Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
This circuit has wires and a circuit breaker that can easily carry the amperage
required by the devices on it. One Simple Equation Helps You Determine If a Circuit
Is Overloaded. To start solving the problem, we need to know one simple rule of
thumb formula. This formula will help us determine if all the electrical stuff on a
particular circuit is overloading it. How do they all fit together?
This circuit has too many energy-demanding devices on it and is trying to carry more
amperage than its designed for. Things begin to heat up. Luckily the circuit breaker
senses this, trips and breaks the circuit. The simple formula (Fig. C) tells us how:
Watts divided by voltage equals amps. The other equations shown are just other ways
of saying the same thing.
But when you plugged in the 1,200-watt space heater, the 10 amps it required, plus
the draw of the other two devices, pulled 19.6 amps through a 15-amp system (Fig.
B). the system just cant handle the load. The circuit breaker tolerated this for a while.
But when the excess current and resultant heat began deforming the two pieces of
metal inside the breaker, they started pulling the trigger. And when the metal pieces
bent to a certain point, the trigger snapped two contact points apart, interrupting the
flow of electricity and shutting down that circuit. If theres a huge, sudden draw on a
circuit, a little electromagnet in the circuit breaker can pull the contact points apart
too. If you have fuses, the excess heat melts a wire inside the fuse, which in turn stops
the flow of electricity.
(watts)
(240 volts)
(240 volts)
Space Heater
1,000 and up
Clothes Washer
1,150
Furnace (blower)
800
Microwave
7001,400
700
700
Dishwasher
1,400
Central Vacuum
800
Whirlpool/Jacuzzi
1,000 and up
Garbage Disposer
6001,200
Kitchen Countertop
(two circuits)
Toaster
900
Coffee maker
800
Toaster oven
1,400
Bathroom
Blow dryer
1,0002,000
FIG. E WIRE S
The Trip-Circuit
contact surface. This effect is much greater if the contacts are not in a good,
clean and smooth condition. As the area in contact reduces, the current density in this
area increases which produces, Hot spots. The rise in temperature combined with
the electrical stress by the voltage across the gap, at the instant of contact separation
causes ionisation of the medium between the contacts. This ionisation of the medium
provides a conducting path for the arc. The arc across the contacts of circuit breakers
is an undesirable element. Hence, we must find some suitable means to extinguish the
arc in minimum possible time. As the contact is going on separating the gap across the
contact is also increasing. This results in increase in the length of the arc and the
resistance. At a pre-determined distance (gap) the resistance (length) is very high, the
source supply is not able to sustain the arc, and the arc gets extinguished. Hence, it
could be said that, to extinguish the arc we must increase the arc resistance.
Arc Lengthening
Resistance is directly proportional to length of the arc and inversely
proportional to the cross sectional area i.e.
L
R = ------A
At this stage let us assume the arc to be equivalent to a conductor. Then,
=
Resistivity of the arc
L
=
Length of the arc
A
=
Area of the cross-section of the arc
R
=
Resistance of the arc
Arc Cooling
The voltage required to maintain the ionisation increases with a
decrease of temperature so that cooling effectively increases the resistance.
Arc Constraining
If the arc can be constrained into a very narrow channel, the resistance
gets increased due to reduction in cross-sectional area and ionisation decreases for a
given voltage.
Arc Splitting
There are two methods: 1. The arc is forced into an arrangement of splitters by which the arc is lengthened.
The Lengthening of the arc improves the cooling of the contacts with the splitters
so that resistance is increased.
2. The arc is made to split into number of smaller arcs. The idea here is to ensure that
the sum of the cathode anode voltage drops of short length should be more than
the supply voltage thereby the energy fed to the arc is reduced.
High Resistance Method: In this method, arc resistance is made to increase with time so that current is
reduce to a value insufficient to maintain the arc. Consequently, the current is
interrupted or the arc is extinguished. The principal disadvantage of this method is an
enormous energy is dissipated in the arc. Therefore, it is employed only in D.C.
circuit breakers and low capacity A.C. circuit breakers.
