^tf^^ c^^^.

^^^

THE

HISTORY
F

LIFE
O

TuUius

Marcus

Cicero.

Hoc propofitum
Hunc igitur
Jicnobisexemplum.
fpe^lemus.
valde placehit.
cui Ciceko
Ilk feprofecijfe
fciat^
QuiNTiL. Inftit.1, X. I.

D. D.
MiDDLETON,
ByCoNYERS
o^ Cambridge,
of the Univerfity
Library-keeper
Principal

VOL.

The

II.

Edition.

Sixth

0,0^*

LONDON:
Printed for W.

Innys

and

R. Manby
noJier-RozVy
and H.
gate-hrll^

S. Cox

DCC

in PaterJ. Richardson'
Lud^
in the Old-Bailey
near
in Pater'7wJler'Row,
LY.

[' ]
THE

HISTORY
O

LIFE
O

CICERO.

M. rULLIUS

Vi.

SECT.
return

was,

what

CIcERo's

he himfelf A. Urb.695.

'n^^*
of a new life /-?
trulycalls it, the heginniftg
him
to
[a]; which was to be governedp.Cornelius
kind of Lentulus
maxims, and a new
by new

policy
; yet
had

He

fo

as

been

of
v/eight

not

made

to

forfeithis old charader.

to

feel in what

Spinther,

the Q^C^cilius

hands

lay, and what littledependencejs^^pos^

the helpand fupport
of his
to be placedon
was
Ariftocratical friends : Pompey had ferved him on
this importantoccafionvery
and with the
fincerely,
alfoof Casfar;fo as to make it a point
concurrence
power

'

[a]Alterius vitse quoddam

initium ordimur. [ad Att. 4.

and

I.] In

tion

another

his reiloration

place,he calls

afterwards by the
applied

facred Writers
of

our

to

nature

the

renova-

by Bap-

his former

tifm, as well as our reftora^igu'wyy

far(t}KtyfiVioictVy
[ad tion to life,after deach,in the
to

Att. 6.

6.] or a new birth ; generalrefurreftion.

word
borrowed
probably xix. 29. Tit. iii.5,
from the Pvthacrorean fchool.

Matt.

Vol.

11."

of

The History

A. Urb.

696.of gratitude,
as well

Cic. 50.

fervant of them

of the Life
to
prudence,

as

be

ob*

more

than he had hitherto been

the

^'^^^t^j
P.CoR^NELius

the other hand, with the Magiftrates,

zealous in his
and the honeft of all ranks, were
Lentulus
Spinther, caufe ; and the Confid
Lentulus above all feemed
QJJ^ciLius j;o make it the ok end and
f
gloryof his admmifiraon

/i^/^[^].
Nepos^^^^

This

confent

uncommon

of

oppofite

in promotinghis reftoration,
drew upon
parties
him a variety
which muft needs often
of obligations^
and interfere
with each other ; and which it
clafJo
his part flillto manage fo, as to make them
was
confiftent v/ith his honour, his fafety,
his private,
and his publicduty: thefe were
to be the fprings
which
and motives of his new
on
life
\ the hinges

his future condu6l

to

was

them

turn

and

juftice

do

ail,and

to each its "proper

affign
his utinfiuence^
required

to
feverally
weighta7id meafureof
moft fkill and addrefs [f].
The
day after his arrival,on

the

to

Confuls

the fifth
of

fummoned

the

tember
Sep-

Senate,

to

of payinghis thanks to
opportunity
them
in publicfor their,late fervices ; where,
after a general
of his obligations
to them
profefnon
his particular
all,he made
acknowledgmentsto
each
to the Confuls
Magifbrateby name,
", the

givehim

an

^ribuns

the F rotors

-,

he

add relied himfelf

to

theTrihims^before the Pr^/^rj ; not for the dignity

of their office,
for in that theywere
inferior,
but for their greater authority
in making laws 5
and confequently,
their greater merit in carrying
[F] Hoc

I'lrtutls,tiones,ut
fpecimcn

liOG iriJicium animi,

h"c

men
lu-

confulatus fai fore puta-

vir,fi

mihi, fi meis,

me

reddidifiet.'
Re-'pub.
red. in fen. 4.

concurquiafsepe

[f] Sed
rit,propter
m"ritorum

\i

Pofl

de
aliquorum

:ne

intwi ipfos
conten-

omnes

eodem
ne

verear

tempore in
vix

polTiin

gratus videri. Sed ego hoc

meis ponderibus
examinabo',
non

folum

quid cuique deetiam

quidcujuf-

beam, fed
": quid
que interfit,

jufque tcmpus

me

cu-

pofcat.Pro

Plancio. 52.

his

CICERO.

M.TULLIUS

cf

A. Urb. 696.
private
friends was
too great to make it pcffible
for him to
^^^'
he
them
thank
that
conjined
enumerate
all-,fo
or
p^Q^^^^^^y^
with exception
to the Magifirates^
onlyto Lentulus
himfelf
for the eminence
of his cha- Spjnther,
whom
Pompey [cf],
rader, though at prefent
onlya privateman, he ^ ;^^'^'^
took care to diftinguifh
addrefs and jsJepos.
by a perfonal
compliment. But as Lentulus v/as the firft in
office,and had ferved him with the greatedaffo he giveshim the firjl
fedlion,
Jhareof his praife
j
ftileshim,
and in the overflowing
of his gratitude
and fortunes
the Parent and the God ofhis life
[f].
The next day he paid his thanks likev/ifeto the
people,in a fpeechfrom the Roftra; where he
dwelt chiefly
the fam.e topicswhich
he had
on
the particular
ufed in the fenate,celebrating
merits and fervices of his principal
friends,
efpehe declares to be the
of Pompey; whom
cially
man
for virtue^wifdcm,glory who was
greatefi
would live ; and
then livings
ever
or had livedoor

of his

number

his law into effedb. The

that he owed
was

more

to

him

this

on

lawfulahnofty
for one
[/].

even

ether

nomi\d~\Cum perpaucls
egiiTem,quod
gratias

poflent,fcelus

efTet

autem
"

Hodierno

die nomi-

autem

7.]

Thus

other

on

fame

ib. 30.
prsEteriri.

quenquam

to owe

Dcus

[Plin.HiiJ.
Cicero ,

occafions

mjier

he

as

Gody fo

givesthe

to
appellation

ille

it

to an-

calls Lentulus here his

nullo modo

enumerari

omnes

2.

man

mortalem.

n.mre

natim

than
occafion^

Plato

Plato.
"

"

[ad

Att. 4. 16.] to exprcfs

the
ftameMagiilratibus
of
tui gratias
effe agendas,
the
fenfe
benefits
" de
higheit
received fiom tliem.
falucemea
privat!Suni,quipro
adimunicipia, coloniafque
[/] Cn. Pompeius, vir
iflet. Poll red. in Sen. 12.
omnium
qui funt, fuerunt,
P.
Lentulus, erunt, princepsvirtute, fa[f] Princeps
ncllras vitse, pientia,
ac
ac Deus
gloria. Huic
parens
natim

"

"

"c. ib. 4.
fortunae,

kind

of

maxim

among

ancients ! that

to

mortal, n.'.as

he

mortal.

to

Deus

It

do
a

was

tlie

goodto
God

tantum
ego homini, Qairites,

to

debeo,quantumhominem
debere

ho-

vix fad efi. PoU

mini

red. ad Quir, 7,

ejitnortaii,
juB

Both

A. Urb.
c

of the Life

The History

4
696.

thefe

Both

Lentulus

to

paf-'

cc

from

two

the Senate,after a

the fer-

reciralof
particular

he adds,
as I have a pleafriends,
f^^Q jj^ enumeratino;thefe,fo I willino;ly
pafs

vices
Sp_inther,

Q. CiEciLius

flillextant, and

each will illuftratethe temper

in which he returned : in fpeaking
^^^ difpofition

(f^ fageor

P.Cornelius

are
fpeecbes

of his

"

"^

IVI ETELLUS
''

Nefos

^" filence what

^^^^

: it is not
me
againft
my
injuries
; which

revenge,
fhall be applied
to
"

the
of

cc

t(

cc

cc

"c

of
good offices

me

to

if it were

other

in my

power
my life

forget
^
purpofes
; to
to

thofe who

hold faft the

wickedlyaded
bufmefs to remember
prefent

I fhould chufe

to

"!

others

have

repay
deferved it

which
friendfhips

have

in the fire; to wage war

been tried as it were
with declared enemies ; to pardon my timorous,

expofemy treacherous friends ;

and to balance the miferyof my exil by the
of my return
[^]." To the people
dignity
yet

nor

"

he obferves
*'

^^

''

inies,who
who, out

that there

concurred

to

of hatred

to

him

four forxs of

were

ene-

him : the firfl,

opprefs
the Republic,were
for havingfaved it :

*^

mortal

"

falfe pretence of
him : the third,
infamouily
betrayed
friendiliip,

"

*^'

*'"

"

"

"

'-

the

enemies

fecond,who, under

to obtain what
throughtheir inability
he had acquired,
envious of his digniwere
who, though by ofHce they
ty : the fourth,
ought to have been the guardiansof the
the peace
Republic,bartered away his fafety,
of the City, and the dignity
of the Empire,

v/hich

cc

take my

cc

cc

cc

ct

who,

^^

"C

to

committed

were

to

their truft.

I will

each of

them,

fayshe, on
revenge,
to the differentmanner
agreeably
on

of their vocation
prothe bad Citizens,
the
bydefending

on
friends,
itrenuoufly;
P^epublic
my perfidious
them again; on the envious,
by never trufting
of virtue and
by continuingmy fceadypurfuit

r[^j Poll

red. in Sen.
9.

"

gloryJ

of M.TULLIUS
gloryj

"

callingthem

"

adminiflration

it

to

of Provinces, by A. Urb. 696.

o-ive an account
of their ^'^* 5o.

thofe Merchants

"

*^

CICERO.

on

home
:

to

but I

acquit mylelr

01

my

am

"

eafier to

^'

kindnefs,and much

revenge

you, tor

obhgations
to

refent the

enemies:

to

lefs trouble

to

Lentulus

Spinther,
injuries
Q-^-^^^^^u*

for it is much

than
injury

repay a xr^^^^^^^
"^Tepos.
the
get

equalthe good [/^]."

This affairbeinghappily
over, the Senate had
leifure again to attend to publicbufinefs ; and
*^

better of bad

an

folHcitoushow
to

great fervices,than

your
and cruelties of my

more

there

was

men

now

than

to

cafe before them

of

very

gent
ur-

which

requireda prefent
remedy ;
in the
an
unufual
fearcityof corn and provijions
City, which had been greatlyencreafed by the
late concourfe of peoplefrom all parts of Italy\
nature,

feltvery fe*
and was
Cicero's account,
now
verelyby the poor Citizens : They had born ic
on

while Cicero's return was in

patience
themfelves with a notion,
agitation
; comforting
that if he was
would be reonce
reftored,plenty
ilored with him ; but findingthe one at lafteffeded without the other,they began to grow
clamorous, and unable to endure their hunger
any longer.
fo fairan opportu"^
Clod I us could not let flip
fome new
and create
difturbance,
nityof exciting
lamity
ing frefh trouble to Cicero, by chargingthe cafor ;hisend he employeda
to his fcor^
:
of young fellows to run all nightabout
number
the ftreets,making a lamentable outcry for
bread
and calling
upon Cicero to relievethem
with much

-,

from the famine to which

he had reduced them

if he had got fpme hidden ftore or

of corn,
fecreted from common
ufe
as

magazine
[i]. He
fent

1^1 Poft
[/J Qui

red. ad

Quir.9.

ad

imperitoramanimos

facultate oblata, tandos, renovaturum

B 3

te

inciiHa

funci^a

Tbe

6
A. Urb.

the Theatre, in which tbe

Cicero's particular
friend,was
C^cilius^

696.fent his mob

Cic. 50.

of the Life

History

Pr^tor

alfo

to

the J-pcllinarian
where theyraiffloewSy
exhibiting
Cornelius
Lentulus

ed fuch

Spinther,

pany

Q^C^ciLius

that

terror

the whole

they drove

com-

of it: then,in the fame tumultuous manmarched to the Temple of Concord,

j^gj.^ ^i^gy
out

whither
NEros^^"^^

had fummoned

Metellus

happeningto meet with

attacked him
theyprefently
with fome of which

the Senate

but

in the way,
with volliesof ftones ;

Metellus

theywounded

the Con-

even

ful

mediatel
imhimfelf,who, for the greater fecurity,
adjournedthe Senate into the Capitol.
Ruffians,
They were led on by two defperate
their ufual commanders, M.
Lollius and M.
the firftof whom
had in Clodius's Tribunate
Sergius,

undertaken

the tafk of

the fecond had been

to

tiline,
Ca-

probablyof his family[k]: but

Clodius, encouragedby this hopeful
beginning,
and purfued
put himfelf at their head in perfon,
the Senate into the Capitol^
in order to diflurb
their debates,and prevent their providingany
relief for the prefent
evil ; and above all,to excite
the meaner
fort to fome violenceagainft
Cicero,
and

killing
Pompey ;

Captainof the Guard

was

latrocinia ob

funeda
caufam

funt homines

annonae

Prodom.5.
putavifli.
ilia con-

Quid ? piierorum
curfatio nodurna

num

te

Q^Metello,

in Senatu

palam nominati, a
ille fe lapidibus
qiiibus
appetitum, etiam percuiTumt^Q

frumentum
jpfoinftituta me
Quafi vero ego
flagitabant?

dixit.

Qyis eft ifte Lollius

Qui

Tribuno

"

te

pleb.-Cn.
"

rti frumentariae

aut

fem,

aut

Pompeium interficiendum depra^fuif?

rQuis eft Sergius
compreiTuiii
aliquod popofcit.

frumentum
Cum
[/^J
atrum

"

tenerem.

homines

primo, dcinde

lb. 6,

tui
armigerCatilinae,
ftipator
feditionis"
corporis,fignifer
his atque hujufmodiducibus,

ad Thead Se-

caritate in
concurriiTent impulfu cum
tu in annons
Clodii.
AdAtt.
Confules, in Senatum
re4. I.
Q)ncurfus eft ad Templum
penrlnos
impetuscomparares.

natum

"

Concordia^ fadus, Senatum

iiUic vocante
MeLdlo"
^i\i
"

Pro dom.

5.

But

of M.rULLIUS

CICERO.

A. Urb. 696.
difappointment,
that Cicero was
too
llrong;in the afFedlionsof the SL^i"*
City to be hurt againfo foon: for the people
pQ^j^j^^^^j^
and were
themfelves faw throughhis defign,
fo Lentulus
Spinther,
provokedat it,that theyturned unrjcrfally
againft

he foon found,

But

him^ and drove him

with
of thefields

out

""!/--"

when

cenaries',

his great

to

perceiving

that

with

name

he

voice^and would

one

Metellus

Cicero

in the Senate^theycalled out

prefe72t
not

C^C^ecilius

allhis mer.

not

was

^^^^^^

upon him hy
he quieted
till

and proin perfon

to und.ertaketheir caufe^
pofefome expedient
for their relief.He had kept
came

his

to do fo^ tillhe
houfeall that day^ and refolved
faw the iffue
of the tumult ; but when he underflood that Ciodius was
and that his pre*
repulfed,
the
fencewas univerfally
by the Confuls^
required
he came
to the Senate'
Senate^and the whole People^
houfe in the midflof theirdebates and beingprefentlyajkedhis opinion propofed,that Pompey
fhouldbe entreatedto undertake the provinceof reto the City
plenty
Jloring
; and^ to enable him to exe^
with an abfocute it with effe5l^
fhouldbe invefied
lute power over all the public
ftores and corn-rents
all the Provinces : the motion
of the Empire through
and a vote immediately
was
accepted^
readily
paffed^
and
that a law fhouldbe prepared
for that purpofe^
Senators
to the people
[/]. All the Confular
offered
.,

[/] Ego

Qomi

vero

me

folum fine uUis

te-

nui, quamdiu turbulentum

fuit

tempus
OS

ad

rapinam,ad

casdem
tiam

in

paratos
"

"

manfiffe

me

in

tuorum

ac iriacopiis,
etiam cum
paucis

lb. 3.

Ego denique
"

Romano

eve-

in

do-

cum

eil,populum

Capitolium
"

convenifle,miniflros
fcelerum

"

po^eaquam

mihi nunciatum

Romanura

amicis.

bonorum

fcio

verum

nu,

tu-

arqjutos

tecum
Capitolium

nifi'econftabat

mi

Cervos

cum

"

were

autem

"

populo

univerfo,qui

turn

Capitolium convenerat,
illo die minus

nominatim

valercm,.

in Senatum

voca-

Veni expedlatus
; multis jam fententiis dictis,
rogatus film fententiam ; dixi
bar.

perterritos,
Reipub.falubcrrimam, mihi
partim necefiiirium. lb 7.
gladiis,

partimamiffis
veni
diffugilfej
ereptis

non

Fa(^um

The

History

the

of

Life

and Jfranius
:
theypreabfent^
exceptMeffala
he
the
real
but
the
tended
mob
caufe
to
afraidof
^c ar^'
this
in granting
^^^^^ unwillingnefs
to concur
^^^
P Cornelius
commiflion
to
Pompey. The Confuls carried
Lentulus
and read itSpinther, the decree with them into theRoftra^
to the people
publicly
; who on the mention of Ci^
(^C^ciLius
A. Urb.

696.^ere

-^

ELLus

in ijohichit

^^^^'^ name^

drawn, z^ve

was

the

verjalJhout of applattje
\ upon wfotch^at
Cicero made
cfall the Magjftrates^

deftre

fpeechto themy
of the decree,
necefTity

the reafons and

forth
fetting

uni-

an

giving them the comfort of a fpeedy

of Pompey
from the vigilance
and authority
relief,
\7n\ The abfence however of the Confular
and

Senators gave a handle to refle(5l

upon the ad:,
not freeand valid^hut extorted hy fear^and
as
memhers ;
without the intervention of the principal

day^in a fuller
Houfe^when all
made
and a motion was
prefent^
the decree^
it was
unanimoufly
rejeBed
\n\;

hut the very next

Senators were
thofe
to

revoke

and

the Confuls

conformable

to

ordered

were

draw

to

up

law

it, by which the whole adminifira-

was
of the Republic
of the corn and provifions
to be granted
to Pompeyforfive
years with a power
him in it.
Lieutenants to affifi
fifteen
of chufing

tion

furnifhed Clodius with frefh

This

abufe upon

Faftum

eft S. C. in

fententiam,ut
ageretur,
peret,

chargedhim with ingratitude^

the
had
which
Senate^
of
defertion

Cicero

and the

ut

cum

earn

he

Pompeio
rem

habui
dedilTet,

recitando

meam

Ad

["]At
tus
non

1.

con-

-Ibid.

cionem.

fufci-

lexque ferretur.

Att. 4.

of

matter

enim

liberum Sena-

judiciumpropter metum
fuit.

Pro

dom.

4.

Poftridie Senatus

frequens,
[;"]Cum abclTent ConfuConfulares
nihil
lares, quod tuto fe negarent " omnes
pofTefententiam dicere,prae- Pompeio poflulanti
riegarunt,
Sc Afranium.
Mciralam
Ibid.
Qno S. C. recitato,cum

ter

cont5nuo
iiovo

more

Jioc infulfo "

plaufum,

meo

nomine

Ad

Att. 4
Cum

tum

i.

omnes

adeiTent,
ccep-

eft referri de inducendo

S. C;

ab univerfo Senatu

clamatum

eft.

Pro

dom.

re-

4.

always

CICERO.

TVLLIUS

of M.

alwaysbeen firm to bim, in order to pay his court -to A. Urb. 6g6.
him : and that he was
had betrayed
a
fo S^'^"'
maity who
and credit ^^
fillyas not to know his own ftrength
p.Cornelius
the City^and how able he was
to maintain his auLentulus
the
without
helpof Pompey [^J. But Cice- Spinther,
thority
ro defended himfelf by faying, that they muft
Q^C^.cili
the
fame
him
not
expedlto play
-^I^q^^^
game
upon
that he was
reftored,with which they
now
had ruined him before,by raifing
jealoufies
between him and Pompey : that he had fmarted
for it too feverely
to be caught again
already,
in the fame trap ; that,in decreeing
this commifTion to Pompey, he had difcharged
both
^^
his private
and his pubto a friend,
obligations
lie duty to the State ; that thofe who grudged
^'
all extraordinary
to
Pompey, muft
power
grudge the vi6lories,the triumphs,the ac^

"

"

*'
*'

*'
*'

*'
"

"

"

"

ceflion of dominion

"

former grants of this fort had procuredto the

Empire-, that the fuccefs of thofe fhewed,

"

what

fruit theywere

But

what

*'

revenue,

his creatures

what
raifing

[o] Tune
qiio

tuit ?

quo
au6loritatem
"

bamus

carere

non

poSenatus
reftituto,
reftitutam puta-

primum
lb. 2.
niens prodidifti.
?

quam

Nefcit quantum

valeat,quas

res

adve-

aucloritate

geflerit,
qua

fit rellitutus. Cur

dignitate
ornat

lb.

eum

quo defertus eft?

II.

[/"]Definant
dem

machinis
,

yet fatisfied
of the Tribuns,
the additional

and
fleets^

armies he

ille,Inquit, ihtutum pofreIabefadan,qui-

es

Senatus

money ^

this [/"].'"

not

were

it

power of

their

this law conferred

fo that Meflius, one

propofedanother, to give him

with

which

exped from

to

foever
authority

Pompey,

on

and

homines

me
fperaie

iif-

bus
"

anteaftantemperculerunt

data

magna,

eft erroris mei

merces

ut

me

non

meae,
geat ftultitiae

pudeat. lb. 11,

Cn. Pompeio
terra

dinem

marique bella
eflecommifla:

folum

pi-

fed etiam
maxima
extra

or-

quarum

fi quern

eum
pcrniteat,
vidtorice populi Romani
ne-

rerum

cefTe eft pcenitere.

lb. 8.

re-

thought

'The History

lo
A. Urb.

696. thought
fit; with

Cic. 50.
p

allthe
greater comr/iandthrough

their proper Governors

had in
Clccro's Uvvs feemed modefl in comparifon

Provinces^than

Or^^Jr^r^^^k.
,TTc

Lentulus

of the Life

MelTius

or

with

be content

pretendedto

rompey
whilft
the firft,
s :

all his

dependentswere
fQj.|-}^e]a^f[-fj^gy
pufl^ij^g
expeded that Cicero
Q^/EciLius
Spinther,

Nep

would
\^^^^

come

to

over

them

he

but

continued

would ftira ftep

farther ; for his affairs
filent,
nor
ftillin fuch

were

him
as obliged'
ftate,

to

a6t

with caution,and to manage both the Senate and

of power : the conclufion was, that Cicero's
the men
law

was

received

and Pompey named

by all parties,
that he Jhould
him forhis firfi
Lieutenant^declaring
him as afecond
without
confider
felfand a^ nothing
his advice [^].Cicero accepted
the employment^
on conditionthat he mighthe at liberty
it at
to ufeor reftgn
it convenient to his affairs
as he found
pleafure^
[r];
it to his Brother,
but he foon after quitted
and chofe
where he had the pleafure
to continue in the city;
anfwered : for
to fee the end of his law effedlually
the creditof Pompey'sname
reduced
immediately
of victuals in the markets-,and his vigor
the price
and diligence
the affairfoon eftain profecuting
blifhed a general
plenty.
reflored to his former dignity,
Cicero
was
but

not

to

his former fortunes

fadion yet made

Legem
["^]

to

Confules

any fatiffor the ruin of his

him

con-

mus

-, nor

"

was

magis quod

eo

de

alteram Meflius, domo noflra nihil adhiicPonfcripferunt

omnis
dat potef- tilicesrefponderunt.
pecuniae
qua
"
Illelegates
claflem "
tatem,
adjungit
quindecimcum
exercitum, " majus imperi- poftularet,
me
principemnoin provinciis,
alfit minavit, " ad omnia me
um
quam
obtinent.
fe
fore
dixit.
Ad
Ilia
terum
eas
eorum,
qui
"

"

noftra

lex Confularis

modefta
pon.

