B. SHARIK
Ring Weights
vJ weight.
Unpublished. In one of the important public collections there are unpublished heavy
weights of Qurra.
bottle. There might have been a suspension hole across the body of the weight,
now lost. \
Unpublished.
Coin Weights
3. DINAR.
I ej Qurra the
amir.
43
Unpublished.
The weight is not that of the reform dinar, but rather approaches the Byzan-
tine solidus.
4. DINAR.
5. ONE-THIRD DINAR.
VI I Ordered the
cj amlr Qurra
j full weight.
6. QIST.
Bottle Stamps
J* ij Qurra b. Sharlk
Petrie 87.
Catalogue: Umayyads
45
7. QIST.
Unpublished.
Qurra b. Sharlk
8. ONE-HALF QIST.
Unpublished.
Qurra one-half
qist.
9. ONE-HALF QIST.
Qurra one-half
qist,
full measure.
ji-Vljj
Qurrah one-quarter
qist,
full measure.
Casanova, p. 397, No. 96: EAG.I, 3.; CAM.I, 3.; Dudzus, "Glasstempel" lb (without
Jto
46
USAMA B. ZAYD
Disk Weight
j... [...].
Light blue green, nearly transparent. Diam. 114; diam. of impression 34;
So far only these three heavy weights of Usama are known. There are others,
Coin Weights
j i>. ma b. Zayd
| jj Ordered U-
,j weight.
Catalogue: Umayyads
17
Casanova read Jlau, but on his illustration jI>-i is clear; CAM.I, 6. in-
stead of bj*3 .
19. QIST.
Bottle Stamps
I jj Ordered U-
Oj yd a qist,
I Ordered U-
* iJvj Ju yd one-half
Petrie 89, 90; CAM.I, 8, 9.; CAM.II, Ruthven 1. Launois, Cairo3,4; Dudzus, "Glasstempel"
2. Miles, "Corning" 1.
48
Ja,i Ju
Ordered U-
sama b. Za-
yd one-quarter qist,
full measure.
(sic) h.-U j
Ordered Usa-
ma b. Zayd one-
quarter qist.
U j*\
Ordered Usa-
ma b. Zayd
(full) measure.
LI s*\
^kU Ja-J
Unpublished.
For the discussion of the meaning of ^JjJI see EAG.I, p. 28, EAG.II, p. 49
Ordered Usa-
ma b. Zayd
full measure.
Catalogue: Umayyads
49
Ll^l
**J Cr. **
Miles, "Corning." 2.
Ordered Usa-
ma b. Zayd
one-half qist
for tila.
LI
.r"
Unpublished.
*kJI
Ordered Usa-
ma b. Zayd
one-half qist
for tila,
full measure.
LI jj
la..J jj
!*kJI
Ordered Usa-
ma b. Zayd
one-quarter qist
for tila.
*LC Ju j
i djJ
Unpublished.
Ordered U-
sama b.
Zayd a mikyala
of white
cumin.
32.
UA FOR
WHEY.
trll
L.l^l
Ordered Usa
ma b. Zayd
XLC
a mikyala
jua
for whey.
Unpublished.
There seems to be a superfluous alif at the end of the third line, but I am in-
sible alternative drug (JJLi\, box-tree, is suggested. I think in this case there is
little doubt that the substance is (_ill. See also Balog, "Estampilles," Nos.9,13.
I iLSC a mikyala of
Unpublished.
HAYYAN B. SHURAYH
Ring Weights
Fragment. Only a large part of the head with most of the principal impression
Catalogue: Umayyads
51
(*JU)li
Honesty
for Allah.
CAM.II Ruthven 3; Casanova, p. 391, No. 47 is a half-ratl weight but otherwise has same
legend.
Fragment of a ring weight, with most of the round principal impression pre-
served, 27:
This specimen, presented to me by the late Kamil Osman Ghalib pasha, is identical with
Miles identified the substance as grapes, i_^jjJ|. At first, I thought that it must
rather be jyjJI, precious metal, or unminted gold or silver and that this weight
was manufactured with special care for the weighing of gold or silver. The
more so, as I failed to see why grapes would call for a special weight in a Mu-
hammadan country. Since, however, I have come round to the view expressed
for grapes. There are now several weights with the name of this commodity:
similar one in our own collection (Cat. 136), and two more in the name of Yazid
b. Abl Yazld also in our collection (Cat. 213-214). The fact, that there isanother,
unique weight in our collection, in the name of al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd Allah, for
Thus the number of commodities for which special weights have been made
of the Louvre a bottle stamp which Vir6 read (p. 24) as i--~yJI, al-'ubab, "'ubab
of the substance i^-jJI on a bottle stamp is, of course, fully justified, , .oJI
full weight.
52
Disk Weights
36. WUQIYYA. Intact oval disk weight with two round impressions. Principal
stamp, 25:
Ordered Hayyan
jj| Honesty
Unpublished.
This is, so far, the earliest known intact Umayyad wuqiyya weight.
Coin Weights
jU Ordered Hayyan
^ji, b. Shurayh
Bottle Stamps
>j-2 Shurayh
I iLiCc a mikyala of
iiju. usqurqa.
Unpublished.
Catalogue: Umayyads
53
is "a certain beverage made from millet, or the wine of the Abyssinians, or
a certain beverage of the people of al-Hijaz, made from barley and other grains."
Its name, gjL,, is the Arabicized form of the Persian 'iSjL.. As the word is
not of Arabic but of foreign origin, it may well be that the engraver wrote it
with two qafs, according to the Arabic spelling, but ended it with a ha, as in
the Persian original. The spelling with an initial alif indicates either that the
error. But I have little doubt that both stand for the same thing.
or Ducros. 'isjL, occurs on our Stamp Cat. 171, issued by al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd
Dudzus read the substance as olive oil, but I think I can recognize the word
measure.
Unpublished.
The only other stamp with hinna al-ras, in the collections of the ANS, is men-
tioned in CAM.II, Benaki, p. 13. It was issued in the name of Usama b. Zayd.
MIKYALA OF HINNA M
ARE
I? \ ,. U
Ordered Hayyan
b. Shurayh
a mikyala of hinna
iJIj \j*
35.
Unpublished.
u^ij Lo>. IB adds "C'est une plante qui ressemble a la lentille d'eau... Le nom
arabe de cette plante signifie Lichen des Roches." Under No. 664 IB lists an
In Ahmed Issa, p. 186, No. 13, j**a}\ jl>. of which u1jJ L is a synonym,
is identified with Usnea barbata Var. Florida of the family of the Vacciniaceae.
This botanical excursion is made for the following reasons: the first two letters
of the adjective which follows the word hinna on the glass stamp have been
read as ^, mim ra. The second part of the adjective is, to say the least,
enigmatic. Miles (CAM II. Benaki 34, and "Muntaza" 16), very reluctantly
and with a query, identified it with (hinna) mard or mara? I could find no
would be compatible with such a reading. On the other hand, ^ could mean
J, qur-, as there is no difference between the mlm and the qaf of this primitive,
very archaic form of Kufic script. Of course, the second half of the adjective
still remains enigmatic and illegible, but I very tentatively suggest that it may
have been intended to represent, in a bungled way, a ya and sln. If this be true,
Catalogue: Umayyads
55
Unpublished.
Several stamps, which have been published with the reading olive oil, oj>U,
seem to me to bear the legend sour milk, ^.jii . I list them here for further
Although on several stamps the final mlm of ^.j is partially off flan, it is
sufficiently well preserved on others. I have little doubt about the correctness
al-Ghafiqi. I found it, however, in Belot. In Lane's Vol. 1 PI. 3, p. 1059. Kazi-
mirsky 1860, p. 841 translates the word as "lait caille," sour milk. Sour milk
b. Shurayh
measure.
(sic) ^ySjj^
Ordered Hayyan
b. Shurayh
lentils,
roast
full measure.
Unpublished.
56
Ordered Hayyan
b. Shurayh
full measure.
Unpublished.
>_j b. Shurayh
eiI measure.
(Ordered) Hayyan
b. Shurayh
one-quarter qist
measure.
oL~ 0*i)
wiii jj
Catalogue: Umayyads
57
Ordered Hayyan
b. Shurayh
full measure.
Unpublished.
The reading of the substance did not present great difficulties. As for the
name or denomination of the measuring vessel, the only solution seems to me:
Vol. 2, Pt. 3 p. 171 of the original pagination, p. 48 of the offprint). This "al-
vaire), and not to be used for pharmaceutical products. But according to Eliya,
offprint), there exists a "rub') containing only 200 dirhams of wine, or 180
"rub"' contains 584 gm. wine, or ca. 526 gm. olive oil, or 686 gm. honey. Based
on Miles's figure of 2.93 gm. for the silver dirham ("Byzantine Miliaresion,"
pp. 189-218), there would be: 586 gm. of wine, or 527.40 gm. of olive oil, or
791.10 gm. of honey. This is well within the limits of the use of pharmaceutical
drugs.
However, the name of our container does not end with a regular final 'ain.
The latter is followed by a diagonal stroke, which might represent a final ha'.
If so, then the container is not a rub', but rather a rub'a (Sauvaire, Vol. 2 Pt.3,
p. 173 of the original or 50 in offprint). This rub'a is one fourth of the qadah
and equals 514.96 gm; based on Miles, it should contain only 488.31 gm.
Ordered Hayyan
b. Shurayh
a mikyala of woad
leaves, full
measure.
58
CALIPH YAZID II
Vessel Stamps
.re-
ordered 'Abdullah
(hands) of Hayyan b.
Shurayh.
Casanova, p. 66, No. 95; Petrie 86; CAM.1,19-22; Miles, "Hayyan," p. 151, Nos. 4-6.
Although not dated, this was issued in 101 H. which was Hayyan's last year
HAYYAN B. SHURAYH.
40JI JL*
Ordered 'Abdullah
Unpublished.
Launois, Cairo 15 published a vessel stamp with the same legend and a nearly
Catalogue: Umayyads
59
to act on the alimentary tract, and also as a vermifuge. In Rhazes, p. 196, garum, iSj^,
(Paris, 1914), p. 9 note 3, "Le mori ou morri est une preparation du poisson; elle consiste
a mettre le poisson dans du vin avec du sel et de l'exposei ensuite au soleil de facon
Ring Weights
(^jlpbJ-I al-Habhab, a
Dark emerald green, translucent. Total diam. at top 58, stamp 30.
Unpublished.
60
I ii- year
j four-
jLs. teen
Disk Weight
al-Habhab.
full (weight).
Coin Weights
Catalogue: Umayyads
61
At jj L,
[...]
[...]
U)I
* tJlj
Allah b. al-Habhab,
full weight.
Jl2L. V_J
iJ
Fahmy 13.
by 'Ubayd A-
llah b. al-Habhab,
the weight of
one-half, full
weight.
62
by 'Ubayd A-
full weight.
Mil ^j
Unpublished.
Allah b. al-Habhab,
weight.
This is a complete "fals" of 36 qlrat. The word qlrat is written with an alif
"ij Wj*
b. al-Habhab
thirty four
qlrat, full
weight.
CAM I, 24 (the word jlJ is visible on the illustration); Fahmy 15 (discussion of the word
Catalogue: Umayyads
63
Ordered 'Ubayd A-
llah b. al-Habhab
twenty four
kharruba, full
weight.
'Ubayd Allah b.
of a fals of twenty
*JJI [*~J
ibn al-Habhab
of a fals-weight
of twenty qlr-
at.
64
(sic) ^1*I
a fals-weight
of eighteen
kharruba.
al-Habhab, a fals-weight
of eighteen
kharruba.
^I L,
I i>J
CAM I, 29; CAM II. Benaki 8; Launois. Cairo 54-56; Miles, "Muntaza" 8; Petrie 100-
Fahmy simply refers to the legend of his No. 25, but from the illustration it
b. al-Habhab a weight of
fals of eighteen
Unpublished.
Catalogue: Umayyads
65
i^j\^J-\ Cx b. al-Habhab
One-half fals should really contain 18 qlrat and not 17. As was suggested in
present case, the word is to be interpreted as "part of" and not literally as
of fifteen
o weight.
66
Vessel Stamps
To my knowledge, five more specimens of this curious issue are known: Petrie 97 ("Frag-
ment, ground around; green; stamp?); CAM I. 28. Weight: 3.78; Miles calls it a "curious
piece"; CAM I. 45 "Executive stamp;" Fahmy 41. Weight: 3.87; Launois, Maspiro 6.
Weight: 4.20.
Most of the published pieces have been tampered with by the Egyptian antique
dealers who had them ground around the margin and often also on the reverse.
This was to raise the commercial value of the pieces which could now be sold
as coin weights and not as broken-off bottle stamps. Traces of recent grinding
are visible on my two specimens; they were also detected by Petrie on his No. 97.
Miles, on the first specimen in CAM I, 28, remarks that "this is a curious piece"
and his second, CAM I, 45, actually is a bottle stamp. Another indication that
they cannot be coin weights, is the fact that each piece has a different weight.
It is therefore probable that the entire series should be considered bottle stamps.
'Ubayd
Allah b.
al-Habhab.
89. QIST.
U)I X~S. 4j
ij Jai
by 'Ubayd Allah
b. al-Habhab,
a qist, full
measure.
by 'Ubayd Allah
b. al-Habhab, one-quarter
qist, full
measure.
Catalogue: Umayyads
67
Casanova, p. 366, No. 106-107; Petrie 105-106; EAG I, 20; CAM I, 38-41; CAM II.
Ruthven 8; Launois, Cairo 20-27; \iri 11; Dudzus, "Glasstempel" 4b; Miles, "Corning" 9.
40JI JL-*
Unpublished.
Ducros No. 4; Ahmed Issa, p. 122, No. 19, IB, p. 66, No. 69 and Sharaf p. 526.
or taken internally and was said to be effective against different aches. It was
also applied in cases of ulcers of the stomach. Not only the fruit, fresh or dried,
but also the leaves, the rind and even the wood was employed.
L.J i_>l3E-J-I
In the name of
Allah, order of
'Ubayd Allah
b. al-Habhab
full measure.
measure.
68
ordered 'Ubayd A-
llah b. al-Habhab
one-quarter qist
measure.
Petrie 108; Casanova, p. 368, No. 109-119; EAG I, 21 (slightly different arrangement);
EAG II, 4; CAM I, 42-43; CAM II. Ruthven 9; Miles, "Muntaza" 11 (slightly different
arrangement); Dudzus, Gewichte le; Launois, Cairo 31-38; Vire 9; Miles, "Corning"
10-12.
Jtl mi p
^ lentils,
Unpublished.
In this case, "black lentils" do not mean "decorticated ordinary lentils," but
are to be identified with Lens esculenta s. sp. nigricans (M. Bieb) Telling, or
Lens nigricans Godr. This is a wild-growing weed with yellowish seeds. Its
habitat is Spain, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, Caucasus and Algiers. (Flore de
The mediaeval Arabic medical works do not mention Lens nigricans among their
drugs.
Catalogue: Umayyads
69
iLSCi 'it
BAG /, 23.
b. al-Habhab
of shelled lentils, of
full measure.
jU)I ^
<*
of a mikyala of privet,
of full measure.
Unpublished.
Privet (Buxus dioica Forskal, Fam. Buxaceae). The dried leaves, mixed with
Minna, were used for dyeing the hair. (IB 1886, Ahmed Issa, p. 34, No. 23),
Smith collection, issued for privet (~$). The issuing official's name is not
mentioned.
*JUI
*JUI
.l
of a mikyala of white
40.
70
(i=.)j mea(sure).
I suggest that the last three letters of ju^qj at the end of the third line are
i_.L>cJ-I (y b. al-Habhab
<mi
.mi
Unpublished.
hands of Junada b.
Maysara. Year
Catalogue: Umayyads
71
Only the alif of the digit is on the flan. Nevertheless, I believe the date is
111 H. because all the stamps of 'Ubayd Allah b. al-Habhab issued together with
Junada b. Maysara bear the same date, 111 H. Compare CAM I, 37 and Cata-
ei da b. Maysara.
Unpublished. For the reading of the prefect's name, which is quite clear on our specimens
b. al-Habhab one-quarter
da b. Maysara. Year
eleven
one hundred.
Rogers 1; BM 392; EAG I, 19; CAM II. Ruthven 10; Miles, "Muntaza" 10; Launois.
0*.
72
HAFS B. AL-WALID
Disk Weights
of one-half ratl,
(full weight).
Unpublished.
126. DOUBLE WUQIYYA. Chipped. About 15-20 percent missing. Square imprint,
Thickness 18.
Unpublished.
The legend is in small characters, difficult to read; there are also some flaws
correct.
The center of the reverse presents a sallow lenticular excavation, about two
cm. in diameter, caused by hammering. The weight was tampered with, prob-
mlr Hafs b.
weight.
Catalogue: Umayyads
73
The peculiar, very thick disk form is exceptional at this early stage. The
Rogers 14; Grohmann 5; Fahmy 42 (but different arrangement); Launois; Maspiro 8 (end
Coin Weights
Hafs b. al-Walld
ld b. Abl Yaz-
ld.
jJ^\ jjj li
JUlj 'ijC^Oi
Jb
Hafs b. al-Walld
Abl Yazld.
Launois, Maspiro 9.
Petrie 128.
Errors in spelling.
Vessel Stamps
132. QIST.
40)I ^
Unpublished.
of a full-measure mikyala
Catalogue: Umavyads
75
Unpublished.
Ring Weights
* cJ
al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd
tl of meat, full
weight.
angle:
not occur on the weights or stamps of any other official, Umayyad or 'Abbasid.
76
Top part of ring weight, with round stamp, which may have been around 45 mm.
in diameter:
Unpublished.
This is one of a small group of exceptional heavy weights with the name of
grapes, ,_^lJI, by Miles, "Hayyan" p. 152; Dudzus, "Gewichte" 3d; and Groh-
mann, Chrestomathie p. 153 first paragraph and note 4. This is the specimen
described above, p. 000 which was given to me by Ghalib Pasha. See also Cat.
53, 215-216.
Large ring weight, about half (top and right side) preserved. Round imprint
at top (40), with deep narrow punch hole in prominent rim on the left side
A similar punch hole presumably existed on the now broken-off right side
Unpublished.
Catalogue: Umayvads
77
I first thought that the prefect's name was Saffar, jU^. but accept Miles's
reading as Zaffar, jlik, because of the long vertical stroke on the first letter
(U instead of ^e). All the previously published weights or stamps with the
name of Zaffar b. Shaba were issued in 122 H.; the present weight proves that
138. Dark emerald green, translucent. Fragment 58 x 48; round imprint 38.
139. Dark sea green, almost opaque. Fragment 58 x 48; round imprint 38.
Unpublished.
The substance, jujube or al-'unnab (c_jU*JI), has not been previously seen on
the glass. See IB 1594, Maimonides 291 and Ahmed Issa p. 192, No. 7. The
fruit of several species are used, mostly that of Zizyphus sativa Gartner (= Zi-
For the name of the prefect's father, al-Murr, see Cat. 144 and 204, on which
al-Murr is quite clear. See also Musa b. Ka'b's complete name in al-Kindi,
(l>.) |%~lSJI
sagelike rim.
Unpublished.
Weights
full (weight).
78
'[...] [...]
Unpublished.
Round disk of which about half is preserved. Punch-hole like fixation point in rim.
Si one hundred.
Unpublished.
Fragment of a round disk with one round imprint. Fixation point in the rim.
Unpublished.
Catalogue: Umayyads
79
Round disk of which nearly half is missing, one round stamp. Broken and mended.
Unpublished.
Coin Weights
80
147. Pale green, translucent. 23. Broken, about one-third missing. No star.
EAG I, 28; Miles, "Muntaza" 12; Launois, Cairo 89-91; Fahmy 89-91.
I jUJI ^
jJL 40) I
ordered al-Qasim b.
of Muslim b. al-'Arr-
dinar, al-Qasim b.
of Zaffar b. Shaba.
Unpublished.