Low Resistance or Current Zero Method: This method is employed for arc extinction in A.C. circuits only. In this
method, arc resistance is kept low until current zero when the arc extinguishes
naturally and it is prevented from resisting inspire of the rising voltage across the
contacts. All modern high power A.C. circuit breakers employ this method for arc
extinction. In an A.C. System, the current drops to zero after every half cycle. At
every current zero, the arc extinguishes for a brief moment. Now the medium between
the contacts contains ions and electrons so that it has small dielectric strength and can
be easily broken down by the rising contact known as restriking voltage. If such a
break down can occur, the arc will persist for another half cycle. After current zero,
the dielectric strength of the medium between the contacts is built up more rapidly
than the voltage across the contacts, the arc fails to restrike and the current will be
interrupted.
Opening Time
Opening time is the time between the instant of application of tripping
power to the circuit breaker in enclosed position and the instant of separation of the
contacts.
Arc Duration
Arc duration is the time between the instant of separation of the circuit
breaker contacts and the instant of arc extinction of the short circuit current, excluding
resisting current duration if any.
Make Time
The make time of the circuit breaker is the time between the initiation
of the closing operation and the instant when the contacts touch each other. It includes
the operating time of any auxiliary equipment necessary to close the circuit breaker.
Restriking Voltage
The resultant transient voltage, which appears across the breaker
contacts at the instant of arc extinction, is known as the restriking voltage.
Recovery Voltage
The power frequency RMS voltage that appears between the breaker
contacts after the transient oscillations die out and final extinction of arc has resulted
in all the poles is called the recovery voltage.
Making Capacity
The peak value of current during the first cycle of current wave, after the
closure of circuit breaker is known as making capacity.
Operating Mechanism
Main Contacts
These contacts carry rated continuous current and consist of moving contact
and fixed contact.
Arcing Contacts
These are the contacts, which undergo the effects of the arc. They close
first and open after the main contact.
Arc Chute
All arc chutes are made of an insulating arc resisting material and
surrounds each pole unit. The dimensions of the chute depend on the number of
arcing contacts. At the top inner surface, the arc chute is fixed with steel plates. The
purposes of these steel plates are to increase the speed of upward rise of the arc into
the chute by magnetic action. It also splits the arc and assists in cooling the arc.
Operating Mechanism
Usually these mechanisms are designed either for manual operation or
electrical or pneumatic operations. This mechanism takes care of trip free operation,
opening and closing of contacts. Also provides a lockout feature preventing closing
while any work is being carried out.
Description
High-pressure air, at a pressure of 20 to 30 kg/cm2 is stored in the Air
reservoir (Item 1 in Fig.3.1a&b) Air is taken from compressed air system. Three
hollow insulator columns (Item 2) are mounted on the reservoir with valve (6) at their
base. The double arc extinguishing chambers (3) are mounted on the top of the hollow
insulator chambers. The current carrying parts (9) connect the three arc extinction
chambers to each in series and the pole to the neighbouring equipment. Since there
exists a very high voltage between the conductors and the air reservoir, the entire arc
extinction chamber assembly is mounted on insulators. The figure fig. 3.1(b) shows
the double arc extinction chambers (3). Since there are three double arc extinction
poles in series, there are six breaks per pole. Each arc extinction chamber in Fig.3.1
(b) consists of one twin fixed contact (7). There are two moving contacts (8), which
are shown in opened condition. The moving contact can move axially so as to open or
close. Its position open or close depends on the air pressure and spring (10) pressure.
The operating mechanism (3) operates the rod (5) when it gets a pneumatic or
electrical signal. The valve (6) open so as to send the high-pressure air in the hollow
of the insulator. The high-pressure air rapidly enters the double arc extinction chamber
[Air inlet in Fig.3.1 (b)]. As the air enters into the arc extinction chamber the pressure
on the moving contact (8) becomes more than the spring pressure and the contacts
open. The contacts travel through a short distance against the spring pressure. At the
end of contact travel the port for outgoing air (15) is closed by the moving contact and
the entire arc extinction chamber is filled with high pressure air, as the air is not
allowed to goes out. However, during the arcing period the air goes out through the
opening (11) and takes away the ionised air of arc.
EHV applications, for voltages above 145 kV. For voltages of 420 kV and more, the
constructions is modified by adding required number of arc interruption chambers
in series. Air blast circuit breaker requires an auxiliary compressed air system. Air
blast circuit breakers for 12 kV and below have a different type of construction. In
this breakers usually there will be only a single break in the interrupter chamber.