1am
res

videtur,hcec

ferenda.
banc.

fremunt,

nos

i.

duce
tace-

lb.

Familia-

Confulares

Att. 4.

Pompelo le*
ut nulla
gariita fum pafTus,
fi velne
re
impedirer,
quod
km, mihi effet integrum.-"

Ponipeius il-

velle fe dicit ;

Favonio

nunc

Meiili

[r] Ego

me

2.

houfes

tULLIUS

of M

ii

full reftitution indeed had A. Urb. 696.

referved to his return ;
decreed, but was
c*/r"*

houfes and eftates:

been

CICERO,

which

fidered and

before the Senate

now

came

fettled by

to

be

con-

where
publicauthority,

p.Cornelius

it Lentulus

ftillwith great obftru6lion. The chief dif- Spinther,

which he vav"^as about his Palatin houfe^
ficulty
met

C^C^ciliu

reft,and which Clodius,for ^^^^q^

had contrived to alienate,
that reafon,
as he hoped,
the Fabric, and
irretrievably
by demolifhing
;

lued

above

all the

to the Goddefs
a
dedicating
1'emple
upon the area
:
where, to make his work the more
plete,
comLiberty
he pulleddown
alfo the adjoining
^^r//V^
of
that
build
it
he
of Catidliis^
might
up anew,
the fame order with his Temple ; and by blending
the public
with private
property, and confethe whole to Religion^
might make it imcrating
or reftore any part to Cicero ;
to feparate
pofiible
fince a confecration,
made the
performed,
legally
after to any
ever
thingconfecrated unapplicable
ufe.
private
This portico
the
was
as has been faid,
built,
on
lived,whofe
fpotwhere Fulvius Flaccus formerly
houfe was
demolifhed, for the treafon
publicly
Clodius's defign
of its mafter ; and it was
to join
Cicero's to it under the fame denomination ; as the
and punifoment
memorial of a difgrace
inperpetual
filledby the people[j].When he had finifliedthe
and annexed his Temple to it,
porticotherefore,
which took up but a fmall part, fcarce
a tenths
of
Cicero'shoufe he left the reft of the area void,
in order to plant
upon
agrove^ or walks ofpleafure
^

ity as has been ufual in fuch cafes ", where, as it

has been obferved,he

was

a particular
profecuting

his malice
as well as indulging
intereft,
the reftitutionof it to Cicero.
ftrudino:

in ob-

[/] Ut

domus

M.

Ciceronis cum
Qomo
f lacci ad memoriam

Tullii

publiceconftitutaeconjunfla

Fulvii

elTevideatur.

Pro

dom.

38.

pcenas

The

^be

12

A. Urb.

The

696.

Cic. 50.

of

History

affairwas

who
^yPriefisy

"Life

be determined

to

were

the

the

by

the

college

Judgesin all cafes relat-

: for the Senate could only make

^"S ^^ religion
decree, that if the Priejls
^ provifional
difcharged
Lentulus
the
S
then the Con
the groundfrom
fervice
of religion^
QJ^^^^i'^^^fills
take an efiimate
of the damage^and make
floould
Metellus
the whole at the public
contra^
^
for rebuilding
it'to Cicero in the condition
charge^
fo as to reflore
therefore of
in which he left
it [/]. The Priefls
the lafi
called together
all orders were
on
of September^
hear
which
Cicero
this caufe,
to
pleaded
of the
in perfonbefore them : theywere
men
and families in the Republic
firftdignity
", and
Cicero tellsus, fo fullan ap~
there never
as
was,
fincethe foundation
pearance of them in any caufe^
of the City: he reckons up nineteen by name
; a
of
of
whom
r
ank
were
Confular
\ii\.
great part
'

"p

'

p IN T H E R

'

'

firft care,

His

of the

was
queftion,

which

his enemies

on

'

before he entered into the merits

the

to

had

remove

been

the

prejudices,
labouringto inftil^

of his late condu(5l in favour of

account

the motives, and fhewPompey, by explaining

of it ; contriving
at the fame
ing the necefTity
the odium on the other fide,by runtime to turn
ning
the hifiory
and
over
of Clodius's "Tribunate^
all itsviolences in the moft lively
colours ;
painting
which the caufe fmgly turnbut the queftion
on
ed, was about the efficacy
ofthe pretendedccnfecraand the dedicationof the Temple:
tion of the houfe^
therefore of this a6t, he enfhew the nullity
to
deavours
to
^'

and

the very foundation of

overthrow

prove Clodius's Tribunate

to

be

it,

original-

[/] Qui fi fuftulerint reli- era condituta,quorum eadem

urpracclaram eft antiquitas,
gionem, aream
quae ipfius
habebimus:
fuperficiemCon-bis, uUa de re, ne de capite
Tules

ex

asftimabunt.

S. C

/id Alt. 4.

"

I.

[u\Nego

unquam

pollfa-

quidemVirginum Vefta.lium,
tarn
frequenscollegium
judiDe Harufp.refp.
6, 7.
(:afi'e.

CICERO,

of M.rULLIUS

13

of his A- ^rb.696,
invalidity
it was
entirely
grounded:" ^q^^^'
which
that the fole end of adoption,
he fhews,
p.Cornelius
to
was
the laws acknowledged,
fupplythe Lentulus
of children, by borrowing them as it Spinther,
want
"

*'

ly null and void,

which
on
adoption^

from

the

''

"

"

*"

other families ; that it was

from

were

an

eflen-

tialcondition of it,that he who adoptedhad

in condition
was
nor
children of his own,
no
concerned were
hav^e any : that the parties
to

"

"

"

Q^^^ciliu
^^^^^^^

appear before the Priefts to fignify

the
their confent, the caufe of the adoption,
circumftances of the families interefled in it,

obligedto

"

"

"

the

of their

"

and

"

Priefts might

*'

there

*'

honour

*'

that

"

the cafe of Clodius

nature

was

no

to

nothing of

full twenty

*'

nator,

''

*'

*^

"

''

who

no

"

adl

"

null and

"

^'
"

*"

"

or

all this had been obferved

:

that the

Adopterwas
he adopteda
to

be

in
not

Se-

his father :

adopt,fmce he had
have
and would probably
wife and children,
a
difinherit by
which he muft necefiarily
more,
if it was real : that Clodius had
this adoption,
other view, than, by the pretence of an
no
adoption,to make himfeif /^ 'Plebeianand 5"/that he had

hun^ in order

''

whole, and fee that

years old, when

old enough
was

*'

*'

the

that the

deceit in it, nor

any diffamilyor perfonconcerned :

fraud
any

"

"

judgeof

rites ;
religious

occafion

to

which
itfelf,

overturn

to

the State; that the

confirmed the

v/as
adoption,

illegal,
beingtranfaffed while Bibuwhich
was
lus was
obfervingthe Aufpices,
lav/,and huddled over in
contrary to exprefs
three hours by Csefar,when it ought to have
for three market days fuccefbeen publifhed
the interval of nine days each ["v]
:
at
fively,
and illegal,
that if the adoption
was
irregular
the Tribunate
muft needs
as it certainly
was,
[a] Pro

dom.

13, 14, 15, i6.

"

be

^he History

14
A.Urb.

696."c \^q{q

Coff"*

|;oo, which

"

^^^

"

becaufe

Lentulus

"

yet the ad

Spinther,

"

P.Cornelius

could

built
intirely

was

grantingthe
fome

of the Life
it :
upon
after all to be valid,

Tribunate

eminent

would

men

have

it

fo,

afterv/ards for his banifhment

made

be confidered as a law, but

poflibly
^^
^
a particular
only,made againft
Mete^llus^
PnW/^^^
perfon-, which the facred laws, and the laws
Nepos.
of the twelve Tables had utterly
:
prohibited
not

"

"

"

"

that it was

"

the

the very conftitution of

to

contrary

Republic,to punifhany Citizen either in

body or goods, till he had been accufed in
proper form, and condertined of fome crime
laws
or
by competent judges: that Privileges^
to inflid: penalties
on
fingleperfonsby name,
cruel and pernicious,
without a legal
trial,
were
and of
and nothing better than prolcriptions,
all things
in their City[^y].'*
to be endured
not
Then
in enteringupon the queition
of his houfe
"

''

*'

"

''

"

"

he declares," that the whole effedt of his reilo*'

it ; that if it v/as
ration depended upon
not
''

given back

him,

but

of triumph

fuffered

to

his enemy,
himfelf,he could not

remain
of

grief

''

monument

*'

and

to
calamity

"

it as

*'

that his houfe

"

people;

*'

flate,he fhould be forced

"

place,and could never endure to live in

that City,in v/hich he mud
alwaysfee trohimfelf and the Rephiesere6led both againft
public: the houfe of Sp. Melius/' fayshe,
who
levelled j and
affected a Tyranny, was
by xht n2i\-nt o^ j^quimeliumy
given to the place,
the peopleconfirmed the Equityof his punifhhcuie of Sp. Callius was overturnment
: the

''

"

"

"

''

"

"

but
reftoration,

to

conlider

:
perpetual
punifliment

flood in the viev; of the whole

and if it muft continue in its prefent
to

remove

to

fome

other

[^]
mines

lb. 17.

in

privosho-

leges ferri noJuerunt

id eft euim
.

to

priviiegiumquo
:

? de Legib.
quid eft injuflius
3. 19.

A, Urbi

of the Life

The Ui^roTiY

i6

696;"" people;which
"

P.CoRNEtius

Spinther,

not

obtained, nor

evert

prefentcafe [r]: that great

law in feregardhad alwaysbeen paidto this
kind: that Q^
veral inftances of the graveil

^Cfr" "pretended in
Lentulus

was

''
"

Marcius,

''

Caflius

Nepos*
"

"

"

"^

*'

"

^'
*'

"

"

"

"

*'
*'
*'
"

''

the

''
"

"

*'
"

"

*'
.

"

*'

"
''

*'

Cenfor,ere6ted

Statue of Con-

when Cenfor, removed into

afterwards,
and confulted the College
the Senate-hoLife,
v/hether he might not dedicate the
of Priefts,
:
to Concord
and the houfe alfo itfelf,
flatue,
M. iEmihus, the High-Priefc,
upon which
that
of the College,
gave anfwer in the name
unlefs the peoplehad deputedhim by name,
they
and he acted in it by their authority,
dethat he could not rightly
of opinion,
were
dicate them, [f]: that Licinia alfo,a veftal
virgin,dedicated an altar,and a littletemple,
under the facred Rock : upon which S. Julius
the Praetor,by order of the Senate,confulted
P. Sc^vola,
of Priefis ", for whom
the College
that what Lithe High-Pricft,
gave anfwer,
without
cinia had dedicated in a publicplace,
be conficould not
the people,
any order of
dered as facred : fo that the Senate injoined
and to efface
fee it defecrated,
whatever had been infcribed upon it : after all
this,it was to no purpofe,he tellsthem, to

the Prcetor

"

the

to

to fpeakto
mention, what he had propofed

that the dedication was

the JafI:
place,
formed v.'ithany of the folemn words
but
which fuch a fun"51:ion
required;

in

notperand rites

by the igwithout

mentioned,
man
young
his books, or any
the help of liis Collegues,
when
Clodius,who
: cfpecially
to
before-

norant

pron^.pthim

of all relidirecled him, that impure enemy

among
gion, who often ac^led the woman
hudas v/ellas the man
among women,
Hicn,

[,]iVo.

dom.

49.

[d] lb.

ci,53.
"

died

of

rULLlUS

the whole ceremony

**

died

*'

manner,
precipitate

"

''
''
"

"

CICERO,

over

in

17

A.
blundering,

his audacioufnefs could

*'

his fears :

*'

Tembarbarous,after he had been plundering

**

of
pies,when prickedby a dream, or fcruple
he came
confecrate fome altar on
to
religion,

for what

"

adefert fhore,was

''

beingforced

*'

ers, whom

**

In

"
*'

^'
''

*'

*'
*'
*'
*'
**
"

*'

696.

and confounded
faultring
^q'J^'
in mind, voice, and fpeech
; often recalling
p.Corneliua
and
himfelf,doubting,fearing,hefitating, Lentulus
Spinther,
performing
every thingquitecontrary to what
the facred books prefcribed
is it flrange,
: nor
^C^cilius
fayshe, that,in an a6t fo mad and villainous, -^^^q^.

*'

"

Urb.

to

he

not

not

get the better of

Pirate, though

fo

ever

terrified in his mind,

on

appeafethat Deityby his prayhad provoked by his facrilege?

what

horrors then, think you, muft this

needs be, the plunderer
of ail Temples,

man

houfes,and

the whole

City, when for the exof fo many impieties,

he was wickedly
piation
? Then
after a
one
fmglealtar [e']
confecrating
folemn invocation and appealto all the Gods,
that City,
who peculiarly
favoured and protedled
of his zeal and
to bear witnefs to the integrity
love to the Republic,
and that,in allhis labours
the
and ftruggles,
he had conftantly
preferred
he commits
the
publicbenefit to his own,
of the
of his caufe to the judgemf;nt
juflice
venerable Bench."
He

particularly
pleafedwith the compofition of this fpeech,
immediately
which he publifhed
; and
faysupon it, that if ever he made
in fpeaking,
and the
his indignation,
any figure
fenfe ot his injuries,
had infpired
him with new
force and fpirit
in this caufe [/]. The fentence
was

of
[f] Pro dom.
[/] A6la res
Vol.

II.

nobis

54, 55.

ell accurate

cendo
C

"

fi unquam

fuimus

in di-

aliquid,aat
etiam

TheHisTORY

l8

696.of the Priefls turned whollyon

A.Urb.

^c^^
P Cornelius
Lentuius

Spinther,

Q^CiE
Nepos

cf the Life

CI

LI

us

Cicero had

what

ailedgedabout the force of ihe Papirianlaw, viz.

^^^^ ^f ^^9 ^'"^ performed
the office
of confecration
author
e
d
been
had not
fpecially
if and per fondlyap*
then the area in queflion
to it by the people^
pointed
withcut
j^jn-hi^
Ctcero.

1 his

five,was

any

he refioredto
of religion,
fcrtiple
leemed

lomewhat

fufficientfor Cicero's

purpofe;

tnough

it

eva-

and his

him upon it^ as upon a clear

friends
congratulated
it flillin favour
'victory
\ while Clodius interpreted
of himfelf,
and beingproducedinto the Rofira^by
his Brother Appius, acquaintedthe people,that
the Priejis
had givenjudgementfor him, but that
Cicero was preparingto recover
byforce;
poffeffion
end exhorted them therefore
to followhim and Appius
his
their
But
liberties.
in the defence
of
fpeech
the audience ; fome wonmade
no
on
dered
imprefTion
others laughedat hisfolly
at his impudence,
and Cicero refolved
the
to trouble himfelfor
not
by a decree of the
peopleabout it^ tillthe Confuls,
the portico
Senate, had contracted forrebuilding
of
Catulus \g\
The
Senate met the next day, in a full houfe,
end to this affair\ when
to put an
Marcellinus,
^

'"v

etiamfiunquam alias fuimus, Mihi fac^a

tum
profeclodolor " magni- Jatio : nemo
t'.idovim quandam nobis diquin ddmus
cendi

dedit.

Itaque Oratio
juventutinoflras deberi non
Att. 4.

potefl.Ad
[g\Cum

dicata.

ftatim eft gratiinobis

Pontifices dccref-

neque

qui fe

di'dicailediceret, nominatim
rei
que

eiTet
prasFe^lus
j nejufiu,
plebis
populi
neque

fcitu id facere
deri

jufluseiict,vi-

earn
poiTefine reiigione

partem

areae

mihi

nunciat

populo, Ponrifices
conari in

adju-

afcendit, quam

concicnem

fent,ita,finequepopulijuiTu, fe decrevifTe ;
fcitu, is
plebis

effet

fubito ille in

Turn

Appius ei dedit

2.

dubirat,

enim

me

jam

iecundum
vi

autem

venire
poflefTionem

hortatur,ut fe

k,

Appium

el
fe-

quantur, h fiiam libertatem

etiam
Hie cum
ut defendant.
illi infimi
tur,

partim admiraren-

partimirriderent

rellitui. amentiam.

"

Ad

hoimnis.

Att. 4.

2.

one

CICERO.

M,rULLWS

of

19

eled, being called upon to A. Urb. 966.

and
addrefled himfelf to the Priefts,
^'^J^""
fpeakfirft,
the
them
to
account
grounds"^^^p.Corneliu
of
defired
give an
which
Lucullus, Lentulus
: upon
meaningof their fentence
of the reft,declared,that the PriefisSpinther,
in the name
but the Senate of^!P'^^^^
indeed the Judgesof religion^
were
the law ; that they therefore
had determined only jvTepos.
and left
it to
what related to the pointof religion^
the Senate to determine whether
ed
remainany ohflacle
in point of law: all the other priefts
fpoke
one

of the Confuls

in favor of Cicero's caufe

after him
largely

Clodius rofe afterwards

to

waft the time fo,

as

to
to

fpeak,he
hinder

when

endeavoured

their

coming

to

day ; but after he had been

the aiTembly
{"^tdkSxi^
for three hours fuccefiively,
fuch a noife and
and made
fo impatient,
grew
forced to give over
that he was
:
yet
hifling,
in
when
theywere going to pafs a decree, the
words of MarcellinuSy Serranus put his negative
", and
upon it : this raifed an univerfal indignation
the motion of the Two
a frefh debate began, at
Confuls, on the merit of the Triburts inierceffion
;
when
after many
to
warm
they came
fpeeches,
the following
the refolution
that it was
vote
of
",
that Senate that Cicero*s houfe
or ed to
fhouldbe reft
it had been
as
him^ and Catulus^s porticorebuilt^
be defended
by all
before
; and that this vote floould
tht Magiftrates
violence or obftrvMion
; and if any
was
to it^ that the Senate would look upon it^
offered
his negative.
as
offered
by him^ who had interpofed
This ftaggered
Serranus, and the late Farce was
at his
playedover again\ his fatherthrew himfelf
time j
he defired
a nighfs
feet^to beg him to defift
;
any

refolution

that

refufed,but, on Cicero's requeft,granted-, and the next day he revoked his

faffernegative,and, without farther oppofition,
ed the Senate to pafs a decree,that Cicero'sdawhich

at

firftwas

ma^t

The

20

A. Urb.

of the Life

History

be made goodto him^ and his

696.magsfiould

Gic. 50.

rehoufes

charge\h'].
public
to put the derj.^^ Confuls began prefently
in execution ; and having contradled for the
cree
to
work,
rebuildingCatulus^s portico^fet men
what had
the ground^and demolijhing
^^Qy^ clearing
^^^^^ j^^^^i^
byClodius:but as to Cicero's buildings,
it was
agreedto take an eflimate of his damage,
ii^iii^j the

Coff.

Xentulus
Spinther,

Q. CiF.ciLius
Metellus

pay the

and

of it

amount

be laid

himfelf,to

to

fancy: in which his

accordingto his own
valued at Jixteen
Palatin houfe
was
pounds;
thoufand
his Formian
at four thoufand
his 'Tufculan
only
\
deficient
This
and
a
was
two
at
thoufand.
very
out

all the world cried out

Jhameful valuation, which

upon

twice

before, near

give himfelf

not

houfehad coll him,

for the Palatin

that fum

Cicero

about it,or make

gave the Confuls a handle
his

it, and
remonflrating
againfi

7nodefiy^
for not
feemingto be fatisfied
own

reafon was,
he himfelf declares,that thofe,who had dipt

with what

awarded

was

but the

true

his wings,had no mind to let them grow

thoughtheyhad been his advocates when
be

fecretly
angry,
prefent
[f]

to

now

gan
him

when

[/"]Ad

Att. 4.

confilii fen-

de

tentia asflimarunt
caetera

villam

Tufculanum
centis
,

qucs

HS.

abfent,be^
envious of
openly

quingen-

Formianum

du-

miilibus;
quinquaginta
a?ftimaiio

optiiiio
quoque

non

fed

quid igiturcaufas fuit ? Diilli quidem pudorem

cunt
meum,

vicies; neque

illiberaliter;

valde

millibus

2.

asdifuperficiem

Confules

um

and

again and

[z] Nobis

t s

long

would

trouble

any

which
any exceptions,
the blame upon
to throw

as

but

not

modo
etiam

ab
a

quod neque negarim,

poftula-

vehementius

rim.

Sed

hoc

quidem

Verum
iidem

non

eil id

etiam

nam

profuifTet.

iidem, mi

Fomponi,
inquam illi,qui mihi

pennas inciderunt,nolunt
afdem renafci-" Ibid,

e-

Dices,
plebcreprehenditur.

But

of M.TULLIUS
But

he

as

was

CICERO.

this affair A. Urb. 696,

covetous,

never

21

^^^-

5".
gave him no great uneafinefs; though,through
"^
in fuch
now
the late ruin of his fortunes,he was
p ^.
his Tuf- Lentulus
that he refolved to expofe
of money,
want
'

changedhis mind and Spinther,

built it up againwith much
more
magnificenceQ-C^cilius
than before; and, for the beauty of its fituation,j^/^^^^^^
''^EPOS.
and neighbourhood
to the City, took
more
pleafale j

culan Villa to

fure in it

after,than

ever

country feats.

but foon

But

he had

in any other of his

fome domieflic grievances

about this time, which

touched him

more

he

to
obfcurely
fignifies
Atticus, were of too delicatea nature to be explained
from the petuhy a letter \K\: theyarofe chiefly
lant
humor
of his wife, which
began to give him
occafions of chagrin
", and, by a feriesof
frequent
repeatedprovocations,confirmed in him that
which ended at iaft in a divorce.
fettled difguft,
both
reftored to the polTefTion
As he was
now
defirous to
of his dignity
and fortunes,lo he was
of his late difdeftroyall the publicmonuments
grace ; nor to fufterthe law of bis exil to rem.ain,
with the other ads of Clcdius's ^rihunate^hanging
up in the Capitol,engraved, as ufual, on
therefore the opportutables of brafs : v/atching
nity
of Clodius's abfence, he went to the Capitol^
and takingthe
with a ftrongbody of his friends^
them to his own
tables down conveyed
houfe. This
conteft in the Senate between
occafioned a fliarp
him and Clodius, about the validity
of thofea^s-^

nearly",

and

and

drew

which,

Cato

the fake of his

as

alfo into the

debate

who, for

Cyprian commijfion^
thoughthimfelf

their legality
Cicero
to defend
obliged
againft

[^] Tufculanum
fubuibano

non

CiEtera,qu^

funt. Amamura
fratre " filia, ibid,

fJv^iiLuripct
profcripfi:

facile
me

which
,

careo.--

foUicitant,
C

created

The

22

between them^ and gave

696.createdfeme littlecoldnefs

A. Urb.

^r

"*

irnallpleafure
to the

""

ir

P.C0RNEL,"S
Lentulus

ETELLus

common

enemies of them

concern

at

[/]

both
But

Cicero

cnier

fupporthis
^j^(jprovidefor his
(^C"EciLius
Spinther,

how

to

former

preientwas,

in the City,
authority
fafety
; as well againit

future

of

declared enemies, as the envy of

which he perceived
to be growfriends,
pretended
ing
^1^^malice

of
him : he had thoughts
againft
one
of procuring
puttingin for the Cenforjhip
; or
of thofehonoraryLieutenancies^which gave a
publicchara6ler to privateSenators ; with intent
make
to
a
progrefsthroughItaly or a kind of
to all the Temples^
Groves^'and
religious
pilgrimage
jnade in his
on
facredplaces^
pretence of a vow^
exile. This would give him
an
opportunityof
himfelf every where in a light,
which
iliewing
attra6ls the affedtion of the multitude,
naturally
a pious
by teflifying
regardto the favourite fuperftitionsand local religions
of the Country; as the
Great, in the fame Country,flillpay their court
the Ihrines and altars
to the vulgar,
by vifiting
up

'

of the Life

History

afreih

of the

Saints, which

mentions

are

moft

in vogue

he

thefe

to Atticus,as
projedls
defigned
be
the
in
executed
in the
to
fpring,refolving
while to cherifh the good inclination of the
mean
towards him, by keeping
himfelf perpe"people
tually

in the view

of the

City [ni],

and Cicero's houfe,were

Catulus^sportico^
rifing
and
carried
almofl
roof j
the
to
again apace,
up

when

Clodius, without any warning,attacked

them, on the fecond
of November^ with a band of
[/]Plutarch
p.