Catalogue: Umayyads
81
al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd
BM 5; Petrie 112-114; EAG II. 8; CAM I. 49-50; Fahmy 53-58; Launois, Cairo 96-98;
Launois, Maspiro 7.
(I .0))I ^
kharruba, al-Qa(sim)
f. Year nine-
(hundred).
82
Ordered al-Qa-
sim b. 'Ubayd
Allah a ratl,
full weight.
Unpublished.
Style of writing not very good. The denomination, ratl, is also puzzling
In CAM I. 55, Miles discussed the meaning of the curious ending jlU .;.
He raised the question whether jlki might be the dual of Ja^j, but re-
jected this possibility immediately; although his No. 55 was a full "qistan,"
would be the simpler and more usual way to give the denomination. Also,
a qist is preferable and infinitely more usual than one-half of a double qist.
I believe that qistan is not a double qist, but the name of a special measure
Vessel Stamps
-mi *h
-mI Jl^
Ordered al-Qasim
b. 'Ubayd Allah
one-half qistan,
full measure.
Catalogue: Umayyads
83
Ordered al-Qasim b.
qistan,
full measure.
40)I ,h
Unpublished.
seed,
al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd
I 4JUI
Unpublished.
b. 'Ubayd Allah.
84
The quantity of the substance is stated in weight (ratl) and not in measure
today, certain semi-liquid commodities, like thick fresh cream, although poured
into a container, are sold per pound and not per ounce or pint in Italy and
Petrie 123; Miles, "Muntaza" 15; Launois, Cairo 65; Dudzus, "Glasstempel" 6c.
Unpublished.
Compare Cat. 39, a stamp issued by Hayyan b. Shurayh, on which the sub-
(Or)dered al-Qasim
b. 'Ubayd Allah
full measure.
Ordered al-Qasim
b. 'Ubayd Allah
Ordered al-Qasim
b. 'Ubayd Allah
of mustard,
full measure.
Catalogue: Umayyads
85
175. Blue green, transparent. Small segment at bottom broken off. 37.
full measure.
I 4JUI
lipL Ji)I
U.ill I jut.
of this qist
al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd
b. al-'Arraf. Year
nineteen and
one hundred.
EAG II, 10; CAM I, 56-57; Launois, Cairo 73-75; Dudzus, "Gewichte" 3e; Miles, "Cor-
ning" 14-15.
86
EAG II, 11; CAM I, 61; CAM 1I. Benaki 15; Launois, Cairo 69-72; Dudzus, "Glasstem-
4j L J ^M,fr A*M
b. al-'Arraf. Year
U*.5 (-^D
(b. al)-'Arraf.
[...]
Unpublished.
Ra of ratl omitted.
Catalogue: Umayyads
87
Dated 119 H.
Unpublished.
These two stamps are of exceptionally small size for the period, and the
writing is also in very small characters. The double qualification of the vessel,
(one hundred).
Muslim b. al-'Arra-
f. Year nine-
teen and
one hundred.
I .ujl ^
twenty and
one hundred.
.mi p~i
yu -0J| jj
*f* I A.IK 4 I. I I)
Shaba. Year
twenty two
Catalogue: Umayyads
al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd
r b. Shaba. Year
twenty two
Dated 122 H.
A .*
twenty two
90
204. QIST, with DAWUD B. AL-MURR. Dated 123H. About one-third broken off.
Unpublished.
Dated 123 H.
EAG I, 38.
See also Cat. 138, 139 and 144 for the official's name. The name of the sub-
stance is faultily written, but there is no doubt that ^ju^I j^S is meant.
206. QIST OF PURE ... (substance off flan), with YAZlD B. ABl YAZlD.
Catalogue: Umayyads
91
Unpublished.
208. ONE-QUARTER QIST, with YAZlD B. ABl YAZlD. Dated 122 H. Chip
missing at bottom.
209. Anepigraphic.
There is only a large linear pentagram with sharp points and five pellets in
with the secondary impression on Cat. 135, issued by al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd Allah.
This pentagram, with pointed tips and pellets, has not been found on the glass
of any other official. There are only two exceptions, easy to recognize: Cat.
576, a broken coin weight of Ibrahlm b. Salih, with small linear pentagram in
92
exergue, but no pellets, and the coin weight Cat. 698 of Zakariyya and cIsa, with
Unpublished.
As Prefect
Vessel Stamps
Casanova, p.373 Nos. 175-182; EAGI, 47; CAM I. 74-75: CAM II. Ruthven 17; Launois,
Cairo 120-124.
EAG I, 48; Petrie 132; Miles, "Muntaza" 20; Launois, Cairo 125.
At the hands
of Yazld b. A-
bl Yazld.
Catalogue: Umayyads
Ring Weight
Unpublished.
For the substance grapes, c^jjI, see Miles, "Hayyan," p. 152 and Cat. 35
and 136.
Coin Weights
Unpublished.
The legend starts in the second line and continues in the first. The piece
seems to have been issued during Yazld's interim finance directorship because
the prefect formula, ^jJb ^c, is not used. At the same time, the superior
*J k. Abl Yazld
at.
220. Light green, transparent. No rim. Six-pointed star at the top. 29, 4.11.
BM 7; EAG I, 43; Miles, "Muntaza" 18; Fahmy 80-83; Launois.. Cairo 130-131; Launois,
C.d.M. 12.
94
Vessel Stamps
Ordered Yazld
b. Abl Yazld.
til
CAM I, 68-69.
Ordered Yazld
b. Abl Yazld
measure.
Ordered Yazld
full measure.
Jlj
Ordered Yazld
Catalogue: Umayyads
EAG II, 14; CAM I, 72-73; CAM II. Benaki 20; Launois, Cairo 116-118.
Ordered Yazld b.
Abl Yazld
a mikyala of pure
shelled lentils.
Unpublished.
Ordered Yazld
b. Abl Yazld
a mikyala of cumin,
white,
pure.
Unpublished.
Ordered Yazld
b. Abl Yazld
a mikyala of lu-
pin, full
measure.
Unpublished.
96
Abl Yazld
full measure.
Ring Weight
Only the round principal imprint of both specimens is preserved, and a small
weight.
Unpublished.
Catalogue: Umayyads
97
Disk Weights
239. RATL, with YAZlD B. ABl YAZlD, Issued between 125 and 127 H. Fragment.
(Yazl)d.
Unpublished.
240. ONE-HALF RATL, with YAZlDB. ABI YAZID. Issued between 125 and 127 H.
Fragment
[...]
[...]
At the hands of
Yazld b. A-
bl Yazld.
Petrie 137-138.
As the name of the senior official is missing, the attribution is based on the
issues.
similarity with Petrie 137. This may belong to al-Qasim b. 'Ubayd Allah's
98
Coin Weights
241. ONE-HALF DINAR, with YAZlDB. ABlYAZlD. Issued between 125 and 127 H.
There are several errors in the legend: without the nun, JUt* without
the tha and the alif and dinar written: yto. Yazld b. Abl Yazld's protocol is
still that of a prefect (^Ju ^s.); therefore, the weight was issued during 'Isa
242. ONE-HALF DINAR, with YAZlD B. ABl YAZlD. Issued between 125 and 127 H.
J* J of one-half. At the
jj,y ^ bl Yazld.
Casanova, p. 379 No. 24; EAG I 40; CAM I. 46; CAM II. Benaki 21; Fahmy 72.
243-244. DIRHAM, with YAZlD B. ABl YAZlD. Issued between 125 and 127 H.
l^| C x ^* Yazld.
Catalogue: Umayyads
99
Unpublished.
The dirham weight has been published, but with different legend: Petrie
245. DIRHAM, with YAZlD B. ABl YAZlD, Issued between 125 and 127 H.
b. Abl Yazld.
Unpublished.
Vessel Stamps
246-247. QIST.
'Isa b. Abl
of a qist, full
measure.
Unpublished.
100
248. ONE-HALF QIST. Legend at the beginning and the end of several lines recon-
structed.
BM 394; Other published half-qist stamps, with different legends: CAM I, 81-82; Miles,
"Muntaza" 22.
full (measure).
jU)I
^ ^ (*.)
Ordered 'Isa
With this stamp begins the transformation of the primitive, archaic Kufic.
Catalogue: Umayyads
101
jj 4O)I ^j
uTV
|j o-OO
4_S
measure.
Unpublished.
In the name of
'Isa(b). Abl
'Ata a mikyala
of cumin,
black.
Unpublished.
(mi r..i)
of a full-measure mikyala
Unpublished.
102
As the substance is missing it is impossible to say whether or not the stamp is published.
Ring Weights
256. RATL. Fragment. Only part of the head portion is preserved, with one of two
the second stamp, an oval shape, 35 by 28. The second imprint was probably
,J| weight.
EAG I 50.
stamp.
The legend is identical with ours, but the second stamp is a smaller, executive
Catalogue: Umayyads
103
257. RATL, with MUKHALLAD and YAHYA. This is an even smaller fragment than
Cat. 256. The principal stamp, of which only a third is preserved (in the right
sector) is identical with the legend of Cat. 256 and is easy to reconstruct. On
Unpublished.
and Yahya," ^^.j Jlk, it might just be a mistake of the engraver, instead
of "Mukhallad b. Yahya." On the following ratl, Cat. 258, the first name is not
legible, but the last line reads: "b. Yahya," ^e. j.. Cat. 261 shows the name
258. RATL. About half the longitudinally broken oval disk is preserved.
and Yahya.
Disk Weights
(-mI
... (Mukhallad?)
b. Yaha.
Unpublished.
104
Coin Weights
.UJi p~i
of a weight of one-half
of Yazld b. Tamlm.
4JUI
Fahmy 97.
'Alqama.
For the prefect Ka'b b. Alqama, see Cat. 275, 276, Launois, Cairo 310-311;
4JUI
Jut
tfl
Jdk (jb J*
Catalogue: Umayyads
105
Unpublished.
Petrie 140; Casanova, p. 379 Nos. 27-28; EAG I, 49; CAM I, 90; Launois, Cairo 137-140;
Fahmy 92-96.
Vessel Stamps
[...]
[...]
(qist, full)
(measure).
106
I Jull
djj* i>.
dsaii
al-Malik b. Marwan
Broken.
xs. jJi\ jj J
'Li
Unpublished.
of full measure.
Catalogue: Umayyads
107
'isr leaves
CAM I, 93-94.
YAZID B. TAM1M
Disk Weight
271. RATL. Small fragment, with portion of the thick rim, and the round executive
imprint, 21:
^jf Tamlm.
Unpublished.
The entire principal impression with the protocol of the authority has disap-
peared.
Vessel Stamp
At the hands of
Yazld b.
Tamlm.
108
Casanova, p. 374, No. 190; CAM I, 88. Launois, Cairo 141-142; Miles, "Corning" 18-19.
KA'B B. 'ALQAMA
Disk Weight
275. RATL. Small fragment of a disk weight. Traces of the round principal stamp
have preserved only part of the first line of the legend: jlUI (pj), "(In the
missing. The round executive stamp, 23, impressed in the thick rim, contains
i^S Ka'b
Unpublished.
Vessel Stamp
^ Ka'b
iusU Cr b. 'Alqama.
Cat. 275 and 276 were stamped with the same die.
For Ka'b b. 'Alqama see Fahmy 97; Launois, Cairo 310-311; Dudzus, "Ge-
II. ABBASIDS
In recent times students of Arabic metrology seem to have agreed that coin weights
and vessel stamps issued in the name of "the Family of Muhammad," or"Al-Muham-
mad," Just JT, most probably belong to the 'Abbasid dynasty. It has, however, not
yet been established whether they belong to the beginning of the 'Abbasid rule in
Miles (CAM I, 211-212 and note 71 on the same page [92]), thought it possible that
the governor Wadih, mawla of the caliph al-Mansur, who was known for his 'Alld in-
clinations, might have issued them. Miles added, however: "This is pure speculation,
needless to say, and it is doubtful that the hypothesis could ever be substantiated."
In his "Coin Weights", p. 79 second paragraph, Miles writes: "For reasons too par-
ticular to be argued in detail here I tentatively suggest that these two classes (juji JT
and the larger anonymous class) were issued about the time of the transfer of authority
suggests: "In CAM I, p. 92 I observed that the question of the attribution of those
weights in the name of the "Family of Muhammad" remained unsolved. The late
Giorgio Levi della Vida subsequently wrote me that he was doubtful about my ten-
tative hypothesis that they might be attributed to Wadih (162 H.), and suggested the
period of the caliph al-Ma'mun, whose policy of 'appeasement' toward the Shi'a is
well known. The term Al-Muhammad would be noncommittal, including both 'Ab-
basids and 'Alids. I have adopted Levi della Vida's suggestion in placing these weights
ca. 200 H. Launois (Cairo p. 40) proposed to date them at the end of the Umayyad
p. 234." Fahmy (p. 167) has in mind the time of Humayd b. Qahtaba and the 'Alld
We know from Ibn al-Athlr (V, 164, cited by Zambaur10) that al-Saffah granted the
honorary title "amlr Al-Muhammad" to Abu Muslim and at the same time that of
"wazlr Al-Muhammad" to Abu Salama. This event took place some time in or before
131 H. because there is a fals of Rayy, dated 131 H. on which the names of the two high
ranking officials are followed by the new honorary titles. This fals proves materially
that the 'Abbasids did use their much advertised relationship with the Prophet at a
very early stage, in the most efficacious way, i.e. on the coinage. Indeed, the presumed
kinship with the Prophet served as propaganda even before the Umayyads were over-
109
thrown and al-Saffah mounted the caliphal throne. It seems quite possible, even
likely, that the new "motto" was applied to the glass as soon as power was taken
over from the last Umayyad governor. The issuing of glass weights and vessel stamps,
as an expression of its authority, was nearly as important for the government of Egypt
I believe that the glass coin weights and vessel stamps bearing "Al-Muhammad" as
the issuing authority can be attributed to Salih b. 'All, the first 'Abbasid governor,
It was Launois (Cairo p. 39) who drew attention to the fact that one of her vessel
this constitutes a subtle transformation of the classic Umayyad formula "amara Allah
The motto "amara Al-Muhammad bi'l-wafa" is present on the eight vessel stamps
in my collection, and one of my coin weights even bears it in a more extended form:
well as in the literature, only have "amara Al-Muhammad." I think that Launois'
assumption is correct and that the gradual changes in the motto were aimed at an
The assumption that the Al-Muhammad issues of coin weights and vessel stamps
were put into circulation under Salih b. 'All seems to be further confirmed by another
curious vessel stamp in my collection (Cat. 301). On this piece the 'Abbasid caliph is
not named, only referred to with the following formula: "Amr minb.Hashimli'1-wafa,"
liU) ^U Cr Cj* -r*'' followed DY tne protocol of the governor, Salih b. 'All.
characteristics of the writing. Here we must sharply differentiate between coin weights
and vessel stamps. The coin weights are of smaller size, and therefore the usually
long legend consists of very small characters which do not differ from the writing on
the late Umayyad coin weights. Even until the reign of the caliph al-Mansur there is
It is difficult to narrow down the date limits of the coin weights of the "Al-Muham-
mad" series on purely stylistic grounds but it becomes much easier for the vessel stamps.
The characters which compose the legend on all the "Al-Muhammad" bottle stamps
are identical with those written on the stamps of Salih b. 'All and, in fact, the whole
legend of the former is indistinguishable in style from that of the latter. On all, the
characters are tall and uniformly thin, clearly delineated and engraved with a well-
skilled hand. They all seem to have been written by the same calligrapher. The
only other official whose stamps are quite similar to the above is 'Abd al-Malik b.
Yazld, who was governor and finance director during the three year period between
rather than to 'Abd al-Malik b. Yazld, because it is more likely that the first 'Ab-
basid governor had the task of accustoming Egypt's public to the 'Abbasid protocol.
come to light.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
111
277. DINAR.
Coin Weights
CAM I, 211-212; Miles, "Muntaza"56; Fahmy241; Launois, Cairo 145; Launois, C.d.M. 13.
In the name
Large writing.
Unpublished.
-mI ^
Unpublished.
a weight of one-third
1.36.
1.41.
1.38.
112
a dirham weight
of thirteen khar-
The word dirham is used here in its general meaning of "money," and not as
the legal dirham, which it is not. See Miles, "Coin Weights," pp. 82, 84 and
Casanova, p. 381, No. 44; Petrie 94; BM 33; Launois, Cairo 146; Fahmy 243-244; Miles,
"Corning" 45.
Vessel Stamps
honesty. One-quarter
40JI
Mikyal al-kablr,
full measure.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
113
Unpublished.
Unpublished.
full measure.
Unpublished.
"kemmat," oUSi truffles (IB 1964), but the last letter is not a ta marbuta
on my two specimens or on his. His reading may still be the right one. Either
114
SALIH B. 'ALI
Ring Weight
293-294. RATL. Only the head portion is preserved of both weights, each with one
Disk Weight
295. WUQIYYA. A little over half an oval disk weight is preserved. Principal round
imprint, 35:
JLiIj wuqiyya.
lb... (Ibrahim?).
Unpublished
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
115
Coin Weights
ijj^i. a kharruba.
straight.
j'.y Manufactured
J/ Kayl.
Unpublished.
The first appearance of the square impression on the coin weights, these are
also the first coin weights with a reverse legend. For the official responsible
for the manufacture of the weights, Kayl, see EAG I, pp. 100-104, 106 and
name Kayl with the Coptic Chael. Although there are several coin weights
of the caliph al-Mansur countersigned by Salih b. 'All, these are the first two
298. QIST.
Vessel Stamps
t_jlj Ja ...4,1l
quarter
Ja,.i .0j U
the amlr
full measure.
t_ij
Unpublished.
his name, as "son of Hashim," in other words, as direct heir of the ancestor of
the 'Abbasid dynasty. The motto "Order from the Son of Hashim for honesty"
under the caliph al-Saffah, at the latest in 136 H. The prefect al-Luqa (Lucas)
is unknown; al-Luqa is written here with a qaf, instead of a kaf, but there is no
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
117
Governor and Finance Director: 133-6 H. / A.D. 751-3; 137-41 H. / A.D. 755-8
Ring Weight
(j*-) (ahbll).
Disk Weight
There are eleven fragments of this disk weight, all of different provenance and
dimensions. Six specimens are about half the disk, the others are smaller por-
disk is 55.
Obverse:
Muhammad b. Shurahbll.
J , : .,n I A>}
118
Coin Weights
Obverse:
Center (retrograde):
'i^e, Manufactured
J/ Kayl.
BM 10; Petrie 145; EAG II, 18; CAM I, 99; Launois, Cairo 167-168: Fahmy 105-106.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
119
Obverse:
Jl&C Jy
In the name of
al-Malik b. Yaz-
ld a weight of
i*jLy> Manufactured
J/ Kayl.
mi
JUfc
^l
al-Malik b. Yazld
uba.
Petrie 144; EAG I, 64 (star at end); CAM I, 100 (star); CAM II. Benaki 27; Launois,
120
d53iI Xs. ja
twenty kharruba.
Dirham-weight,
weighing thirteen
kharruba.
Manufactured
Kayl.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
121
Vessel Stamps
jj JOJil +~i
b. Shurahbll.
b. Shurahbll.
Petrie 141 (erroneously attributed to 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan); EAG I, 67 (slightly dif-
MUHAMMAD B. SHURAHBIL
Prefect: ca. some time after 133 H. until some time after 144 H./A.D. 750-63
Muhammad b. Shurahbll is not recorded in the chronicles but is well known from
a number of glass weights and bottle stamps. Miles tentatively placed his first ten-
ure of office as prefect under the last Umayyad governor, 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan,
in 132 H. He based this assumption on a vessel stamp in the collection of the ANS
(EAG I, 51) listed under the emissions of the last Umayyad governor.
122
Closer inspection of his illustration shows, however, that the governor's name is not
complete, as the father's name is off the flan. Miles assumed that it was Marwdn
and therefore listed it under 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan. It may be, however, that the
stamp was not issued by 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan, but by the second 'Abbasid
governor, 'Abd al-Malik b. Yazld, who held office between 133 and 136 H. and again
between 137 and 141 H. This would tally better with all the published stamps on which
I, 67; EAG II, 20-21; CAM I, 102-103; CAM II. Benaki 29) and also with our own
weights, Cat. 302, 303-313, 314, 315-316, and vessel stamps, Cat. 326-328, 329-331.