Typical ratings of Air blast circuit breakers are: 12 kV, 40 kA
22 kV, 40 kA
145 kV, 40 kA, 3 cycle
245 kV, 40 kA, 50 kA, 2 cycle
420 kV, 40 kA, 50 kA, 63.5 kA, 2 cycle
The grading capacitors are connected across the interrupter unit for the equal
distribution of voltage between the units. Closing resistors are connected across the
interrupter units for limiting the over voltages during closing operation. Opening
resistors are connected across the interrupter units to make the circuit breakers restrike
free.
The flow of fresh air through the contact space ensures removal of hot gases
and rapid building up of the dielectric strength.
The arcing time does not change appreciably for lower magnitudes of
currents, as the air pressure is independent of arc current. Now, consider that the
breaker has to interrupt small currents. For this current if the air pressure used for the
arc interruption is too high, the current gets chopped out before reaching natural zero.
This current chopping gives rise to high restriking voltage. The resistance of contact
space being high, the contact space is not likely to break down. Hence resistance
switching should be employed to take care of restriking voltages.
The arcing time of ABCB is almost independent of arc current (Fig.3.4).
Whereas in oil circuit breaker the arcing time is more for lower currents [Fig.3.3 (a)]
and the restriking voltages are damped out even with low contact space due to higher
dielectric strength. In the circuit breakers with external energy source the pressure of
extinguishing medium determines the breaking capacity of the unit. In circuit breakers
with internal energy source the design features determine the capacity limit.
linear characteristics similar to those used in the lightning arrestors are used for
resistance switching.
These resistors are made of silicone carbide, bound by inorganic binders
subjected to heat treatment. During high current non-linear resistor offers low
resistance. Thus the main arc currents is partially diverted through resistor unit. When
the current reduces, the resistance offered by non-linear resistor increases, causing a
greater drop across the resistor units. Thereby the voltage available for arc between
auxiliary contacts is no more sufficient and arc between auxiliary contacts is
automatically extinguished.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Clean, non-inflammable.
Freely available everywhere.
Fresh medium is used every time. Hence the breaker can be repeatedly operated.
At high pressure, a small contact travel is enough.
The same air serves the purpose of moving the contact and arc extinction.
Mainly there are two types of oil break circuit breakers: Plain break oil circuit breaker
Arc control circuit breaker
Operation
When the arc is struck in the oil at the instant of contact separation, the
oil in the proximity of the contacts gets decomposed. The arc thus becomes
surrounded by the gas bubbles, and oil vapours. The gas produced due to the
decomposition of oil comprises of 60 to 80% hydrogen and smaller proportions of
acetylene and other gases. Because of good thermal conductivity of hydrogen, deionisation of arc takes place. Hence hydrogen is one of the most efficient
extinguishing media. The gas produced creates a turbulent action, which causes
particles of oil to penetrate into the arc core where they draw off the heat by
evaporation. Because of the absence of effective control over the arc, the arcing time
and the amount of energy released before interruption often vary over a wide range.
This factor calls for a larger safety in the oil tank and airtight sealing of the tank. In
case there is an air cushion the hydrogen may pass through the oil and mix up with air
thus forming an explosive mixture. The arcing time can be effectively reduced (for
faster quenching of the arc) by introducing the arc control device in the plain break
circuit breaker.
The initial pressure impulse acts upon the explosion chamber and does not affect
the container of the circuit breaker. The explosion chamber is designed to
withstand fairly high pressure, high temperature and high dielectric strength.
Due to better cooling de-ionisation is considerably accelerated.
The duration of arc is many times shorter than the breakers without the explosion
chamber. Hence the quantity of energy generated in the arc is proportionately
smaller. As a result the arc is extinguished faster.
In order to meet the increased system operating voltage the capacity of the
breakers were enhanced by incorporating various modifications to the basic design of
the explosion chamber.
operation remain in arc path. The arc splitters (vents) help in increasing the arc length
and help in quenching the arc. Refer fig.4.5. The arc is struck and gas is formed
around the arc. As the moving contact passes the first arc splitter, the gases are
expelled through it, simultaneously as the gases get released the space is replenish by
fresh oil through the back passage. The arc will be quenched if arc current goes to
zero; the arc can restrike if the de-ionisation of the arc is not complete. When the arc
is restruck, large amount of gas is produced; thus, gas pressure builds up again and is
released when the arc current again reaches zero. The gas pressure is not released (the
arc products are not pushed across the arc path) because of the backpressure built by
the fresh oil until the current goes to zero.