100.

\ni\Ut nulla re
quod ne fi vdlem,
aut
integium,

proximiConfules haVoaut
berent,petere poiTe,
impedirer,tivam Legationem i"uiT]fifle

in Cic.

Dio.

mihi effet

ficoniitiaCen-

foriim

prope
corum.

omnium
Ad

Fanorum,
Alt. 4.

lu-

2.

armed

^h^

24
A. Urb.

of

History

the

Life

tmthfwordinhand^and lighted
696. attacked Milo*s houfe^
Flambeaus^ with intent to fiorm and hum it : but

Cic. f o.

Lentulus

unprovided for him-, and Q.

band of flout
out with a llrong
Fiaccus, Tallying

Spinther,

fellows,killed feveral of his

^^^^

P Cornelius

Q^C^ciLius

never

was

and would have

men,

in the inifhe had not hid himfelf

which
he made
^^^
apartments of P. Sylldshoufe^
his Fortrefs
as
[^]
ufeof on this occafion

^illg^Clodius too^

lETELLus

the fourteenth,to take

met, on
thefe diforders into confideration ; Clodius did not
The

Senate

think fitto appear there-,hut

himfelf, probablyfrom the
in thefe

him

freedom

on
violences,

had

raging
encou-

account

taken with

clear

to

of
fufpicion

of the

his houfe

\f].

and

made,
fpeecheswere
vigorous
counfils propofed
opinionwas,
-, Marcellinus's
be impeached
that Clodius JJoould
anew
for thefe
laji
and
that
ele^ion
no
ofMdilesfhouldbefufcutrages-,
tillhe was
broughtto a trial : Milo declared^
fered^
the ConfulM.ethat as longas he continued in office^
tellusJhouldmake no ele^ion ; for he would take the
could be
an
affembly
aufpices
every day^ on which
held \ butMetellus contrived to wafithe dayinfpeaking,fo that theywere forcedto break up without
as good as his word,
snaking
any decree. Milo was
force,took care
a
and, havinggathered
fuperior
to obilrud: the ejedlion; though the Conful Mefevere

Many

he

which

Syllacame,

[0]

Ante

Novemb.

diem
cum

tertium Id.
facra via de-

fcenderem, infecutus
fuis.

eft

me

Clamor

det

"

Milonis domum

id. expugnare
conatiis

prid.

"incendere

eft,ut

palam hora
homines,

(cutis

lapides,quinta
alios cum
fufteSjgladii
; haec improvifa edu6lis
gladiis,
cum

omnia.
bulum
crunt

aditu
cidi
carare

cum

Difceftimus in vefti-

ita

ac-

cenfis facibus adduxerit.

Ipfe
ad
qui domumP.Syllaeprocaftris
facile operas
mecum
eam
impugnationemfumpfeAd Att. 4.
prohibuerunt.
rat, "c.
Ipfeoc3.
Tertii Damionis

potuit, fed ego

diaeta

taeincipio,
chirurgiae

[/"]Syllafc in Senatu poftridieIdas,domiClodius.lb.

tellns

CICERO.

cf M.'TULLIUS

25

tellus employedall his power and art to elude his A. Urb. 696.
and procure an aiTembly
by ftratagem;
vigilance,
it to
calling

and
place,

one

in the fieldof Mars, fometimes

fometimes

but Milo

Forum;

^p'i^*
holdingitin another,p.CorNELi

was

beforehand

ever

in the

with

l^^tulus
Spinther,

him;

and, keeping a conftant guard in the field,from Q^Ci^ciLius

to noon,
was
alwaysat hand to inhibit
rriidiiight
as it was
his procedings,
called,or
by obnouncing^
that he was
that
on
takingthe aufpices
declaring,

day ; fo

that the three Brothers

v/ere

xr^pQ.

bafHed and

ha"
though theywere
difappointed,
perpetually
ranguing and labouringto inflame the people
their aflemblies and
thofe,who interrupted
againft
were
rightof eleding; where Metellus^s fpeeches

turbulent^
rajb^Clodius'sfurious. Cicero,
Appiiis's
of opinion,
who givesthis account
to Atticus,was
that there would

he

no

eleclion and that Clodius

-,

killed
to trials
if he was not firfi
brought
to be his-fate :
hy Milo ", which was likely
Milo,
it ; being
to own
terred
not defayshe, makes no fcruple
and having no envious or
by my misfortune^
about him^ nor any lazyNobles
counfellors
perfidious
to dif
given out by the
courage him : it is commonly
other fide that what he does,is all done by my advice
much
condu^^ as
; but theylittleknoWj how
pellas courage, there is in this Hero [^].

be

would

Young

[q] EgreglusMarcellinus^
cmnes

acres;

lumnia
emit

ca-

iri

tempus

ex-

Non

dicendi
conciones

turbulentas

Metelli, temeraris
furiofiffims

Clodii

Appii,
:

hsec

ta-

nifi Milo
in
fumma,
CoobnunciafTet,
Campum

men

futura.

mitia
non

urn,
,

lore

Comitia

"

arbitror
nifi
a

ante

Milone

inter vlam

Metellus

reum

fore
Publi-

occifus erit,
puto.

Si fe

ab

occifum
obtulerit,

ipfo Milone

dubicat facere

fert ;

cafum

ilium

video,
;

prae fe

noftrum

"c.
extimefcit,

non

Meo

confilio omnia

illi

fieriqqerebantur,ignariquanturn

in illo heroe

quantum

etiam

efiet animi,

confilii.

"

Ad.

Att. 4. 3.
N. B. From

appears,

that

thefe fa6ls it
what

is faid

above.

The

26
A. Urb.

^r

of the Life

Lentulus,the fon of the Conful,was,

Young

696.

History

intereftof his

father,and the recommen^^^ion of his noble birth,chofen

into the College
of
p Cornelius
this
not
fummer,
Lentulus
Augurs
though
yet feventeen
his
Spinther, years old\ havingbut juft
changed puerile
for the
manlygown [f\: Cicero was invited to the in^^^^^^^'^^
of
augurationfeafl,where, by eatingtoo freely
^EFos^^^
which happened
to pleafe
his pafome vegetables,
late,
feized with a violent pain of the
he was
bowels, and diarrhcea; of which he fends the

^^ ^^^

^*

(r

account
following

his friend Gallus.

to

Cicero

After I had been

*^

Gallus.

to

for ten days,with

labouring

cruel diforder in my bowels, yet could not

convince thofe,who
wanted
me
at the bar,
that I was
ill,becaufe I had no fever,I ran

*'

"

*'

; havingkept fo ftrid;a faft

Tufculum
days before,that I did not tafte fo
much as water
: beingworn
out thereforewith
illnefsand failing,
I wanted rather to fee you,
than imagined,
that you expeded a vifit from

*'

away to
for two

*'

*'
.

*'

*'

for my

afraid,I confefs,of
all diftempers
but efpecially
of thofe,for
;

*^

me

*'

which

**

part, I

the Stoics abufe

*^

he

complainsof

*'

the

one

of which

above, of Clodius's
the Julian

and

am

and

Epicurus,when
the Jirangury
and dyfentery
;
take
be
the
effed:of
to
they

repealingand

LatiSy
Fuf^art

the Magiprohibiting

Urates from
the
obrtru^ling
Aflbmblies of the people,is
be underftood

your

nefs

had
j

entered upon

for it was

ful,we

fee,

to

AlTembly,while
Urate

was

Hill

builunlawan

convene

the

Magi-

in the aft of ob-

the heavens,
ferving
Cui
iannus
partialfenfe,
fuperior
[r]
lav/ extended no farther, dem " virilem patris
" prasnew
than to hindertheMagiftratcs
textam
populijudiciotogam
to

only in

and

from

that his

an
Affembly,
diifolving
convened
aclually

2.fter
itwas

dederit.

Pr. Sext.
Die. 1. 39. p- 99.
"

''

69.

it.

;
gluttony

of M. "TULLIUS

CICERO.

27

*'

the other of
;
o-luttony

*'

temperance.

*'

found benefit,ei\ but feem to have

dyfentery
p.Cornelius
ther from the changeof air, or the relaxation Lentulus
of my mind, or the remilTion of the difeafe Spinther,
how Q:C^cilius
itfelf: but that you may not be furprifed,
this Qiould happen, and what I have been
JNEPOS.
domg to brmg it upon me ", ^the lumptuary
of
law, which feems to introduce a fimplicity

*'

*'

''

fcandalous in- A. Urb. 696.

indeed of a
apprehenfive
p'i"'

was

more

"

*'

tvt,"

"
"

diet,did

''

"

"

all this mifchief.

me

For fince

our

fo fond of covering
grown
of the Earthy
their tables with the produ6i:ions

"

*'

'*
*'

"

*'
**

are

exceptedby the law, they have

of drefling
found a way
mufhrooms, and all
fo palatably,
that nothing
other vegetables,
delicious : I happened to fall
be more
can
upon thefe at Lentulus's Auguralfupper,and

which

"

talle

of

men

are

taken

was

fo violent

with

*'

is the firflday

"

any eafe. Thus

in
myfelffo eafily

on

*'

*'
*'

*'

caught with

begun to give

I, who ufed

to

command

and lampreys^
was
oyjlers

hete and mallows

cautious

more

it has

which

me

*'

flux, that this

for the future

",

but I fhall be

you,

hov/ever,

heard of my illnefsfrom Aniin a fit of vomiting,had

cius, for he faw me

muft

who

have

but for
juilreafon, not only for fending,
I think to flay
fee me.
to
coming yourfelf
here till I recruit myfelf;for I have loft
both my flrength
and my fiefh\ but, if I once
"*'
it will be eafy, I
get rid of my diileinper,
?' hope,to recover
the reft [j]."

*'

"

"

"

[j]Ep. Fam.
N.

B.

Plinyfays,that the

coliim^by which

pofed

to

known

defcribed in this Letter feems

7. 26.

mzsiYi

he

is

fup-

the Cho lie,

cw

as

Rome, //// the

Tiberius
: but the cafe
feignof
not

at

fo very near
to ir,
that he mull be undericood,
than of
rather of the name

to

the

come

thing;as

the learned

Dr.

Le Clerk has obferved in his

Hillory

^^^

28
King

696.

'A. Urb.

Cic. 50.

the

of

History

Rome
Ptolemy left

Life

about

this

time, af-

fums among
the
he had diftributed immenfe
Great, to purchafehis reftoration by a Roman

ter

pp*'^^^"

peopleof jEgypt had fent deputies

alfo afterhim, to pleadtheir caufe before the SeSpinther,
the reafons of their expelling
Q^CiEciLius nate, and to explain
Metellus
j^jj^. but the King contrived to get them all
afTallinatedon the road, before theyreached the
and the notion of
City. This pieceof villainy,
had railed
his havingbribed all the Magiflrates,
averfion to him among
the people,
fo general
an
that he found it advifeable to quitthe City, and
*

The

^^^y-

Lentulus

the

leave

.Agents.

of

management
The

Conful

his

interefh

Lentulus,who

to

his

had obtained

provinceof CiUcia and Cyprus^whither he

was
preparingto fet forward, v/as very defirous
the commifTion
of replacing
to be chargedwith
he had already
him on his throne ; for which
of
procureda vote of the Senate : the opportunity
almoft in fightof ^gypt^made
command,
a
him generally
thoughtto have the bed pretenlions
he was
alTured of Cicero's
to that charge-, and
the confirmation of
afliftance in foliciting
warm
the

it.
Tribuns entered
In this fituation of affairsthe new
of
C.
the
fame
w
ith
into office:
Cato,
family
his namefake Marcus^ was
of
bold turbulent man,

yet

of the number

one
no

prudence,
the
on
generally

temper

and
tolerable fpeaker,

-,

or

Before he had born any

politics.
Gabinius of
to impeach
publicoffice,he attempted
better fide in

Hiftoryof Medicine.

Le Cler. Hill. par.

Teft.
1. 4.
2 c. 4.
likewife of
mention
The

1. 26.
2.

-^Plin.

I.

"TTaSr,or the
J'vTupuccl
Stranguryof Epicurus,and
the

cenfure, which the Stoics

pafiedupon it, would make
the

one

apt

to

diforders
were

not

that
fufpecl,

of

fome

"venereal kind

unknown

to

the

ancients.

bribery

CICERO.

of M.rULLIUS

29
A. Urb.

able to get an
and corruption
; hut not being
hrihery
audience of the Pr^etors^he had the hardnefsto
allowed to a
the Roftra^which
was
never
mount

Citizen, and, in
private

fpeechto

had like

coft him

have

to

his

but

Dilator:
declared Por/ipey

dear

^p*i"'
p.Cornelius

the

people,Lentulus
prefumptionSpinther,

Q^^cilius

for it raifed fuch

in the audience,that he had much

indignation
^^^^^
his life[/]. He
to efcapewith
opened
difficulty
his prefent
by declaring
loudlyagainft
magiftracy
King Ptolemy^and all who favoured him ; efpehe fuppofedto
be unLentulus ; whom
der
cially
fome
private
engagement with him, and for
an

that

determined

reafon,was

baffle all their

to

fchemes.
the

moned
fome

of his

likewife,one

Lupus

Senate, and raifed

propofalfrom

uncommon

fum"
collegues,
of
expectation

an

him

it

deed
in-

was

and annature
extraordinary
; to revife
null that famed a5l of C^far'sConfulfhip^
for the
divijion
of the Cam'panianlands : he fpokelongand

of

an

was

heard with

great praifes

Cicero^with

well upon ity and

gave
on

to

and

C^far,

abroad in the execution

now

was

miflion

he would

in

much

the

attention

fevere reflexions

with
expofiulations

Pompey^ who

of his late

com-

he

told them, that

the opinions
of the particular

conclufion

not

demand

he had
Senators^becaufe

mind

expofethem to
and animojity
the refentment
of any ; but from the ill
humour^ which he remembered^when that aX firft
and the favour^with which he was
now
faffed^
no

to

collet the fenfe

heard^ he could eajily
of the Houfe.
Cato, adolefcens
vixvivus
nullius confilii,

[/] Ut

effiigeretj
quod
nium

de ambitu

lare, neque

cum

vellet

Praetores

Gabi-

tefl:atemfuamfacerent,inconcionem
adfcendit," Pompeium privatus Diflatorem

poftu- appellavit.Proplusnihil eft

diebus

adiri pofTent,
vel
aliquot

po-

fadlum, quam

Ep.

ad

696:

ut

occideretur.

Quint.Frat.

i.

2.

Upon

7'he History

30
A. Urb.
C

696.Upon, which

of the Life

Marcellinus

faid,that he mufi not

ff^'concludefrom theirfdence^either what theyliked

: that
dijliked

for his

or

part^ and he

mightanfwer
he chofe
Lentulus
to faynothing
for the refi^
too^ he believedy
Spinther, on the fuhje^l
he thought^that
at prefent^
becaufe
^^^ ^^^y^^yr
^^^ Campanian lands ought not to he
Qj^C^ciLius
in Pompefsabfence.
brought
upon the flage^
Nepos.
This
affair beingdropt,Racilius,another

P.Cornelius

Tribun, rofe up

and

own

renewed

the debate

about

Milo's

impeachmentof Clodius^and called upon

Marcellinus,the Conful eledt,to givehis opinion
upon

all
who, after inveighing
againft
of Clodius, propofed,thatyin the

it ",

the violences

be made for
jirfi
fJoould
place an allotment ofJudges
the trial \ and^ after
that, the election of Mdiles ;
y

and

that he
to hinder the trials
if any one attempted
ful
fhouldbe deemed a public
e?iemy. The other Conof the fame mind ; but
eledl,Philippus,
was
and Caflius,fpoke againft
the Tribuns, Cato
eleSlionbefore
to an
it,and were for proceding
any
Cicero
called
was
Jlep towards a trial. When
throughthe whole feries
of
upon to fpeak,he run
Clodius'
s
as
if he had been accujing
extravagances,,
him already
at the bar, to the great fatisfa^ion
of
t
he
feconded
Tribun,
: Antiftius,
him,
theaffemUy
and declared,that no buftnefs
fhouldbe done before
the trial ", and when the houfe was
going univerinto that opinion,
Clodius beganto fpeak,
with
fally
intent to waft the reflof the day,while his Jlaves.
the fteps
and followers
and
without,who had feized
avenues
of the fenate,raifed
fo great a noifeof a
in abuf/ng
that the
fome of Milo^s friends,
fudden,
Senate broke up in no fmallhurry,and with frefh
indignatio
at this new
infult
\u\.

There

\u\Turn
diem dicendo

Clodius
eximere

rogatus

"

coepit a

delnde

ejusoperae repente

Grsecoilafi "

mor
clagradibus
em

The Hi

32

of the Life

story

A. Urb.

be rejiored
6gT.Jhould
by a multitude \j\ It cannot
^'^"5*- imagined,that they laid
any real ftrefs on
for there was
of the Sibyl^
admonition
a
not
CorneCn
Lius

Len-

TULus

Marcel-

be
this
man

either in or out of the Hoiife, who did not take it

but it v/as a fair pretext for defeatfor aji5iion:

projedt,which was generallydifliked :

to
were
unwilling
gratify
'^^^^y
any man's amL mTrcius
the rich country of Mgyft^ at
bition,of vifiting
Philippus.
out
the head of an army ; and perfuaded,that withjj^g ^

an

no

army,

would

man

be follicitousabout

going thither at all [2].

This
point being fettled,the next queflion
the King fhouldbe rejiored
in what
j
manner
was,
CralTus
various opinions
moved,
were
propofed
that three Embaffadors^
chofen
from thofewho had
be fent on the errand ;
fome "publiccommand^ fhould
which did not exclude Pompey: Bibulus propofed,
that three privateSenators ; arid Volcatius, that
cero,
be chargedwith it : but CiPompey alone fJoould
Hortenfius,and Lucullus, urged,that Lenthe Senate had alreadydecreed it^
tuluStto whom
and who could execute it with moji convenience^
The two firft
him without an army.
fhouldrejlore
foon over -ruled, and the flrugopinionswere
gle lay between Lentulus and Pompey. Cicero^
thoughhe had fome reafonto complainof Lentulus
for the contemptible
fincehis return^ particularly
,

of his houfes, yet for the great part,

he had born, in reftoring
him, was very

valuation

which

cajj?]Senatus religionis
["] Haec tamen opinioeft
fed
lurnniam, non
religione
popuiiRomani, a tuis invidis
malevolcntia," illius regioe atque obtredatoribus nomen
invidia comprobat. indu6luin/"^f?^
non
religionis^
largitionis
Fam.
ut
te
tarn
i.
i.
impedirent,
Ep.
quam
fac- ut nequis,propter exercitus
De Rege Alexandrino

"

tumeilS.C.
eum

cum

tnultitudim

cupiditatem, Alexandriam

vellet ire.
reducifpericulofufnReipub.

ijideri.'-^

Ad Quin. Fr.

2.

Ep.

Fam.

1.4.

2.

defirous

defirous

CiCERO,

TULLIUS

M.

of

33

his gratitude,and refolved to A. Urb. 697.

who
with all his authority:
Pofr.pg,

fhew

to

fupporthim
alfo to Lentulus, adled
had obligations
part towards him, which

he had done

q'^^'

the fame Cn.Cornebefore toLenlius

condud: and profefby his own

arcelat heart \
to have Lentulus*s intereft
fions,he feemed
hisfriends^
feemeddefirous
yet^ by the conduct of \all
l. Marcius
while the Phiuppus.
to procure the employment
for himfelf\
fancyingthat their
Kin"sAgentsand Creditors^
bufinefs would be ferved the moft effedtually
by
and even to bribe
to follicit^
Pompey, beganopenly
for him \a\. But the Senate, throughCicero*s
inclined to Lentulus 5
influence,flood generally
wards

Cicero

tulus

cero,
and after a debate,which ended in his favour,Ciwho had been the manager of it,happening
took occafion
to prefs
fupwith Fompeythat evenings
his name
not
to fuffer
him with much freedom^
to
he ufedin this competition
nor
give a handle to his
;
him with the defertion
enemies^for reproaching
of a
all
friend^as well as an ambition^of engroffing
power to himfelf Pompeyfeemedtouched with the
to

[a]CraiTus
cernit, nee

delegates

M. Bibulus

etiam

imperiofunt.

iis,qui cum
tres

ex
iis,
legates

funt.
quiprivati

ferri volunt.

Reliqui

Pom-

cenfet enim

peium:
ex

tres

exdudit

Huic

afien-

cum

Ep. Fam.

1. 1,

effet in Sena-*

contentio, Lentulufnean
reduceret, obtiner"
Pofnpeius
tu

caufam
"In

ea

videbatur,

Lentulus
re

Pompeius quidve-

familiares
non
:
reliqui confulares,
defpieio
no
viejusquidcupiant,oranes
praeterServilium, qui omniCreditores
dent.
reduci negat oportere, "
vero
Regis
Volcatium,quidecermtPom- aperte pecuniasfuppeditant
tiuntur

lit

peio.

contra

"

Hortenfii "
fententia

"

mea

Exillo

"

LucuUi

S.C.

quod

bio

Sine du-

Lentulum.
res

detur,

remota
cum

Lentulo

magno

meo

vi-

te
do-

lore

decernitjUtreducas regem.-^
Regis causa li qui funt qui

fecit,
quamquam
?i
ei
fas
eflet,
jure fucquare
cenfere poffemus. Ad Quin^

velint,qui pauci funt,

Fr.

2.2.

referente fadam

Bes

rem

Vol.

ad

IL

eft,tibi

Fompeium

om-

multa

d"-

remonftrancej

ani
657.remonjlrance^

A, Urb.

^*f5
"

Cn

"

CorneLI

us

of the Life

TbeHisrorLY

34

Len'

other

no

thought

contioffervingLentulus^while his dependents

hut

to a5l fo^as to
nuedftill
could not hefincere
\h\

Lentulus's

When

TULus

IViAKCEL-

to have
profejfed

hopeful way,

jj^ ^

convince every

body^that

feemed
pretenfions

C. Cato

took

to

he
be

and ef-

new

TTNUS

L. Marcius
i'HiLippus.

^^^^'^

them, hypropojinga
difappoint
law to the people^
for takingaway his government
and recalling
him home.
This ftroke furprized
it as factious ;
every body ; the Senate condemned
and Lentukis'j fon changedhis habit upon it^ in
method

order

to

to

hinder
the Citizens,and
affront to his Father.

move

offeringfuch

an

their

The

Tribun, Caninius, propofedanother law at the

fame
time, for fendingPompey to Egypt: but
this

than the other

and

contrived,that neither of them

Confuls

be

better

pleafedno

the

brought to

Thefe

of
fuffrage

the

fhould

the

people [c],
frefh interruption
to

contefls gave a
Ptolemfscaufe; in which Cicero's refolution was,
if the commifllon
could not be obtained for Lennew

pey
to Pomtulus,to prevent ifs being
grantedat leafi
and fave themf
elves the difgrace
ofbeingbaffled
^

[b] Ego
Fompeium
que

eo

hoc

tempus

neum,

die cafii

ccenavi

quam

apud

naftuf-

magis

unquam

ido-

turn,

pridem
ron

dies honeftiffimus nobis fuerat

in Senatu, ita fum

omnibus

totam
a

efl aperiflam

rejn

certis

jam-

homiribus,

invito

Rege ipfo efTe

Ep. Fam. i. 2.
corruptam.

antea

difceiTum, is enim

poll tuum.

quod jam

[r]Nos

"

maxime

cum

con-

Alio, ftudio, labore, gratia,

cum

de caufa regianiteremur, fuillo locutus, ut mihi viderer

hominis
ab omni
bito extorta
ell nefaria Catoanimum
aad tuam
lia cogitatione
digni- nis promulgatio,
qua; lludia
tuendam

tatem

quern

traducere

ipfum cum

ego

tem

audio,

libero omni

prorfus
: cum
picionecupiditatis
eum

fuf-

noflra
a

"
impediret,

animos

minore

ad fummum
cura
traduccret. Ibid. 5,
Sufpicorper vim rogatioCaninium
perlaturum.

timorem

au-

ejusfamiliares,omnium

ordinum

ncm

Ad
id
video, perfpicio"

Quint.2.