I believe, therefore, that Muhammad b. Shurahbll may not have been in office
before 133 H. or even later, because we have no glass of Salih b. 'Ali with Muhammad
b. Shurahbil. We can ascertain from the glass in our collection that Muhammad b.
It can be safely deduced that Muhammad b. Shurahbll was prefect from some time
after 133 H., until some time after 144 H., when Yazld b. Hatim became governor.
332. WUQIYYA ? Dated 135 H. About half of a longitudinally broken oval disk weight.
At one end, a small portion of the flower-shaped principal stamp. The second,
Disk Weights
(At)
b. Sh(urahbll?).
Second impression:
thirty five
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
123
The date fixes this issue in the first governorship of 'Abd al-Malik b. Yazld.
Although only the first letter of the name of the father is preserved, the prefect is,
333. A, B. WUQIYYA.
A. Blue green, round disk, transparent. More than one-half preserved. 54.
Impression: 36
CAM I, 96.
Vessel Stamps
334-335. QIST.
Unpublished.
b. Shurahbll. Manufactured
i_iIj JxJi
b. Shurahbll. One-quarter
121
'ASIM B. HAFS
Disk Weights
339-342. WUQIYYA KABlR. Oval disk weight with three square impressions, all
three 19 x 19, applied along the long axis of the weight. Thick rim on the long
sides. Two large fragments, about half the disk, and two smaller ones.
First impression:
tf* J*
Second impression:
Third impression:
339. 58 x 36.
340. 52 x 32.
341. 35 x 35.
342. 29 x 23.
Unpublished.
At the hands of
'Asim
b. Hafs.
Wuqiyya
kablr,
full weight.
At the hands of
'Asim
b. Hafs.
Coin Weights
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
125
Center:
Weight
of fals
36.
Casanova p. 382, no 53; EAG I., 68; CAM I, 106; Fahmy 122-126.
The writing is in elongated flowing Kufic. See Miles, "Coin Weights," p. 83.
At the
'Asim
hands of.
Vessel Stamps
At the hands of
'Asim
b. Hafs.
126
CALIPH AL-MANSUR
Ring Weights
349. DOUBLE RATL. Fragment, with most of the round impression preserved. The
first line of the legend reconstructed from the ratl weights Cat. 350-351.
o weight.
Unpublished.
Unpublished.
Disk Weight
352. ONE-HALF RATL, with ... B. IBRAHIM. Fragment of a disk weight, with
38-40) and a segment of a small round executive stamp (diam. ca. 20).
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
127
Principal stamp:
cjI weight.
Executive stamp:
[...] [...]
[...] [...]
j I Ibrahlm.
Green, translucent.
Coin Weights
353. DINAR.
128
4JUI JL JL
Unpublished.
Weight of one-half,
full weight.
This Quranic Quotation is rather unusual on the coin weights. EAG I, 60,
which has been countersigned by the governor 'Abd al-Malik b. Yazld, has the
same one. Compare Miles, "Corning" 23, a dinar weight which also has the
:*i^> Manufactured
J/ Kayl
355. Black, opaque glass paste. Scaling, therefore some loss of weight. 24,4.00.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
129
Ij ^ ham, full
kJ weight.
Center:
ijCLy Manufactured
J/ Kayl.
Muhammad b. Sa'ld.
Center: in circle:
Misr.
130
JUx~ i>. iS^. ,J* f-~j In tne name of Allah. At the hands of
Muhammad b. Sa'ld.
Centre, in circle:
360. Misr.
Muhammad b. Sa'ld.
Center, in circle:
Misr.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
131
365. QIST.
Vesse/ Stamps
Petrie 152.
full measure.
On both Casanova stamps the last line of the legend is off flan.
Xs.
.r"
Unpublished.
qist of cinnamon,
full measure.
132
The reading of the substance is not easy, but I believe it to be correct. The
drug, armak, liSlyI or armal, JLjI, is, according to IB 46, a sort of cin-
effect, probably all imaginary. It is not clear from IB's text whether the bark or
Ahmed Issa, p. 176, No 14, identifies the plant with Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
of the family of Slyraceae, in English lodh tree. Bedevian 3340 gives the same
plant name but attributes it to the family of Symplocaceae and writes the English
The Arabic name is either armak, c^LjI, or armal, JLjI, both written with
a second alif, which is omitted on our bottle stamp. Such omissions are, how-
ever, not infrequent on the glass (see Cat. 236, a qist for fennel, j^J| on which
^0J| Juc
Unpublished.
of a mikyala of coriander
are used with equal frequency. Casanova, p. 369, No 131 and Launois, Cairo 66
both misread this substance as JLSi\, chestnuts. Their reading was cited in
ijIj (J*jUI
of a mikyala of dried
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
Unpublished.
oI measure.
134
identical with the fermented white cheese still currently produced and consumed
in Egypt today. In a later study (Miles, "Pharm." p. 386) in the paragraph for
al-baqs, Miles expressed some doubts, that the reading al-mishsh might be an error
There are several stamps in our collection on which al-mishsh is clearly legible
(^^iI), and also several others with al-baqs (^JLJI) clear and unmistakable.
Therefore there is no doubt in my mind that both substances occur on the bottle
stamps.
The process by which mishsh, the oily white cheese of creamy consistence and
doubt that in mediaeval Arabic pharmacy its laxative properties were also ap-
preciated.
The processing of mishsh is a long and tedious work, and the population of
Egypt is increasing more rapidly than the production of foodstuffs. Milk, sour
milk and cheese are consumed at a rate which will soon exclude the lengthy pre-
more the ancient method which one day soon may be forgotten:
Egyptian white cheese, made from fresh buffalo milk, and salt added, is
treated with natural lactic ferment and submerged in fresh milk, either pure
or diluted with water. To the milk, also salt is added. This whole mass is left
to mature from six to twelve months. Then the mature white cheese is removed,
ready for consumption. The semi-liquid, or rather, creamy, oily mass which
remains is the mishsh. To the unaccustomed palate of the occidental, the flavor
Petrie 153 (did not read the substance, which is, nevertheless, clearly legible on his plate).
of a mikyala of woad
leaves, full
measure.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
135
I fully agree with Miles (CAM I, p. 49) that the whole series of weights and
stamps, on which the caliph's name is not mentioned, only his protocol as
'"Abd Allah, 'Abd Allah, amir al Mu'minln," belongs to al-Mansur and not
to al-Mahdi. This becomes obvious whenever the above protocol is linked with
those weights and stamps, on which the same protocol stands alone, without an
MUSA B. KA'B
Ring Weight
Unpublished.
b. Umri al-Qays b. Zayd Mana b. Tamlm ibn Murr b. lidd b. Tanija b. llias b.
Mudar (al-Kindi p. 106) was governor and finance director of Egypt from Rabl'
II, 141 H. until Dhu'l-Qa'da of the same year. His glass weights and stamps
are very rare and in the literature I know of only two stamps (CAM I, 127 and
Launois, C.d.M. 15), and a disk weight, reported in Miles, "Coin Weights,"
p. 80.
136
MAYMUN B. KA'B
Coin Weight
Cr, kharruba.
Unpublished.
Unknown official, who must have been, however, of high standing as he was
entitled to issue orders (ju ^,I), not only to execute orders given by his principals
(iSJb {[s.). He may have been a son of Ka'b b. 'Aylnah b. 'Aylshah and brother
of Musa b. Ka'b, governor and finance director in 141 H. The calligraphy would
MUHAMMAD B. AL-ASH'ATH
Ring Weights
384. RATL, with 'ABD ALLAH B. RASHID. Fragment. Round impression, 40.
JuiI Rashid.
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
137
Dark brown, almost black, opaque. Height 52; length 60; thickness 38; diam.
Unpublished.
'Abd Allah b. Rashid. 'Abd Allah had not been appointed an amlr and his
protocol included only the executive formula (_Jb ^c. It is therefore, not
likely that the amlr 'Abd Allah on the present weight should be 'Abd Allah b.
Rashid. The only other 'Abd Allah of the period who might be considered in
this case is 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Rahman, who was appointed prefect of police
JJLI Jj-
[...] 4U\ 1
[...]
Disk Weight
i*i*u l*.*>( if )
i-Ij (*aj)
(b. R)ashid.
Unpublished.
138
Coin Weights
EAG I, 74; Fahmy 132-134; Launois, Cairo 181; Launois, Maspiro 11.
JLiIj (> jlUI (Jus. ^Jj J*) (At the hands of 'Abd)Allah b. Rashid
Manufactured
Kayl.
Unpublished.
For the denomination "dirham of 13 kharruba" see above Miles, "Coin Weights,"
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
139
Vessel Stamps
(Muhammad)
b. Rashid.
EAG I, 75. First described as a qist; later, in CAM I, p. 53, corrected to one-quarter qist:
CAM I, 131-132.
Jl.c iS^ ,J* ^fhi\ dlk*b- iLSC of a mikyala of white sesame seed. At
Allah b. Rashid.
JUS shid.
140
Unpublished.
of a mikyala of white
Allah b. Rashid.
b. Rashid.
Unpublished.
NAWFAL B. FURAT
Ring Weights
each with two square impressions. The first fragment shows a large enough
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
141
portion of both imprints. The second and third fragments have most of the
stamp bearing the executive's protocol, but only traces of the principal im-
Principal stamp, square with rounded corners, 26 x 26; on all pieces at left:
right:
Unpublished.
Nawfal b. Furat's weights and stamps are scarce in the literature. I could find
two vessel stamps in CAM I, 131-132, but there are no heavy weights at all,
and even of the coin weights only three records are available.
The executive Salih b. Qustantln is unknown. Cat. 407 proves that he issued
weights on his own, but were it not for the weights described here, it would not be
possible to fix the dates of his tenure of office. Because of the three heavy
weights just presented, we can now safely assume that Salih b. Qustantln was
in office during Nawfal b. Furat's finance directorship, between 141 and 143 H.
400. ONE-HALF RATL. This is a fairly complete ring weight, of which about 5 to 8
(cj\J Or.) Jy y\
(-mI)
[...] *j
[?]
of Salih b. Qustantln,
142
jJI Al-wafa
Emerald green, with surface patina, translucent. Height 54; length 57; thickness
Unpublished.
ring weight, on which most of the round principal stamp (ca. 35) and about half
Principal impression:
l_y.> ) ' mi /*
Executive stamp:
Nawfal
(b.) Furat,
('Abd )al-Rahman
b. Yazld.
Unpublished.
Petrie 154 is a whole pound, but with the same executive and the sameprotocol.
Disk Weight
402. ONE-HALF RATL. Oval disk weight with deeply impressed central oblong
Ordered
the amir
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
143
[...]
[...]
AW08
Unpublished.
Scaling (devitrification) of the whole surface, which makes the reading very
Coin Weights
Ordered Nawfal
b. Furat
the manufacture
of a weight of one-half
Yazld.
Center:
j-ir
Manufactured
Kamil.
BM 13; EAG I,70; Kmietowicz p. 136, the same protocol but a dinar weight.
144
Vessel Stamps
EAG I, 129-130.
SALIH B. QUSTANTIN
Disk Weight
Salih b. Qustantln.
Unpublished.
The bottle stamps Cat. 397-399 are our only indication that Salih b. Qustantln
was in office between 141 and 143 H. during Nawfal b. Furat's finance director-
ship. Otherwise, he is unknown in the literature and no glass has hitherto been
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
145
HUMAYD B. QAHTABA
Ring Weights
weights.
Launois published a unique intact specimen of the above ratl weight. Its
weight is 441.0 gm, the height 65 mm. length 55 and width 45. It is one of four
intact ratl weights of the Umayyad (and early 'Abbasid) weight system and is,
b. Qahtaba,
b. Shurahbll.
Disk Weight
410. WUQIYYA.
10
146
[."..] [...]
Unpublished.
Coin Weights
tiI weight.
bll).
Manufactured
J-IT Kamil.
Vessel Stamps
j*\ 40lI
b. Qahtaba,
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
147
YAZID B. HATIM
Ring Weights
415-416. RATL, with 'ABD AL-RAHMANB. YAZlD. Two fragments, with principal
Principal stamp:
415. Dark green, almost opaque. Principal stamp 27; executive stamp 38.
416. Dark olive green, almost opaque. Principal stamp 28; executive stamp 40.
417-419. RATL, with SALAMA. The three fragments of ring weights have only one
(.0)I)
(44)I) 4^,I
Yazld B. (Hatim).
Executive stamp:
al-Rahman b. Yazld.
Yazld b. Hatim.
148
Coin Weights
420. DINAR.
Yazld b. Hatim
a weight of di-
nar.
Yazld b. Hatim
a weight of dinar
full weight.
Center:
j-tr
Petrie 161.
Muhammad b. Shurahbll.
Manufactured.
Kamil.
Yazld b. Hatim
a weight of dinar,
full weight.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
149
'ix^i, Manufactured
ij-y Sawlris.
ijc*> Manufactured
J-*IT Kamil.
j full weight.
150
Yazld.
Manufactured
Kamil.
Casanova, p. 380, No. 33 (rev. Kamil written with the alif); Petrie 163; EAG I, 79;
CAM I, 141, Miles, "Muntaza" 37; Launois, Cairo 197-200; Fahmy 146.
Kamil, in rev. center, written without the alif. The rev. marginal legend has
Yazld b. Hatim
a weight of one-half,
full weight.
of Salama.
Manufactured
Sawlris.
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
151
Yazld b. Hatim
a weight of one-third,
full weight.
>0
j-.tr
Unpublished.
Manufactured
Kamil.
Yazld).
aiy Manufactured
JT Kamil.
Kamil written without the alif. Flan of 431 too small for rev. marginal legend
152
Yazld b. Hatim
a weight of one-third,
full weight.
:*^ Manufactured
^y_y Sawlris.
vJIj ctr^
This weight poses a problem. Were it simply a dirham weight, without the
specification &t\5, then there would be no difficulty, because 2.76 gm. is near
Miles, "Coin Weights," p. 82. Miles found an average weight of 2.85; in the
present study, my average figure for the dirham weight is even less, 2.80.
Yazld b. Hatim
a weight of dirham
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
153
This piece is, however, not an ordinary dirham, but a dirham of ^du. The
word (y^S has been interpreted by Fahmy as thirty, which means, according
however, there is no unit of 0.93 (0.93 x 30 = 2.79) and the nearest, heav-
iest danaq weighs only 0.788 gm. (see Sauvaire, offprint, Vol.2, pt.2, p. 172).
I think that means thulthain, two thirds (of the mithqal of 4.25 = 2.83)
which is very near our figure of 2.76 and that of Fahmy, 2.81.
Vessel Stamps
jUJI pj
Casanova, p. 371, No 145; Petrie 169-170; EAG I, 83; CAM I, 144; CAM II. Benaki
Ordered the a-
measure.
Unpublished.
Yazld b. Hatim,
j Ja...J
154
Disk Weights
al-Rahman b. Yazld.
Dark green, translucent. Diam. 113; diam. impression 39; weight 433.67.
This is a very important document in itself, but has become even more val-
uable for Arabic metrology since there are, in this collection, three intact
wuqiyya disk weights of the same official. Another valuable addition to this
441. ONE-QUARTER RATL. Fragment, more than one-half preserved. Round disk
Dark green, but completely covered by light yellowish grey patina. Diam. 72;
Unpublished.
*J1\ (^)
al-Rahman b. Yazld.
full weight.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
155
442-444. WUQIYYA.
hman b. Yazld,
442. Dark olive green, translucent. Diam. 53; diam. impression 39; Weight 37.50.
443. Emerald green, translucent. Diam. 58; diam. impression 40; weight 37.36.
444. Emerald green, translucent. diam. 54; diam. impression 40; weight 37.98.
Unpublished.
All three weights are in perfect condition, even the surface is almost brilliant.
Note that, although the weight of the three disks is remarkably accurate, taking
into consideration the primitive tools of the period, there is, nevertheless, a
difference of 60 cgm. between 443 and 444. Multiplying these two figures by 12,
the weight of the ratl would be: 448.32 for Cat. 443 and 455.76 for Cat. 444, and
the whole difference between weights would be 7.44, a negligible sum. Ratl 440
433.67. Thus the ratl, in the same series of disk weights, issued contempora-
neously by the same official is about 5 percent lighter than it should be, when cal-
culated from its wuqiyya. Or else the wuqiyya weights are a little heavier
The material in this collection as well as in the literature seems to indicate that
the ratl is nearer the correct weight than the wuqiyyas, and that we must allow
a certain latitude in the weight of intact heavy weights. Even so, the accuracy of
the sometimes considerable mass of the ratl and double ratl is astounding, though
we must never expect the same high precision as was attained in coin weights.
Vessel Stamps
445. QIST.
At the hands of
'Abd al-Rahman
b. Yazld. Qist,
full measure.
Unpublished.
156
At the hands of
'Abd al-Rahman
EAG II, 22; CAM I, 137-139; Launois, C.d.M. 27, Miles, "Corning" 28.
Vessel Stamps
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
157
When I published this stamp in 1963 I read the substance as sour milk, al-
mast, c UI. Since the publication of that paper I acquired four more specimens,
some of them more legible. The reading of the substance should now be corrected,
as I am convinced that it is not HI, but ^ilI, whey or fermented white buffalo
cheese. Therefore, the last three words are as follows: JIjI utl\, al-mishsh,
sitta awaq: whey, six wuqiyya. In this case the plural of wuqiyya is used,
ijIjI. There are also other instances in which the plural, JjIjI, has been used,
It was Miles who first draw attention to the use of the plural awaq, JjIjI, on
SALAMA
Coin Weights
juL. Salama
Casanova, p. 383, No. 72; Petrie 189; EAG I, 99-100; CAM I,147-149; CAM II. Benaki
40; Miles, "Muntaza" 40-41; Fahmy 186-198; Launois, Cairo 372-380; Launois, C.d.M.
SJu.
o to;
Salama
Petrie 190; CAM I, 150; CAM II. Benaki 41 and Ruthven 23; Fahmy 199-201; Launois
Salama
weight of fals,
twenty four
kharruba.
Casanova, p. 383, No 61, CAM I, 151-152; CAM II Ruthven 24; Fahmy 203-208.
Vessel Stamps
SJL.
At the hands of
Salama
juL. Salama.
. 1<, Shelled,
^^Ju pure.
Salama.
Chick peas,
t/^j Pure.
Petrie 191.
Vessel Stamp
Unpublished.
Ibrahlm ibn 'Abd Allah is mentioned as the head of the predicators sent to
Egypt in 145 H. by the caliph al-Mansur, at the time of the suppression of the
'Alid movement. The present stamp is proof of his having some high official
status in the fiscal department in Cairo. There is some doubt, however, that
the official on the stamp is identical with the head of the predicators. Compare
-U)I r(})
160
MUHAMMAD B. SA'ID
Ring Weights
470-471 RATL, with SALAMA. Fragments of two ring weights. 470 is the larger
one, almost half the original weight, with the head portion and one lateral
On 470-475 the legend ends with an omega, probably the initial of an official
472. RATL, with 'ABD AL-WAHHAB B. TAMlM. Fragment, the two stamps almost
entirely preserved.
Muhammad b. Sa'ld
*Ju.
At the hands of
Salama.
Jkgiu. jr.
Muhammad b. Sa'id
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
161
At the hands of
'Abd al-
Wahhab (b.)
Tamlm.
ji\ xs.
Petrie 182.
Petrie read "Ubaid al-Wahhab b. Tamym;" but there can be no doubt that
the prefect is identical with our 'Abd al-Wahhab b. Tamlm. Miles already
'Abd al-Wahhab b. Tamlm {EAG I, 118). Now we can be sure that 'Abd al-
Wahhab b. Tamlm was one of Muhammad b. Sa'ld's prefects. See also EAG II,
473^474. RATL. Executive stamp broken off. Round principal impression, 33:
Muhammad b. Sa'ld
The missing executive stamp may have carried the name of either Salama or
'Abd al-Wahhab.