contacts are under pressure. The oil blast explosion pot has two chambers, the upper
and the lower, and they are connected together through holes. When a fault occurs the
two lower (intermediate and moving) contacts move downwards together and an arc is
established between the top fixed and intermediate moving contact. Due to this arc, a
high pressure is developed in the upper tank and there is no relief for this pressure
until the intermediate contact comes to rest after its maximum travel. Now, the
moving contact detaches from the intermediate contact and another arc is established
between the intermediate and the moving contact. The pressure created by the arc is
subsided by the movement of the oil through the hollow moving contact. When the
arc current goes to zero, the oil is forced through the arc and it is quenched. The only
draw back is that arcing time is long. (Refer fig.4.6.)
for closing operation, a resin bonded glass fibre cylinder enclose the contact assembly,
which is also filled with oil. The figure 4.7 shows one pole as such there are three
poles, one for each phase and they operate simultaneously
Construction
Breaker Pole
HLC
1/52/630
HLC
72.5/1600
HLD
145/1250 B
HLR
84/2501 B
HLR
145/2502 B
HLR
245/2503 B
HLR
420/2505 B
HLR
145/2501 E
HLR
245/2502 E
HLR
420/2501 E
Rated
Breaking
Capacity
(KV)
20
25
630
72.5
1600
20
145
1250
20
72.5
2500
40
145
2500
40
245
2500
40
420
2500
40
145
2500
31.5/40
245
2500
40
420
2500
40
Interrupter Unit
This is the top half of the pole filled completely with oil and is
supported by the support insulators. Interrupter unit mainly consists of two terminals,
contact system with fixed and moving contacts, extinguishing chamber, etc. The fixed
contact is a socket type, mounted at the top of the interrupting chamber and is
electrically connected to the top terminal. The fixed contact consists of a set of spring
loaded contact fingers providing necessary contact pressure and an arcing contact of
high arc resistance material. The moving contact is a plug type which initiates making
and breaking of the currents and moves vertically up wards and downwards. While
opening, the moving contact separates from the fixed contact and an electric arc is
drawn between the arcing contact on the fixed contact and the tip of the moving
contact. The extinguishing chamber is the vital part of the breaker in which the arc
gets extinguished smoothly and effectively. This is built up of insulating materials
capable of withstanding high mechanical and electrical stresses. The extinguishing
chamber is a contraction type with axial blast in case of HLC and HLD MOCB. In
case of HLR MOCB the extinguishing chamber is a cross blast type. The interrupter
chamber is filled with nitrogen to the required pressure, in avoid ingress of moisture
in the oil and to achieve re-strike free operation while interrupting capacitive currents.
Support Insulator
Support Insulator column is the bottom half of the breaker pole. This is
of solid core porcelain in case of HLD and HLR MOCB and hollow porcelain in case
of HLC MOCB. The support insulator provides the necessary insulation between the
lower terminal and the earthed base frame and provides support to the interrupter
chamber.
Operating insulator
The operating force to the moving contact is transmitted by means of a
solid core porcelain-operating insulator. This rotary or operating insulator is coupled
to the moving contact in the interrupting chambers by means of mechanical linkages
housed in the external mechanism housing. (In case of HLC breakers, the operating
force to the moving contact is transmitted by fibreglass pull rod housed in the hollow
support insulator).
Base Frame
In case of HLD and HLR MOCB, the support and operating insulators
are mounted on each base frame. The number of base frames per phase in the case of
HLR MOCB may be one or more depending upon the number of breaks per phase,
whereas the HLD MOCB in variably consists of only one base frame for each pole. In
case of HLC MOCB, there is a common base frame on which all the three phases are
erected. The base frame essentially consists of an operating arm to connect the pull
rods transmitting motion and houses the opening spring either inside or outside,
depending upon the type of breaker, which gives the required opening speed at the
time of contact separation.
Operating Mechanism
This is a motor operated spring closing type either BLF or BLG. BLF
mechanism is used for 36 kV HLC MOCB where as BLG mechanism is used for
above 36 kV. The operating mechanism mainly consists of a set of closing springs to
close the breaker at the required speed, spring charging motor for charging of the
closing springs. Limit switch is mainly to break and make the power supply to the
motor depending upon the position of the closing spring.