2.

hy

CICERO.

of MTULLIUS

3f

[d]: but the fenate was grown fo

competitor
lick of the whole affair,
that they relolved to

-A. Urb.

leave the King

^jj^o^'j^g.

ly

to

Hiift for

himfelf,without

in-

967'

^^q^^'

terpofingat all in his refloration ; and fo the liusLenmatterhung; whilfl other affairsmore intereft- tulus
^arceling were dailyrifing
up at homej and engaging
the attention of the City.
L.mIrcius
The

had been indu-

eledlion o^ jEdiles^which

PKiLippys.

ftrioufly
poftponedthroughall the laft fuminer,
could not eafily
be keptoff any longer: the City
for its Magiftrates
was
: and
impatient
efpeciaiiy
for the playsand fhev/s,with which theyufed to
entertain

buns

them

beingzealous

laft

feveral alfo of the

and

for

the twentieth

on

an

it was
eledtion,

'ofJanuary \

when

new

Triheld

at

Clodius

{a
chofenMdile^ without any oppofition
;
that Cicero beganonce
to put himfelf upon
more
his guard,from the certain expsBation
of a furious
JEdilefmp
\e\
hov/ a man
fo
feem flrange,
It may juftly
and criminal,as Clodius, whofe life
profligate
man,
infult on all laws, divine and huwas
a perpetual
fhould be fuffered not onlyto live v/ithout
punifhment,but to obtain ail the honors of a free
tural
City in their proper courfe ; and it would be nahad
been deceived in
that we
to fufpecl,
from his
of him, by takingthem
accounts
our
enemies, did we not find them too firmlyfup: but
a
portedby fads to be called in queftion
little attention to the particular
chara6ter of the
was

"

videtur."
eri- propejamdelatum
aut
ne
[^] Sed vereor
obcinuerinobis
ii
caufa
aut
non
Ne,
piatur
quid
regia,

deferatur.
eft

Sed

"

fi res

coget,

mus,

quiddam tertium, quod

ut
difplicebat;
nequejacereR'jgem patere-

xnur,

nee

bus,ad

eum

nobis

1.5.

fiunt tardiora
propter furiofa:iEdilitatis
expedationem. Ad Quint.

mihi

non"

repulfiefie videamur-

Ep. Fam.
[^]Sed

repugnant!-

ad quern
deferri,

2.

omnia

2.

man.

A. Urb.
C

of the Life

7he History

36
697.man,

"'

Cn. CoRrsLenLius
TULus

MarcelL. Marcius
PuiLippus.

well

of the times, in which

he lived,
^^^^ enable us to folve the difBculty.
Firft,the
of his family,which had born a princiip^endor
as

pal fhare

as

in all the

triumphsof

the

Republic,

from the very foundation of its liberty,

of
was
g^eatforce to protcdhim in allhis extravagances:
knov/ any thingof Ror,i",
know what
this fingle
circumftance of iU
a flrong
imprefiion
would necejfarily
make upon the
lufmGUsnobility

thofe, who

calls the nobles of this clafs,

Praand Confulsek5l from their cradles^
by a kind

people
\ Cicero
tors

were
ofhereditary
right
\ whofevery names
fufficien
to advance them to allthe dignities
of the ftate [/].
his perfonal
were
qualities
Secondly,
peculiarly
fort :
adaptedto endear him to all the meaner
his bold and readywit; his talent at haranguing;
his profufe
expenfe
; and his beingthe firftof his
family,who had purfuedpopular meafures,
the maxims
of his Anceftors,who were
againft

all ftern

afiertors of

the

Arifiocratical
power^
of
the
contraft
.fadions,who
Thirdly,
oppofite
had each their ends in fupporting
buted
him, contri-

to his {-sStx^j
: the Triumvirate
principally
and privately
his
willingly
permitted,
encouraged,
violences \ to make
their own
power not onely
the lefs odious, but even
for controulneceffary,
ing the furyof fuch an incendiary
; and though
often turned againft
it was
themfelves,
yet they
chofe to bear it,and dilfemble their ability
of repelling
the man, w^ho was
it,rather than deftroy
their
playing
game for them, and by throwing

blan[/] Non idem mihi licet, Erat nobilitate ipfa,

nobili
d.aconciliatriculacommenda*
quod iis,qui
genere
nati funt, quibusomnia
Omnes
tus.
Temperboni 1.0po-

puli Romani

beneficia

mientibus deferuntur.

dorIn

bilitatjfaveiriub",
^c..
"

-^

Pr.

Sext. 9.

Verr. 5. 70.

the

TULLIUS

M.

of

CICERO.

37

into confufion,
throwingit of courfe
Republic

the

A.

the

into their hands :

Senate, on the other fide,
from the Triumwhofe chief appreheniions
were

Cn

that the rafhnefsof Clodius

virate,
thought,
beof fome ufe

might

their fpleenat lead,to feehim of-

all his force

bis

^^arcelt

to

from the admi-

drive him

concurrence

of circumftances,
to
peculiar
the thing that
times, was

prefcrved
Clodius,

whofe

infolence could

have

in any

ftate of the City.

quietand regular
his obtainingthe Mdilejhip^the tables

turned

were

never

him

between

the

the

been endured

Milo

and

and

man

the

ons

of a Magiflrate
authority
;
the other become
freed
: the one
a private
man
from all apprehenfion
of Judgesand a trial; the
other expofed
the power
to ail that danger from
of his antagonift
it was
not Clodius's cuftom
: and
to
negled:any advantage againftan enemy, fo
armed

was

that he
which
and

with

the

the fame crime, of

accufed him ", ofpublic'violence

accufed Milo

now

Milo

had

oi

breach

a hand of
of the lawSy in maintaini'ng
Gladiators to the terror of the City, Milo made
the fecond
};is
on
of
appearance tw this accufation,

kl
nem

Videtis

ciofis

homiigitur

in deliciisquidamoptimivi-

feipfamjam pridem ri viperam illam venenatanj

habere potueac jacenteni,
ptrni- ac peftiferam

per

afflidum

(Jptiinatumdifcordiis

excitari.

Ne

runt?

Quo tandem
decepti
elTe
? Volo,inquiunt,

Republica
detrahat de
Reipub. peftisamoveretur,
qui in condone
reftiteiunt : etiam,ne caufam
Pompeio. DeHarufp.Refp,
diceret: etiam
ne
privatus 24,
"

mimere

"

ciTsc etiamne

Len-

in iinu atque

Vf ^'^'

face [g]. Laftly,all,Philippus.

niftrationof afi^airs
: this accidental

By

"

tulus

envied Cicero, and defired to lefTenhis authority,

cheridied an enem.y, who employed
privately

who

-,

Pompey to
infidting

ten

697

^^^' S^-

mus

perplextheir meafures,and ftir

them on proper occafions
peopleagainft
to

up the
it humoured
or

Urb.

Fsbrumy^

A.

Urb,

697.February", when

^r(r^* appearedwith
Cn

of

The History

38

CornehusLenTULus

Marcel-

L. Marcius

P^iLippys.

the

Life
and

Pompey, Craflus,
him

-,

and

M.

Cicero

Marcellus, though

in-the JEdileJhif^
Collegue
fpokeforhim at
and the whole pafTed
and
Cicero'sdeftre^
quietly
fecond
favorablyfor him on that day. The
bearingwas
appointedon the ninth-,when Pomfooner
to pleadhis caufe, but no
P^y undertook
flood up to fpeak,than Clodius's mob
began to
their ufual arts, and by a continual clamor of
exert
and inve^ives^ endeaz'oured to hinder
"reproaches
"him from going on^ or at leaft
from beingheard :
but Pompey was
firm to be fo baffled ; a?id
too
fpokefor near three hours i^ith a prefence
of mind^
which commanded filencein fpiteof their attempts.

Clodius*s

Clodius rofe up to anfwer him, Milo's party,

in their turn, fo difturbedand confounded
him,

When

he

that

able

fpeaka word ^ while a

"number of Epigrams and Lampoons upon him and
thrown about^ and publicly
"hisSifter
were
rehearfed
him
the
make
multitude
to
below^fo as
quite
among
tillrecolledting
and findhimfelf a little,
ing
:
furious
it impoffible
manded
he deto proceedin his fpeech,
was

not

to

aloud of his mob,

to

ftarvethem

cried
prefently
who

it

They
who

was

out,

who

that atit was^

tempted
byfamine? To which they

Pompey

that deftredto

he

be

was

that

afked,

fent to .^gypt?

all ecchoed,

it

then

v/hen

Pompey : but
elves had
theythtmf

he afl":ed,
mind to fend?

They anfwered, Craffus : for the old jealoufy

breakingout again between him and
Y^as now
that day on Milo's
Pompey ^ and thoughhe appeared
a real wellJide^yet he was noty as Cicero fays,
wifherto him.
These
warm
proceedingsam.ong the chiefs,
their partifans
broughton a fraybelow, among
",
the Clcdians began the attack^ but were
by
repulfed
the Pompeia?JS
driven cut ofth^
j and Clodius himfelf
,

"

"

"

'

the

Cic. (jx.
Cn

CorneLen-

LI us

TULust

I FPUS,

treated very

was

anfwered

Pompey

^^^^ce
M^/^*jus

Phil

Pompey
'^

Marcelr

Life

roughly^j the
him with great
"Trihun Catp who inveighed
againft
^^^ ^^i^ ^P^^ ^i^ perfidy
to Cicero^ to
fi^'^^^^^f^
*vohom he paid the higheji
complimentsand was
heard with much attentionby all Pompefs enemies.

697.which

A.Urb.

the

of

The History

4"

him with

unufual vehe-

an

as the auon
openly
Crajfus^
refleEiing
that he would guard
thor ofthefe
s^ declared^
affront
than Scipio
his life
with more
didy
care
Africanus

and

murdered him,

Carlo

when

".

"

"

Thefe

ex-

warm

leemed to open a profped:

pf fome great
preffions
likelyto enfue : Pompey conrultec}
agitation
of his fecurity
with Cicero on the proper means
5
him with his apprehenfions
and acquainted
of a
his life
/upprivately
deftgn
; that Cato was
againfi
with money by Crafand Clodiusfurnijhed
ported^
by Curio^BibuluSy
fus-, and both of them encouraged
and the refiy
who envied him \ that it was neceffary
fincethe meaner people
for him to lock to himfelf
and Senate tgene-r
the nobility
were
whollyalienated^
Cicero
and the youthcorrupted,
rallydifaffe^edy
confented to joinforces with him, and
readily
and friends
to fummon their clients
from all parts of
had no mind to fighthis
: for though he
Italy
.

batdes

in the Senate, he

defirous

was

to

defend

againft
perfonfrom all violence,elpecially
he never
loved : they refolved
Crafos,whom
all the
likewife to oppofe,with united ftrength,
Lentulus and
attemptsof Clodiusand Cato againft
Milo [/'].
Clodius, on the other hand, was not
his

[/]Neque
turn,

ne

tacerem,

sa:
aut

ego
de
in

in Sena-

tantis rebus

Pompeio de-

die nihil
die 11. Id.
menter

in

perfe^lum.
"

Cato

"

Ad

ellyehe-

Pompeium

invec-

is carpebaturtuSj "

fendendo, nam
a BibulOjCurione, Favonio,

oratione perpetua
eum
accufavit. De
tanquam reum

Scrvilio iilio,animos

bono-

me

in po-

mea

rum

offei:dcrem.

Res

ilcrum diem dilata ell.

"

Eo

Cum

multa

me

fumma
iilius in

invito, cum
laiide dixit,
me

perfidiam
sncrepaviti

rULLIUS

of M,

CICERO.

41

mufteringhis friends againftthe next A. Urb. 697.

^p\f'*
hearingof Milo's caufe : but as his flrengthwas
fo he had
inferior to that of his adverfary,
much
q^
Cornehim
condemned^nor any
no
expe^ationof getting
Len-*
other view^ hut to teize and harafshim [k]: for
after two
hearings,the affair was put off by fe- Marcelveral adjournments
to the beginning
ofWldLy^from ^ Marcius

Jefsbufy in

lius

tulus

which

time

find

we

no

Conful,

The

farther mention

Marcellinus, who

of it.

Philippus.

drew

his

Collegue,PhiHppus,alongwith him, was a rewell as of

folute oppoferof the 'Triumvirate^
as
all the violences of the other Magiflrates
: for
reafon, he refolved

which
of the

people,
except

fuch

eled:ions into the annual

as

to

fuffer no

for the
neceffary

were

ofHces

alTemblies

his view

to

was,

Lentulus^ and the

prevent Cato's law for recalling
Cicero calls them, which fonie
as
monftrousthings^
were
attemptingat this time in favour of C^far"
Cicero gives him the charader
of one of the beft
Confulsthat he had ever known^ and blames him
onlyin one thing; for treating
Pompey on all occa-^
fions too rudely\ which made Cicero oftenahfent
himfelffrom the Senate^to avoid taking
part either
^

eft magno

audltus
ancrepavit,

filentio malevolorum.

Re-

fuls
rione,Bibulo, caeterifque
obtredatoribus

confirmari

Pom-

vehementerefTe
iponditei vehementer
providendum
ne
peius,CraiTumque defcripfit; opprimatur, concionario
illo populo, a fe prope aliedixitqueaperte, fe munitiofem

ad

fuam

cullodiendam

fore, quam

jFuiflet,
quern
emifTet.
hi

hiec

fux

Craffo

intelli-

communicat

vitas

Caconem

mi-

videbantur.

Pompeius

mfidias

inter-

Itaquemagnse

git,mecumque

Clodio

Carbo

moveri

res

Nam

C.

vitam

Africanus

fieri; C.
fuftentari ;

:
pecuniamfuppeditari

Utrumque

"

ab

eo

"

Cu-

nato,

sequo

nobilitate inimica, non

Senatu, Juventuteim-

proba; itaque fe
homines

peras

conparat,

agrisarceflit.

ex

fuas

autem

confirmat.

Manus

In
rinaliaparatur.

fumus

ad
eo

fuperiores,"c.

Quint. 2.

3.

[i] Vid.

O-

Clodius

Dio. p. 99.

Quimulto

Ad

The History

42
A. Urb. 697.on

^c^^'
Cn. CorneLius

Len-

the

the other

fideor

one

of

the

Life

[/]. For

the

iupport
the City,

^^^^^^0^^ ^^ ^^s

dignityand interellin
refumed his old talk of pleading
caufes;which
and in which
alwayspopularand reputable,
fure to find full employment. His firft
was

^^
was

TULus

he

Marcel-

caufe

the defence of L. Beftia,on the tenth

of February,
of a repulfe
who, after the difgrace
was

L.mTrcius
Fhilippus.

^^om

the

in the laft eledion,was

Pra^torlhip
accufed of bribery
and corruption
in hisfuit
for it ;
the authority
and eloquence
and, notwithftanding

of his advocate,was

convidled and banilhed.

He

and feextremelycorrupt, turbulent,

ditious ; had always been an enemy
to Cicero ;
and fuppofedto be deeplyengaged in Catiline's
cero
plot; and is one inftance of the truth of what Cihis will^
fays,that he was often
forced,
againfl
who had not deferred
certain perfons,
to defend
it of
who had \ni\.
him, by the interceffion
of thofe
was

man

who

C^SAR,

in the

now

was

of his

career

vifbories in Gaul, fent a requeftto the Senate ;

that money mightbe decreed to him for the payment
ten
of his Army ; with a power of chufing
for the better management of the war,

the

Provinces
conquered

\J\ Conful

and

that

tenants,
Lieu-

and

his command

eft

egregius ego me libentius a Curia, 8c

Lentulus, non
impediente ab omni parte Reip.fubtrafie
inquam bonus, ho. Ad Quint. 26.
Collega:
meliorem
viderim.
non
ut
[ni]A. D. III. Id. dixi
Dies comitiales exemit
ompro Beftia de ambitu
apud
Sic legibus
Praetorem Cn. Domitium, in
nes.'
perniciofif"

fiinis obfiftitur,
maxime
tonis

"

Nunc

Lentulus

Ca-

Catonem
igitur

quide Casfare monftra

promulgarunt.Marcellinus
"

hoc

uno

fatisfacit,quod

mihi

minus

eum

traftat,quanquam
afpere
Senatu

non

nimis
id

invito facit: que

medio,
Ad

ventu.

removit,
legibus

" eos,

autem

Foro

Cogor
nes

non

maximo

con-

Quint. 2. 3.

nonnunquam
optime de

homime

meri-

tos, rogatu
qui bene
meriti funt, defendere.
Ep.
eorum

Fam.

7.

i.

Vid.

5. Salluft. 17.43.

XI.
Philip.

Plutar. in

Cic.

fhould

CICERO,
of M.TULLIUS
for fiveyears more.
fhouldbe prolonged

43
de- A. Urb. 697.

The

thoughtvery exorbitant; and itfeemthat, after all his boafled Conquefls,

ftrange,
q^

mandwas
ed

he fhould not
out

money

fury was

be able to maintain

from home, at
exhaufled
greatly

commiffion, obtained

at

his army

time when

the

with-

tulus

of hard
of the Senate,was
authority
and
digeflion.But Casfar's intereft prevailed,

the
againfl:
Cicero

himfelf

was

decree

to

Marcius
Philippus.

the promoter of it,and procured

his fatisfaftion; yet not without

the old patriots,

who flood firm to
difgufling
all extraordinary
of oppofing
their maxim
grants:
the
but Cicero
alledged extraordinary
fervicesof
the
and
that
his
viofories ought
courfe
of
C^far;
not to he checked by the want
of neceffary
fupplies,
the
hounds
while he was
foglorioujly
extending
of
the Empire.,and conquering
nations.,
whofe names
been heard before
had never
at Rome
: and
though
hiyn
his
to 7naintain
it were
for
pojfihle
troopswithcut their help.,
by the fpoils
of the enemy yet thofe
umph.,
for the fplendor
ofhis Trioughtto be referved
fpoils
which it was
not juflto defraud
by their
parfimony
\n\
unfeafonahle
He
at this
mightthink it imprudent perhaps,
.^

Csefar home
time, to .call
and

from

unfinifhed war,
in the very
flop the progrefsof his arms
an

heightof

his fuccefs ; yet the real m.otive of his

condu6l feems to have flowed, not
fo much
from the merits of the caufe,as a regardto the

["] Ilium

enim arbitrabar
etiam fine hoc fubfidio pecu-

gentes nullgs nobis, antea

ni?s retinere

terac, nulla

da

ante

fxere

exercitum

pras-

parta, h bellum conpofTe: fed decus illud

Et quas

noias

regiones,
quafqne
vox,

fit-

nulla fama

fecerat,has nollerlm-

perator,

nolterqueexercitum,

arma
Triumphimi- Sc populiRomani
perfi;jenduni noilra parfimoniaagraruat.
De Prov. ConfuL

"

ornamentum

"

non

putavi-

XI. 13.

"

bondition

Lf.n-

^arcel-

of

firilby violence,and

'/?"'*

Corne-"

lius

trea-

the renewal

and

^he History

44.

697.condition of the times, and his own

A. Urb.

Cic. 51.
r

C
Lius

of the Life

"
lettershe owns,
For in his private
that
malevolence and envy of the Ariitocrati-

ces.

"the
R

circumftan-

Len-

almoft driven him

cal chiefs had

"

from

his old

: and
though not fo far as to make
principles
Marcelhis dignity,
i^i^n forget
yet fo as to take a
both which might
M^^^'
proper care of his fafety;
us
if there was
be eafily
confiflent,
any faith or
pHiLippus.
gravityin the Confular Senators : but they
fo ill,that thofc
had managed their matters
in power, were
bewho were
to them
fuperior
fo as to be able
in authority;
too
come
fuperior
to
carry in the Senate, what they could not
without viowith the people
have carried even
that he had learnt from experience,
*Mence:
TULus

"

"c

"

"

*^
"

*'

*'

*'

'^

*'

*^
"
*'

"
*'

*'
*'

not

learn fo well from

books,

be had

to our
to
was
fafety,
regard
alfo to our dignity
without a regard
; fo the confideration of dignity
ought not to exclude the
of our fafety
care
[^]."In another letterhe fays,

that

"

he could

what
as

no

that the flate and form of the government

was
to
quitechanged; and what he had propofed
and
a
himfelf,as the end of allhis toils,
dignity
and votingswas
quiteloft and
liberty
of a5Jing
nothingleft,but either
gone ", that there was
meanly to affent to the few, who governed

valent,profc[0] Quorum malevolentif- mis, potentia

mihi
fci- cifle tantum
videntur
fimisobtreftationibus
nos
de

to

vetere

ilianollra,diu-

ftultida" inconftantia adver-

jam

I'ariorum,ut etiam audlorita-

qui-

te

turnaque fententia prope

nos
non
eHe depulfos
:
dem
THUS

noilraE

ut

obliti,fed

fidignitatis
ut

habeamus

etiam larationem aliquando

lutis. Poterat utrumque prse-

clare,

fi efiet fides, fi gra-

vitas in hominibus

Confula-

ribus."
Nam

jam plusvalerent.

quod

"

litterisomnibus
ipfe,
ritia

pue*

tadeditus,experiundo

magis, quam
cognovi; neque

men

"

ftrae rationem

diicendo
falutisno-

habendam

no-

bis effe fme dignitate,

neque
fine
falute.
dignitatis
E^.
"

quiplasopibus,ar-

fam.

i.

7.
"'

all ;

CICERO.

cf M.rULLIUS

4^

weaklyto oppofethem, without doingA. Urb. 697.

"any good: that he had dropt therefore all ^p'^'*
thoughts of that old Confular gravityand q^ Cornb-

*'

all ;

or

"

charader of a refolute Senator, and refolved

himfelf to Pom^^'swill ; that his
to conform

"
"
*^
"

*'

*^
^*

great affeiStionto Pompey made

think all things
right,which

him

tulus

Marcel-

beginto
ufeful

were

liusLen-

to

Marc'ius

himfelf with refledl- Philippus,

;
of his obligations
would
ing,that the greatnefs
all the world excufe him, for defending
make
and

him

comforted

he

Pompey liked,or, at leafl,for not ophe moft

pofmg it ; or elfe,what of all things
with Pompey would
defired,if his friendfhip
from publicbufinefs,
permit him, for retiring
^' and
givinghimfelf whollyup to his books [p]."
he was
But
now
engaged in a caufe, in
which he was
the
warmly and fpecially
interefted,
of P. Sextius^the late Tribun.
Clodius^
defence
who gave Cicero'sfriendsno refpite^
felf
havinghimundertaken Milo, afTigned
the profecution
of

""

what

"

^'
"

Sextius

to

of his confidents,
M.

one

binovanus,who
breach

of peace

erga

animi

mehercule

"

ofpublic
violence^
or

in his tribunate

enim

[p] Tantum
induclio

accufed him

Pompeium apud

va-

[j],

tiam Ilcebit.
"

rant

Sextius had

Quas enim

aaior
me

Tuilius Ai-

propofitafue-

nobis,cum

"

honoribus

" iaboribus maxlet,ut, quae illi utilia funt, ampliffimis,

imis perfuniliefiemus,dig" quae ille vult, eamihiomnitas in fententiisdicendis,
nia jam " refta " vera vide-

Me

quidem
confolatur,
quod ego

antur

cui

"

vel

pmnes,

maxime
vel

ilia
is

re"

fum,

concedant

defendam,
Pompeius velit,vel taut

ea

libertasinRep-capeiTendajea
fublata tota

fed

nee

mihi

magis,quam

Nam

aut

nulla

omnibus.
aiTentiendum
eft

cum
aut frugravitate
paucis,
ilra
id
diflentiendum.
Ibid.
8.
etiam,
quod
ceam,
itiihi maxime
lubet,ad no[y]Qui cum omnibus faltf"
lira me
ftudia referam litte- tis mese
defenforibus bcllum

quae

vel

rarum;

fi mihi

fibi
quodprofe6lofaciam,

ejufdemamici-

per
I

runt,

Q{^t

gerendumjadicave-

Pr. Sejft2,

been

4^
A. Urb.

The History
697. [)een a

friend

of fhe Life

Cicero in his diflrefs; and

^^^^ ^ great part in his reftoration ; but as in
cafes of eminent
fervice,conferred jointly
by
true

to

Cofl^^*
Cn.