Disk Weight
475. ONE-QUARTER RATL. Fragment of a round disk weight with round im-
pression (36), which is almost completely preserved. The small, round executive
stamp, impressed into the thick rim, has disappeared except for an insignifi-
cant trace.
162
weight.
CAM I, 165.
Coin Weights
Salama.
Manufactured
yyjy- Sawlris.
CAM I, 162; Fahmy 153-154; Launois, Cairo 207 (name of Salama missing); Launois,
Maspiro 12.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
163
Sa'ld b. al-Musayyib
Manufactured
iXj y~ Sawlris.
CAM II. Ruthven 27; BM 19 (Sawlris misread); Launois, C.d.M. 21; Fahmy 155.
Fahmy 158.
VI I Ordered the a-
C x b. Sa'ld
of [...])
i^o Manufactured
Sawlris.
164
Jii^ a weight.
Ordered the a-
mlr Muhammad
b. Sa'id
a weight of one-third.
i*i*> Manufactured
Sawlris.
VI jj
&iS J12U
The reverse marginal legend has been reconstructed from the four specimens
Although much was off flan on the individual weights, enough was present to
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
Vessel Stamps
486, QIST.
Muhammad b. Sa'ld
Unpublished.
Muhammad b. Sa'ld
one-half qist,
full measure.
CAM I, 167-169; Miles, "Muntaza" 46; Launois, Cairo 204; Miles, "Corning" 36.
Muhammad b. Sa'ld
measure.
166
'UMAR B. YAHYA
Coin Weights
'Umar.
Casanova, p. 383; No 73; Petrie 192; CAM 1,154; Fahmy 280-290; Launois, Cairo370-371;
weight.
Casanova, p. 382 Nos. 54-57; BM 31, 32; EAG I, 120-120a; CAM I, 155-159; CAM II.
Benaki 42-43; Launois, Cairo 363-367; Fahmy 264-279; Miles, "Corning" 38.
Casanova, p. 383, No. 58-59; Rogers 6; Petrie 215; Launois, Cairo 362; Fahmy 291-294.
'Umar
thirty two
kharruba.
'Umar, weight
of fals, thirty
kharruba.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
167
Vessel Stamps
At the hands
of 'Umar b.
Yahya.
Miles was the first to identify this 'Umar b. Yahya with the official 'Umar on
the preceding coin weights and to assign him to the period of Muhammad
Vessel Stamps
At the hands
of 'Abd al-Wa-
hhab b.
Tamlm.
168
QUTAYBA B. ZIYAD
Prefect: sometime before 157 H. / A.D. 773 and 157-9 H. / A.D. 773-5
EAG 1,121.
Miles read the name correctly, though he did not connect this official with
the executive on the secondary stamp of EAG I, 94, a ratl ring weight of Matar.
The latter weight is, however, of importance, because it bears Qutayba's name
together with his father's name, Ziyad. The only other glass weight with
Although the official is not mentioned in the chronicles, we can safely assume
that he was prefect under two consecutive governors; first under Muhammad
b. Sa'ld (probably toward the end of his appointment) and then under Matar.
For the former, see Petrie 182, and for the latter, EAG, I 94, Cat. 529-530,
533-534. If I am not mistaken, one of the half dinars of the caliph al-Mahdl in
CAM II. Ruthven, p. 43, also contains the name of (Qutayba b.) Ziyad.
Vessel Stamp
At the hands
of Qutayba.
CALIPH AL-MAHDI
-mI ^
(J [lit * ^C-I^II
Al-Mahdl, commander
of one-half, full
weight.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
169
dered al-Mahdl,
a weight of one-third,
full weight.
Casanova p. 380, No. 35 (registered a half dinar, although the weight is 1.43 gm); Rogers 18;
EAG I, 85.
61 H. / A.D. 775-7
Manufactured
al-Muhajir.
.*.
Casanova, p. 380, Nos 36-38 (rev. illegible, but probably the same); Petrie 196 (traces of
legend on rev.); CAM I, 172; Fahmy 165 (rev. with title "al-amlr," and he writes ^%A
with an atif).
HAJIR.
.J I weight.
,y^L. i> _r~*y\ tS^j ^s. At the hands of the amlr Muhammad
b. Sulayman.
4jc*> Manufactured
^IgiI al-Muhajir.
Petrie 198; BM 20; CAM I, 174 (slightly different arrangement); Launois, Cairo 215;
Fahmy 166.
HAJIR.
man.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
171
Manufactured
al-Muhajir.
1.39.
j J of one-half, full
,J| weight.
Ol^ 0" (_j.*~rfi. iS.^ ((J*) C^t tne) nancls of 'Isa b. Luqman.
*JU I straight.
Unpublished.
515. ONE-THIRD DINAR, with IBRAHIM B. SALIH. This weight between 165
full weight.
172
ly> Sa-
l lih.
This coin weight must have been issued between 165 and 167 H. because these
are the limits of Ibrahim b. Salih's first governorship and al-Mahdi died in 169 H.
516. ONE-HALF DINAR, with WADIH, his MAWLA. 162 H. / A.D. 778.
kJI weight.
w,Ij ^(-j.-iVI iSJU ^Lt) (At the hands of the a)mlr Wadih,
ful.
517-519. ONE-THIRD DINAR, with WADIH, his MAWLA. 162. H. / A.D. 778.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
173
(jr*\) dy* ^b...(t5"*i J*) (At the hands of) Wadih, mawla of
(the commander)
ful.
Unpublished.
Ordered al-Mahdl,
a weight of one-third,
full weight.
j^^jbj*I (iSM j-*) (At the hands of) the amlr Ibrahlm
*>
Launois, Cairo 218; Fahmy 176 (Ibrahlm b. alih's name off flan).
Ibrahlm b. Salih served his first governorship between 165 and 167 H. and
was not nominated for his second term as finance director before 174 H.
On the other hand, 'Asim b. Hafs was not in office after 169 H. The presence of
both officials' names on the same weight indicates, therefore, that it must have
'Asim
b. Hafs
174
b. Ibra-
hlm.
(Rogers does not mention the rev. legend, which is legible on his illustration).
,JI weight.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
175
J-jcH t$Ju ,J* jUJI *-j In the name of Allah. At the hands of
j> \ C x b. Ibra-
hlm.
j full weight.
J-jcH (t^Jy ^s. 40JI p-~>) (In the name of Allah. At the hands of)
b. Ibra-
hlm.
EAG II, 26, CAM I, 176 (slightly different arrangement); Fahmy 173;Launois, C.d.M25.
176
Ring Weights
528. ONE-HALF RATL. Fragment, head portion and part of the two legs.
Unpublished.
529-530. RATL, with QUTAYBA B. ZIYAD Fragment, with two round impressions.
iJ>* J3-*
At the hands of
Qutayba.
529. Completely covered by light grey patina. The original green color and
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
177
531. RATL, with 'ABD AL-RAHMAN B. TAMlM. Fragment of ring weight, with
round principal stamp at left and square executive stamp, with rounded corners,
at right.
Unpublished.
I have not been able to find 'Abd al-Rahman b. Tamim's name on the glass
or in the literature. The present weight makes him a prefect under Matar,
532. ONE QUARTER RATL, with 'ASIM B. HAFS. More than half a round disk
prominent rim. Below the principal stamp, a small square executive stamp has
been impressed into the rim itself, so that the originally round disk has an oval
At the hands of
'Abd al-Ra-
hman b. Tamlm.
Disk Weight
full weight.
12
(i>. U
Unpublished.
of 'A(sim b.)
Haf(s).
Coin Weights
hands of Qutayba.
Unpublished.
Concerning the prefect Qutayba b. Ziyad, see Cat. 504, from which it appears
that this official was in active service under Muhammad b. Sa'ld, before 157 H.
Vessel Stamp
jyI Jj-.
-O)I
Unpublished.
full measure.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
179
High official empowered to issue orders: Sometime between 158 and 169 H. / A.D. 775-85
Ring Weights
536-537. RATL. Intact ring weight (small chip missing) with one round impression:
536. Black, opaque. Impression, diam. 31; height: 73; length at base 77; thick-
537. Very dark green, almost opaque. Fragment, only head portion with stamp
31.
Pelrie 211.
Petrie's weight has a second small executive stamp at the left side, on which
Petrie read: "At the hands of Ubayd Allah." If this Yahya is identical with
Abu Salih Yahya, then the dates of his office are: 162-3 H. / A.D. 778-9.
Disk Weight
CAM I, 178.
180
Coin Weight
Ordered Yahya
a fals weight of
twenty kharru-
therefore our weight, if it were intact, would be very near the theoretical weight.
The name of Yahya is not followed by mawla on this specimen. There is,
Grohmann 4.
to Harthama b. Nadr. I have examined the stamp in the Vienna Museum and
there seems to be no doubt that the name has been misread. The stamp is
Vessel Stamps
540. QIST.
[...]
[...]
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
181
jj U)l p~i
Petrie 212.
Olj
luJ
quarter
of a problem. Abu Salih Yahya ibn Dawud al-Khursl, who was governor of
Egypt between 162 and 163 H., might qualify, but there is no indication in the
chronicles that he was a mawla. On the other hand, our Yahya was an amlr,
and I do not know of another amlr Yahya with extensive powers, under the
caliph al-Mahdl. There was, of course, the prefect Yahya b. Sa'ld in 164 H.,
but he was only an executive official (^ju At). So the identification with
182
MUHAMMAD B. SULAYMAN
Vessel Stamps
-mI
i>. -Us:
40)I ^
Ja*Ji p *JUI
Unpublished.
full measure.
AL-MUHAJIR
Vessel Stamps
^LgiI al-Muhajir.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
183
Left: A.
A. Diam. 30:
Right: B.
Mikyala
At the hands of
al-Muhajir.
B. Diam. 25:
Unpublished.
Both stamps are well known; they have, as far as I know, not yet been ob-
159 to 161 H., as indicated by coin weights of the caliph al-Mahdl, with Muham-
mad b. Sulayman as governor; on these weights al-Muhajir must have been em-
ployed in the dar al-'iyar ( jc^>). His stamps show, however, that he was autho-
AAU-BAKR B. TAMiM
Ring Weights
550-551. UNCERTAIN WEIGHT. Two small fragments, only the round executive
stamp preserved.
^I Abu Bakr
^> b. Tamlm.
184
Abu Bakr b. Tamlm, which fixes the latter's tenure of office between 159 and
161 H. Our fragments may have been portions of weights similar to that pub-
lished by Miles.
Vessel Stamp
Unpublished
The inscriptions of the bottle stamps of al-Muhajir and Abu Bakr b. Tamlm
At the hands of
Abu Bakr
b. Tamlm.
'ISA B. LUQMAN
Disk Weights
[...](*) [-]
[...]
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
185
The thick rim and the size of the existing portion suggest that it is a quarter ratl.
Although the name of 'Isa's father is missing, there is little doubt that this is
'Isa b. Luqman. The two other amlrs 'Isa were 'Isa b. Abl 'Ata, Umayyad
finance director, and 'Isa b. Mansur, a late 'Abbasid governor. The style of
writing and the protocol of the present weight are too late for the former, and
too early for the latter. Of the three, only 'Isa b. Luqman has **eUJ in
his protocol.
originally round, but with a semicircular, budlike extension through the applica-
preserved, and the other, smaller fragment complements the missing quarter.
Measurements of the larger piece: Length 60, width 50, diam. of principal
Principal stamp:
Aj)I
weight.
Executive stamp:
At the hands of
'Imran
b. 'Utba.
[...]
[...]
[...]
ratl, full
weight.
JI
186
At the hands of
'Imran b.
'Utba.
Unpublished.
As will be seen below, 'Imran b. 'Utba issued vessel stamps on his own also.
But whenever his name appears in connection with a higher official, it is only with
'Isa b. Luqman. Therefore, the disk weight just described, on which the name
Unpublished.
published to date. The executive 'Imran b. 'Utba, who otherwise would remain
Vessel Stamps
measure.
'IMRAN B. 'UTBA
Vessel Slumps
'Lps. i>.
At the hands of
'Imran
b. 'Utba.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
187
Unpublished.
Disk Weight
(tr)JL. One-six(th)
wuqiyy(a).
Jj_. (^Ij .... iS^i J*) (At the hands of Wadih), mawla of the
commander
ful.
Unpublished.
The name of Wadih is missing from this weight. However, I strongly believe
that he is the mawla who issued this piece. One-sixth-wuqiyya weights are far
from common. As weights issued by Wadih on his own authority are very rare,
wuqiyya weight, a dark green, translucent round disk, diam. 51, weighing
36.89 gm. Rice acquired it in Cairo; after his death it was sold at Christie's in
188
Coin Weights
j Uj * dinar,
eJtL, Maysara.
Unpublished.
Maysara.
Center:
Fahmy 258.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
189
For the Coptic figure 35, Ji, see Miles, "Coin Weights," p. 83. The official
deputy prefect in 162 H. and prefect between 167-168 and again between 169-
171 H. The coin weights issued by him in the names of Musa b. al-Mus'ab and
'All b. Sulayman leave no doubt about the dates of his official activity.
ISMA'IL B. IBRAHIM
Ring Weight
567. RATL, with YAHYA B. SA'lD. Fragment with two round impressions:
full weight.
At the hands of
Yahya b. Sa'ld.
Unpublished.
Disk Weight
568. WUQIYYA, with YAHYA B.SA'lD. A little more than half preserved. Round
principal stamp, ca. 32, at the bottom of which a small, round executive stamp,
ca. 20, impressed partly in the rim, partly on the principal stamp itself.
190
Principal stamp:
(i )i
(J^rI)
(j J-)-ij -o)I
Executive stamp:
(.V-) Of.
Unpublished.
weight.
At the hands of
Yahya b. Sa'ld).
Vessel Stamps
569. QIST.
(jj) ti)I
(full) measure.
/I \ Cf.
jUJI *-
IBRAHIM B. SALIH
Ring Weight
Right, 20 x 18:
Center 20 x 20:
y\ jj Ordered the a-
mlr Ibra-
hlm
b. Salih.
Jly Ratl
jS kablr,
Left, 20 x 18:
full weight.
U 'Asim
b. Hals.
Dark emerald green, barely translucent. Height 80; length at base 85, width at
CAM II. Ruthven 33, also intact; Casanova, p. 90, No 44 is a fragment and the executive
stamp on the left side is missing; Miles "Corning" 51 has the denomination and a small
This intact ratl kablr is of the greatest importance for Arabic metrology.
It becomes even more valuable since there is a second specimen, also intact, in
the Ruthven collection. The piece in our collection weighs 493.63, that in the
Ruthven collection 492.60; the difference is only 0.2 percent, which is in-
credibly small. This is the more valuable as we can, for the first time, accurately
192
assess the correct gram weight of this hitherto mysterious weight system. The
exactness is striking, when we recall the relatively large differences between the
three intact wuqiyya disk weights of the prefect 'Abd al-Rahman b. Yazld:
Cat. 442-444.
Jungfleisch recognized that the ratl kablr was not simply a heavy or a double
ratl, but that the designation represented a separate and distinct weight system.
Disk Weights
573-574. ONE-QUARTER RATL KABlR. Fragments of two oval disk weights with
One-quarter (ratl)
kablr,
full weight.
Ordered the a-
mlr Ibra-
hlm.
Petrie 208.
,J weight.
Emerald green, transparent. Total diam. 51, diam. round impression 31.
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
193
Coin Weight
( AO)I *jeL)-**I ^Jw i>. D- Salih, may Allah (keep him straight),
iK
The reading of fulus at the end of the first line has been adopted from
Launois and Fahmy. This would be an exceptional instance in which the plural
Prefect: 165-7 H. / A.D. 781-4; 174 H. / A.D. 790-1; and 176 H. / A.D. 791
Disk Weight
577. WUQIYYA. Slightly oval disk with round impression. Suspension hole near one
end of the disk. The writing is spidery elongated Kufic, the calligraphy poor.
J* At the
Pale green, transparent. Diam. 50; diam. stamp 29; weight 25.82.
Unpublished.
The prefect 'Abd Allah b. Yazld is unknown in the literature, but his name
occurs on a ratl ring weight of the governor Ibrahlm b. alih, who was in of-
fice three times. The present wuqiyya may belong to either of his three periods.
This is an unusual weight. All the other wuqiyya disk weights I know have no
suspension hole. In addition, the weight is highly deficient and suggests, together
13
194
MUSA B. AL-MUS'AB
Coin Weights
The amlr
ij weight.
Center:
Maysara.
Unpublished.
The amir
,J weight.
Center:
i>, b. Hafs.
Unpublished.
weight.
Center:
Unpublished.
The present coin weight would indicate that 'Asim b. Hafs served a second
term in office after an interval of ca. 25 years, which would be a long time indeed.
AL-FADL B. SALIH
Disk Weight
581. Probably ONE-QUARTER RATL. Small fragment, with one square stamp
preserved:
Unpublished.
The only published weights of al-Fadl b. Salih are coin weights: BM 26;
'ALI B. SULAYMAN
Ring Weight
Left, 20 x 20:
Center, 18 x 20:
Jy Ratl
jS kablr,
Right, 20 x 20:
Unpublished.
The executive is unknown and has a rather uncommon name. I can recognize,
I believe, the same name and protocol, similar to the present executive stamp
(at right), on CAM 1,187-188. OnMiles's specimens, the last line is missing, but it
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
197
Disk Weight
there were three square impressions, of which part of the central stamp and more
Central stamp:
Jly Ratl
kablr,
Terminal stamp:
(^)-^L.i>. b. Sulayman,
Unpublished.
Coin Weight
Ij Jo dinar, full
0 weight.
Ij^ff, Maysara.
198
Vessel Stamps
585. QIST.
Unpublished.
/'
40)l 4_
'All b. Sulayman,
may Allah be
generous to him.
Unpublished
MUSA B. 'ISA
Governor: 171-2 H. / A.D. 787-8; 175-6 H. / A.D. 791-2; 179-80 H. / A.D. 795-6
Ring Weights
587. RATL KABlR, with SALIH B. MUSLIM. Fragment. Nearly half a ring weight
preserved, the head portion with the two lateral branches. Round impression, 30,
U-VIa^IL.)
amlr)
Salih b. Muslim.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
199
Seems black, opaque, but at the edges shimmering green. Total length 60,
thickness 46.
Unpublished
The writing is shallow and difficult to reproduce in illustrations. The first two
588. RATL KABlR. Fragment of a ring weight. Only the top preserved, with three
rectangular impressions.
Left, 20 x 20:
H j*
IU
"ill
Center 20 x 18:
J*
Right 20 X?:
b. 'Isa.
Ratl.
kablr,
full weight.
. . . (b.) Salih
. . . (mawla of ?) al-Amln.
Unpublished.
This ratl kablr is closely connected with the quarter-ratl disk weight which
follows, Cat. 589. The legends of both weights seem to complement each other.
The entry for Cat. 589 contains a discussion of the names of the officials.
Disk Weight
589. ONE-QUARTER RATL KABlR. Intact oval disk weight with three square
Top 20 x 20:
O^VI Jj-.
mawla of al-Amln.
200
Center, 20 x 20:
One-quarter
ratl
kablr.
Bottom, 20 x 20:
Unpublished.
This weight has several outstanding features. It is the only intact quarter-ratl
kablr disk weight published. It can be assigned to the governor Musa b. 'Isa
fairly accurately (although the father's name, 'Isa is missing), because the top
and bottom impressions of both Cat. 588 and 589 were made with the same dies.
Therefore, the Musa of 589 must be identical with Musa b. 'Isa of 588, whose
Of the executive's name, only that of the father, Salih, is left on 588, and it is
entirely missing on 589. But the last line of the executive stamp must logically
b. Salih was a mawla of al-Amln. Muhammad al-Amin did not mount the throne
until 193 H., and the last governorship of Musa b. 'Isa lasted from 179 to 180 H.;
... b. Salih became, therefore, a mawla of al-Amin during the latter's vice-regency
I could not find any trace of a mawla ... b. Salih of this period in the literature.