Support structure
The base frame, on which the breaker poles rest will be supported at an
elevation from the ground on the support structure. In case of HLC MOCB, the
support structure will be invariably supplied along with the breaker. For HLD and
HLR MOCB the structure will be supplied, if specially ordered. The support structure
shall be mounted on concrete foundations.
Mode of Operation
The circuit breakers are designed to perform the operating duty of O0.3Sec-CO-3Min-CO. The closing and opening operations are described below.
Closing operation
On the initiation of closing command to the closing coil, the catch
system gets released and closing force on account of discharging of closing springs is
transmitted to the operating rod by link system. The operating rod connected to the
operating mechanism moves in a horizontal direction, in case of HLD and HLR
MOCB and this motion is converted into rotary motion by operating axle in the base
frame. This is further transmitted to the operating lever in the external mechanism of
the interrupter unit through rotary insulator. This movement is converted into
rectilinear motion by a set of levers and the moving contacts are moved up to close
the breaker.
In case of HLC breakers there will not be any rotary insulators. The
operating rod connecting the mechanism and breaker moves in a vertical plane. This
motion is transmitted to the operating axle in the base frame and from there to the
operating lever to which the fibre glass rod along with the moving contact is
connected.
Opening operation
The opening spring in the base frame at the end of the pull rod system
which will be charged during the closing operation always exerts force on the
operating rod connected to the operating mechanism and in turn on the moving
contact system to pull them to OFF position. This is prevented by the tripping catch
system. When trip coil is supplied with operating voltage, the catch system gets
released and the moving contact is brought back to OFF position.
3. Resistors and connections if fitted, should be checked for continuity and resistance
value.
4. It is important to ensure when refitting arc control devices that vent holes and
contact orifice are in their correct positions relative to contact system.
5. Inspect the venting system to ensure that a free passage for oil and gases exists.
Where there is a joint between fixed and movable portions of the gear ensure that
it is in sound condition.
6. In no circumstances should the vents be made larger than the design values.
Reduced arc length due to better cooling resulting in minimum clearance between
the contacts.
Very good insulation between live and earth is achieved due to oil.
Where there is danger of ignition and explosion the oil separates the arc from the
dangerous atmosphere. This feature makes the OCB a unique device.
The gases produced during the operation are inflammable and it is essential they
are not permitted to leak or else a highly explosive mixture will be produced.
Larger contacts suffer more wear from current breaking operations than they do in
Air Break Circuit Breaker.
Due to frequent operation of the contacts in oil, carbonisation takes place and
insulating properties of oil rapidly deteriorates requiring special equipment for oil
purification.
INTERRUPTER DESIGNS
Dual Pressure
The early designs were dual pressure designs where the gas stored at around
14 kg/cm2 pressure, maintained in a gaseous state by special heaters, was exhausted
on parting of contacts into the lower pressure region through the nozzles of the
movable contacts of the circuit breaker. When an arc is drawn in SF 6 the temperature
within the arc column will dissociate the gas into its various by products and these
will tend to recombine very rapidly in the cooler zones away from the immediate
vicinity of the arc core. The heat involved in dissociation is thus extracted from the
arc to be released subsequently in the cooler regions where the original properties of
the gas are restored. This can be achieved either by arranging the gas to flow over an
arc occupying a relatively fixed position (puffer) or alternatively causing the arc to
move rapidly through gas which is relatively stationary (rotating arc) or by a
combination of these two principles (puffer + rotating arc). The puffer principle is the
basic principle of all EHV breakers presently in the market. These breakers require a
longer stroke and the pressure increases on the upstream end due to heating effects of
the arc that could tend to reduce the opening forces. The opening springs and the
mechanism driving them should be sufficiently strong to overcome this effect.
The single pressure puffer type breakers use a gas compression cylinder
attached to the moving contact. The cylinder on opening causes the gas in the annular
region between the cylinder and piston to be compressed and when the contact
separates, this compressed gas is caused to flow through the annular space thereby
ensuring a high dielectric recovery rate once the arc extinguishes. The mono-blast is
directed in one direction alone, the partial dual-blast has a second nozzle smaller than
the main nozzle that causes the blast in two directions and the full dual-blast uses two
nozzles of the same size to give an equal blast in both directions.