Corne-

liusLenTULus

is apt to claim the firftmerit,

every one
many,
^nd expeclthe firft Ihare of praife
\ fo Sextius,

morofe, fanfyinghimfelf negleded

naturally
LiNus^^'
L. Marcius
Pkilippus.

or

fufficiently
requitedby Cicero, had behaved
towards him fince his return
: but
very churlifhly
of pall kindnever
Cicero, v^ho was
forgetful
his perverfenefs,
ing
havnelTes,inllead of refenting
in
went
heard, that Sextius was
indifpofed^
and cured him of all his jealou^
to his houfe^
on
f erf
his offiflance
and patronage in
Ji^-Uh f'^^bofferifig
his caufe [r].
pleading
This
to the profecuwas
a difappolntment
flattered themfelves,
that Cicero was
tors : who
that he would
be perfo much
not
difgufted,
fuaded to pleadfor him ", but he entered into the
caufe with a heartyinclination,
and made
it,as
in efFeft it really
[j]. In his fpeech,
was, his own
which is dill extant, after layingopen the hiilory
riot

of his exil,and the motives of his own

condudt,
of it,he fhews -," that
throughthe whole progrefs
Sextius
onelyground of profecuting

"

the

"

his faithful adherence

"

Republic;

''

would

"

ders of the

"

peiled,by the very fame men, who were now

attemptingto expellSextius : that it was
banter and ridicule on juftice
to accufe
itfelf,

"

"

in effed condemn

City had

ter

totos

tra-

idquefecimus prsehominum
opinioneni,
qui

didimus

ei

was,

the

to

be

to

all the

deremur

or-

exunjuflly

k
Sz ipfi
fimique

omnibus

vi-

itaque faciemus.

^'\d Quint. 2. 3.

[i] P.
fuo fed

jure fuccenf^repura- ."cxt.

bant, ut humanifiimi gratif-

nos

rather

or

him, whom

declared

erat

Venimus; eiquenos

him,

by condemningSextius,they

aeger : domum,
llatim
debuimus, ad eum

[r]Is
ut

that

to

Sextius

meo

eft reus

nomine, "c.

non

Pr.

13.
"

man

The Vi

48

1^1

of the Life

OKY

A.Urb. 697.the conditionofBibulus'sConfuljhip^

which Vatinius
the viHories and
to
CfT^* /^^"^^/abje^and miferabky
Cn.

Corne-

tius

Len-

TULus

MarcelL

Marcius
Pbiuppvs.

^^i'^'^'phs
of all mm
whatfoever.This fpeech
Vatinius is ftillremaining,
under the title
againft
and is nothingelfe but what
o^ the interrogation-,
himfelf Calls it, a perpetualinve^ive on the
Magijii'acy
of Vatinius^and the condu5i of jhofe
Cicero

who

him [ti],
fupported
of Aprilsthe Senate grantI N the beginning
ed
the fum of three hundred thoufandpounds ta
corn
Pompey^ to be laid out in pur chafing
for the
ufeof the City; where there was ftilla great fearcity,and as great at the fame time of money : fo
that the moving a pointfo tender could not fail
ill humour
in the aflembly
of railing
fome
;
feemed to have rewhen Cicero, whofe old fpirits
vived
in him, from his late fuccefs in Sextius's
them
caufe,furprized
by propofmg,that in the
the Camto pur chafe
of the treafiiry
inability
prefent
a^
to be di^
were
panian lands^which by C^far's
vided to the people^
the a5l itfelf
fhouldbe reconjideredy and a day appointed
for that deliberation: the
received with an univerfal joy, and a
motion was
kind of tumultuaryacclamation : the enemies of
with it,
the Triumvirate
were
extremelypleafed
breach between
a
in hopes that it would make

[a] Vatiniam, a quo paarbitratu

oppugnabatur,

lam

noftro

concidimus, Diis ho-

"

C. Caefaris
felicitate

motum,

illiamicum

piffe
j dixi, mc

piinibufque
plaudentibus. fortunam, quam
"

Homo
Quid quaeris
;

petu-

com-

efle cce*
Bibuli

earn

illeafflidam.

putaret, omnium

triumphis-

anteferre. Tota
vidoriifque
nihilmea
vcro
perturbatus,debilitatujTque
interrogatio
difcelTit. Ibid.
habuii, nift reprehenfionem
illiusTribunatus
fedente
: in quoomEgo
Pompeio,cuja

lans," audax Vatinius valde

"

"

ani*
innia di(^a funt libertate,
laudaret P. Sextium
in urbem, dixifietque
troiiffet
maximo.:
Ep. fam*
moque
t^ilisVatinius, xne fartuna
1..9..

Ut

"

Cicero-

Pompey ", but

and

Ckero

CICERO.

TULLIUS

of

it ferved

is very hard for a man

when
in politics^
ments

whofe

PoMPEY,

to

fet forward

he

foon after towards

at

Marcius
Phiuppus,

Jfric^in

Luca, the utmoft limit of his Gallic

of
out
exceedingly
with Cicero*, for Crafllis had. already
humor
incenfcd
been with him at Ravenna, and greatly
of Cicero's late motion; which
him by his account
that Pompey prohe complainedof fo heavily,
mifed to ufe all his authority,
to induce Cicero
of it ; and for that purpofe
to drop the purfuit
fent away an exprefsto Rome, to entreat
him,
not
to
procedeany farther in it tillhis return ;
Government,

and when

He

he

found

C^far

afterwards

came

to

Lieutenant,Q^ Cicero, then

Ms

where
Sardinia,
tered
refided,he en-

with
into an expoftulation
immediately
about it,
recountingall his fervices to
Brother, and that every thing,which he
"

"

for him,

''

done

"

and

"

between

ad

in

themfelves

HS

pecunia

rem

cccc.

aftum

de-

Campano,

clamore

prope concionali.

d?

agro
Senatus

Acriorem

Vol.

annonse

U.

carinas,

had

with C^far's confent

former converfation

Ad Quint. 2.5;.
Nonis
natus

April,mihi

Campano,
quenti Senatu
Num

de

afienfus,ut
idibus

eft Se-

Fam.

agro

Maiis, frereferretur.

potuimagis

in

arcem

facie- illiuscauf^e invadere.

inopiapecuniae

bat, "

his

concerningC^far's ads,

frumentariam
die
fed eodem

vehementer

cauiam

of

remindinghim

[:v]Pompeio
creta

done

was

him

"

Ep.

1.9.

"and

Len-

tulus

to

now

was

Corne-

Marcel-

call at
to
providecorn ; and intending
at Pifaor Leghorn^
to. embark
Sardinia,propofed
that he might have an interview with Csfar, who

order

697.

S^^V^^'
lius

took

it,nor

and
any notice of it to Cicero, thoughtheymet
as
theyufed to do :
fuppedtogetherfamiHarly,
but

A. Urb.

andjuji[;f].
theyare right
refervnature
was
fingularly

uneafinefs upon

no
ed, expreffed

for

only

himfelf obferves,that it
departfrom his old fentiq^

Cicero

what

proof,of

49

A. Urb.

cf the Life

The History

fo

697.

and what

"

^,^^"5^*"his
"

Cn.CorneliusLenTULus

Makcel-

*'

'"

cc

"

L. Marcius
Philippus.

Quintus himfelf had undertaken

that head; and

he then
as
himfelf anfwerable for him, fo he "was

Brother

niade

on

call him

obligedto

now

for

the

to

performance

of thofe engagements: in fhort, he beggedof

j^^gBrother to fupport
and dei^Jj^^^q pj,gj-g
^"^^^^Caefar's interefls and

if he

dignity,or

perfuadehim to that, to engage

him atleaft,
them [j]."
not
to adt againft
from
remonftrance
This
Pompey, enforced
Cicero's refoby his Brother Quintus, flaggered

"

could

not

*'

lution,and
with

made

him

enter

himfelf about

into

frefh deliberation

the meafures

dudl; where, after callingup

the

of his

con-

of all

fum

his

thoughts,and weighingevery circumftance,

the public
either his own
which
concerned
or
laft to drop the affair,
he determined
at
interell,
rather than expofehimfelf again,in his prefent
of Pompey and Casfar ;
to the animofity
fituation,
for which he makes the following
apologyto his
friend Lentulus :
the
that thofe,who profefTed
embarked
fame principles,
in the fame
and were
"

''

[j-]Hoc
am

faclo, Pompeius,

meam

mihi

cum

effe

S. C. in fententi-

nihil oftendifletfe

offenfum,

Sardiniam

in

difce/Terat,conveniiTet.

ca

Te, inquit,
ipfum cupio: niliil

opportuniuspotuitacci^

deje

nifi

cum

Marco

fratre

elt, diligenter
egeris,
dependenprofedtns
ad
tibi
dum
mihi pro
Caseft,
quod
eoque
Ibi multa
de
illo fpofpcndifti:
venit.
farem
quidmulta?
eft graviter
eft Csfententia queflus
Quellus
: fua memea
rita commemoravit
:
far, quippe qui etiam Raquid eaftis CaefaCrafTum
ante
vidiftet,giiTet
vennce
faepiffimede
ris cum
in me
efl'etincenab eoque
meo
fratre,quidque
Sane
moleftc
fibi
de
in
is
fus.
me
recepilTet,
Fompeium
ferre
conftabat :
id
: fequequse
quod memorian
redegit
auciPiem
(alute
de
volunex
mea
aliis,
egifiet,
ego, cum
Si

in Africam

itinere Lucam

maxime
novi

ex

quem

fratre
cum

meo

cog-

in Sardinia

paucispoftdiebus,quam

Lu-

tare

Casfaris

meum

cgifTe,ipfum

fratrem teftatus eft.

"

Ibid^
^^

caufe

cf M.TULLIUS

^'

^^

*'
"

51

envying and
perpetually
and
more
difguftedby the
Iplendorof his life,than pleafedwith ^^Y
thing which he did for the public fervice ;
that their only pleafure,
and what
they could
him,
thwartinghim,
caule with

ii

CICERO.

not

were

diffemble,while

even

he

A. Urb.

Cli,CoRNE'
husLentulus

Parcel-

acline;with

was

""
*'

**

*'

them,

difoblige
Pompey, and
make
C^far
his enemy;
when
they,at the
fame time, were
Clodius
continually
careffing
before his face, on
purpofeto mortifyhim :

*'

that if the Government

*'

wicked

"

"

"

*'

*'
"*^

out

in the

world,

the

"

that very

prehend

"

fome

the

*'

fance

"

*'

"

"

both

-,

of

Pompey
whom

fuch

what
a

the

and

he ufed

friend

he

and

re-

at

common

reafon

to

aded

to

ap-

little

do, in complai-

that his union

included
neceflarily

both

fhipalfo

he had

inconftancy,if,on

occafions, he voted
to

whom

his enemy
he had no

charge

from
differently

*'

from

and

time, made

"

"

fallen into

and who,
greateftobligations
^

of them

enemy

*'

*'

Philippu".

hands, neither hopesnor

defperate
fears,nor gratitudeitfelfcould have prevailed
with him to joinwith them-, but v/hen Pomhad acquiredit
pey held the chief fway, who
illuftrious merit ; whofe
by the mod
dignity
he had alwaysfavoured
from his firfl fetting
ceived

"

had

indeed

l.Marcius

and

"

''

LINUS

fee him

to

was

his brother

with

Csefar, with
had

friend-

of

they were
long ftanding
", which
invited to renew
of civilitiesand
by all manner
offered on
C^far's part :
good offices,freely
and viftories,
that, after Casfar's great exploits
the Republic itfelf feemed
and
to
interpofe,
forbid him
that
to
:
quarrelwith fuch men

*'

when

"

he

Brother

'^

Pompey,

flood in need of their afliilance,

his
had
for him
eno:affed his word
to
and

Pompey
E

to
2

Casfar

;
"'

and

967*

S; 5^*

he

thought

'

The

"

5-2
A.

Urb.

"

CoRNELius

Len-

TULus

MarcelL

make
.to
good thofe
thoughthimfelf obliged
engagements [2;].
flate of hjs political
the general
beThis
was
haviour : he had a much
largerview, and more
and
comprehenfive knowledge both of men
things,than the other chiefs of the Ariftocracy,

697.

Cic. 51.
C

of the Life

HisroKY

cc

Sibulus,
Y'Iarcius
Philippus.

Marcel linus, Cato, Favonius, "c.

ruined
lliftnefs had
their caufe, and

whofe

nating
fubjedlion
l?yaliebrought them into the prefent
order from the
Pompey and the Equeftrian
Senate:
they confidered Cicero's management of
fubmiflion to illegal
the 'Triumvirate^
mean
as
a
ritating
always oppofingand irpower, which they were
fo unfeafonable ; whereas
though ever
Cicero thoughtit time to give over fightings
when
that the more
the forces
were
fo unequal
; and
tiently
patheir
dominion
the
New
Matheyfuffered
of
the
theywould ufe it [^];
ftersy more
temperately
bein
iliafentirent
Qui cum
[."?]
in Repub. quae ego agebam,
femperqueicnfiffent;me tafatisfacerePompeio,

non

men

futurum, gaudere feaiemihi dolendum,

bant;
hoc

mihi

led

illud multo

inimicum

magis, quod

meum

plexabantar
"

iic

"

iic

^"

j'ente ofculabantur

me

putavifamam
pertimef-

non

inconftantias mihi

cendam, li quibufdam in fenvoluntatem

de

adfummiviri,
time

meriti

autem

pulit,t^

Pompeiifides,quam

praemiis Sed
nepericulisquidemuiiiscom-

Ep. fam. 1.9.

[^] Neque,

m.odo

Ad

puifus
"

me

"

caufam

eorum

adjungerem. r,e fifumina

quidem

conftarent.

Repub.

in

eorum

Cr.

ccps eiTct
"

me

Cum

merita

autem

Fompeias
meumque

in

tror,

eiTe

im-

mente

Csefari dederat, " fra-

mc

tris

op-

Graviffime

in hac

me

de

Non

meque

dignitatemag-

civiimprobis" perditis
bus Rempub. teiierividebam

ab

"

immutaf-

me

fern, meamque

gregafTem,Sec.

am-

prreEgo fi

"

inimicum,

tentiispauUum

inimiciifimum

Caefaremque

inCivitate haberet

unum

cum

mei, quam

errarent,
non

Pompeio
ut

ego

fi

cum

poflenr,pagnare

arbipares
de-

filterenc.
Commutata

tota

ratio eft

prin- Senatus, judiciorum,Rei

inimi-

"

tius

pubHcce.

Otium

to-

nobis

exoptandum

CICERO.

of'M.TULLIUS

that Pompey,
being perfuaded,
the head of them, had

was

public liberty, unlefs he

It

to

ven

by

the

leaft,who

at

the
defio;ns
ap;ainft

no

provoked and dri- p"

were

perverleoppontion

[I?], Thefe

mies

the

were

he

53
A.

his

or

groundsof that

enecom-

Urb.
^'^-

^
lius

697.

5^'

Len-

tulus

Marcel-

generally
paid to him,
and the public
for the fake both of his own
quiet: j^ V/^^'
the appointed
in confequence
of which, when
Philippus.
of
ihe Campathe cafe
day came, for confidering
it
nian lands^the debate dropt of courfe,when
which
plaifance,

Cicero, the

that

underftood

was

now

mind

changed his

of it,

mover

though it
was
not, as he intimates, without fome flruggle
in his own
breaft, that he fubmitted to this ftep,
which was
to draw
likely
upon him an imputation
of levity
[c].
lived a
His
daughter,Tullia, having now
widow
end hufabout a year, was
married to a fee
and the wedding
bandy Furius Crajfipes
Feaftheld
;
find
at Cicero's houfe^
the ftxth of April: we
on
littlefaid,of the

very
this
the

had

abfent,and

was

by
CrafTipes
-, but
match,

the

have

been

[d].
dignity

making
paid,and the
in

it,he appears

his friends upon

of

Nobleman

care

he

which

condition of

or

Cicero's

fortune

of
congratulation
to

charadier

Atticus

rank
principal

alfo,who
E

about

was

Ibid. 8.

patientius

potentiam

eorum

ferrepotuerint. Dignitatem

quidem

i'.lam

conl'ularem

fortis "c conftantis

nihil

eft,

Amifla
a

Senatu

eft
"

tiflimum, k

Senatoris,

quod cogitemus.

ftridie fuerat

gio

Campano

2.

po-

didtum, de

A-

iri,

aftum

h2eret.

non

"

Ad

Quint,

8,

culpa corum,
[^] De
qui
ordinem
conjunc- fperonos cum
hominem

"

In hac caufa mi-

eft aftum.
hi aqua

9.

Idibus

[c] Quod

homines

year

younger

exoptandam eft : quod H, qui fimum abalienarunt.

potiuntur rerum,
praiftituri [/-]Ep. Fam. i.
videntur,fi quidam

and

noftra

Tullia

"

conCraftipede

clarif- fecifle.lb. 4.

Quod

qJ the Life
married this fpring
to

7"fe History

54
A. Urb.

697.younger than Cicero, was

Piha, and invited him to the wedding[^e].As
Qp'
his chief care at prefent
^^^ domeftic affairs,
^^
Cn. Corneabout rebuilding
three of his houfes,which
was
liusLenTULus
demolifhed
the
were
inhisexil; and repairing
Marcel^j^^ ^f j^-gBrother, out of which
j.^^ ^j^j^ ^.j^^^
T

T W

TT

L. Marcius
Philippus.

^^^y^"'^^^ driven in
by the hints,which
feem

been

have

to

the laft attack of Clodius

he
very

givesof them, they all

magnificent,and built

the diredlion of the belt Architedls

under

gave
forced to
Milo.

quitthe

to them, being
interruption
of Cicero, in order to
purfuit
of a more
dangerousenemy,

however

Cicero

of uneafinefs,
within his
and

dius
Clo-

farther

no

the motions

watch

without

not

was

walls

own

fhare

his Brother's

neither

his own^
their own

agreedwell with each

other nor
:
hujbands
Quintus'swas diffo long abroad ;
at her hulband's flaying
pleafed
hers the hapand Cicero's not
to make
difpofed
pier
for flayingat home.
His
Nephew alfo
youth, fpoiled
Toung ^intus^ a perverfe
by a
mother's
his
to
indulgence,added fomewhat
trouble -, for he was
now
chargedwith the care
wife

of his education,in the Father's abfence ; and

under his own
had him taught,
eye, by Tyrannic^
Greek

Mafler

ed
who, with feveral other learn-

of that country,

men

iioufe

entertained in his

was

[/].
King

Quod

mihi

de Filia "

de

SperoCrairipedegratularis
"

que
Tiem

"

ponium

in

ccenaturus.

ejusnuptiis
eram
AdQuint. 2. 3.

noconjun6lio[y] Domus
utriufque
fore,
ftrum
sedificatur
ftrenue."
voluptati
lb. 4. Longilium redempto1.7.

opto hanc
nobis

Ep. Fam.
Viaticum

"

Crafiipes
praeri-rem

pit.Ad Att. 4. 5.
Prid. Id haec fcripfi
an[(?]
te liicem.

Ea die

apud Fom-

niihi

cohortatus

fum.

Fidem

faciebat,fe velle

placere. Domus

nobis

erit egre-

gia,ib. 6.
Quintus

The

56
A.Urb.

697.

Cic. !;i.
'

cc

"

he

Lentulus, wifelyjudging

But

ligion[^].

"

liusLen-

the

affair

^nd

fortunes, left it to a
charader, Gabinius

j.^^^

L. MaRCIUS
-

Phi

LI FPUS,

loon

after
The

too

for

hazardous

TULus

MarcelLINUS,

Life

effedled it with eafe,fo a'mifcarof the late

i'iage might be fatal,on account
of the Senate, and the fcrnpleabout revote

him, if

"

r"

r^

the

of

History

one

of

man

who

of his
a

dignity
defpe-

more

himfeif

ruined

ii"-"

by embarking

in

it.

Cato, who

Tribun

was

veighin
inperpetually

like fo many
Gladiators^
keeping
dgainji
armies,to the terror of the Citizens,had
(landing
lately
boughta hand of them^ hut findinghitnfelf
unable to maintain them^ was
contrivingto part
with them again without noife or fcandal.
Milo
a ferfon^
not
employed
got notice of it^ and privately
to buy them ; and when
one
ofhis own friends^
they
another
Racilius,
Tribun^ taking
were
purchafed^
the matter upon himfeifand pretending^
that they
that
a proclamation^
were
for him^ pullifhed
bought
Cato^s family
ofGladiators was to be foldby au^ion \
which gave no fmall diver/ton
to the City[^].
MiLo's

pofie, quemadmodnm homines reli[^] Te perfpicere

Ciliciam
Cyprumque tegioliS.bylls placeredixequi
Sed haec fententia fic
neas,
quid eftcere " quid runt.
failli
fi
Sc
nobis probabatur,
res
kz
",
ut
ponfecui poiTis,
cultarem

habitura

videatur,

exeventu

homines

dc tuocon-

iilio exiltimaturos

videremus
atque^gypefle Sc tuae
Nos quidem hoc fentimus;
tenere
turn
pofTis,
fi exploratumtibi fit,pofTe
noPiri imperiidignitatis,
"
Ptolemaide, aut aliquo prots
regni illius potiri
; non
efie
fi
loco
cunctandum
collocato,
:
dubium,
pinqup
rege
effe conandum,
kc.
claffe,atque exercicu
te cum
non
Ep.
ut

Alexancriam

"

Alexandriam
proftcifci

Fam.

ut

1.7.
pace, pra^fidiifque[/"]Ule vindex Gladiatoredeat
"
Belliariorum emerat
rum
firmaris, Fto'emasus
ita
Beftiarios
in
Hos alere non
fore, ut per
:
cum

earn

regnum

te

dum

"

reftituatur, quemadmoSenatus

initio cenfuit

f; iiiiemuhitudine

"

poterat.

reducatur,

Itaquevix

tenebat.

Senfit
non

Milo, dedit cuidam

fajniliari
negctium,qui
fme

CICERO,

of M. TULLIUS

S7

trial beingput off to the fifth

ofMay, A.Urb.
took the Benefit of a fliortvacation,to

MiLo's

697.

^q'^^'^

Cicero
make

excurfion

an

into the

Country,

vifit

and

his eftates and Villa's in different parts of

q^

Italy,

Cornelius

Len-

fpent five days at Arpinum, whence he proMarcelceded to his other houfes at PompeU and Cuma
\
and ftopta while, on his return, dxAntium, where ^^ Marcius
dif- Philippus.
rebuilt his houfe, and was
now
he had lately
by the dire(5lion
pofingand orderinghis library,
of Tyrannio; the remains of which, he fays,
than he expelled
from the
more
conjiderable
were
Atticus lent him two
late ruin.
of his Librarians
in taking Catalogues,and
his own,
to
affifi
tulus

He

placingthe

books

in order

which

he calls the

of a foul into the body of his houfe[i].

infujion
During this tour, his old enemy, Gabinius, the
tage
Proconful of Syria,having gained fome advanwho had been
in Judaa againfi
Ariflobulus,
dethroned
by Pompey, and on that account was
letters
raifmg troubles in the country, fent public
and
account
to the Senate to give an
of his victory,
to beg the decree of a
^hankfgivingfor it. His
fair
friends took the opportunityof moving the afin Cicero's abfence, from whofe
authority
but the Sefome obftrudtion
they apprehended
-,

emeret
fufpicione

fine

familiam

muiatque

abduda

lius

tabulam

familiam

In

rifus

magni

earn

ven-

pu-

vellem mihi
de
tuisLibrariolis duos
mittas

adminiftris

"

Poftea

nio
confequebantur.

Offendes

mens

defignatio-dibus

Tyrannionis mirificam

in librorum

funt,quam

Etiam

taram.

tabulam

Quin. 2.6.