He probably served during the last term of Musa b. 'Isa, between 179 and 180 H.
Coin Weight
amlr.
Musa b. 'Isa,
a dinar weight,
full weight.
-iy, Salih
(> b. Muslim
Unpublished.
SALIH B. MUSLIM
Salih b. Muslim is not mentioned in the chronicles, but his name is well known from
the glass. His dates, based on then existing evidence.were established by Miles as some-
time between 171 and 180 H. The present collection contains some new material,
and we can therefore extend the limits of his activity as prefect to a later date, some-
time between 187-189 H. We now have glass issued by the following officials, all bearing
Salih b. Muslim's name: Musa b. 'Isa (171-2, 175-6, 179-80 H.), 'Umar b. Ghaylan
(173-4 H.) and Huwayy (176-9 H.), al-Laith b. al Fadl (182 and 187 H.) and Mahfuz b.
The evidence tends to confirm that Salih b. Muslim held office during 18 years, but it
is not known whether he was active without interruption, or was re-appointed one or
more times.
Although almost all glass with Salih b. Muslim presents him as a prefect or executive
of lesser importance, there are exceptions. On Cat. 599 he is empowered to order the
issuing of coin weights; on Fahmy's No. 224 he is even styled amlr. In consequence
he must have held, at least temporarily, or toward the end of his career, the rank
of amlr.
Ring Weight
591. RATL. Fragment. Only a small portion of the head, with the executive stamp,
tc1y Salih
i> b. Muslim.
Unpublished.
base and a drawn-in waist. The top of the cylindrical "stopper" is completely
A large splinter broke off at the base. Jungfleisch, who published the piece'
ingeniously calculated the weight of the missing portion and tried to reconstruct
Uj Wuqiyya,
Emerald green, translucent. Height 28, diam. top 30; waist 27, base 33. Actual
Jungfleisch remodeled the missing portion from plasticine and bees wax and
calculated the mass of water which it displaced. He could work out, from the dis-
placed water and the specific weight of the glass, the real weight of the missing
glass fragment; the result was 10.66. This figure added to the actual weight of
From the unusual weight and shape of this "wuqiyya" Jungfleisch deduced
that it might be a wuqiyya kablr, although it was only a simple wuqiyya, ac-
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
203
cording to the inscription. We have now several intact weights of the kablr
series and know the precise value in grams of the ratl and, consequently, of its
wuqiyya. The wuqiyya kablr weighs, according to our tables, precisely 41 gm,
whereas Jungfleisch's wuqiyya is 47.50. I would suggest that the latter is, in spite
of the denomination of one wuqiyya, in reality one and one-half wuqiyya, of the
system of the 'Abbasid ratl. According to this system, which had been in use
since al-Mahdl's reign, the wuqiyya is roughly 32 gm. One and one half of this
piece.
593-594. WUQIYYA. Fragments of two round disk weights, each fragment with two
round executive stamps of 17. Originally there were three stamps on each
Disk Weights
At the hands of
Salih
b. Muslim.
Petrie 250.
Coin Weights
dinar.
204
Reverse,
Salih
Launois, Maspiro 13 (did not read the reverse); BM 53 and Casanova, p. 377, Nos. 9-11 do
third dinar
Reverse
CO r- ex.
Unpublished.
The two issues are tentatively attributed to Salih b. Muslim. The name of the
prefect's father, on the reverse, is probably bungled; I think only two letters,
These two issues resemble only one other, that of 'Abd Allah b. 'Isa, who was
At the hands of
Salih
b. Sim?
!> ~L Salih b.
^(Jux) (Musl)im.
Unpublished.
of fals.
Center:
j I Four-
teen
ijj^. kharruba.
Unpublished.
Theoretical weight: 2.735 (see Miles, "Coin Weights," p. 85). The shortage is
I QJU
Unpublished.
Mithqal written without alif. The formula amara bihi indicates that Salih
b. Muslim, at least temporarily, was in higher office than that of prefect. See
206
Vessel Stamps
At the hands of
Salih b. Muslim.
Unpublished.
Although the name of the substance is missing, the stamp is of great interest
for the first time. Al-thumn is listed in Sauvaire Vol. 2 Pt. 3 (p. 154 of the
cous substances and contained, depending on the specific weight of the matter,
"Byzantine Miliaresion" calculated from a very large body of material that the
theoretical weight of the dirham was 2.97 gm. and the average weight of well-
preserved silver dirhams was 2.93 gm. On this basis, 50 dirhams of wine =
145.0 gm., 45 dirhams of olive oil = 130.50 gm. and 67.5 dirhams of honey =
195.75 gm. Thus we can easily reconstruct the dimensions of the thumn.
Casanova, p. 374, Nos. 194-195; CAM II. Ruthven 36 (slightly differently arranged).
Unpublished.
At the hands of
Salih b.
Muslim.
Salih.
Muslim.
Left: Right:
This is one of the rare instances in which the executive stamp as well as the
anonymous stamp bearing the name of the substance are preserved in their
Disk Weighls
604. ONE-HALF RATL. Fragment of a disk weight, which was probably oval. Origi-
nally there were three impressions in a row: a round executive stamp, a square
central stamp and another square impre ssion on which the governor's name is
now missing.
L. C x Musa b. Sa-
x_j-flS One-half
Jly ratl,
208
Green, translucent.
Unpublished.
605-606. WUQIYYA. Two small fragments from two different weights. The weights
were originally stamped with six impressions, all identical, one centrally and five
peripherically disposed. All the stamps bear the same executive formula:
CAM I,183, seems to confirm that there were six impressions altogether.
Not only are all the stamps identical, they also seem to be identical with the
executive stamp of Cat. 604. A sketch of the reconstructed weight might give an
For Salih b. Muslim we have fixed the terminal date of 189 H. because of his
association with Mahfuz b. Sulayman. This date does not necessarily apply to
Musa b. Sabiq. For the joint activity of the prefects see CAM I, pp. 74-75.
607. WUQIYYA KABlR. Fragment of an oval disk weight, about half preserved.
Three square impressions in one row. Only the lower left corner of the first im-
pression is preserved, but from the last visible letter of the legend it seems that
the first stamp was identical with the last stamp, which is perfectly preserved.
At the hands of
Musa b. Sa-
b. Muslim.
MUSA B. SABIQ
Disk Weight
At the hands of
Musa
b. Sabiq.
ijj Wuqiyya
kablr.
Unpublished.
'UMAR B. GHAYLAN
OR UMAR B. MIHRAN
Governor:
Disk Weight
608. ONE-QUARTER RATL KABlR, with SALIH B. MUSLIM. Less than half a
round disk weight. Of the crosswise-placed round stamps only the one in the cen-
ter and two, at top and bottom, are preserved, all only partially. A executive
0^I *i ^I) L,
>j e)-o
Executive stamp:
'Uma(r[. . .]),
One-quar(ter ratl)
ka(blr),
(full weight).
Unpublished.
At the hands of
Salih
b. Muslim.
14
210
The name of the governor, 'Umar, is preserved, but his father's name is
missing. It remains open, therefore, whether the weight was issued in the name
of 'Umar b. Ghaylan or in that of 'Umar b. Mihran. Both are well within the
HILAL B. AL-HASAN
Coin Weight
In the name of
Allah. Weight of
one-third dinar,
full weight.
^J~\ al-Hasan.
Unpublished.
On a dinar of the Cairo Museum of Islamic Art (Fahmy 229), the name is
Fahmy 229, Hilal b. al-Hasan (or al-Husayn) was in office between 173 and 174 H.
J1TjU)I
Vessel Stamp
.j~J-\ al-Hasan.
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
211
HUWAYY B. HUWAYY
Ring Weight
611. RATL. Fragment. Head portion of a ring weight, covered by light grey patina
Sup Manufactured
jLj a ratl,
Unpublished.
Disk Weight
b. Huwa(yy).
212
Center.
i>. Salih b.
Muslim
Light green, translucent. Slight devitrification. Diam. 60; diam. impression 37.
Unpublished.
A good account was given in Miles, "Muntaza" 51, of the few references in the
literature. The published weights of Huwayy b. Huwayy are all coin weights.
Launois, Cairo 236 bis and ter does not mention the reverse legend, although
they are the same coin weights which Fahmy later published, and all have Salih
HASHIM B. SALIM
Prefect: 171-2 H. / A.D. 787-8; or 175-6 H. / A.D. 791-2; or 179-80 H. / A.D. 795-6
Coin Weights
j i dinar,
Unpublished.
The name of this otherwise unknown official was recorded in Launois, Cairo
234, on a dinar weight of the governor Musa b. 'Isa. The same specimen figures
also in Fahmy 216. There is, however, no clue, as to during which term of
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
213
JUlI
(sic) J2L
(?)
Unpublished
Weight of one-third
dinar,
full weight.
Weight of one-half.
dinar,
full weight.
Center:
and Nasih.
Unpublished.
CAM I, 180 may belong here. It is difficult to decide, because in Kufic script
the name Watjlih, as it has been read, does not differ from wa-Naih, except
for the initial hook of the alif: ~^lj or te^Uj. But the alif at the beginning
Against Wadih speaks the date of his death, 170 H., whereas Hashim b.
214
\j
In the name of
Center:
j and Nasih.
Unpublished.
ISHAQ B. SULAYMAN
Ring Weights
617. RATL, with SALIH B. MUSLIM. Small fragment of a ring weight, with part of
^yJu. i> (j^H ... ... the amir Ishaq b. Sulayman, may
Center:
JMj) Watl
^U* Salih
-0 a 5J I
Unpublished.
The small impression is difficult to decipher and too little of the legend is
preserved.
Center in retrograde:
Unpublished.
amlr Ishaq b.
Sulayman.
Disk Weight
About two thirds to three quarters of a flat oval disk. A rectangular principal
impression occupies the upper two thirds of the disk. Counter-clockwise marginal
Center:
U(j) (Wu)qiyya,
216
Center:
preserved, on which the marginal legend starts with ^ and ends with
The illustration is also clear. The executive stamp, on the other hand, is faded.
620. RATL, with SALIH B. MUSLIM. Upper half of a milk-bottle-shaped ring weight
with a small transversal hole in the body and round impression at the top, 35:
AL-LAYTH B. AL-FADL
Ring Weight
Salih b. Muslim.
Green, translucent.
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
217
Center:
base 54.
Unpublished.
ratl,
hands of Salih
b. Muslim.
Disk Weight
622. ONE-HALF RATL KABlR. Fragment of a large disk weight. Only the last two
lines of the square or rectangular principal impression are preserved. Below it,
[...]
(-|->) jn Jkj
10)
iiI jyI
Unpublished.
al-Layth, mawla
ful.
623. WUQIYYA, with SALIH B. MUSLIM. Round disk weight, with counter-
Among those things which ordered the amir Layth (b. al-Fadl) (in the name
of Al)Iah, a wuqiyya,
Center:
Unpublished.
The name of the governor is written without the article; ,^J, instead of
Coin Weights
faith-
Weight
Center:
JJjJI Justice
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
219
Jl;** Cx b. Humayd.
***
Unpublished.
Dr. Egon Komorzynski, director of the Museum, for kind permission to include
The governor al-Layth b. al-Fadl is well known from the chronicles, however
Cat. 620-625 are the first glass weights or stamps with his name to be published
MAHFUZ B. SULAYMAN
Ring Weight
626. RATL KABlR. Fragment. Two square impressions at the top, both 22 x 22.
Left:
(In the name of Allah. Ordered) the amir Mahfuz b. Sulayman, may Allah
pre(serve him).
Unpublished.
220
A large blister has been detached from the stamp. The marginal legend was
easily reconstructed, but only the last line of the center is preserved. It is very
much effaced, but I believe it is: o^J^. H so, it mav be the end of: (mawla
Disk Weight
627. WUQIYYA KABlR, with 'ABD ALLAH B. 'IRBAD. About half an oval
legend:
(Among those things which ordered the amlr) Mahfuz b. Sulayman, may Allah
preserve him.
Center:
Two round impressions, (each 18), with identical legends; one on the left side,
the other at the bottom, and both in the rim of the weight:
SJj Wuqiyya
j^S kablr,
Unpublished.
The prefect 'Abd Allah b. 'Irbad is unknown in the chronicles. His name has
been recorded on two dinar weights (EAG I, 128 and Launois, Maspero 15).
Moreover, a one-third-dinar weight was issued in his name alone (see Cat. 629)
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
221
Coin Weight
In the name of (Allah. Ordered the amlr) Mahfuz b. Sulayman a dinar, full
weight.
Unpublished.
This weight proves that Salih b. Muslim was still prefect under Mahfuz b.
Sulayman, sometime between 187 and 189 H. It was formerly thought that
At the hands of
Salih b.
Muslim.
Coin Weight
Center:
4A)I JL*
'Abd Allah
b. 'Irbad.
222
Reverse:
Unpublished.
Vessel Stamp
629A. Fragment of the handle of a vessel, with the executive stamp stil attached:
^(*) ('l)rbad.
Unpublished.
Disk Weight
preserved and traces of another, similar stamp are visible. Although in the legend
the weight is termed one-half ratl, from the size and shape of the fragment it is
i>. M)I
Unpublished.
This official may be identical with the 'Abd Allah or 'Ubayd Allah mentioned
in Wiet, Maqrlzi, p. 124, who was governor from 15 Shawwal 189 H. until
b. Muhammad. Of course, at the date this weight was issued, he must have
At the hands of
'Abd Allah b.
Muhammad. One-half
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
223
one-half dirham,
full weight.
Unpublished.
was governor of Egypt between 189 and 190 H. and is well known from the chron-
icles. Al-Kindl (p. 1411) and others call him 'Abd Allah, but in Zambaur his
from the above that 'Abd Allah b. Muhammad and 'Ubayd Allah b. Muhammad
are the same person and identical with the above mentioned governor.
(No. 243), and re-published as Fahmy 120, of an amlr 'Abd Allah b. Muhammad,
with the joint prefects 'Asim b. Hafs and 'Abd Allah b. 'Irbad. 'Asim b. Hafs is
the best known of the three officials; he was in office from 133 to 141 H. and also
from 165 to 169 H. If the amlr 'Abd Allah b. Muhammad and the prefect
'Abd Allah b. 'Irbad of Launois and Fahmy's weight are the same persons who
were in office between 187 and 189 H., then it is difficult to accept that 'Asim
b. Hafs was still active and held an appointment in 187 H., 54 years after he
began his career. The only possible explanation may be that Launois' and Fah-
my's 'Abd Allah b. Muhammad is an earlier amlr of the same name. On the
other hand, 'Abd Allah b. 'Irbad's dates are fixed between 187 and 189 H. by
Vessel Stamps
At the hands of
Muhammad.
224
Ring Weight
633. RATL KABlR, with MUKARRAM B. KHALID. Fragment. Less than one half
amlr
C b. Khalid.
Unpublished.
Disk Weight
MUKARRAM B. KHALID. Round disk weight with thick rim, about one-third
missing.
a)mlr
Light green, translucent. Total diam. 51; stamp 28. Actual weight 29.75
Unpublished.
half wuqiyya piece. As around a third of the weight is missing, the reconstructed
piece would weigh 45 to 47 gm. As the wuqiyya of this period (starting with the
caliph al-Mahdl) weighs ca. 31 gm, our specimen should be a one and one-half
wuqiyya weight.
noted in Wiet, p. 312, in Wiet, Maqrlzl, p. 124 and also in Weil, p. 167.
AL-HUSAYN B. JAMIL
Coin Weight
635. DINAR, with 'ABD ALLAH B. ABl BAKR? and 'ALl B. AL-SAFRADl.
Among those things which ordered the amlr al-Husayn b. Jamll 'Abd (Allah b.
A)bl Bakr.
Center: O
Unpublished.
Only the beginning and end of the name of al-Husayn b. Jamll's lieutenant is
15
226
Wiistenfeld, pp. 24-25, and Wiet, Maqrlzi, pp. 124-125. For the interpretation
MALIK B. DALHAM
Disk Weight
b. Dal(ham),
AA AA
i>. b. 'Isa.
Unpublished.
For the prefect 'Abd Allah b. 'Isa see also Cat. 643-645. According to the
documents in this collection, he was prefect under Malik b. Dalham and al-
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
227
The two figures in the last line of the principal stamp look like the Arabic
Arabic numerals on the glass. I believe them to be rather the Greek letters
delta and lambda (A A), standing for the initials of some unknown official or
637-638. DINAR.
Among those things which ordered the amlr Malik b. Dalham, may Allah pre-
serve him.
Casanova, p. 381, No 43; Petrie 214; Launois, Cairo 244-246; Launois, C.d.M. 28-29;
Among those things which ordered the amlr Malik b. Dalham, may Allah preser-
ve him.
228
Unpublished.
collaborated for a certain time with the newly appointed governor, Malik b.
Dalham. The prefect 'AH b. Safradl is the same official as on Cat. 635; therefore,
640. RATL. Intact, but worn and a few small chips missing. Two identical oblong,
25 x 22, impressions, overlapping. The stamps may have been square, original-
ly; the overlapping could easily cancel a narrow strip at the junction of the two
stamps.
Emerald green, translucent. Height 73; length at base 74; thickness 36; weight
385.25.
Unpublished.
published. Although a little worn and a few small chips missing, the weight is
still fairly well preserved, to be used, with some caution, in the evaluation of the
Ring Weight
al-Amln.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
229
AL-HASAN B. AL-BAHBAH
Disk Weight
LSj Wuqiyya
kablr,
Unpublished.
The name 'All, written vertically at the end of the second line of the prin-
Coin Weights
642. DINAR.
Among those things which ordered the amlr al-Hasan b. al-Bahbah, may Allah
preserve him.
230
Center:
Weight of
a dinar,
full weight.
Casanova, p. 377, No 7 and probably p. 382, No. 50; EAG I, 108-109, 131; CAM I, 189;
CAM II. Benaki 52; Fahmy 236-238; Launois; C.d.M. Suppl. 11-12.
fication. The reading of *JI at the end of the marginal legend as an abreviation
Among those things which ordered the amlr al-Hasan b. al-Bahbah, may Allah
preserve him.
Launois, C.d.M. 30
190, on which he read the executive's name as 'Abd Allah b. 'Uthman. On this
weight, the legend was badly worn. I wonder if his official could not have been
Center:
Weight of
dinar,
full weight.
J*
At the hands of
'Abd Allah
b. 'Isa.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
231
Coin Weight
Reverse:
Unpublished.
JABIR B. AL-ASH'ATH
[Among] those things which ordered the amlr Jabir b. al-Ash'ath, may (Allah be)
generous to him.
232
Center: in an area between four large hemispheric pellets, located at the four
cardinal points:
SJ(j) (W)uqiyya
o j^S kablr,
Unpublished.
No glass weights or vessel stamps with the name of the governor Jabir b. al-
Ash'ath b. Yahya al-Ta'l have hitherto been published. He is well known in the
chronicles (see al-Kindl pp. 147-149, Zambaur p. 27, Wiet, Maqrizi, pp. 126-
lasted until Jumada II, 196 H. The prefect Muhammad b. Muhammad is not
known. As only the last three letters of the last line on the executive stamp are
As the caliph al-Mansur died in 158 H., i.e. 37 years earlier, the interval seems too
AL-'ABBAS B. MUSA
Vessel Stamp
[...]
[...]
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
233
The governor al-'Abbas b. Musa b. 'Isa b. Musa b. 'Ali took office between 27
and 29 Shawwal, 198 H. and died in Bilbays on 16 Jumada II, 199 H. During
most of the time he was represented by his son 'Abd Allah who greatly mis-
Ring Weight
10) *
Dark green, opaque. Height 88; length 96; thickness at base 45; weight 790.94.
Unpublished.
The weight is intact, though there may be some little loss through scaling.
been published. Notwithstanding the denomination ratl kablr, this weight is only
a normal double ratl, issued before 198 H. when Abu Ja'far 'Abd Allah al-Ma'-
mun was still heir apparent. lb) are the initials of a Greek official, probably
Yohannes.