The forces that oppose contact movement in the event of an
interruption during faults differ considerably than those occurring during no load
operation. Fig.5.6 gives an idea of the variation in these values. The energy for gas
compression arises principally from the opening springs and it does not depend upon
the magnitude of the fault current. By suitably employing the mono, partial dual and
full dual blast concepts the designer aims at arriving at an economical solution. The
relation of the circuit breaker weight in Kg. to the breaking capacity in MVA has
progressively reduced from about 1.5 kg/MVA in the 60s to around 0.3 Kg/MVA
presently.
A significant area of complexity within the puffer type can be found in
the operating mechanism. To a large extent this comes from the interaction between
the operating mechanism and the interrupter. The heating of the gas, due to the arc
interruption of the fault current, enhances the gas pressure within the blast cylinder to
very high values due to the low boiling point, high thermal coefficient and higher
density of the gas. This high pressure has to be overcome by the driving mechanism,
which is simultaneously driving the mass of the interrupter towards the open position.
It
follows that the total power required to trip any given type of puffer
interrupter will be a function of fault current.
Control unit
Breaker Pole
The primary functions of a circuit breaker is such as interrupting short circuit
currents, carrying normal currents, switching ON and OFF normal loads and
providing necessary insulation between live and earthed parts.
The breaker pole consists of:
Interrupter Unit
Support insulator
Interrupter Unit
The interrupter unit consists of fixed contact tube, guide tube, moving
contact tube, blast cylinder and blast piston. The fixed contact tube is connected to the
top terminal via contact support. The guide tube is fastened to the lower terminal.
The other end of the fixed contact tube and the guide tube, which are subjected to
arcing during arc interruption, are provided with arc quenching nozzles. The nozzles
are made up of graphite material, which keeps the contact wear to a minimum. The
moving contact tube consists of spring loaded finger contacts arranged in the form of
a ring. The front end of the moving contact tube is provided with an arc resistant
insulating ring and an arcing ring of high arc resistant material.
The blast cylinder is made up of high arc resistant insulating material and the
moving contact tube, are rigidly coupled to each other and connected to the operating
rod in the support insulator through fork. The blast piston, which is made up of
aluminium, is fastened to the lower terminal pad by stay bolts. The fixed contact tube,
guide tube, moving contact tube, blast cylinder and blast piston are all housed inside a
porcelain insulator. When the circuit breaker is in closed position, current flows from
top terminal to bottom terminal through contact support, fixed contact tube, moving
contact tube and guide tube.
Arc Interruption
When the circuit breaker is in closed position, the moving contact
assembly bridges the fixed contact tube and guide tube. When an opening operation is
initiated, the blast cylinder moves towards the stationary blast piston, so that the SF6
gas in the blast cylinder is compressed to the required pressure to quench the arc. The
SF6 gas compressed during the above process is released only when the contacts are
separated, with the moving contact assembly acting as a slide valve.
At the instant of contact separation, arc strikes between the front end of
the arc quenching nozzle of the fixed contact tube and the arcing ring of the moving
contact tube. The compressed gas in the blast cylinder is released into the break
readily as the contacts are separated. As the moving contact assembly moves further,
the arc between the front end of the fixed contact nozzle and the arcing ring of the
moving contact is transferred from the arcing ring of the moving contact to the nozzle
of the guide tube by gas flow. The arc is further elongated by the gas flow axially into
the nozzles and gets extinguished. While the arc is being interrupted, the blast
cylinder which is made up of arc resistant insulating material
encompasses the arc quenching assembly, thereby protecting the porcelain
insulator from arcing effects. The moving contact assembly and blast cylinder move
further to reach fully open position. (Refer 5.16)
Support Insulator
Support insulator apart from supporting the interrupted unit provides
insulation between live parts and the earthed base tube. It houses the guide and
operating rod, which is connected to the interrupter unit. The operating rod is made of
insulating material like fibreglass. The other end of the operating rod is connected,
through a coupling rod to the lever in the base tube.
Base Tube
The gas tight base tube, which supports all the three breaker poles,
encloses the complete layer system to transmit the operating force from the hydraulic
mechanism to the breaker poles. A diaphragm and a filter provided on the left hand
side of the base tube are for releasing excessive pressure developed and absorbing the
products of the decomposed SF6 gas as well as to keep the gas dry respectively. The
lever system, to the differential piston of the hydraulic mechanism is fastened to the
right hand side of the base tube. The horizontal motion of the differential piston is
converted to the vertical motion of the operating rod by the lever system. The base
tube, support insulator, interrupter unit are all filled with SF6 gas for insulating and
arc quenching purposes.