[/]

-to meliores

utaquibusTyrannio
aliquos,
fe turglutinatoribus,"adc3etera
profcripfit,

Caton'anam

diturum.

nem

quae fi-

mulreliquiae

theca; quorum

effe dixit

fibi emptos

-^"

Ad

eft,Raci-

eofquehopatefecit,

rem

mines

"

Catone

earn

meorum

Biblio-

vero

mihi

Ad

Att. 4. 4.

quam
libros

Tyran-

difpofuir,

addita videtur
:

mirifica

qua

meis

quidem

opera

in

se-

re,

Dionyfii "

Menophilitui fuit,

lb. 8.

nate,

7le His

58
A. ITrb.

697.nate, in

^^^"5'Cn

C
Lius

full Houfe,

jecledhis fuit :
"^^^^^^ before

ne-

Len-

TOR

an

of the Life

his
flighted

which
affront,

letters and

had

never

re-

been

Cicero was
inany ProconfuL
didelightedwith it,calls the refolution
finitely
to

doubly pleas'dfor its beingthe

and genuinjudgementof the Senate^without
-^^^6
^r ?;^"^^/^"?
^;/ te^^r/; and reproachr^M^^' /^;:^^7?r//^^/^
Gabinius with it afterwards,
fays,that by this
Philii'pus. ing
a6l the Senate had declared,that theycould not
believe that he^ whom
theyhad ahvaysknown to
he a traitor at home^ could ever do any thing
abroad^
that was
to the Republic
[Jz],
ufefull
Many
were
reportedto have happrodigies
pened
about this time, in the neighbourhoodof
under ground^with clajhing
Rome : horrible noifes
of Arms ; and on the Alban hill a littlefJorine
of
the
Juno^ which floodon a tablefacing eafi^turned
Thefe terrors
toward the north,
of itfelf
fuddenly
confulted the
alarmed the City,and the Senate
the public Diviners
or
Harufpices^who were
Prophetsof the State, fkili'd in all the Tufcan
of interpreting
difcipline
portentous events ; who
anfwer in writing; that fupgave the following
Saturn^ Nepmuft be made to "Jupiter^
plications
tune^ and the other Gods : that the folemnfhews
exhibitedand polluted
and playshad been negligently
:
made profane: Embajfaplaces
facred and religious
dors killed contrary to rightand law : faithand
TULus

*vine^and

was

Marcel-

[kl Id.
quens
catione

Mails

divinus

Senatus fre-

fuit in

Gabinio

Supplideneganda.

Ad

flra.

Quiri.2. S. ".

4. 5.
Hoc

flatuit Senatus, cum

Gafrequensfupplicationem
A prodiaccidiiTe. Foris valde plau- binio denegavit
fua fpcnte tore, atque eo, quern prsfenditur.
Mihi cum
jucundum, turn jucnndius, tern hoftem Reipub. cognofabfente, eft enim
fet,bene Rempub. gerinon
quod me
fine opuMx^iii^, judicium,
potuifle. J)q Prov. Con-

Adjurat Procilius hoc

nemini

"

"

fine
pugnatione,

gratia;io-

(ul.6,

oaths

CICERO.
of M.T'ULLIUS
careancient and hidden facrifices
oaths difregarded
that the Gods
and profaned
performed^
lefsly
:

59
^97^"^^^-

Coff.*'

and dijjenfion
the difcord
q^
Cornegave this warningsleftby
liusLen*
and
fall
ftoould
dangers defiruBion
of the betterfort
^
and the chiefs
of the City; bywhich
jyi-us
upon the Senate
the
under
a
would
the provinces
power of
fall
means
LINUS.
be
armies
entheir
beaten^
lofs
great
". Marcius
Jmgleperfon;
and
the
Philippus.
be
honors
difwrjoorthy
and
heapedon

fue^
graced
One

[/].

Diviners

under

were

endeavoured
the

this anfwer, that the

of thofe,who
the Diredion

obferve from

may

to

applythe

influence of

of their civil diforders

cure

it

dius took

accordingto
handle

their own

rehgionto

terpreted
each party inviews : Clo-

it of

ventinghis fpleen
the peopletocalling

from

Cicero ", and

againft
o-ether for that purpofe,
attemptedto perfuade
par*'
them, that this divine admonition was defigned
him \ and that the article of the
ticularly
againft
to the cafe
placesreferred
of his
facred and religious
to religion^
a folemn
confecration
houfe; which after
all the difrendered again profane; charging
was
of the Gods to Cicero^s account^ who affected
pleafure
than a tyranny and the cppreffion
of their
lefs
nothing
liberties\m\
made
Cicero
a
replyto Clodius the next
day in the Senate ; where, after a fhort and general
his
he
leaves
invedive
life,
profligate
upon
^'
he
him,
fays^a devoted victim to Milo, who
feemed to be given to them
by heaven, for
of fuch a plague; as Scipio
the extindion
he defor the defl:ru6lion of Carthage
:
was
of the mod
clares the prodigyto be one
ex^* trordinary,
had ever
been reported
which
to

afrefh

''

"

*'

"

**

[/]

Vid.

tii in Orat.

Argum.
de

Mann-

Harufp. r^-

Dio. 1. 39.
Dio.
Ibid,
[/"]

fponf.

p.

100.

"the

^he History

6o
A. Urb.

697.'" the Senate

^r*(r^*P^y^^gany
"

"

Cn CorneLenLius

"

"

Marcel-

but

laughsat

the

the

part of it to him;

Life

of
abfurdity
fince his

ap"

houfe,

more
was
^^^ proves at large,
folemnly
relation
fervice
to religion,
or
cleared from any
than any other houfe in Rome, by the Judgethe Senate,and all the
of the Priefts,
ment
^^

TULus
"

of

""

orders of the City["]."Then runningthrough

^^^ feveral articlesof the anfwer," he Hiews them
Philippus.
*^
with the notorious adls
fo exa6lly
all to tally
that theycould
"
of Clodius's life,
and

Mar^'

"

"
*'

*'

^'
"

*"'

"

*'
*'
*'

''

"

"

"

**

"

''

*'

**

impieties
to any thingeife.
be applied
not
polTibly
faid to be negligently
That as to the fports,
denoted the
it clearly
performedand polluted,
of the Megaknfian
play the moil
pollution
of all other fhews ;
venerable and
religious
-,

Clodius himfelf,as ^dile, exhibited

of the Gods; where
in honor of the Mother
feated
and Citizens were
when the Magiftrates
and
the ufual
of the diverfions,
to
which

partake
made, to comm.and allflaves
was
proclamation
from
of them, gathered
to retire ; a vafl body
all parts of the City,by the order of Clodius,
to the great
the fbage,
forced their way upon
mifchief
of the alTembly;where much
terror
and

bloodfhed

cond

"

if the

Clo-

fo audacious and fuccefsfuU in a fethat they drove the whole

irruption,
of the Theater, and poflefled
out

*'

"

enfued,

plays,the flaves,encouragedagain by
dius,were

*'

have

Conful Marcellinus,by his firmnefs and prethe tumult :

fence of mind, had not quieted
of the fame
and in another reprefentation

"

'*

would

company
themfelves
to
it intirely

that as to the
:
["?]
it
places
;
of [acredand. religious
profanation
fo aptly,
of any thing
could not be interpreted
["] De

refponHarufpic.

\a\ Ibid.

10, 11, 12,

13.

fis.6,
((

aSi

CICERO.

cf MTULLIUS
"'

as

Clodius

of what

6i

and his friends had

done

A. Urb.

697.

^p*/r'*

for that, in the houfe of Q. Seius, which he

the owner,
there q^ Cornehad bought after murthering
which he had lately liusLena chappeland altars,
was

"

"

"'

a celedeftroyed
bratcd chappelof Diana, where all that neigh-

demoliihed

"
"

that L. Pifo had

Marcel-

of the Senate, ufed

l Marcius
annuallyto perform their family facrifices: Philippits,
that Serranus alfo had thrown
down, burnt,

bourhood,

"

*'
''

fome

tulus

and

even

profanedfeveral confecrated Chappels,and

raifed other buildings
upon them [p] : that as
killed contrary to law and right
to Emhajfadors
;
of thofe
though it was commonly interpreted

and

*'

*'

*'

*'

had
Alexandria^yet other EmbafTadors
lefsofdeath was
been murthered, whofe
no

from

*'

*'

*'

fenfive

"

with the

''

"

Gods

the

to

^as Theodofius, killed

of Clodius ; and
and permiiTion
privity
Plator,by the order of Pifo [^]: as to the violation offaithand oaths that it related evidently
had abfolved Clodius \
to thofe Judges,who
as
being one of the moft memorable and flawhich Rome had ever
known ",
grant perjuries,
this interpretathat the anfwer itfelf fuggefled
that ancient and oction, when it fubjoined,
could refer
-polluted
which
cult facrifices
were
\
the rites of the
to
to nothingfo properlyas
the mofi;ancient and
were
Bona Dea y which
the mofioccult of any in the City ; celebrated
with incredible fecrecy
to that Goddefs, whofe
^

*'

"'
"
*'

*'
*^
*'
*'

"

*'

*'

name

*'

and

"

''
"

it

was

not

lawful for

know

to

men

no
man
ever
ceremonies, which
priedinto, but Clodius [r]. Then as to the
likely
warning,given by the Gods, of dangers^

to

with

enfiie
from

the

of the principal
diffenfions
"

[/)]Ibid.

14, 15.
Ibid. 16.

[r] Ibid.

7, 18.

'

.;

\"l1

"

Citizens\

of the Life

The Hi^roKY

62
A. Urb.

fo particularly
697."c Qi^zens ; that there was no man
as CloCoff/**' adlive,in promotingthofe difTenfions,

Cn. CorneliusLenTULus

*^
**

dins
or

cc

the

"

Philippus.

was

Ariftocratical meafures

^^ ^^^
LiNus,^^'
L. Marcius

enflamingone fide
perpetually
other; now
purfuingpopular,now

who

whofe

*'

quarrelsand

*'
*'
*^

*'

"

-^^

*^
""

*'
*'
*'
""*
*'

"*'
*'

"

*"
'"
*'
*'

*'

"
"

*'

"
''

"

at

one

time

favorite

Triumvirate, at another of the Senate;

*'

*'

credit

was

wholly fupportedby

animofities.

He

exhorts

their
them

to beware of falling
therefore in the conclufion,
of which the Gods fo eviinto thofe miferies,
dentlyforewarned them ; and to take care

that
efpecially,

the form

of the

Republicwas

altered ; fince all civilcontefts between great

end,
Citizens muft
and powerfull
necelTarily
not

or
a tyranuniverfal deilru6lion,
now
that the ftate was
ny of the Conqueror:
could
in fo tottering
a condition,that nothing
it but their concord : that there was
preferve

either in

an

hope of it'sbeingbetter,while Clodius remained

unpunilhed: and but one degreeleft
of beingworfe, by beingwholly ruined and
enflaved ; for the preventionof which, the
this remarkable admohad given them
Gods
to
believe,what
not
nition ; for they were
that
the llage,
on
fometimes
was
reprefented
no

defcended from heaven to conever

any God
thefe exwith men
verfe familiarly
; but that
of the world,
founds and agitations
traordinary
the onely voice
the air, the elements, were
and fpeech,which heaven made ufe of; that
them of their danger, and
thefe admonifhed

pointedout the remedy ; and that the Gods,

the way of their fafety,
fo freely
by intimating
be to pacify
had fhewn, how eafyit would
animofionely their own
them, by pacifying
ties and difcords among

themfelves."
About

The History

64
A. Urb.

697.contemptible
to their enemies.

managed
^Coff^*
Cn. CorneLius

of the Life

Len-

cation

L. Marcius
Philippus.

ofFifeand

He

was

decreed

came

the

\s\
two
engagedin pleading

Hkewife
caufes

the

at

Bar

the

in de-

one

^^^^^^^f Cornelius Balbus, the other of M.

hus.
a

Balbus

was

native of Gades

in

fplendid
familyin that City,who,
fervices

and

revo-

Gahinius

now

confiderable

he
flioit,

fo, that the Senate

^"^^y^"^^ h^s Sentiments, and

TULus

Marcel-

the debate

In

the Roman

to

Cas-

Spain^of

for his fidelity

Generals

in that

Province, and

in the Sertorian war^

efpecially
had the freedom
conferredupon him by
of Rome
him
Pompey^ in virtue of a law^ which authorifed
he thought
to grant it to as many
as
proper. But
ginally
as oriPompey's acl was now called in queftion,

null and

Cityof Gades
and
Citizens

CrafTus

was

the terms

to

Rome,

which

that

that the

pretence,

within

capableof
were

not

relation

Cicero alfo ;
honor

invalid,on

of that

liance
al-

rendered its

privilege,
Pompey

and

his advocates, and, at their defire,

who
had the third place^or poftof

to him,
affigned

to

hand
givethe finifhing

[j] Itaque ego idem, qui tempeflatem, cui cefTerim,

Caefare impuifore
Confulibus ils,qui deatque adjueffe
Maceexcitatam.
Cui ft
tore
iignati
erunt, Syriam,
Quod primum fie refpondeam,me
doniamque decerno.
communis
utilitatis habere
fi effent illi optimi viri, tanunc

"

ego mea
Csefari nondum

men

fententia C.

rationem, non

fuccedendum

Hie

me

doloris mei."
in

meus

Rempub.

"

a-

dicam, nimus prillinus

ac
perennis,
putarem.
C.
Caefare
Patres confcripti,
reducit, requod fentio, cum
reftituit in gratiam,.
conciliat,
atque illam interpellationem
Qua de

re

familiariffimimei, qua
ante
non

vir

paullo Quod

eftoratio mea,
intcrrupta
pertimefcam.Negatme
optimusinimiciorem de-

bere effeGabinio, quam

fari ;

omnem

enim

Casillam

nes

volent

denique homi-

exiftiment,nemini

pofliimell'ebene
lica merenti

Vid.

Orat.

non

de

ego

Repub-

amicus.

"

de Provin. Conf.

8, 9, kc.

to

rULLIVS

of

CICERO.

65

A. Urb. 697.
was
profecution
projedled,
of enmity to Balbus, as to his
^A^"J^'
fo much
out
not
Patrons Pompey and Csefar-,by whofe favor he Cn.Cornehad acquired
Lengreat wealth and power ; being at
tulus
this time Ge?ieral of the Artillery
to C^far, and

the caufe

to

The

\t\

lius

the principalmanager

or

of all his affairs.

Iteward

Judges gave
firmed his rightto

LINUS

"

for him, and conthe City ; from which founfentence

The

Marcel-

-^

Philjppus,

raifed afterwards,
to the
was
byAugufius^
his Nephew alfo. Young Balbus^
Confulate
itfelf:

dation he

timc^ cb^
freenvith him at the fai'iu
tained the honor of a
triumph^for his viclories
the Garaniantes \ and, as Plinytellsus, they
ever
and adopted
the onelyinflamesof Foreigners^
were
who had ever
advanced
ther
to eiCitizens^
themfelves
honours in Rome
of thofe
[^].
who

made

"duas

v/hom

Cv^Lius,

Gentleman

young

defended, was
a
rank^ of great
of Equeftrian
he

next

trained under
the
accomplifhments,
of Cicero
himfelf ; to whofe care
he
difcipiine
incommitted
was
by his Father, upon his firfl:
parts and

trodudlion

the

into

Forum

before

he

of

was

hold any

he had diftinguilhed
Magiftracy,
the one
of
himfelf by two
publicimpeachments*,
C. Antonius, Cicero's colleguein the Confulthe fiate-, the other of
againfi
for confpiring
fhip,
and corruption.
AtraL. Atratinus,for bribery
to

age

mihi

[/] Quo
eft hie
locus

difficilior

perorandi hcnore.

extremus

Sed

"

eft gerendus,

mos

modoCornelio,cujus
ego
nulpericulis
voluntatiinejus
non

lo

modo

etiam

deefle

Pr. Balbo.

["]

pofTumj
Pompeio.

Cn.

"

Vol.

atque

IL

"

Garaman-

caput

omnia

turn:

"
fuperata,

armis
a

curru

"

Romanis

Balbo

Cornelio

uno
triumphata.

terno

"

N. 7. 43.
-Hill:.

"

Garama

donato:

Balbus

lius major Conful

externorum,

fed

2, "c.

i.

Fuit "

genitorum ufus illo

oceano

omnium

ex-

Quiritinm jure

quippeGadibiisnato
Balbo

Come-

Civitas

Primus

majore patruo data eft.

etiam

in

Rom.

cum

lb.

5. 5.

tinus's

^ ^^

The History

66
A. Urb.

697.tinus'sfon was

^5'*
Cn.CorneLius

Len-

TULus

Marcel-

L. Marcius
Fhilippus.

ofthe Life

his Father's quarrevenging

violenceforbeing
C melius
rel,and accufed
ofpublic
concerned in the affajfination
of
of Dio^ the chief
the ^Alexandrianembajfy
; and of an attemptto poythe Jijler
fonClodia^
of Clodius: he had been this
now

"ady'sGallant : whofe refentment for her favors

^^ghtedby him, was the real fource of all his
ter
trouble. In thisfpeech
Cicero treats the characand gallantries
of Clodia^her Commerce with
and licentioufnefs
C^lius^and the gaieties
ofyouthy
with fucha vivacity
ofwit and humor ^ that makes
which he has left
itone of the mofl entertaining,
lived
a Libertine^
to us.
Caslius,who was truly
in a houfe which he hired of
on the Palatin hill^
of his extravagance,
Clodius,and,among the other proofs
that a young man,
it was
objedled,

houfe
fhouldtake a feparate
employment
public
rent of two hundred
from hisFather,at the yearly
that
and fifty
pounds: to which Cicero replied,
his houfe^
he perceived,
had a mind to fell
Clodius,
the value ofitfohigh whereas,
in truths
byfetting
it was but a little
offmallrent,
paultry
dwelling,
above eighty
fcarce
[a:].Caslius
pounds
per annum
the highafterprofefled
and ever
was
acquitted,
he held a
eft regardfor Cicero ; with whom
of Letters,
which will give us
correfpondence
of
occafion to fpeak
of him, in the fequel
more
the Hiftory.
Cicero
feems to have compofeda little
Poem about thistime, in compliment
to Casfar :
and excufes his not fending
it to Atticus, becaufe C^far prefled
to have it,and he had referved no copy ; though,
to confefsthe truth,
in

no

-,

'*

"

"

P. Clodii infulam ^Kq

Sumptusunius generis telligo
[.r]
habitationis
:
eft,
venalem,
cujushie in tedicuobjectus
lis
millibusdixiftls
ut opinor,
eum
habitet,
decern,
triginta

habitare. Nunc

demum

in-

millibus."Pro Czelio.7.
"

-iV

ha

67

CICERO.

of M,rULLIUS

the A.
fayi^ he found it very difficultto digeft
But
his old principles.
meannefs of recanting
adieu,y^j he^to all right,
true, honeft councils: q^

he

"
"

*'

there is in thofe,
perfidy

*'

what
it is incredible,

"

who

"

be fo, if there
I felt what theywere

want

be

to

would

"
*'

drawn

"

I refolved

*'

things; but
till by your

"

was

to

ad:

ftillto
found

the fame

l.Marcius
:

Philippus.

all

before

as

laft to

at

came

in

them

with

them

advice

was

betrayed,by them

on

CorneliusLen-

LINUS

cofl,when

my

in, deferted,and

^q^'

Parcel-

faith in them.

anyy

967.

really JT^"^

who

Leaders, and

Urb.

better

that you advifed me

will tell me,
indeed to adt,but not to write ", 'tis true ; but
of
I was
willingto put myfelfunder a neceffity

mind.

*'

*'

*'

You

the
alliance,and preclude

*'

adheringto

*'

of returning
to
thofe,who initead
polTibility
ceafe enof pityingme, as theyought, never
have
But fince thofe, who
no
vying me.

"

"

new

my

"

my bufmefs is to
acquirethe love of thofe who have : you will

"

will

power,

"

fay,I

*'

*'

know

"

not

not

love

me,

wifii that you had done

you wifhed it ; and I was

it

long ago

",

I
,

Afs for

a mere

minding you [jy]."

In

\y'\Urgebar
mifi, "

quern

ab

non

ad

eo,

habebam

erant.

audore

dum

te

circumrodo, quod devomihi

eft)fubturpicula

videbatur
valeant

'ua.^ivcoJ'ict
;

re6la, vera,

confilia.

Non

eft

etiam

tem

credibile,

vae

fidei.

quicquam haberent

Senferam, noram,

ab
dudlus, relidus,projeclus
lis: tamen
hoc erat in animo,
ut

cum

iis in

Rep.

turn

dere.
imus
Sed

mifereri mei

cum
non

Sed

deftnunt
tamen

invi-

modici

fu-

ut fcripfi
Jto9^!J-s/,

quoniam qui

funt,

confemi-

E-

neceflita-

mihi

imponere hujusnone
conjunftionis,
qua miliceret labi ad illos,
qui e-

debent,

in-

fcriberem.

volui

in iftisprinci- hi
quae fit perfidia
tiam
volunt
ut
efie," ut
pibus,

effent,fi

ut

go mehercule

honefta

facerem,

monuiffe, quae

non

fed

erant,

Vix

exemplar, quid? etiam, (dujandum

qui fualiquando te
Dices, ea
refipivi.

lidem

rem.

ii

me

nihil

"

pof-

nolunt,

amare
"

demus

68
A. Urb.
C

697.

In this year alfo,Cicero

ff'* letterto Lucceius, in which

Cn. CoRNE'
"

Lius

of the Life

The HisroTLY

Len-

TULus

MarcelL. Marcius

Fhilippus.

of his
^^i^^pi the hiftory

wrote

that celebrated

he

to
hirrj,
prelTes

anfanions : Lucceius
and
of eminent learning
and abilities,
a man
juflfinifhed the hiftory
of the Italickand Ma-

was

had

^j^^ ^^^^-^^^^^

throughhis

cular
promifed,a parti-

he had

of Cicero's ads
his ftileand

with
pleafed

labors

to

times, and,

own

account

carry it down
in the general
re-

^jj.j^ intent

lation,to include,as
was

tr

but

Cicero, who
of

manner

engage him in this letter,to

and
the defignof his continued hiftory,
redly on that feparate
period," from
to

ginning of

"

*'

exil."

''

interval

''

of

*'

as

''

the

**

of the reader

**

tion

*"

he

**
*'

*'

*'

*'
"

dt-

the be-

his reftoration ;
to
Confullhip
and his
comprehendingCatiline's confpiracy,
own

*'

enter

his

*^

*'

writing,
poilpone

this ihort

that

obferves,

He

"

with fuch a variety

diftinguifhed
and unexpeded turns
of fortune,
incidents,
both to
furnifhed the happieftmaterials,
was

fkill of the

was

was

writer,and the entertainment

author's attenan
that, when

fmgleand feled fubjed,

capableof adorningit,and dif-

confined
more

to

his talents,than in the wide and difp"laying

did
fufive field of generalhiftory
", but if he
think the fads themfelves worth the pains
not
of adorning,that he would yet allow fo much
that
to
to
affedion,and even
to
friendship,
favor, which he had fo laudablydifclaimed in
his Prefaces,
not
to confine himfelf fcrupuas
and the
louflyto the ftrid laws of hiftory,

That, if

''

rules of truth.

*'

take it,he would

demus

operam,

ut

fupplyhim

ab lis,qui

dices,veldiligamur.
poflunt,
lem

jampridem. Scio

"
luilTe,

me

afinum

te vo-

germa-

he would

with fome

fuine." Ad

num

Scribis

drum

under-

poema

rough

Att. 4. 5.
ab

Ad
probari."

eo

no-

Quint 2,

15.
"

memorisj

of M.TULLIUS
*'

memoirs,

*'

of his work:

**

forced

*'

*'

him,

CICERO.

commentaries, for the foundation

or

if not,
his

write

had

many

hre

own

exceptionsand

many

A. Urb.

done
talk

before

Jiable

p"

to

where
difficulties;

697^

S"S?;^*

that he himfelf fhould be

do, what

to

69

\-^

Len-

nus
tulus

MARC"tbe rellrained by monecefTarily

on
defty,on the one hand, or partiality
the^Vi"^^*
himother, either for blaming, or praifing
Philippus,
felf,fo much as he defer ved, "c. [z]."
letter is conftantly
This
alledgedas a proof
of Cicero's vanity,and excefiive love of praife
:
but we muft confider it as written,not by a philofopher,but a ftatefman,confcious of the great**

man

would

*'

*'

*'

he had
country, for which
been barbaroufly
treated ; and, on that account,
the more
in an
eager to have them reprefented
eft fervices

his

to

: and
impatientto taft fome
advantageouslight

part of that
fure

to

reap from

palTagewhich
his friend

to

which
living,

glory when
them

when

dead

and

he
as

was

to

the

gives the offence,where he prefTea

exceed even the bounds of truth in his

urgedonely,we fee,conditionally^
and upon aa abfurd or improbable fuppofition,
that Lucceius did not think the atls themfelves
really
but whatever excepworth praifing
:
or
laudable^
tions
there may be to the morality,there can be
and compofition
of the letter;
to the elegance
none
which is filledwith a varietyof beautifuU
drawn from
fentiments,illuftrated by examples,
a perfed:
knowledgeof hiftoryfo that it is juflpiecesof the epifto^
lyranked among the capital
larykind, which remain to us from antiquity.
Cicero had employed more
than ordinarypains
with his fuccefs in it : for
upon it,and was pleafed
prmfes:

it is

-,

he mentions it

to

Atticus with

[z] Ep. fam.

no

fmall fatisfac*

12,

^'
"~"

F 3

tion,

'

The

yo
A. Urb.