234
Vessel Stamps
(Ba)kr b. Juna(da).
Unpublished.
from the chronicles and also from Egyptian coins. On glass, he appears here the
first time.
al-Kindl, pp. 158, 167, where his name is given as Aba Bakr. He is also listed
in Wiet, p. 315. According to Wiet, Abu Bakr b. Junada held office twice:
Unpublished.
al-Kindl, p. 167, as deputy prefect for Muhammad b. Usama in 191 H. I can find
(S)ulayman b. Aflah.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
235
Ring Weight
651. ONE-HALF RATL KABlR. Intact ring weight with two overlapping square
impressions.
Emerald green, almost opaque. Somewhat worn. Height 77; length 72; thick-
Unpublished.
8 Sha'ban, 206 H. His name has not hitherto been seen on the glass. The prefect
is not identified with certainty because of the poor state of the legend. I could
[...] Cr J~ [...]
* iJIj
One-half
ratl kablr,
full weight.
236
Disk Weight
652. UNCERTAIN WEIGHT. Only the executive stamp of this disk weight is pre-
served. This weight may have been issued by 'Abd Allah b. Tahir, the governor.
Xs.
Unpublished.
'Abdawayh b. Jabala had been chosen to replace the prefect Ma'dd b. 'Azlz by
'Abd Allah b. Tahir, soon after his installation on Rabl' I, 211 H. 'Abdawayh's
second term started at the beginning of Muharram 215 H. and finished at the end
1st Muharram 215 H. and ended on the 1st Muharram 216 H. This time 'Abda-
wayh served as governor. See also Wiet, p. 315, Wiet, Maqrizl, pp. 132-133,
ISA B. MANSUR
Disk Weights
round executive stamp preserved, 20, with a 70 x 34 mm. chunk of the rim.
At the hands of
Abd A-
wayh
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
237
j j y: t Mansur.
Green, transparent.
Unpublished.
If the figure in the circular legend is the digit of a date, then the piece is from
Oii* ful.
Unpublished.
CojTj Weight
i> 'Isa b.
jjyi: Mansur.
'JU.UI al-Nahid.
Unpublished.
238
Vessel Stamp
0*.... [. . .] D- Mansur
Unpublished.
Ring Weights
657-60. ONE-QUARTER RATL, with title of MAWLA. Two intact ring weights and
two fragments, each with one oval impression at the top, 20 x 18:
O.j-. ful.
657. Intact, one small chip missing. Light grey patina. Height 44; length 47;
658. Intact. Green, translucent. Height41; length 49, thickness 28; weight 93.74.
Unpublished.
Disk Weight
661. ONE-HALF WUQIYYA, with title of MAWLA. Intact round disk weight.
ful.
Bottle green, translucent. Total diam. 35, diam. of stamp 25; weight 16.03.
Unpublished.
Weights 657-661 were issued by 'Isa b. Mansur when he was already dubbed
amlr, yet the protocol ^jo Vs. indicates that he was still a prefect. Nevertheless
he held the honorific title of mawla before he became an amlr. On Petrie 218,
'Isa has the same protocol, but it is preceded by the protocol of a senior official
command of the shurta and sent him on a police expedition against the Lakhm
force, 'Isa b. Mansur was in a high enough position to be appointed an amlr, yet
he was only a prefect and as such he was entitled only to the formula ^ju As..
the lesser formula of emission ^jy Vs., and not that of the supreme authority
Ring Weights
662-663. RATL, with ABO JA'FAR ASHINAS and MALIK B. KAYDUR. Two
fragments of this remarkable issue. Each fragment has two square impressions at
the top. The legends are easily reconstructed from two fragments.
jOJ I j*\ *s*^' Cr.3*^' *AlI (*~j) (In the name) of Allah, the compassionate
210
the amir
the faith-
of the faithful,
40)I e\2>\
662. Emerald green, nearly transparent. The principal stamp almost completely
663. Blue green, nearly transparent. Principal stamp almost entirely preserved.
tion.
Unpublished.
The viceroy Abu Ja'far Ashinas was in office between 219 and 230 H. and his
governor, Malik b. Kaydur al-Safadl served from 224 until 226 H. The present
664. ONE-QUARTER RATL. Intact ring weight, slightly devitrified but well preser-
ved. There is no denomination but the weight is that of a quarter ratl or three
wuqiyya. One square impression at the top; the beginning and the end of the
Black, opaque. Height 45; length 48, thickness at the base 25; weight 93.37.
Unpublished.
The wuqiyya of this one-quarter ratl = 31.12. The only published glass with
MUSA B. ABI'L-'ABBAS
Ring Weight
Miisa b.
Abi'l-'Abbas
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
241
Ring Weight
665. RATL, with 'ALl B. YAHYA AL-ARMANl. Originally with two square im-
pressions, the fragment has only the principal stamp, 30 x 30, preserved. A nar-
row strip is all that is left of the second stamp on the right side.
Unpublished.
amlr abu
be
the faith-
Unpublished.
1C
242
'All b. Yahya held the office of governor twice: once between 226 and 229 H.
and again from 234 until 235. As Abu Ja'far Ashinas died in 230, the three
weights must have been issued during 'All b. Yahya's first governorship.
The only weights of Ashinas published to date are a nearly intact ratl and a
fragment of one-third ratl, both with the name of an unknown executive, Muham-
the two ring weights is intact, about one-fourth of the other is missing. There
amlr Ashinas,
amlr
the commander
669. Light green, translucent. Some devitrification, but intact. Height 43;
670. Tobacco brown, translucent. About one quarter missing from the bottom
portion.
Unpublished.
This weight is an important document. All the historians relate that Hartha-
(Note that on these weights, as well as on those issued together with Itakh
(pp. 196-7), he started in office on 15 Rabl' I, 233 H. Oct. 29, 874) but he did not
arrive in Fustat until6Rajab 233 H., when he took over from his deputy, 'Ali b.
Mahrawayh. His office was terminated in Jumada II, 234 H. (after Jan. 29,
According to the present weights, which as official documents must take prece-
dent over the chronicles, not only was Harthama already in office before the
death of Ashinas in 230 H., but he was, at that time, a full-fledged amlr, endowed
with the same protocol as his superior commander the viceroy. Yet his first
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
243
Vessel Stamp
[...]
Ring Weights
672-673. RATL. One fragment and one complete ring weight. The latter must have
been used as a hammer in modern times because the head portion, with the im-
however, to recognize that both specimens are identical. In fact, the two im-
pressions were made with the same die, there is therefore no doubt that both
bear the protocol of 'All b. Yahya, although the name of the governor has been
broken off on the complete weight. The legend has been reconstructed from the
two pieces.
Center:
of the faithful,
244
673. Green, almost opaque. Complete but head badly damaged. Height 77,
Unpublished.
The invocation ty.\ may Allah exalt him, is unusual on the glass. To my
knowledge it only occurs on 'All b. Yahya's heavy weights just described, and on
a vessel stamp (Cat. 677). See the section on honorary titles in the introduction
674. ONE-QUARTER RATL. Complete but worn and chipped. One oblong impres-
sion 25 x 15:
Slighty bluish, luminous green, height 47; length 40; thickness at base 24;
weight 85.55.
Unpublished.
JJJ\ oliI
Unpublished.
Weights
b. Yahya, mawla
weight 31.45.
rim.
CAM I, 195.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
245
Vessel Stamp
Center:
Unpublished.
The legend of this stamp is identical with that of the ring weights Cat. 672-
673. About the invocation -mI ay.\, may Allah exalt him, see the note there.
of the faithful,
Ring Weights
678. RATL. No denomination, but from the size of the fragment, obviously a ratl piece.
Brown, opaque.
This specimen published by Jungfleisch, B/E 1948, pp. 1-2; CAM 1,196; Casanova, "Poids"
the merciful.
246
679. RATL, with ITAKH AL-TURKl and 'ISA B. MANSOR. Small fragment
which the right hand stamp is, to a great extent, broken off. There remains,
however, enough of the legend to indicate that it is identical with the stamp of
Cat. 678. It has, therefore, been reconstructed after careful comparison with
Cat. 678.
the merciful).
&l
hands of
Unpublished
but it still contains the names of the caliph al-Wathiq billah (227-32 H.), of
the viceroy Itakh al-Turkl (230-5 H.) and that of the governor, 'Isa b. Mansur
(for the second time: 229-33 H.). The presence of the caliph and the viceroy
dates the piece between 230 and 232. Note that the protocol of the governor,
when following those of the caliph and the viceroy, is not *j Jr,\, but only
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
247
ITAKH AL-TURKI
Coin Weight
680. DIRHAM KAYL. Intact coin weight, with square impression, 15 x 15:
Unpublished.
without doubt, a dirham kayl. The ordinary dirham glass weight has, according
to Miles, "Coin Weights," p. 82, an average weight of 2.84-2.85 gm., but the full-
weight silver dirham of the Ummayad and very early 'Abbasid period weighs an
average of 2.95 gm., which is very near the legal or theoretical dirham. See Miles,
dirham kayl. See the paragraph on the dirham kayl in the introduction, p. 000
above.
Three beautiful small ring weights; the fourth is damaged but the stamp is also
intact. It is not possible to determine the shape of the impression, because the
borders of the stamp are off flan on all four specimens. The inscriptions are in
very neat, but exceedingly small Kufic characters. The legends are recon-
kh. Dirham,
full weight.
Ring Weights
248
amlr Itakh,
the amlr
the commander
681. Blue green translucent. Intact. Height 20; length 23; thickness at base 17
weight 15.90.
682. Blue green, translucent. Slightly devitrified. Intact. Height 21; length 24
683. Blue green, translucent. Intact. Height 21; length 24; thickness at base 17
684. Blue green, translucent. Part of the base broken off. Height 24; length 28
Unpublished.
Vessel Stamps
the amlr
the commander)
(jOJI U>I (j^ujiI) (of the faithful, may Allah preserve him.
Unpublished.
Weights 681-684 and vessel stamp 685 are the first published glass issues of
the governor Harthama b. Nadr Jaball, under the supreme authority of the
viceroy Itakh al-Turkl. Harthama's tenure of office limits the date of these
weights and the vessel stamp to the two year period between 233 and 234 H.
It is also fortunate that we have three intact weights of the same emission, a
I have seen the piece in the Vienna Museum and the name seems to be not Hartha-
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
249
Ring Weight
A(bu)
(.H)
(his life).
Unpublished.
The stamp is somewhat larger than the head surface and the first and last
The reading of *Jjj is subject to caution. It is unusual that the caliph should
be called the lieutenant of Allah. Also the word is not well preserved and not easy
to read.
Vessel Stamp
250
Ring Weight
were two round impressions, but only the principal stamp, at the right side, is
complete. The second stamp, at left, has largely disappeared, but there remains
the merciful.
4-UI Jl* *j j*\ ii5C)jbj and with these ordered 'Abd Allah
( the am(lr[...])
...j ful[...]
Jungfleisch's reading of the end of the second and the beginning of the third
lines of the principal stamp does not seem to be quite correct and he did not read
the name of the official on the second stamp. EAG II, 31 is, as far as I can see it,
similar to the present weight, but the legends on Miles's specimen are blurred.
Sulayman b.Wahb.who was finance director in 247 H., is the more likely can-
didate for this weight (see Wiet, p. 316). The other official under al-Mutawakkil
236 H. (Wiet, p. 317). Our official has the honorific title of mawla, therefore the
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
251
Ring Weight
689. RATL, with 'ALl B. MUHAMMAD. Fragment. No denomination, but the size
I (mam)
Unpublished.
HATIM B. HARTHAMA
Disk Weight
689A. ONE AND ONE-HALF WUQIYYA. Intact oval disk weight with square
principal impression, 36 x 36 slightly off center, and a round, 22, second blank im-
pression between it and the tip of the oval. The color does not show through the
oxidized patina (irisation) of the surface of the glass; a little scaled and the legend
Among those things which ordered the amir / Hatim b. / Harthama, mawla /
252
55 x 65, 47.67.
When the manuscript of this catalogue was already with the ANS, Launois
published this weight, which is in the Paris collection. She attributes the weight
al-Jaball on the grounds that Harthama b. 'Ayan had a long and distinguished
career in the eastern provinces, where Harthama b. Nadr al-Jaball had none.
In Egypt, however, both held office more or less during a year, the former in
178 H., and the latter in 233 H. Whereas there is no glass with the name of
234 H.
Vessel Stamp
(H)atim b. Harthama,
hands of
[...]
-Oil (JL./I)
[...]
Unpublished.
Both 689 A and 690 have been listed under the governor Hatim b. Harthama
b. Nadr Jaball, who held office for just one month, immediately after his father,
There is, however, nothing in the legends to exclude the possibility that they
may have been issued by the other, earlier governor of the same name. Hatim b.
Harthama b. 'Ayan, who was in office between 194 and 195 H. (see al-Kindl,
p. 147, Zambaur p. 37 and Wiet p. 365 of the index). Nor is there any indication
of one or the other governor in the style of the impression and the writing.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
253
ISHAQ B. YAHYA
Ring Weights
691. ONE-HALF RATL. Intact ring weight, with the impression covering the whole
Light green, translucent. Height 53; length 52; thickness at base 35; weight
190.68.
Unpublished.
The governor Ishaq b. Yahya b.Mu'adh al-Khuttalanl was active from 11th
Dhu 'l-Qa'da, 235 until 22th Dhu 'l-Qa'da, 236 H. See Zambaur p. 27. Al-
Kindl, pp. 198-9, and Wiistenfeld, p. 49, do not give the day of his deposition.
692. ONE-QUARTER RATL. The impression occupies the whole top of the weight.
Blue green, translucent. Height 43; length 45; thickness at bottom 29; weight
top.
[...]
(I)shaq b. (Yahya)
b. Mu'adh,
92.32.
Unpublished.
254
Disk Weights
The amlr
Ishaq b. Yahya,
Unpublished.
Vessel Stamps
JU)l olil
(The amlr)
Ishaq b. Yahya
b. Mu'adh,
In Launois' stamp the first line is also present and allows for reconstruction of
the reading on our specimen, although there was not much doubt about the first
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
255
Vessel Stamp
'Abd al-Wahid
of the faithful.
Unpublished.
236 and was recalled at the end of Safar 238 H. (Wiistenfeld, p. 50, al-Kindl,
Al-Kindl, pp. 199-200 mentions that Zakariyya, for the year 237 H. / A.D. 851 as
"Katib al-'Umri", was implicated in the law suit of the Banl 'Abd al-Hakam.
According to the coin weight to be described, Zakariyya and his brother 'Isa seem
to have held government posts together. Though al-Kindl writes the name with a
final alif, I think there is not much doubt about the identity of the persons on the
Petrie 249 (misread and the weight of Petrie's specimen is heavier, 10.57 gm.); CAM
II. RuOwen 42 lacks a small fraction of the rim, but even so weighs 7.10 gm.
Our specimen and the weight described by Miles tally exactly with the
weight of the complete fals of 36 kharruba. Petrie's No. 249, on the other
698.
256
fulus (36 + 18). If we are right, Petrie's weight would be the first instance
HAMZA B. AL-MUGHIRA
Coin Weights
iy**. Hamza
S^^iiI 0. b. al-Mughlra
"*
The weight was presented to me by the owner, the late Kamel Osman Ghaleb
Pasha of Cairo, in whose collection Miles had seen it. Miles also published a
similar coin weight (CAM II. Benaki 78) with jlU in the exergue, weighing 2.81,
and another, similar, in the Walker Art Museum in Minneapolis, weighing 5.79.
According to the weight table worked out by Miles in his "Coin Weights" our
piece is a 17-kharruba weight, the CAM II. Benaki 78 piece a 16 kharruba weight
and the one in the Walker Museum a 30-kharruba fals weight. The fact that none
of these coin weights has a denomination, does not exclude that they are fals
j. iy^. Hamza b.
al-Mughlra,
CAM II. Benaki 78 has the same inscriptions, but weighs 2.81, and is, therefore, a 16
kharruba weight.
Miles expressed some doubt whether the official Hamza b.Mughlra who issued
weights 699-700 is the same person described in al-Kindi, pp. 199-200, 463-4.
Al-Kindl relates that Hamza al-Mughlra was Katib al-'Umri, i.e. scribe of the
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
257
government office, until he was implicated in the law suit of the Ban! 'Abd al-
Hakam together with the brothers Zakariyya and 'Isa, the sons of Yahya.
We now have coin weights of Zakariyya and 'Isa, sons of Yahya, as well as
of Hamza b. al-Mughlra. Not only are they the protagonists of a common his-
torical event, but the style of writing is also of the same period. And, last but
not least, the lack of any denomination is also common to all. With certain re-
ANBASA B. ISHAQ
Ring Weight
701. RATL with EXECUTIVE HASHIM B. ... Fragment. Two square impressions,
each 25 x 25, placed one beside the other. Both have identical legends, engraved
in handsome Kufic, with vertically elongated alifs and lams, similar to the in-
faithful).
Unpublished.
Disk Weight
Unpublished.
i7
258
Vessel Stamp
but arrived in Fustat only on the 5th. According to al-Kindi p. 202, Wiet,
Maqrlzi, pp. 138-140 and Wustenfeld, p. 55, he was recalled on 1 Rajab, 242 H.
Zambaur puts the date of his deposition on 5 Rajab. The prefect al-Husayn
worshipper of God.
Ring Weight
704. ONE-HALF RATL, with prefect AL-HASAN B. ABU L-MAHASIN. Light grey
patina. Scaling at top, otherwise well preserved. One oblong impression, 27 x 24:
Height 51; length 55; thickness at base 37; weight 179.98. Loss of weight
Unpublished.
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
259
direct photograph and I did not dare prepare a plasticine impression for casting.
Unpublished.
The first two lines of Cat. 704-705 have been reconstructed from the weights
706-715, which have identical legends, except for the last two lines bearing the
706. DOUBLE RATL. Complete, but badly chipped and two larger fragments broken
off. The loss may be, at a rough estimate, around 100 gm. or even a little more.
Two square impressions at the top, both with identical legends and dimensions,
26 x 26. The inscriptions are placed in four horizontal lines, but a blank oblong
space has been left at the bottom of the impression which indica tes that there may
have been two more lines on the die, subsequently erased. We shall turn our
Vessel Stamp
b. Abi'l-Mahasin.
CrJ-\ ^ J*
Ring Weights
f \ [* ^ 40)I p~i
Black, opaque. Height 75; length 85; thickness at base 55; weight 643.48.
Unpublished.
707-713. RATL. The ratl weights are similar to the double ratl only smaller. The
twin impressions are identical with those of the double ratl, with the same legends,
707. Black, opaque. Intact, a little worn. Height 63; length 75; thickness at
714-715. ONE-HALF RATL. Similar to the ratl but smaller, and only one square im-
pression, 26 x 26:
Legends as on 706-713.
714. Light grey patina, opaque. Intact. Height 50; length 50; thickness at base
715. Emerald green, translucent. Well preserved, except for a large chip which
may weigh around 20 gm. Height 47; length 51; thickness at base 39;
weight 161.43.
Unpublished.
There can be no doubt that 704-705 and CAM II Ruthven 39 constitute the
first emission of a series of dies for the heavy weights and also for vessel stamps,
on which not only the protocol of Yazld b. *Abd Allah, but also that of his prefect,
Yazld b. "Abd Allah is represented alone, the prefect's protocol has willfully been
erased; the last two lines of the legend have been chiseled out on the die. There
can be no doubt that it is the former prefect's name which has been got rid of,
because the die which served for the first emission, was, after retooling, employed
Such a procedure is quite unusual on the glass and may have been adopted as
Catalogue: 'Abbasids
261
public funds and other misdemeanors were common enough among those officials
who had access to the treasury or the taxation monies. There are many cases in
which the culprits were summarily dismissed or even heavily punished, but this is
the first time that on a die which was to continue in service, the protocol has
Jungfleisch was the first to notice that Yazld b. 'Abd Allah's dies were retooled
after a first emission, but he suspected that the missing last two lines contained
some Quranic admonition condemning heretics (see BIE 1948, p. 3, footnote and a
We now know that the two missing lines did not contain some politico-reli-
gious text, but the protocol of the prefect al-Hasan b. Abi'l-Mahasin, who for-
On all cat. 704-715 the pious invocation is in the dual, for Yazld b. 'Abd Allah
and the commander of the faithful: may Allah prolong their lives, l^li ajj I JlbI.