For 3.3 kV & 6.6 kV motors, minimum oil / air break circuit breakers were
being used in Power/Steel/Cement plants. Because of inherent advantage of
minimum maintenance and suitability for inching duty, vacuum contactors are
ideal for these applications and replacing the older MOCB &ACB. Vacuum
contactors are also now being extensively used in LT & HT. The compactness of
vacuum contactors helps in reducing the size of flameproof enclosure for colliery
applications and thereby reducing the costs.
Construction
The vacuum contactor basically consists of three numbers of vacuum
switches and a solenoid operating mechanism. A sectional diagram of a vacuum
switch is shown in Fig.6.1.
bottom flange with stainless steel bellows, which provide necessary seal against
atmosphere in addition to the movement of the moving contact. The entire switch is
sealed at a pressure of 10-7 mm Hg or less after special processing to de-gas copper
contacts and other parts. In order to prevent the metal vapour formed during the
arcing from reaching the envelope resulting in the reduction of the breakdown voltage
level between contacts, a sputter shield is provided to collect these particles. Gettering
is done inside the switch to absorb gas molecules which come out of the contacts or
which may remain inside the switch after evacuation. A properly processed switch
will have a shelf life of more than 20 years. All live parts are insulated generally by
epoxy resin insulating materials. Vacuum switch has a natural tendency to close its
contacts due to differential atmospheric pressure, acting on metal bellows. This
tendency is overcome by means of two springs, which act against the atmospheric
pressure. The armature is closed Electro-magnetically. This compresses the two
reaction springs and allows contacts to close with an adequate pressure and be held in
this position. This is called electrically held type contactor. In case, where operating
interval is not so frequent, mechanical latching device is provided. In this design, the
armature is held in close position by means of a mechanical device during working
and de-latched by means of a shunt trip coil. This design economises the operating
power of the coil, in addition to the contactor remaining closed during momentary
supply failure. The above operating mechanism is mounted in a rigid steel frame
assembly out side the switch.
Higher Reliability
Vacuum circuit breakers provide the most reliable protection for
medium-voltage power distribution system and the equipment being protected. The
reliability of the vacuum interrupting technology has proven to be excellent over more
than 15 years of commercial services. Over 60,000 vacuum interrupters put in the
field have accumulated more than 2,50,000 interrupter years of field experience with
less than 50 failures. It is estimated that the failures involving the vacuum interrupter
for all reasons are in the range of 0.1% and for vacuum breaker is approx. 0.3%. This
is comparable to industry statistics of 0.36% for metal clad drawn out breakers in
industrial plants. The basic feature behind this reliability concept is, the main contacts
of the power circuit breaker are in a sealed vacuum environment which: Ensure that external contamination will not affect the interrupting process.
There will be no ionised gas produced during an interruption.
If vacuum interrupter fails on loss of vacuum the back up breaker will clear the
circuit before any damage is done to the vacuum breaker or cubicle. With other
breakers, if the breaker fails to clear, the breaker and the cubicle will most likely
be destroyed.
Minimum Maintenance
The use of vacuum circuit breaker permits reduction of maintenance work
because
Only periodic cleaning and lubrication of mechanism and an occasional wipe
spring adjustment is required; no maintenance of interrupter is required as they are
sealed.
Low contact arc erosion offers exceptionally long switching and interrupting life
without maintenance (at least 30 operations at full breaking capacity, against less
than 10 for air magnetic circuit breakers).
High level of vacuum (better than 10-5 mm of Hg) permits greater number of
operations without maintenance (10,000 electrical operations and 40,000
mechanical operations without parts replacement).
No need to inspect or change the contact during the life of the interrupter, nor
there is any insulating medium to filter or replace. A simple contact wear indicator
inspection is only required, together with an occasional high potential test of the
interrupter, if a vacuum check is absolutely needed.
Test experience shows electrical life of vacuum interrupters is more than that
required by the IEC standards.
In a properly processed vacuum interrupter loss of vacuum situation is not likely
to arise. It has become customary to guarantee 20 years of life for vacuum
interrupters by leading manufacturers.