^^^^
^r'(r''
Cn

wifhed

697.tion, and

Corne-

of

History
him

to

friend Lucceius.

^^^

get
The

undertook what

Lucceius

the

Life

copy of it from
effedl of it was^
Cicero dejired^
and

fome

probablymade

progrefsin it,fmce Cicero

fent him
the memoirs^ which
he promifed,and
TULus
MarcelLucceius
lived many
in an uninteryears after,
with him, though neither this,
^"P^^^friendfhip
L mTrcius
had the fortune to
^^y o^^er of his writings
PHiLii'Pus. ^^^
be preserved
to fucceeding
ages [^].
All
and
inclinations
people's
begannow
eyes
towards Caefar,who by the eclat of his
to
turn
victories,feemed to rival the fame of Pompey
himfelf ; and, by his addrefs and generofity,
gain*
ed ground upon
him
fluence
dailyin authorityand inin publicaffairs. He
fpentthe winter
Lius

Len-

Luca

at

reforted
CrafTus

whither
him

to

vafl

from

concourfe

Rome,

Here

of all ranks

Pompey

and

againmade friends by him ; and a

formed, that theyjhouldjointly
project
feize the
Confulfhip
for the next year^ thoughtheyhad not
declared them/elves
Candidates^within the ufual
L. Domitius
time,
Ahenobarbus, a profeifed
of the competitors
ing
thinkone
-, who
enemy, was
were

himfelf fure of fuccefs,could

bragging,that
he could not

and
made

them

he would

when Conful^what
effe^^
Fr^etor^ refcind
s a5ls^
Caefar*

do when

recall him

refolve

quam
mas

que

ut

"

fac

ut

ab

at

co

bella eft;

valde

\h\\

his Government

from

all hazards

[^r] Epiftolam, Lucceio

mill

forbear

not

fu^

eum-

to

which

defeat him.

confultatus Candidatus

adhorteris, quifret,adempturum
adproperet
que
mihi fe ita fadurum

", quod
relcripfit,
agas gratias.Ad

palam

fe efminaretur, Confulem
fedurum, quod Praetor ne^
ercitus. CraiTum
que
Lucam

in urbem

ei ex^

Pompeium-

Provinciae fuap

Att. 4. 6.
Tu Lucceio

librum noHrum

detrudendi Domitiicaufaalte*

dabis.

II.

rum

Ibid.

Sed
\h'^

gum

L, Domitius

extradlos

Confulatum

Syeton.

ut
compulit,

peterent-"
Caef.
J.
24.

o/'the Life

Tloe History

ji

impeach him rather than the Criminal,

Cic. 52.
be would
j^g repUed brifkly,that jf
give bail to
civil war^
he would
a
^'p ft^nda trialswithout raifing
p
Joonbringhim beforehis Judges[/].
Mag698.chufe

A. Urb.

to

us

Nus

M.

LiciNius

Crassus

II.

of thefe tumults, oc-

the continuance

During

II.

by the

cafioned

election of the

retired into the country

the beginningof May^ much
^^j.Q

with

both
difgufted

the

Confuls, Ci-

new

he ftaid

where

of

out

humor, and
himfelf.

Republic and

Atticus's conftant advice

to

him

to

to

was,

his
conjult

with the men

by uniting
himfelf
fafetyand intereft^
as
concfpower ", and they, on their part, were
afiliilantly
invitinghim to it, by all pofTible

of their affeclion

ranees

obferves

he

Atticus

in his anfwers

but

that

"

were

^'

fuffered
chara(5ler,
peculiar
nity; nothing but what was

"

whereas

his

having no
peculiar
indigo

no

condition

the

*'

fuch, that

*'

fhould be looked upon as a madman

ufefull onelyto himfelf,as a Have
was

if he

fpokewhat

thing

*'

that his iineafmefs

^'

could

^*

gratefuU

at

fhew

not
"

fnall I withdraw

bufmefs,

and

"

eafe

*'

I follow thefe Leaders

""

having

*'

commanded

[/]

That

will

refufed

be allowed

not

to

retire

etiam

if

no-

to
to

iJ^qu'tj
praedes quam

tao

the port of

Shall

me.

the wars,
and, after
be
fubmit
to
command,

P I will do fo

de

to

for I fee that it is

de

fueris, concilium
Reip. te, fi poftulatus
excitataIbid.
non
civile bellum
rain

myfelfthen, fays

advice, and wifh that I had

^^'

if what

the greater, becaufe he

it without
beingthoughtun-p

he^ from

your

he

ought to do,

was

"

^'

he

was

and fubdued
all,as quiteopprefTed

*'

own

all

to

common

*'

""

Citizens

cafes

two

that Atticus,

different ;

^'

very

their

to

alwaysfol-

Manilii

capite,ii^
judices jnittam.

priusa
*'

lpwe(^

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
*'

lowed

^*

againinto

it :

affairs? I

that, but begin

"

chofe

who

right;

"

rather

fon

'"

verfes.

"

to

"

doing [^]/'

at

now

one

q^

Pompei-

pri- us MagTyrant's nus II.

^^^^*^^!^
meditating*,
^^^"^^
what theyare

the
now

am

at

ters
let-

of his Villa's,on

the

placeof reand rich ", Pompey

thither in Aprilscind no foonerarrived^than
came
and fpenthis whole
he fent him his compliments^
time with him : theyhad much difcourfe
on public
in which Pompey exprejfed
affairs^
great uneajinefs^
with his own
md owned himfelf
dijfatisfied
part in
chief

the
fhore of BaU^
delightful!
for the great
fort and pleafure

them

*,

but Cicero, in his

of the

account

conver*

of hisJincerity
[hi].
fomefufpicion

fation,mtim^itts

In
quidem, etfi

Tu

[^]

-mokniKU,

natura

lam

habes

tern

tamen

propriam fervitufrueris

communi

Ego

mine.

es

nul-

no-

qui,filo-

vero,

cui utinam
fic video

femperparuiiTem.
placere. Reliqui

eft,"^Trctf^ctv
ihcf)^ii,Ta.vTay

kWij.h;
fum

mehercule

non

pofignofco,

Philoxeno

"

maluRepub. quod oportet, qui reduci in carcerem

id ipfuiu
infanus,fi quod opus eft,fer- it. Veruntamen

quor de
vus

exiftimor,fi

"
preffus

captus

elTe debeo

? quo

hoc

etiam

dolere
non

turn

mecum

quo

tor,
Att. 4. 9.

fum

opdolore

fcilicet

acriore,quod

ne

quidem poffum, ut
ingratusvidear. Quid

fi cefiare libeat "

in otii por-

etiam

caftra

in

bellum "

effenoluimus
qui Tetyol

the
ftoryof Dionyfius
Tyrant of Syracufe,and Philoxenus
Diodoms

the

Poet,

is told

Siculus.

ad

by

Lib. 15.

331.

[%^ Pompeius in

in

? Sic

Ad

"

The

ergo erimus orraJ'oi,num

faciendum eft3 tibi enim

commen-

ifta improbem.

ut

confugere?Nequicquam. p.

Immo

in his locis

taceo,

Parilibus
me

698..

^p'i^'

to

of his mind
agitations
in his
fignifies
frequently

he

as

was

in the

the

were

he

commend

diflikeat leafl of

declare my

this time,

Philoxenus

be carried back

to

is what

This

Such

think

than

*'

my

cannot

to

A. Urb.

poft,and enter
perfuademyfelfto

fhall I refume

or

73

ftatim

ipii^nHncia^et: a4

venit

Cuma:

mifit

qui falutem
eum

poftridie
mane

7^^ History

74
A. Urb.

698.In the midft of this company

Cic. 52.

Cn

Pompeius

the

of

Mag-

cero^s entertainment

was

Life

and

Cidiverfion,
hisJludies
\ for he ne-

in

refided any where without fecuring

to himhere he had the
^^^f ^he ufe of a good library
:

^^^

the fon of Sylla,

and fon-inofFaufius's^
M. LiciNius
ia^ Qf Pompey ; one of the beft colledions of
II.
Crassus
of Greece^ and
j^^j^ gatheredfrom the fpoils
of Athens^ from which
Syllabrought
efpecially
had
He
volumes.
no
body in
away many thoufand
the houfe with him, but Dionyfius,a learned
Atticus had m.ade free,and
Greek Jlave^whom
Nus

II.

command

who

entrufled with the inftru6lion of the

was

two

the Nephew : with

s^ the fon and
young Cicero''
he was
this companion^
hooks^fincethe
devouring
had deprived
him, as he
public
tellsus, of all other pleafures,I had much rather
on
fayshe to Atticus, be fitting
your littlebench,
under ArifiotUs
picture,than in the Curule chairs
cf our great ones ; or takinga turn with you in
it mufl,I fee,
your walks, than with him, whom
he my fateto walk with : as for the fuccefs
of that
walk, let fortunelook to it, orfome God, if there
ie any, who takes care of us [/] He mentions in

wretched Jiateof the

vadebam

mane

Ad Att.

"

"

X.

4.

Nos

fui-

iic Uteris fuftentor

Rempub.
recreor

maloque

fedecula,quam

in

habes

ilia
fub

in

Pompeio
difplicens;imagine Ariftotelis,federe,
in iftorum fella curuli,
fic
eft enim
loquebatur
;
quam
dicendum.
hoc homine
tecumque apud te ambulare,

In

nos

mus

ut

hie

cum

tua

fibi

fane

"

fuaviiTime effufus :

vero

venit etiam
a

num

fe

"

\t\Ego

ad

me

in Cuma-

ilia ambulatione

lb. 8.
hie pafcorBiblio-

theca Faufti. Fortaffe tu putabas his rebus Puteolanis "

Luerinenfibus.

Ne

ifta qui-

Sed mehereule
dem defunt.
oble"lationibus defea cseteris
tor

"

video
cum
eo, quocum
ambulandum.
Sed de

quam
effe

aut

lb.

10.

hie

Nos

homine

cum

hercule
1 1

fors videret,
Deus.

li quieft,quicuret

literas

voramus

ita memirifico,

fentio,
Dionyfio.lb.

volsptatibus
propter
"

'

"

"

'

the'

of M. fULLIUS
the fame

letter

CICERO.

75

Puteoli^that A. Urb. 698.

and defires
to
know, ^r\r^*
reftored-,
current

report

King Ptolemywas
what
account
theyhad of it at

at

Rome

the report q^

-, for Gabinius, temptedby Ptolevery

my's gold, and the plunderof Mgyp \ and entrue

was

Pompeius

Mao-

nus

II.

M-Licinius

couraged alfo,as fome write, hy Pompey

himfelf^
^^^^^^
undertook
to
replacehim on the Throne with
with a high
his SyrianArmy ", which he executed
hand, and the deflrudlion of all the King'senemies
of the Senate^
of the authority
; in open defiance
and the direction of the Sibyl:this made a great
noife at Rome^ and irritatedthe people
to fuch a
degree,that theyrefolved to make him feel their
for it very feverely,
at his return
difpleafure
[^].
Pifo
His
home the firftfrom,
came
Collegue
his

nearer

Government

of

Macedonia

after

an

adminiflration of a Province,whence no
inglorious
Senator had ever
umph.
returned^but to a triConfular
the account
For though, on
of fome
trifling
advantagein the field,he had procured
himfelf to be faluted
Emperor by his army^ yet the
occafion was
fo contemptible,
that he durfl
not
fendany lettersupon it to the Senate : but after op*
the allies,
and
preflingthe fubjedls,
plundering
the beft part of his troops againft
the neighlofing
bouring
w
ho
invaded
and laid wafle
barbarians,
the country, he ran away in difguife
from a mutiny
of the foldiers,
whom
he difbanded at laft
without their pay [/]. When
he arrived at

Mjom^^
^i ]

Vid. Dio. 1. 39.

p.

"c.

Ut

ex

ea

provincia,
quie

faitex omnibus

Prasto[/JEx qua aliquot

rio imperio,
Confulari qui-

maxime
una
ad Senullas
fit
triumphalis,
litterasmittere aufus.
natum

dem

"

no,

nemo
rediit,
Nundus
ad Senatum
qui incolamis fuerit,
eftAuXlus.
Ih. ig,
quinon tnumphalit. In Pifon. i6,

miiTus

MittQ

"

^^fThe History

76
A. Urb.

^^^

M.

than

his

retir-

own

[/"]. On his firft appearance in public,

of his fon-in-law,
to the authority
Casfar,
trufting

II.

LiciMius

Crassus

en-

nue

Mag-

Nus

Life

of their laurel,
and

^^^^^ attendance

^"y

I.

the

and ignominioufly,
withCity obfcurely

the

tered

P
us

his Fafces
ftript

698.Rome^ he

Cic. 52.

of

he had the hardinefs

II.

^.^eSenate

^Q
pj^-j^

he

but when

attack Cicero, and

of his injurious
treatment
to

began

com-

of

reproachhim with
the difgrace
of his exil^the whole AjJemUyinter^
ruptedhim by a loud and general clamor ["],
with which he upbraided
Cicero,
Among other things,
he told him, that it was
not
any envy for
the
but
he had
what
what he had done^
vanityof
and that a
faid,which had driven him into exil-y
verfeof his,
Jingle
him

Cedant
was

concedat laurea lingua,

"tog^e,

arma

the caufe of all his

Pompey to make
of the General was
he

calamity
; by provoking

feel,how

him

much

the power
that of the Orator :

to
fuperior

alfo,that

in mind

put him

to

it was

and

mean

fuch,
ungenerous to exert his fpleenonelyagainft
to
whom he had reafonto contemn, without daring
de amiiTa maxima
Mitto
parte exercitus" ^20.
Dyrrhachiumut venit de"

fuerit defertior.

quam

23,

"

Cum

detradam
entisfafcibuslauream
tu"

cru-

adpor-

cedens, obfeffus eft ab iisip- tarn Efquilinamabjecifti.

fismilitibus Qiiibuscumju- lb. 30.
"

"

ratus

fe,quje
affirmaflet,

berentur, pofterodie
turum

inde

vefte

confcendit.
"

fervili

contumeli^

"

meum

loco ponere ?

quidem tempore cepi,

Patres confcripti,
fruftum im-

navem

mortaiem

38."

Sic ifte

\m\
cus
Imperator

ris

Macedoni-

"

ut
intulit,

es

maledi^i

"

intempeftacrepi- Quo

no6le

datus,

aufus

perfolu- difceiTum ilium

fe abdidit

domum

["] Tunc

de-

in

nuilius

urbem

"

fe

ne,

veftri in

qui non
fed

voce

negotiate-jedtihominis

ris obfcurifiimireditus

un-

amo-

admurmuratio"
"

clamore

ab-

petulantiam

lb. 14.
fregiftis,
"

me

"

medih

CICERO.

cf M.rULLIUS
who
thofe,
was
more
his refentment

had

more

due

[c].

meddle with

him,

better for

fufFeredCicero

to
to

the fpot, in
^,
that was
perhaps,

him

upfevereft
the
^
(peech^

nus

on

man,

lifeand Gondu6t

fubname
of Pifo ; which, as long as the Roman
moil deteftable chamuft deliver down
a
fifls,
As to the verf^,
radler of him to all pofterity.

urged,he ridiculesthe abfurof it, and tells him,

dity of Pifo's application
that he had contrived a very extraordinary
puto be banifhment {ov poor poets^ if theywere
he

with which

was

*'
*^

nifhed for every

kind
of a new

"
*'

had

line : that he

not

was

Critic

but
Ariftarchus,

an

Phalaris; who, inflead of

the
pungingthe verfe,was for deftroying

"Grammatical
*'

that the verfe itfelfcould

**

thor

*'

affront

"

*'
*'
*'

*'

"

to

did

gine,that by
gown ; or by

know

not

the

au-

that he

was

he

his

meant

own

of any particuto
not
lar General ; and
fee, that he was
onelyin the Poetical ftile; and as the
fpeaking
the emblem

was

one

could

that he

war,

that the tumults

"

City had

*'

to

been

peace and

[0] Non

the

Haec

excitavit

res
"

and

dangers,with

threatened,muft

; that
tranquillity

Paullo

ulla tibi,inquit,
tibi fiuftus illos
Tuae

arms

of peace, the other of

mean
nothingcKe, than

invidia nocuit,fed verfus tui.

now

he

ante

which

give way

might have
dixiftime

iis confligere,
quos
rem

non

the

cum

defpice-

attingere
eos, qui

dicis,inquit,pluspoflent,
quibusiratus ef-

Togae, fummum
rem

ex-

his letters,
to ima-

Gown,

arms,

"

"

imply any

not

whatfoever

man

any

afs,and

an

*'

Imperato-

ir,

J-icinius

CrassusII.

i^

ipoken by any

ever

parts, the whole

perfon,the

^q^^^'

But

Reply to

the

Inve^ive

an

on

and where A. Urb. 698.

it had been

and
have ftifledhis complaints
Cn.Pompeibe quiet
who,
by
exafperated us Mag",

imprudentattack,made

his

power

77

fe deberem.

"

Ib.29,30,

31.

efTe cefTurum."
"

ftuck

The YLi^roKY

78
A. Urb.

698.cc ftuck

CofT^*
Cn. Pompeius

Mag^^'

'^^^

littleindeed

^^^

P^^^ ^^

*^

helpedhim

"

laurel under

foot

*"

declared how

much
^^"^

^^^^'

"

in

latter

^^^^^" *^ ^^^^ himfelf had

out ; who, by trampling
his

"

^^^^
CRAssiril!

of the Life
the
explaining

at

not
own

the Gates of Rome^ had

he thoughtit inferior to

^^

^^^^^

^^^^

for

^s

Pompey,

"

it

to
filly

was

think

that, after the

volumes, which he had written in his praife,

^'
Ont filly
verfefhould make him at lafl his enehis enewas
my : but that in truth,he never
tl"
and if,on
certain occafion, he had
a
my;
** fhewn
all
any coldncfs towards him, it was
"'

*'

the

perfidyand malice of fuch as

Pifo ; who were
continually
infufing
jeaJoufies
into him, tilltheyhad removed
and fufpicions
owing

*'
'*

*'
**

from

"

or

to

his confidence all who

the

loved either him,

Republic[/"].'*

this time, the Theater, which Pompey

had built at his own
charge,for the ufe and

About

of the

City,was

folemnlyopenedand
dedicated : it is much celebrated by the ancients,
for its grandorand magnificence
: the planwas
taken from the Theater of Mytilene^
but greatly
ornament

nonArif-

[/] Quonlamte
tarchum,

fed Grammaticum

Phalarim

habemus, qui
ad

notam

malum

apponas
verfum, fed poetam

profequare Quid
"

non

armis
te,

nunc

Non
Afme, literasdoceam
dixi banc
togam, qua fum
fcutum
amidus, nee
arma,
?

"

gladiumunius

ris : fed
ne

tem
more

"

nifi tu

cum

tu

tumultus

ac

au-

e cruen-

ad

por-

inEfquilinam
abjecifti,
modo
dicafti,non
ampliflifed etiam

mae,

di lauream

mihi

conceffifTa

Vis

"

effe faftum

"

Pri-

compenfabit

nonne

cum

verficulo

mina

lau-

ifto verfu inimi-

Pompeium
cum

minimse

laudum

tot

volu-

mea

fuarum

? Vef-

belli, trae fraudes, veftraecrimina"

poetarum locutus,hoc

volui,bellum
intelligi

detraftam

"

tam

mo

contra

Nam
expediffes.

tis fafcibus lauream

Imperatoquod paciseft infig- uno

otii,toga
arma,

rem,

ac

tu-

xnultum paciatque otio concefluruni-"--inaltero" hxre-

tiones infidiarum

"

"c.

mearum"

ego excluderer
In Fifon. 30, 31.

efFecerunt

ut

enlarged.

The History

8o
A, Urb.

At

of this dedication,
folemnity
Pompey
entertained the peoplewith (be mojl magnificent

698.

Cic. 52.

the

which had
Cn.Pomfei-^^"^'*^'
us
Nus

Mag-

II.

M^ LiciNius

of the Life

^n the

been

ever

exhibited in Rome:

Theater^were

ftage plays prizesof mufic^

and all kinds of bodily
in the
wreftling,
:
exercifes
and huntings
QycuSy horfe-races^
of wild heafts
for
'fivedaysfuccejjlvely
five hundred lions
; in which
and on the lafl day,twenty elephants
killed-,
were
:
lamentable
when mortally
whofe
wounded^
howling^
in the multitude^
fucha commiferation
raffed
from a
their
notion
of
vulgar
great fenfeand love to man^
the whole diverjion
that it deftroyed
of the fhew^ and
drew curfes
the author
on
Pompey himfelf
for bei?ig
of fo 7nuch cruelty
[/]. So true it is,what Cicero
^

obferves of this kind of

that there
prodigaHty
\
honor in it that itfais no real dignity
or
lafting
and is forgotten^
tiates,while it pleafes^
as
foon
It
it is over
as
\u\.
gives us however a genuin Idea of the wealth and grandor of thefe
of Rome \ who, from their prifubjedls
principal
vate
could raife fuch noble buildings,
revenues,
fuch Ihews, from the feveral quarand provide
ters
-,

of the world, which

able to exhibit.

now

vero
[/]Magnlficentiffima

Pompeii nollri
cundo

munera

Confulatu.

De

in fe-

OiF.

2.

no

monarch

verfus

confurgeret,
dlrafque

luit,
Pompeio, quas illemox
Plin.
L
poenas imprecaretur
"

8. 7. Vid,

16.

Pompeii

quoque

altero

Gonfulatu, dedicatioiie Tern-

earth is

on

Dio.

It. Plutar. in

["] In

1. 39. p. 107=

Pomp.

his infinitis"-fump-

tibus, nihil nos magnopere

pliVeneris Vidlricis,pugnaneceifitati
mirari : cum
in Circo vigintiElevera
nee
Amifia
nee
audignitas
fugx fpe fubveniatur,
phantes
iiladeledarnifericordiam vulgi inenar:
ipfaque
geatur
labili habitu
querentes Tup- tic multitudinis fit ad breve
in quo
quadam {^{q. la- exiguumque tempus
plicavere,
fatietate
mentatione
tamen
ctim
iplo,una
complorantes,
moriatur
tanto
popalidolore,ut obli- memoria
quoque
Off.
uniFlens
De
2. 16.
tus Imperatori?
voluptatis.
"

"

f^

"

Cicero,

of M.TULLIUS

"

CICERO.

Cicero, contrary
at

thefe fhews,

and

"

*'

his books

old

The
came

on

"

to

"

"

have

flaid away

faultered and

*'

plays,the

"

"

"

"

*'

piecesby

ftruck dead

"

of

with

Elephants,inilead
neral compafiion,and
lation between
you

the

other

are

to

poor weak
or

the

fellow
noble

lafl

raifed a
delight,
opinion of fome

of
an

think

and

gere-

but lefl

man;

me

^fopus,

friend Gallus Caninius

kind

without

II,

they
willingly
quit the

as

I would

it's annual

[a-]
Ep. fam.
Vol.

beafl

day'sfliew

to

as

me,

ftage,to live with you, and fuch as you,

politeand liberal eale [/l^
The
City continued for a great part of

fummer

torn

v/holly
happy, in thefe
diverfion,I have almoft burll myfeif

fhould

in the defence of your

if the City would
be

*'

but

-/^fopus
ap-

In

that animal

''

"

friend

our

fpear:

days of

"

honour, ought rather

fierce beat]:;

"

"

Pompey

failed him

of taft,to fee

man

*'

"

to

Mamftrates

7.

in

this

for the

I.

eleflions,

11.