716. ONE-QUARTER RATL. Intact. except for a small chip. Round impression. 23:
Blue green, translucent. Height40; length 42; thickness at base 27; weight 90.66.
Unpublished.
amlr Yazld
of the faithful.
Disk Weights
things
of the faithful.
262
Vessel Stamps
720-723. EXECUTIVE STAMP. The legends are the same as on Cat. 704-715. The
pious invocations are also in the plural. They are most probably the same dies.
Unpublished.
MUZAHIM B. KHAQAN
Ring Weights
amlr Muzahim
the faith-
724. Black, opaque. Complete but chipped. Height 73; length 84; thickness at
Unpublished.
Black, opaque. Height 40; length 44; thickness at base 27; weight 87.76.
Unpublished.
Disk Weights
jUU. b. Khaqan.
Unpublished.
Petrie 203, but misread and not attributed to Muzahim b. Khaqan. CAM I,
Cat. 726 and 727-729 come from the same die. The last line of the legend is in
small script.
cording to Zambaur. Wiistenfeld, p. 54 gives the date as the 13th) and died
3. TULUNIDS
AHMAD B. TULUN
Ring Weights
faith-
j fifty nine
730. Black, opaque. Length 55; height 72; thickness at base 52.
Unpublished.
733. RATL. Dated 259 H. Complete, but devitrified and some of the original weight
lost, perhaps 10-15 gm. Twin square impressions, 25 x 25. The inscriptions are
Black, opaque, extensively covered by light grey patina. Height 55; length 73;
This specimen was published by Jungfleisch, BIE 1948, pp. 6-8, reading SS^/JI in the first
line, but Miles (CAM /, 200) also published a similar weight and found no definite article
before 'ij>. Careful examination of the present piece confirms Miles's reading.
264
Catalogue: TOlunids
265
734. WUQIYYA. Dated 234 H. More than half a wuqiyya ring weight preserved.
Dark brown, almost black, opaque. Height 47; thickness at base 29.
Unpublished.
735. WUQIYYA. Undated. Fragment. The round impression, 21, well preserved.
Unpublished.
Disk Weights
Bottle green, translucent. Diam. 46; diam. impression 29; weight 33.22.
Unpublished.
266
737. WUQIYYA. Undated. Intact, Four thumb-nail like proof marks in rim
Blue green, transparent. Diam. 47; diam. impression 22; weight 32.13.
Unpublished.
of the faithful.
Vessel Stamps
Unpublished.
faith-
Unpublished.
fifty nine
Catalogue: Tulunids
267
From the day of his appointment as deputy governor in 254 until 258 H., when
he became governor with full powers, Ahmad b. Tulun had no authority over
finances. Nevertheless, he issued weights and vessel stamps dated 254 H. It can
be concluded therefore, that the dar al-'iyar, and depending from it, the issuing of
weights and the pharmaceutical vessels and the supervision of the markets, were
under control of the governor and not of the finance director. In fact, the last
finance director to issue weights or vessel stamps, was al-Kha lb b. 'Abd al-
Hamld in 190-191 H. After this date, the issuing authority was either the gover-
nor (who may have been, although not necessarily, at the same time the finance
Under the Umayyads the finance directors were as frequently responsible for
the issues of glass weights and vessel stamps as the governors and prefects.
Under the early 'Abbasids, up to 190 H., the glass was gradually more frequently
issued by the governor or the prefect, and after 191 H. the names of finance direc-
KHUMARAWAYH B. AHMAD
Vessel Stamp
(jj nlI ^)
lijJL (mi)
Unpublished.
The only published glass weight of Khumarawayh until now was CAM I, 201.
on the throne, styled himself mawla amir al-mu'minin, freedman of the caliph.
Allah honesty.
amlr
of the)
Even if Ahmed b. Tulun, whose father was a slave at the Baghdad court, had
been a mawla himself, his son Khumarawayh was most certainly born a free
citizen. Therefore the title he adopted on the glass, could not be anything but an
Grabar (p. 39, footnote, and p. 40) wrote on the subject of the title mawla amir
question whether this formula, used in the protocol of officials, was a title of office,
an honorific title, or rather a real personal relationship with the caliph. Van
that in the third century H. "most titles were not yet formalized and that, in the
case of Ahmad b. Tulun one should still consider the formula as the expression of
a personal relationship between the caliph and his subordinate, perhaps a delega-
opinion rather than Grabar's. Until ca. 200 H. very few officials present the title
mawla amir al-mu'minln on the glass. In our collection the first governor to use
this title is Matar (157-159 H.) and next follows Yahya, who may not be Abu
Salih Yahya (162-163 H.) The third mawla, at the same period (162 H.), is
Wadih, also governor and at the same time finance director. Then until 199 no
mawla appears on the glass, and with Harith b. Zur'a begins the series of high
officials bearing the title mawla. After 216 H. twelve governors in this collection
are mawlas, against only three without this title. This fact points to the prob-
ability that beginning with the third century H., the title mawla amlr al-mu'mi-
nln was an honorary title attached to the post of governor and not an affidavit of
manumission.
HARUN B. KHUMARAWAYH
Vessel Stamp
Unpublished.
It is true that Jungfleisch published this specimen, BIE, 1948, p. 4. See another
reference to this specimen in CAM I, p. 85, note 64. Jungfleisch, however, read
the date as (2)60 H. .(^^j'L j)^^, and consequently attributed the piece to
Ahmad b. Tulun. I studied the stamp carefully and came to the conclusion that
Jungfleisch's reading of the date is not correct. The first two letters of the decade
are not z~, but ^j', and so the decade is ninety and not sixty: ^,.,?, and not
0w. The word starts with a solitary tooth, ta, and afterwards follow the
three teeth of the letter sln. This fact changes the whole attribution of the
stamp, which was issued by Harun b. Khumarawayh and not by Ahmad b. Tulun.
sent his protocol in full, besides the dates 254 and 259 H.
ABBAN B. IBRAHIM*
Only most of the round executive stamp, 22, and an illegible trace of another
impresssion present:
^jby I Ibrahlm.
,> jU Abban b.
y I Ibrahlm.
Casanova, p. 374, No 191; EAG. I, 111; EAG. II, 33; CAM. I, 102; Launois, Cairo 317-318.
All the stamps are from the same die. The style of writing is identical with that
of al-Muhajir, who should, therefore, be his contemporary. The latter was active
under the caliph al-Mahdl. Abban b. Ibrahlm may have been an executive under
the caliph al-Mansur (See Cat., 352, where only the father's name, Ibrahlm, is
preserved) towards this caliph's later years, and also at the beginning of the
reign of al-Mahdl.
270
271
AM)
(Abu) Bakr b.
(A)bl Bakr.
IBRAHIM B. ISMAIL
749. WUQIYYA DISK WEIGHT. Oval disk weight, broken lengthwise, three square
stamps.
First impression:
tS.** J*
Second impression:
(Vj)
At the hands of
(Ibra)hlm
(b. I)sma'll
(Wuqiyya),
full weight.
Unpublished.
272
ISMA IL B. JATAR
At the hands of
Isma 'lI
(b.) Ja'far.
Unpublished.
JATAR
Ja'far
Unpublished.
The Kufic, which has lost some of its angularity, indicates a later date.
with three lines of legends, crossing each other like the spokes of a wheel. First
line: from right upper to left lower corner. Second line: from right lower to
left upper corner and third line: from left to right, therefore upside down.
273
Cr. jr-J-I
Jjf (? or f) j j
Mu'adh (?).
Unpublished.
Well preserved dirham kayl glass weights are very rare, and the present weight
Although the official has the rank of an amlr, he seems to be unknown in the
literature.
Unpublished.
This Dawud has nothing in common with Dawud b. al-Murr, an executive of al-
Qasim b. 'Ubayd Allah (see Cat. 204-205). The present coin weight belongs to
DAWUD
Dawud
SALAMA AHMAD
JUa.
Salama
Ahmad.
Unpublished.
18
Thick rim, 6 mm., and simple elongated late Kufic. Very difficult to fix a date
but the thickness of the rim and the general appearance of the writing would
suggest a very late period, probably near Fatimid times. Maybe 28 or 29 khar-
ruba?
SULAYMAN
weight. Originally there were five round impressions, 17 mm. diam. each, one in
the center and four at the periphery. The application of the four stamps into the
still red-hot glass caused the originally round disk to extend into a shape like a
four-leaved shamrock.
j^Ju. Sulayman.
Unpublished.
SULAYMAN B. DAWUD
756. COIN WEIGHT. FALS OF 29 KHARRUBA. Thick rim and square impression,
11 x 11:
^%\, Sulayman
i b.
.sjb Dawud.
Unpublished.
It is difficult to attribute a date to this unusual weight. The color, square im-
275
SAMAND
Obverse:
Samand.
_J-X kharruba 31
Manufactured
jJ Farruh
Coin weights with Coptic figures would indicate the middle of the second cen-
tury H.
759.A, B, COIN WEIGHT. FALS OF 30 KHARRUBA with Coptic figure for 30.
kharruba 30.
(*)
Casanova, p. 383, Nos. 68-69; Petrie 143; EAG I, 114-115; CAM J, 205; Virt 31; Fahmy
276
At the hands of
'Abd al-Malik
b. 'Isa.
Unpublished.
In EAG I, 117 Miles published an uncertain ring weight with the same legend.
The impression was on the shoulder of a fragment and the name of the issuing
The style of writing is similar to the calligraphy on the coin weights of Salama
and 'Umar.
ABD AL-WAHHAB
['...]
'Abd al-
Wahhab
ISA B. JUNADA
In beaded border:
;*
277
763. DISK WEIGHT. Fragment of wuqiyya. A little more than half preserved.
Square impression:
Unpublished.
The rim is thick and on both sides there is a prong mark. One of these has been
ATA B. NASHID
764. COIN WEIGHT. 22 KHARRUBA. Broken and mended, a small chip missing.
Unpublished.
Miles "Coin Weights," p. 85 = 4.294 gm. Official unknown. Very early 'Ab-
basid.
('l)sa
b. Junada.
o 3fC
'Ata b. Nashid,
QARNCRIS
278
Emerald green, translucent. Height 78; length 72; thickness at base 38; weight
383.46.
Unpublished.
in his own name j*\ [*). His name suggests Byzantine or Coptic descent
and may originate from the Latin Coronarius. Late 'Abbasid, probably third
century H.
766. Light green, translucent. Total diam. 28; diam. impression 16; weight 5.80.
767. Light green, translucent. Total diam. 25; diam. impression 12; weight4.82.
768. Light green, translucent. Total diam. 27; diam. impression 17; weight5.46.
769. Light green, translucent. Total diam. 28; diam. impression 16; weight5.72.
Unpublished.
The calligraphy shows a beginning of "floral Kufic." The rim is thick, and the
maybe early fourth century H. If these jetons are to be considered coin weights,
then they are nearly all different: 766 and 769 should be fuliis of 30 kharruba,
AL-QASIM B. AL-HAYTHAM
piJI
Al-Qasim
b. al-Haytham.
279
MALIK B. SABUKTAKIN
iyS^SL* Sabuktakln.
Unpublished.
MALIK B. MANSUR
771. VESSEL STAMP. Attached to the side fragment of an ample, wide mouthed
0* iJOL Malik b.
jj .n . i Mansur.
Unpublished.
280
Unpublished.
773. COIN WEIGHT. FALS OF 29 KHARROBA. Chipped, but little loss of weight
Unpublished.
much earlier calligraphy and no ornaments. The two homonymous officials must
Nusayr?
Muhammad
b. 'Ubayd Allah.
MUHAMMAD B. AMR
Muhammad b. 'Amr,
a fa Is weight of
twenty three
kharruba.
281
4j
jr>
I \f
Muhammad b. 'Amr,
twenty kharruba.
I could not find Muhammad b. 'Aim's name in the literature, except in Petrie,
Casanova and Fahmy, although he must have served in a high post, as he was
entitled to issue glass in his own name: aj jj ^,. Al-Kindl lists two officials of
the same name, Muhammad b. 'Amr, but the first was in office in 86 H., which is
far too early, and the other, who served in 196 H., seems to be too late.
The calligraphy and the impression, which is square with rounded corners,
place these coin weights in the initial period of the 'Abbasid rule. Coin weights
with similar semi-archaic characters and the square impression with rounded
corners are to be found with "Al-Muhammad," and the names of Salih b. 'All,
'Umar, Salama and Nawfal b. Furat, but not after them. There are a few later
issues of coin weights (Salih b. Muslim, Malik b. Dalham, Musa b. 'Isa and maybe
a few more), but there is a marked difference in calligraphy and legend arrange-
ment and they are easy to differentiate. There is, of course, no relationship
between the square impressions of the coin weights, with rounded corners, and the
office between 133 and ca. 165 H. Although he must have held quite an important
post, there are no indications on the glass which would link him with another,
well-known official. Therefore, he must, for the time being, remain in the series
of unknown officials.
MU'AWIYA B. RASHID
Ordered Mu'awiya
b. Rashid a qist,
(full) measure.
Unpublished.
fals coin weight (CAM II. Ruthven 40) which seems to have been engraved by
MUZAHIM B. MUHAMMAD
Ring Weights
777. RATL. Intact ring weight, with twin square impressions, 37 x 37.
Muzahim b. Muhammad.
njuJ-I Al-Hasanayn.
Light grey patina. Almost opaque. Height 60; length 70; thickness at base 45;
weight 394.51.
Unpublished.
Unpublished.
style of the two ring weights just described are, however, quite similar to that of
Muzahim b. Khaqan's time. Actually, were it not for the father's name, Muham-
283
MUSA
Musa.
Unpublished.
NASHID
780-783. JETONS. In a thick rim, deep triangular impression. The long letters have
split heads.
*zs. I recommend it to
jU|I God,
JulU Nashid.
Casanova, p. 394, Nos. 5-7; Petrie 282-285; Launois, C.d.M. 112; Launois, Masptro 24.
Each piece has a different weight, and 783 exceeds by far all the known fals
weights. I am not sure whether one should consider these jetons as coin weights.
The thick rim, the calligraphy and the triangular impression point to a late
The name of the official, Nashid, has been misread by all three authors.
284
NASIB
Manufactured by
,-^J Naslb
Jungfleisch read correctly the first two lines, but not the remaining two.
Unpublished.
At the hands of
Nasr b. Sa'ld,
285
YUHANNIS
Manufactured by
Yuhannis.
Emerald green, translucent. Height 50; length 63; thickness at base 40; weight
237.02.
Unpublished.
lished by Miles in CAM I, 210. Both Miles's weight and mine seem to be late
emissions.
The denomination on the present ring weight is one-quarter ratl (ordinary ratl).
It is, however, certainly not a quarter ratl, because, according to our weight
tables in the introduction, the normal quarter ratl weighs ca. 95 gm. Even the
half ratl weighs only about 195 gm. This weight seems to be a half ratl kablr.
It is true that the average half ratl kablr should weigh around 245 gm., but some
loss of weight taken into consideration, this is the only weight unit which corres-
ponds fairly well to our present specimen. The wrong denomination on the
YAHYA
ratl kablr.
One-quarter ratl,
full weight.
Ordered by Yahya.
5. ANONYMOUS WEIGHTS
Ring Weights
792. DOUBLE RATL. Intact ring weight. Square impression at the top, 22 x 22,
Dark green, translucent. Height 88; length 85; thickness at base 53; weight
756.69.
BM 34q.
^ or ^ Kaf or dal?
Unpublished.
Elegant angular Kufic with ornate heads of the vertical letters. Ca. 200 H.
or later.
794. RATL. Nearly intact, only a few chips missing. Also a few gm. of glass ground out
>\>j?
Blue green, translucent. Height 60; length 72; thickness at base 45; weight
392.83.
Unpublished.
286
287
795-796. RATL. Intact ring weight. In the center of the top, umbilical wart, beside it
W Ji* Thiql.
* eighty.
795. Badly fused glass, heavily striated, of dirty beige color and nearly opaque.
Very inferior glass, rather glass paste. Intact. Height 65; length 66;
796. Only the head portion preserved. Better fusion, pale dirty honey color,
translucent.
When I originally published these weights I was convinced that they actually
were issued in 88 H. Miles, in CAM I, 260-261 expressed the opinion that they
cannot possibly have been issued at such an early date and that the epigraphy
(and the oblong impression, which came into fashion only in the third century H.)
indicates the end of the third century H., and that 88 is really meant as 288,
the century being omitted. I now wholeheartedly agree with Miles that the two
pieces (and those published by Miles) must have been issued during the second
...J?
Blue green, translucent. Height 39; length 40; thickness at base 27; weight 97.67.
Unpublished.
j One-quarter,
Dark green, opaque. Height 40; length 40; thickness at base 33; weight 96.21.
Unpublished.
Uj Wuqiyya
j*S kablr,
799. Emerald green, translucent. Height 40; length 37; thickness at base 23;
weight 62.14.
800. Emerald green, translucent. Height 36; length 35; thickness at base 23;
weight 59.60.
Petrie 252; CAM I, 258-259; CAM II. Benaki 66-67; CAM II. Ruthven 47.
The two specimens are evidently not wuqiyya kablr, despite the denomination.
The wuqiyya kablr weighs, according to our weight tables, ca. 41 gm. The
present weights correspond to the double normal wuqiyya of the later 'Abbasid
issues; the latter is roughly 31 gm.; the double wuqiyya, therefore, 62 gm.
Uj Wuqiyya.
Dark green, translucent. Height 29; length 35; thickness at base 17; weight
33.49.
Unpublished.
Disk Weights
802. THREE DAHMAS, (of three dirakhmy each). Flat oval disk, stamped with three
identical round impressions, diam. 16 each. Two small chips missing. A prong
mark in the rim on both long sides. The same legend in all three impressions:
Unpublished.
289
of a weight based on the dahmas or dahmasas (see Sauvaire pt. 2, pp. 58, 201).
The dahmas weighs 9.9315, which is three dirakhmy of 3.3105 (see also Sauvaire,
Notwithstanding the two small missing chips, the total loss of weight is only 1.81
gram and the actual weight of the piece is still quite accurately that of three
dahmas. Late Umayyad or early 'Abbasid. See the introduction, p. 000 above.
803. WUQIYYA. Intact disk weight with square impression 16 x 16, in which linear
3Lj Wuqiyya.
Petrie 254-256.
The thick rim with four prong marks and the square impression suggest a late
804. WUQIYYA (Marked one-half wuqiyya). Thick disk with small deep square
One-half
SJj wuqiyya
j full weight.
Unpublished.
j One-quarter,
Unpublished.
19
290
ijj Wuqiyya.
Unpublished.
Intact oval disk weight with thick rim. Oblong impression, 26 x 13, with the
* ham kayl.
One-quarter dir-
ham kayl.
Light blue green, transparent. Length 41; width 33; thickness at rim 10; weight
16.64.
Unpublished.
As far as we know, the dirham kayl weighs ca. 2.95 gm. and this figure has no
relation to the weight of the present piece. On the contrary, the piece seems to
Coin Weights
J lit. Weight of
^jjj fals
,Lo ~ ,
Unpublished.
291
The 28 kharruba fals weight is very rare indeed. In fact, I only know of three
and has the number of kharriibas inscribed in Arabic. The other, Cat. 835, is
also written in Arabic and weighs 5.49. The third is the present fals of 5.50, the
number of kharriibas indicated in Coptic numerals. There was no doubt about the
first numeral, a kappa = 20. Not being familiar with Coptic, I could not make up
my mind about the second figure and so I asked Grohmann for his opinion and
sent him a plaster cast. He very kindly replied that the number is wonderfully
clear and that there is no shadow of a doubt that it is kappa sigma, xg, there-
fore: 26. As there is no doubt either that our fals weight contains exactly 28
l2U lit
j>
* is
This weight
is a fals of seven
and twenty
kharru-
ba
Casanova, p. 378, No. 14, 14bis; EAG II, 37, CAM I, 218; Fahmy 317-318.
Early 'Abbasid.
*2j
This weight
is a fals, five
and twenty
kharru-
ba.
EAG II, 39; CAM I, 224-225; Launois, Cairo 326; Fahmy 335-336.
292
In circular line:
\>i>. tyqirat.
Fals of
twenty
kharruba.
Petrie 171; Casanova, p. 377 No. 13; EAG I, 134-137; EAG II, 38; CAM I, 221; CAM
II. Benaki 58-60; CAM II. Ruthven 43; Launois, C.d.M. 334-342; Launois; C.d.M. Suppl.
Unpublished.
293
The calligraphy, general appearance and the material, namely the exceptional
black, opaque, glass paste (instead of translucent or transparent glass) are strong
indications that they belong to the issues of the caliph al-Mansur. In fact, the
only black, opaque, glass paste coin weights are those of the caliph al-Mansur, as
can be ascertained from the dinar and dirham coin weights, Cat. 535-537. Also,
while Fahmy 349 and Launois, Cairo 322 are not identical with the present
weights there is strong similarity in the style and legend arrangement, although
Note that all our specimens are underweight; the 23 kharruba piece should
weight 4.49.
CI,
Weight of fals,
twenty qlr-
at> .
Fals of
twenty
kharruba.
BM 44; EAG I, 144-146; CAM /, 230; CAM II. Benaki 64; Launois, Cairo 343-347;
Fahmy 359-365.
294
Weight of one-half
fals, eigh-
teen qlrat.
Unpublished.
Besides the calligraphy, which is archaic, there are two other indications that
these weights are very early, probably Umayyad. First, the weight is given in
qlrat, which according to Miles (see note to Cat. 807-809) occurs only on early coin
weights. Second, the first word, mlzan, jIjr^, also occurs only on early weights.
This piece is important in that it definitely corroborates our opinion that the
present coin weight, that it is a one-half fals of 18 qlrat. If the one-half fals con-
tains 18 qlrat, then the complete fals must be composed of 36 qlrat (kharruba)
827. Green, translucent. 26. 2.88. This second specimen, although marked 18
EAG I, 148; CAM I, 234-235; Casanova, p. 377, No. 10; Fahmy 371-372.
40)I ~j
Ojj iJIj
hj.3
Weight of fals,
eighteen
qlrat.
This is a partial
weight of eigh-
teen
kharruba.
Unpublished.
295
For the word JaJi, see EAG I, 15-16, CAM I, 31 and Fahmy 36-40. Shatr
jLs. Lj fifteen
o kharruba
JUi, Weight of
Jhjjji qlrat.
BM 55, 55g; EAG I, 150; CAM I, 238; Launois, C.d.M. Suppl. 26; Fahmy 388-389.
or qlrat fals, as marked in the second line, but only a quarter. Note that qararl-
J/ kayl.
***
EAG I, 132.
To my knowledge, besides this dirham kayl, there are only three more intact
specimens in existence: Cat. 680, issued by Itakh al-Turki (2.95), B.M. 51 (2.92)
and Cat. 791.a, a double dirham kayl of an official, al-Hasan b. Mu'adh, un-
known to the literature; the latter coin weight weighs 5.89, which, divided by
two, gives 2.945. These figures correspond exactly with Miles's findings, which
established that the average weight of the Umayyad and early 'Abbasid silver
* *
Muhammad.
Unpublished.
The weight is that of the 28 kharruba. May or may not be a coin weight. Pro-
Muhammad is
Golden yellow, transparent, devitrified rim, center covered by light grey patina.
27, 4.03.
Unpublished.
May be 20 kharruba.
Unpublished.
recognized. Besides, on all our specimens the word mikyala is clear, and not
mikyal, as read by Casanova. For the plural of wuqiyya, awaq, see the three-
The reading of the word al-iklll was difficult, because the alifs, lams and yds
are all written with vertical strokes of the same length. I do not think, however,
that there is much doubt about the correctness of the identification of the drug.
adjective: in Ahmed Issa, p. 157 No. 12, iklll or iklll al-jabal is Rosmarinus offici-
nalis. Maimonides calls it iklll al-malik, melitot, (Melilotus officinalis) and says
that the roots, imported from Syria, were used as an antidote against the bite of
venimous animals. IB cites both ikUl al-malik (melilot 128) and iklll al-jabal
(rosemary.). In Ducros 87, iklll or iklll al-jabal also means rosemary. Finally the
Tuhfa knows iklll al-malik as rosemary and divers (?), and Bedevian lists iklll
Mikyala
al-iklll,
seven wuqiyya.
5L5C
Mikyala of
shelled peas.
297
298
Mikyala
al-baqs
CAM I, 85, 117-119, and 273 seems to me to be al-mishsh, as Miles read it originally.
Published but misread: Casanova, p. 366, No 93, 93bis; Petrie 224; Vire 34;
"Pharm.," p. 386;
Since the catalogue was numbered, three more specimens with al-baqs have
turned up:
Mikyala of
turmus.
iLC
Mikyala of
turmus,
pure.
299
iLSC. Mikyala of
Unpublished.
As Miles has already pointed out, the substance can be read either as julubban,
(which bears no fruit). See EAG II, p. 49. In CAM I, 269 Miles thought
jullanar more likely than julubban (Lathyrus sativus) which, consumed conti-
that the drug should be identified with jullanar. There are, however, vessel
stamps with the drug jjju c\A>., i.e. shelled oUl . As jullanar is the wild
pomegranate, which bears no fruit, and of which only the dried petals can
be used, jLjl* jLU. can only mean the shelled seeds of the chickling vetch.
Egypt, and lathyrismus, the paralysis of the limbs through poisoning with the
of the wild pomegranate, but when in connection with the adjective "shelled"
Cat. 850-852) or "black" Cat. 849), it must mean the plant chickling vetch or
a variety of it.
PETALS (?)
Grohmann 1; CAM I, 269 (The nun at the end of the first line).
According to the archaic writing, this must be an early issue. Here again we
have the dilemma of whether the substance is julubban or jullanar. The ad-
jective dried or toasted, may apply to both the petals of the wild
300
iLCi Mikyala of
oLla. julubban,
black.
Unpublished.
Only in al-Ghafiqi did I find mention of the black variety of the chickling
vetch, Lathyrus niger (p. 437). The reference is to Dawud b. 'Umar al-Antakl,
whose book appeared in the Bulaq edition of 1282 H. in two volumes. There
were many other editions. The title is: Tadhkirat ull'l-albab wa'l-jami 'IVl-
'ajab al-'ujab.
niger, which is on the present stamp. Its name in Flore de France (Aisnieres/Paris
1899) by G. Rouy and J. Foucaud is Lathyrus niger Barnh. The seed is ovoid and
brown. Habitat: nearly the whole of Europe, except the northern parts, the
iLC Mikyala of
Casanova, p. 365, Nos 72, 72bis; Launois, Cairo 305; CAM II. Ruthven 49.
2LLC Mikyala of
sesame seed,
^i.o I white.
Casanova, p. 364, Nos 53-56; EAG I, 180; CAM I, 270; CAM II. Benaki 71; Launois,
301
iLC Mikyala of
iLSC
Mikyala of
watercress.
Unpublished.
Watercress, under its Arabic synonym al-tuffa (liJI) was described in Balog,
"Estampilles," p. 221. Maimonides 167 gives al-hurf as the principal name and
here Meyerhof lists most of the literature. Hurf (or al-tuffa) may be either
Casanova, p. 365, No. 84 (Casanova misread hulba as gubna, cheese); Launois, Cairo
Mikyala of
hulba.
Mikyala of
302
Mikyala of
Casanova, p. 365 No. 76, misread; Launois, Cairo 304, adjective misread; CAM I, 271;
besides the fruit (it is not clear whether dried and/or fresh, or even preserved),
the flower and the leaves of the peach tree were used internally and externally.
during ailments accompanied by fever, and the flower used for frictions.
iL5C
Mikyala of
peach.
Miky(ala)
of khiyar al-gha(nam)
pure.
Unpublished.
Note that the quantity in this mikyala is given in ratl, and not in a unit of
measure of capacity. The substance is partially off flan, but there is enough of
its name in the glass to enable us within reason to identify it with khiyar al-gha-
303
nam, Smilax nigra W., or its synonym Smilax aspera L. in P. Fournier, Le Livre
iLC Mikyala of
pjJJI al-dum.
Unpublished.
Miles, "Pharm.," p. 386 mentions a stamp or stamps with this substance in the
Cairo Museum of Islamic Art, as unpublished. 867: Mikyala written: J_SC. 869:
Ja-i Qist of
iuJ Qist of
(_r=ii pure.
304
Mikyala of
olive oil.
pure.
Unpublished.
iLC Mikyala of
ilSwJ I al-sukk.
Discussed in Balog, "Estampilles," No. 8; Casanova, p. 366, No. 91; EAG II, 41; Miles,
"Pharm.," p. 386; Launois, Cairo 296-300 (misread as wine); Miles, "Corning" 60.
iLC Mikyala of
305
Casanova read the substance as siyab, which he translated with "dattes non
mures," unripe dates. I think that I have correctly identified the drug with
shayyan, which is the resin of the palm tree Calamus draco Wildd, and origi-
nates on the Island of Socotra, in Somalia, the Malabars, etc. See Balog,
last letter of the name of the substance can easily be read as aba. However,
siyab is not. On the other hand, I found siyab in Ahmed Issa, p. 79, No. 16,
Green, translucent. 30
Casanova, p. 364, Nos. 62-64; EAG I, 179; CAM I, 272; Vire 32.
Probably Egyptian lentils, which, when shelled, are of a vivid orange-red color.
Mikyala of
red lentils.
Mikyala of
shelled lentils.
Casanova, p. 365, Nos. 65-71; CAM II. Benaki 72; Launois, Cairo 272.
Lentils,
shelled,
pure.
Unpublished.
20
306
UJI
Mikyal of
mustard and
watercress.
Mikyala of
al-tablkh.
Unpublished.
milk, whatever that means. Kazimirsky 1860, II, p. 52, describes it as a kind
SJuSC
Mikyala of
ful.
Mikyala of
al-ful.
307
iLC Mikyala of
LjjJ lubiya.
iLC Mikyala of
Casanova, p. 364, Nos. 57-59: Miles, "Cumin," p. 23; Launois, Cairo 293.
896. MIKYALOFAL-MIZR.
JLd Mikyal of
jjiI al-mizr.
I thought previously that the substance was either al-mizr, a kind of beer, or
al-qarn, animal horn. Now I believe that al-mizr is the correct reading.
iLC Mikyala
Balog, "Estampilles," No. 13; CAM I, 85, 117-119, 273; Miles, "Corning" 63.
correct. The substance al-baqs, box tree, also occurs on several other stamps
iLSCi Mikyala of
Unpublished.
This plant is called in Egypt mithnan or mithnln, and is spelled on the present
No 5, Tuhfa 234 and 268, and Bedevian 1357, as Daphne Gnidium L. (Thymelaea
have been used as a laxative with some success, as its German name, Purgier-
strauch, indicates.
iLiC Mikyala of
j-JI jujube,
0~ pure.
Unpublished.
The substance, jujube, al-nabq, jj~JI, was read by Miles on a stamp of al-
iLSC Mikyala of
Green, translucent.
Unpublished.
The first letter of the substance is missing, so it was not easy to reconstruct
the word. There is, however, no drug with a short name which ends with the
309
the Caprifoliaceae. See Tuhfa 208, IB 2305, Ahmed Issa, p. 162, No. 8. The drug
synonym.
Ferns, 4th ed. (Cambridge, Eng. 1919), the dwarf elder is Pilea grandis Lindl.
901-903.
lijJI Honesty
jlU to God.
903. As above. 18
Launois, Cairo 251-255; EAG I, 187-188; CAM I, 275-276; CAM II. Ruthven 52!
904-908.
Honesty
909-912.
310
Drink
LJI of heaven.
This specimen was published by Jungfleisch, BIE 1948, pp. 295-6. See also Cat. 784.
(2UL)-X_(_) (Mi)kya(la)
Unpublished.
l_JLyai One-half
one quarter
Ja-OJI of a qist.
Casanova, p. 364, No. 36; EAG I, 176-178; CAM 1, 266-267; CAM II. Benaki 69
311
This stamp, published many times, has been assessed as one-half of one-quarter
simpler to state: y4, for one-eighth, than to say one-half of one-quarter, that
simply forgot to add a waw. Correctly written, the denomination should read
jj j lJ*J. I have observed the same on some small silver coins of the Burjl
919. QISTKABlR.
L~J Qist
kablr,
One-half
kwJ qist
kablr,
Unpublished.
One-half
j*S kablr.
371
JLjI or J_j|
866
97
867-869
39
837-839
46-51
840-841
842-843
191-192, 222-232
874-880
845-846
..
870-873
890
173
40-43
881
847
236 j
IfiJI or
849
882-884
jL-i
850-852
267-268
JUJI
848
891
170
25-30, 54-58
390-391, 853-854
885
847
106, 392
848
53
372, 855-857
858
d>I
886-887
859
860-862
138-139
468
373, 863-864
108
44
372, 855-857 (
45
(?) ^ U
865
312
2, 34, 64-65, 135, ^\ or ^J. 33, 61, 114, 193- irJIjJI or ir>JI
Beer 896
Chick peas:
Pure 468
Roast 860-862
Cinnamon 371
Cumin:
Dum 867-869
Fennel 236
Figs 40-43
Garum 63
Lentils:
Red 885
Roast 53
Myrtle 97
Peach 865
Privet 108
:, Rosemary 837-839
Sesame:
seeds 170
Vetch:
Black 849
Chickling 847
Roast 848
Shelled 850-852
314
784 *JUI
688, 741
740
724-725, -O)I
^ SS/ *M\
730-732, 738
699-700 40)
315
729
295 4JUI
316
352)
76
295, 352
748 fi^Cx.fty.
651 (j~$
730-39
14-33
617-19
691-96
522-27, 567
71
750
662-63, 665-68
277-92
640
679-80, 681-85
646
751-52
115-23
650
690
^l Cs. j-U
C^
oM
704-05
77
754
755
650
756
686A
(JlaL. i>.
688
757-58
J')
OUJl
J i>. o^
293-301 J* i>. U
397
cn
kiw
i>. U>
317
624, 628
196-203
339-48, 520-21,
96, 432-56
630-32
759 i>jU-I
584
425-26, 430-31,440-51
630-32
648 J*
689 i>. J*
581 ^ i>.
135-209 JUJI
766-69
U)I
l^s*JI i>.
765 o-jy?
429
57, 388
301 uy)i
319
302-16, 326-38,
587-90
382,411,421,424, 429
382
111
578
1_ ~ " ^g**y*
773
383
774-75
655
646
780-83
JuiU
615-16
257-58, 261
784
724-29
785
777-78
397-406
136, 148-50,
701
156-57, 177-95
678
528-35
>
678-79
649-50
...
516-19, 564
786-90
651
(1JL3*) >.
791
776
XiIj i>.
536-44
567-68
634
jj U. i>. |
62-63 Jb>_
349-81
127-31, 133,
507-13, 548-49
415-39
604-06, 607
707-23
295, 352
630-632
452-456
648
584
Harun 678
Ibrahlm.
Ja'far 751-752
430-431
al-Luqa 301
321
Al Muhammad 277-292
'AH 648
579, 580
Dawud 753
Hashim b ?701
Musa 779
177-195
al-Nahid 655
Nashid 780-783
Nasib 784
Naaih 615-616
322
? b. Salih 588
Samand 757-758
Sulayman 755
630-632
Yahya 791
210-236, 239-245
Yuhannis 786-790
AI 636
AW0S 402
CO 470-471,473-474,475
PLATES
UMAYYADS
II
15
16
18
21
27
22
111
28
32
25
30
33
31
UMAYYADS
Ill
36
53
54
56
UMAYYADS
IV
59
60
65
64
68
67
69
70
73
74
75
76
UMAYYADS
77
78
79
81
83
84
85
86
94
97
98
100
104
106
UMAYYADS
VI
107
113
Ollt
am.
108
114
116
111
118
UMAYYADS
VII
129
130
126
131
133
132
136
UMAYYADS
VIII
UMAYYADS
IX
145
146
147
148
151
153
158
161
on*.
173
174
UMAYYADS
176
188
179
191
190
0.OjMCr
195
198
199
196
UMAYYADS
XI
203
IS
204
205
206
EP
209
210
207
208
215
212
UMAYYADS
XII
217
218
216
220
221
222
227
228
234
235
UMAYYADS
XIII
242
244
245
249
25U
252
UMAYYADS
XIV
253
257
261
262
UMAYYADS
XV
265
266
268
269
270
272
276
275
UMAYYADS
XVI
277
283
288
279
278
285
290
282
291
292
294
'ABBASIDS
XVII
296
298
295
299
301
302
'ABB AS IDS
XVIII
304
305
306
307
314
323
316
321
330
326
'ABBASIDS
XIX
332
333.A
348.A
'ABBASIDS
XX
350
353
354
356
357
358
360
362
363
365
'ABBASIDS
XXI
368
373
377
371
374
378
372
376
381
9V
383
382
'ABB AS IDS
XXII
'ABBASIDS
XXIII
397
406
'ABBASIDS
XXIV
407
413
414
410
416
417
'ABBAS IDS
XXV
421
426
432
435
437
422
427
429
424
430
433
434
>
438
439
'ABB AS IDS
XXVI
445
'ABBASIDS
XXVII
447
449
450
453
454
455
458
460
468
462
469
464
467
470
'ABBASIDS
XXVIII
XXIX
496
504
497
505
498
506
507
502
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
'ABB AS IDS
XXX
520
523
527
528
530
533
o6A
'ABBASIDS
XXXI
536
544
'ABBASIDS
XXXII
545
546
547
548
'ABBASIDS
XXXIII
566
568
567
'ABBASIDS
XXXIV
576
577
578.A
579
586
'ABBASIDS
XXXV
590
593
596.B
'ABBASIDS
XXXVI
600
601
602
603
stamps attached
to the rim.
Reconstructed
from the
two fragments
(jUo
605-606
609
614
610
615
'ABBASIDS
XXXVII
616
617
618
619
620
621
'ABBASIDS
XXXVIII
639
637
'ABBASIDS
XXXIX
640
643
648.A
648.B
'ABBASIDS
XL
649
648.A
650
'ABBASIDS
XLI
655
654
656
657
'ABBASIDS
XLII
671
V-
'I<M* I
.. &&
674
677
675
673
676
680
679
'ABB AS IDS
XLIII
681
681
682
683
685
686
691
'ABBA.SIDS
XLIV
692
692
697
698
701
693
699
702
704
695
696
700
703
704
'ABB AS IDS
XLV
706
707
713
714
715
715
'ABBASIDS
XLVI
718
716
722
720
724
XLVII
726
727
729
'abbAsids
728
733
TULUNIDS
XLVIII
734
736
738
739
737
740
741
754
756
TULUNIDS
755. Reconstructed
XLIX
758
Hill. -
iiOtJli._^
760
759.A
766
765.B
770
771
774
775
776
TULUNIDS
777
777
786
778
791
791
TULUNIDS
LI
795
796
ANONYMOUS WEIGHTS
LII
802
807
J-GGi
809
810
812
814
816
819
822
823
ANONYMOUS WEIGHTS
LIU
826
828
830
833
834
835
ANONYMOUS WEIGHTS
839
jf-3/i
844
840
845
841
849
851
843.B
848
852
LIV
855
863
869
876
858
865
870
878
859
866
873
\P
879
882
884
860
868
875
881
886
LV
890
891
894
888
895
897
896
898
900
899
910
918
919