I^'^'^'^
^^^

^^^^^^^

plate,troops of horfe and

foot fighting
The huntings
the flage.
on
indeed were
but v/hat pleafure
to
magnificent,
a

?4ag-

in the country,
nus
Mhad left the fliage,

infinitetreafures of

to

"

us

vafl apparatus, and crouded machiof the mob,

nery, which raifed the admiration
the entertainment : fix hundred
mules,
fpoiled

"'

"

^^^^ Pom-fi-

by

retreat

own

his

to

pearedto be quitefunk and V\7orn out ; fo that

all peoplefeemed willing
his quito grant him
for in attem.ptingto
raife his voice,
etus
:
where
he had
occafion to fwear, his fpeech

"

*'

A.Urb.
698.
prefent
S^'i~"
Pompey,

be drawn

not

he^ who
adlors,y^jj
to it again,in honor

for the fake of their

"

could
and

"

"

was

of

out

Marius, who

from

them

cuftom,

compliment to
of them
account
particular

gives a

friend M.

his

to

8i

82
A. Urb.

693. eledions,which

^'c

^^^ ^^^^^'

'k'

'

Mag-

Nus

NL

II.

LiciNius

them

to

ed

lafl,except

at

been

their

poflponedfrom

Confuls, till
their minds, and fecurc

to

Creatures

own

the

^^^

^^P^^^ ^y

fettlethem

which

in the cafe of /-u?^

theyefFe6tTribuns, who

agalnfttheir will: but the

mod
remarkable
repulfewas, of M. Cato from
the FrcetorJJjip^
which was givento Vatinius ", from
jj^^Q the
^jpj-

'

had
^^^^

^^^'^^

^^^ycould

Cn.Pompeius

of the Life

The History

office

the befl Citizen,to the woffl.

Cato, upon his
from
the Cyprian voyage,
return
was
mented
complithe

by

for that fervice with

Senate

the

in an
gier
manextraordinary
offerof the Pr^torJJoip^
ing
\^y]. But he declined the compliment,thinkobtain
it more
to his chara6ler to
agreeable
it in the ordinary
way, by the free choice of the
people: but when the eledlion came
on, in which
he was
thoughtfure of fuccefs,Pompey hroke up
the ajjemhly^
on
pretenceof fomewhat inaufpicious
and management^ got
in the heavens^and^ by intrigue
the
Vatinius declared Pr^tor^ who had been repulfed
with difgr
ace from the j^.dilefhip
[2]; but
year before
and likely
this being carried by force of money,
to produce an
impeachm.entof Vatinius, Afrafor a decree, that the Prators fhould
nius moved
be qiiefiioned
not
for bribery
aftertheir election;
of the
which
the generalhumor
pafTedagainft
Senate ", with
an
onely^
exception
of fixtydays^
be
in which theywere
to
as private
men.
confidered

The

pretence for the decree

being fpent,the

of the year

without

any Praetors

at

that fo much

was,

whole

all,if

would

of
liberty

[y] Cujus mlniflerii gratia i. Plutar. in Cato.

relationem
interponi [k] Proxima dementiae
jubebat,ut Pra^toriis Coniifragia quoniam quern
SenatuG

"

tiis

extra

haberetur.

ordinem
Sed

paHusnon eH..
"

pafs
im-

fufho-

ratio

ejus

norem

ipfe id

iieri

Vatinio dare coacli funt. Val.

\^'il.Max.

a..

Max.

Catoni

negaverunt,

7. 5. Plut. in

Pomp.

"

peaching

allowed

peachingwas

83

CICERO.

of M,TULLIUS
:

^9^fays^'^^^'

this moment^

from

to Cato ; and^
Cicero, theyhave giventhe exclufion
that all the world fhall Cn.
beingmafias of dl^ refolve

know

[a].

it

^^
^

T^

"

Portico

and

of

his

/^

Catulus

brother

repairsof

the

Mag-

as

ana

be

I^-

LiCINIUS

"

finilhea

now

were

Pompei-

adjoining
/y^
M.

the

houfe,and

Palatin

CicERoV

Coff/'

CrassusII.

of the
likewife
fo they feem
[i*],

the Curators

were

'Temple
of Tellus

for thefe
provided fome infcriptions
of themfelves :
and memory
in honor
buildings
could be ^tt up,
but fince no publicInfcriptions
unlefs by publicauthority,
apprehenthey were
Cicero menfrom Ciodius.
five of an oppofition
tioned
the cafe to Pompey, who
promifedhis
have

to

but advifed him

aiTiflance,

he took occafion

fus, which
home

him

to

one

readilyundertook

talk alfo with Craf-

do,

to

day from

as

he attended

Crafliis

Senate.

the

and
the affair,

told

him, that

byFcmpefs
pointto carry for himfelf^
help and his^and that if Cicero would not oppofe
that Ciodius would not
Ciodius^he was perfuaded
Ciodius had

Clodius's
confented.
of thofe free or hobufinefs was
to
procure one
that he mightgo with a public
'noraryLieutena/tcies^
character to Byzantium^and King Brogitarus^
to
gatherthe money, which they owed him for pad
cero,
fervices.
As it is a mere
money matter^ faysCiall not concern
I fid
my felfabout it^ whether I
gain my own pointor nct^ thoughPc?npeyand Crafhim
difturb

["] A.

to

which

D. III. id. Mali

Cicero

S.

C.

factum eft de ambitu

in
Afranii fententiam.
Sed

cum
magno
Confules non

funt

fentcntias;

eoruni

iiio

gemitu Senatus.

Tenet

derunt,ut

Pra:tores ita

dies LX.

crea-

pla-

omnia, idque ira

vclunt.
intelligere

omnes

perlecuri Quint.

rcntur,

ut

ta

die Catonem

Quid. m;ilrepiidiarunt.

ne

qui Afra-

eiient arienil addi-

cum

Eo

efient.

2.

Ad

9.

[/;](^od
eft curationis

M^t^

Tellaris

rnea:.

De

lla-

rufp.rclp.14.

privati
G

[us

"

The

84
A. Urb.

have jointly
undertaken
6()^.fus

52.
^!JCn

have

If
.

LiciNius

^^

RAssus

he

he feems

to

defired,fince befides the

he mentions
a ftatue
Infcriptions,
alfoof
his Brother^which he had actually
ere"led at the
'Temple
of Tellus \c\

Mag-

Nus

what

obtained

it: but

i"^s^"^^d

Pompeius

of the Life

History

Trebonius, one of the Tribuns, in the in|.gj.gj[|

q": i-he Triumvirate, publifhed
a
law, for
the

affignment
of Provinces to the Confuls
for the
term
offiveyears : to Pompey^ Spain and Ah'iCj
with a
to CrafuSySyria,and the Parthian war^
what forcestheythought
fit: and
power of raijing
that C^far's
commiffion
fhouldhe renewed alfofor
The
law was
fiveyears more.
oppofedby the generality
of the Senate ; and, above all,by Cato^
Favonius^ and two of the Tribuns,C. Ateius CaG alius : but the fuperior
pitOy and P, Aquilius
force of the Confuls

the other Tribuns

vailed,
preand cleared the Forum
violence
all
of
by
and

their opponents.
law no fooner
The

than CrafTus began

pafTed,
for his Eaftern expedition
in
; and was

to

prepare
fuch haft

to

months

two

his

fet forv/ard,
that he \th Rome above
before the expiration
of his Confulfhip
:

to
eagernefs

involve the

Republicin a dcfpefor which

the Parthians had givenno
rate
war,
detefted by the City: the
pretext, was generally
[^]MuUa

no"le

Vi-

peium c^nfequi.Putare fe,

bullio
non
Pompeium. fi ego eum
impedirem,
de
iftis
finecontenme
poffe adipifci
Cumqiie ego egifTera
tione quod vellem"
"c.
Ad
operibus" infcriptionibus,
mihi
2.
refpondit.
Quint.
benigne
9.
per
CrafTo {t dixit loqui
Cum
Reddita eft mihi pervetus
velle,mihique, ut idem fa- Epiftoia
inquade^Ede
veni

cum

ad

'"

cerem,

fulem
duxi
efle
pore

fuafit. Craffum
ex

Senatu

domum

: fufcepit
rem,
quod Olodius

Conre-

Telluris, k de porticuCatuli

me

admones.

Fit

utrum-

Ad Telluris
dixitque que diligenter.
hoc temetiam tuam
llatuam locavi.

cuperet fe, " per Pom-

lb. 3.

i.

Trihun

rULLIUS

tf M.

CICERO,

8j

and prohibited
impious^
by A. Urb. 698.
.denounced direful
imprt.ations^^c. 52.

^rihun Ateius declared it

all the

aufpices
\ mid
it ; but
againft
findingCrafTus determined
in defiance of all

march

him

he waited
religion,

to

q^

for

'

us

Mag-

the gates of the

City,and havingdrejjednus H.
^- Licinius
floodreadywith afireand facrifice
up a littlealtar^
^^^'susll.
to devote him to defiru5iion
\d\ Ateius was afterwards turned out of the Senate by AppiuSywhen he
the aufpices
this ocwas
on
Cenfor^for fcilfifying
cafton
\ but the miferable fate of CraiTus fupported the credit of them; and confirmed the vulgar
ancient rites^
opinionof the inevitableforceofthofe
the divine vengeance on all^who
in drawingdown
them \e\ Appius was
prefumedto contemn
one
of the Augurs: and the onelyone
of the College,
who maintained the truth of their auguries^
and the
reality
of divination ; for which he was laughedat
by the reft
chargedhim alfo with an abfur\ who
dity,in the reafon,which he fubfcribed,for his
Cenfure upon Ateius, viz. that he hadfalfified
the
and brought
a great calamity
on the Roman
aufpiceSy
:
people
for if the aufpicestheyfaid^were falfe^
have any effeif^
or be the caufe
theycould not poffibly
doubtedly
unof that calamity
[/]. But though theywere
forged,it is certain however, that
they had a real influence on the overthrow of
at

Id] DIo. 1. 39.

Plut. in CraiT,
\e\ M,

CralTo

p.

ban:.

quid acci-

derit,videmus, dirarum

ob-

nunciatione

lOe

Divin.

I.

negleda.
"

gur

memoria,

non

de-

cantandi

Augurii,fed

divi-

quern

tenuit

irridebant

cuinque

turn

"

Cn/em
cenfor

non

lads fcienter"

egregium, Ateium,

quod ementitumaufpicia
fubrcripfeiit."

:
difciplinam
CoUegaetui,

Pifidam,

Quibus

effe dice-

nulla videba-

Auguriisaut Aufpiciis
prsefentio.lb. 47.
In quo Appius,bonus Au-

multorum

annorum

Augurera

in

tur

16.

[/'J Solus enim

nandi

Soranum

109.

"

Qua;

adferre

notavit,

fi falfa fuiiret nullam

caufani
potuiflet

cala-

mitatis.-^-Ib. 16.

turn

CraiTus

.*

The

86
69S.Craflus

A. Urb.

Cic. $"z..

^"^^^

us
Nus

II.

M.LiciNius
Crassus

every

thing which

of their

omen

^^i

Mag-

had

of them

terror

they faw,

1^^^ ^^ ^^j^^

heard, to

the enemy
ftruck with fuch

or

fpirit
enough

tolerable refiftance.

defirous,before he leftRome^

was

us

or

them

fo that when

ruin

appearedin fight,theywere
panic,that theyhad not courage
II.
Crass

deeplypof-

minds of the foldiers,and made

feiTed the

Pompei-

Cn

for the

of the Life

History

to

theyhad never been real

friends, but generallyoppofitein party ; and
Cicero's earlyengagements with Pompey kept

be reconciled

him

of courfe

coldnefs
lineV

to

Cicero

at

diftance from. CrafTus

ftill encreafed

was

plot^of v/hich

CralTus

of Cati-

account

on

their

ftrongly
fufpe6tbeing the author

was

chargedCicero with
both
of that fufpicion
: theycarried it however
on
fides with much
decency; out of regardto Crafadmirer and difcifus's fon, Publius, a profefied
pleof Cicero ", till an accidental debate in the
Senate blew up their fecret grudge into an open
quarrel. The debate was upon Gabinius, whom

ed

and

Craflus undertook

defend,

to

Cicero

reflexions upon

with

fevere

many

with
replied

who

no

lefs

acrimony, and gave a free vent to that old refentwhich had been gament
of Craffus^s
many injuries^
hut lain dormant fo
he fays,fever
at years
thering^
till,
long,that he took it to be extinguifljcd^
from this
it burfiout into a fla-me. The
accident,
quarrel
^

joyto the chiefs of the Senate ", who

highlyapplaudedCicero, in hopes to embroil
him v/ith the 'triumvirate : but Pompey labored
gave

hard

great

to

make

his
preffed

Cicero, as

it up,

'

by

letter

ex-

uneafinefs upon it ; and begged it of

a favor, to be reconciled with Craffijs:

fo that he could
f]on fo

and Casfar alfo

not

hold

and
powerfull,

out

an
againit

fo well

enforced

intercef-

by

his

affedlion to 'jounz CrafRis: their reconciliation ivaa

confirmed

The

88

698.and gentler
ftudies
\ in which he had

Urb.

of the Life

History

Ctc. ^2.

to his
finijhedy
the
on
of dialogue^

three books by way

Jatisfa5iio%
I^^^^'^f ^he Orator^ in ArifiotUsmanner
\ which
'i^ouldbe of ufe to his fon^ young heyitulus^
being
and
drawn^ not in the ordinary
way of the fchools^
/^^ ^^-y
method of precepts^ but comprehending
all
^j^^j .^j^^
and efpecially
and Ifocrates,
ancients^
Arijlotle
had taught
the Inftitution
en
of an Orator ["],
The
three books contain as many Dialogues,
upon the character and Idea of the perfe^Orator^
the principal
P. CralTus,and M.
were
fpeakers
of the firftdignity
Antonius % perlbns
in the ReMafrers of Eloquence,
pubhc, and the greatefl
had then known
"which Rome
: they were
near
fortyyears older than Cicero^and the fir
fiRomans
who
the prize of Oratory
could pretendto difpute
^

'

C'

Po

Mag-

vs
Nus
I

M.
L

-"vi.

II.

Ljcuhus
R A " "u s

the Greeks

with

and who

carried the Latin

tongue

littleor no room
which left
ofperfections
degree
[/]. The difputation
for any farther
improvement
undertaken at the deftre^
and for the injiruc^
was
to a

ab

[^] Scripfietiam, (r.am

orationibus disjungo me
ad manfueti-

ftire,reieroque
Aores
mufas) refcripfi
igitur

nor

quam

Antonius,quod id^

circo

pofui,ut dicendi
prima maturitas qua

latine

extitilTet,
pofiet rotari

riitoteleo more,

a^tate
;

"

jam
quemadmo- intelligeretur,
cKq perdudlam,
quidem volui, tres libros mum
paene
in difputatione
" dialogo
de
nihil ferme quifquam
ut
eo
arbitror
addere
nifi qui a PhiLenOratore, quos
pofTer,
fore inuciles. lolbphia,
tulo tuo
non
a jurecivili,
ab hiad

fum"

dum

Abhorrent
bus

enim

:
prsceptis

antiquaram, "
^

Ifocrateam

communiac

omnem

Ariftoteleam
rationem

Ora-

toriam

compleftantur.
Ep,

fam.

9.

I,

f/] Crafius

trtginta

turn

quatuor "
habebat annos,

toiidemqueannis

mihi

state

ftoria fuifTetinflruftior. Brut,

275.
ad A.ntonium, Craffumqr.e pervenimus. Nam
Nunc

ego lieexiflimo hos Oratores

fuiilV: maximos
"
in his
:

primum cum
ria latine

quatam"

Grascorum
dicendi

glocopiam ae^

-lb. 250.

Triennio ipfo
mipricnabat-"

tion

CICERO.

of M, TULLIUS

89

of great hopes^C. Cotta A. Urb. 698.

then beginningto
who
were
and P. Sulpicius,
^q^^^'
not prefent
Cicero himfelf
was
florifli
at the bar :
q^ Pompeithe
principal Magby Cotta^ of
at it^ but beinginformed
II.
heads and generalargument of the whole fupplied
M. Licinius
to /^^
invention^ agreeably
the reft
from his own
which thofegreat men
ftHe and manner^
different
to do honor
known to purfue
were
; and with defign
of Craffus^
to the memory of them both^ but efpecially
and
who had been the dtre5lor of his early
ftudies
\
he affignsthe defence of that notion,
to v/hom
of the chawhich he himfelf alwaysentertained,
ra6ler of a confummate
Speaker\f}%\,
Atticus
was
excedinglypleafedv/ith this

of twoymng

^lon

Orators

us

nus

and commended
it to the fKies ; but obtreatife,
Sc^^vola from
of difmiffng
]e6led to the propriety

afterhe had once been introduced

difputation^
ifitothe firft
dialogue,Cicero defends himfelf by
the example of their Gcd^ Plato as he calls him,
the

in his book

on

Government

beino:laid in the houfe of

",

where

the Scene

old Gentleman, Ce-

an

phalus,the old man^ afterbearinga part in the

exciifes
himfelfthat he muft go
ftrft
converfaiion^
no
more
to prayers^and returns
; Plato not thinking
itfuitable
to the character of his age^ to be detained
hi the Company through
:
that^
fo longa difcourfe
he had ufedthe fame
with greaterreafontherefore^
cent
denot
caution in the cafeof Scavola ; finceit was
to fuppofe
extreme
a perfon
of his dignity^
age^
ferrnone adumbrare
coenim, qui ipfi rum
De Orat. 3. ^.
interfuiflemus,nati
Cotta
Ut ei,(Craffo)
tantum" fi nequa-

\jn\ Nos
fermoni
"

quibus C.

modo

jus
quo

non

"

lententias hu-

illius ingenio,
parem
ftudio
tradidifTet,at pro noflro tamen
difputationis
in genei.2 orationis umeritam
gratiamdebitamque

trumque

locos,ac

Oratorem

raipus, id

cognove-

in
ipfamfviir.us

quam

referamus

"

Ibid.

"

eo-

and

The

5)0

History

of

the

Life

al days fuccejfwel
698.and infirmhealthy/pending
fever

A. Urb.

Cic- 52'

vsMaG"

houfe: that the fir

fi day^s
dialogue
related to his particular
hut the other two
profeffion^
the rules and precepts of the art^
turned chiefly
on
in another man^s

for one of Scavola^s temper

M. LiciNius
and chara^er to ajjift
onelyas a hearer [n]. This
II.
Crassus
admirable work remains intire,a ftanding
monument
of Cicero's parts and abilities; which, while
the Idea of a perfed:
it exhibits to us
Orator,
and marks out the way, by which Cicero formed
himfelf to that charadler,it explanesthe reafon
likewife why no-body has fince equalledhim, or
will, tillthere be found again united,what
ever
in any man,
will hardlybe found fingle
the fame
and the fame parts,
induflry^
Nus

II.

where

it

not

was

proper

returned

Cicero

to

Rome^ about

the middle

of November,
to afliflat Milo's wedding,who
married
Faufla, a rich and noble Lady, the

daughterof Syllathe Di5iator [(?] with whom,

fome writers fay,he found Sallull the Hiftorian
as
in bed not longafter and had him fomidlylafhedy
The
him.
Confuls, Pompey
beforehe difmiffed
and Craflus, having reapedall the fruit,which
offecurtheyhad propofedfrom the Confulfhip,
-,

ing

the Provinces^ which theywanted^

themfelves

to

not

were

much

concerned

about

the choice

of

the electheir fucceflbrs ; fo that,after poftponing

tion

laft to

of the year, they gave way

L. Domitius
their enemy,
Ahenobarbus

being

content

to

end

the

have

to

friend,Appius Claudius
["] Quod
quos

iis

in

deras

Scaevolae.

temere

dimovi, fed feci idem,

c[uod

in

rseeujB

Non

earn

Deus
^oKtli'icL

Socrates

Cum

ille

feftivum

their

eft in

Ad
.

locupletem

fenem,

ille fermo

mus

in Pi-

veniiTet ad

him

Pulcher.

libris,Cephalum,

laudas, perfonamdefi-

nofter,Plato.

joinedwith

at

quoad pri-

haberetur ad-

difputandoSenex

"

Att. 4. 16.

Ad
[r']

"

Att. 4. 13, 5. 8.

"c,

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
foon

As

the

as

began to

enemies

defignwas

to

91

CrafTus's
on,
year came
attack him in the Senate : their
new

revoke

his

commilTion, or

Domitius

at

after a

conteft with

warm

Ahenobarbus,

^- "^laudiv3
Fulcher.

tbe

Confulsthemfelves^

the

ConfularSenators. He gave
of the debate by letter,
CrafTus an
account
in
which
he tells him, that he had given-proof
not
onelyto his friendsand family hut to the whole
of his reconciliation; and afCity^of the ftncerity
with all his
to fervehim.,
fareshim of his refolution
in every thing
interefl^
pains.,advice^ authority.,
which concerned himfelfhis friends^
great or fmall.,

feveralof

and

or

clients; and bids him

which
leagueof amity.,
[^].
lahlyobferved
month

look upon that letter as a

his part fhoiild
he invio^
on

of

ployed
emFebruarybeinggenerally
in givingaudience to foreign
Princes and
Antiochus^King of Com.agene, a
Embaffadors^
the banks of the Euphrates[^],
on
territory
ferred
pre-

The

the Senate for fome new

to
nour
hopetition
which was
or
privilege,
commonly decreed
Princes in alliance with the Republic: but
to
Cicero beingin a rallying
humor, made the petition
fo ridiculous,
that the houferejected
and
it.,
at his'motion.,referved
out of his jurifdiclikewife
tion one of his principal
Towns.,Zeugma; in which
the
the Euphraand paffage
was
over
chiefbridge
tes.
had grantedto this
Casfar,in his Confulfhip,
King the honor of the Pr^texta.,or the rohe of the
Roman Magijlrates
was
; which
alwaysdifagreea

[/]

Has

literasvelim

ex-

iftimes fcederis habiturus effe

vim,
^a,

non

qu"

epiilolse
;
meque
ubi promiuo ac

cipio,fandliffime
va":urun"

"

Ep.

[y] Ep. fam.

efTe obfer-

fam.

699,

^p'i^*

abridge^

leaft of the power of makingwar

upon the
Parthians : but Cicero exerted himfelf fo flrenuouflyin his defence,that he baffled their attempts,
it

Urb.

A.

5. 8.

15. i, 3,4.

re-

^ble

^f^^ History

02

A. Urb.

699,able

C^c- 53Coff.
AhenoBARBus,

h.Chhvmvs
PuLCHER.

to

the

of the Life

who
nobility,

did

not

the fame

thefe petty Princes put upon

to

care

fee

rank with

fo that Cicero, calling

out upon the
the Pratexwill you^ fayshe, who refufed
'nobles^

themfelves

this Comagenian
King of Boftra,fuffer
this difappointment
in purplelBut
to Jirut
was
to the King, than it was
to
j^Q|. niore
mortifying
the Confuls, whofe befl perquifites
drawn
were
from thefe compliments,which were
paid
alwaysreby rich prefentsfo that Appius^who had
reconciledto Cicero^and paid a particubeen lately
lar
to him by Atcourt to him at this time^ applied
the petito fuffer
friends^
ticus^and their common
tions
the ufual
nor
defiroy
of thisfortto pafsquietly^
barren to
harveflof the months and make it piite
him \f\.
made an excurfion this fpringto viCicero
the

to

ta

-,

fit his feveral feats and

and,

in

his Cuman

eflates in

Villa^ began

the country

Treatifeon
ties
City^and the dua

the befl
ftateof a
politics
\ or on
of a Citizen : he calls it a great and laborious
in
work^ yet worthyof his pains^ifhe couldfuccede
it ; if not^ I [hallthrow
it^ fayshe, into that
me^ and attempt fomething
fea^ which is now before
for me to be idle, It was
ftnceit is impoffible
elfe^
in which the
drawn up in the form of a dialogue^
of the old Republic
introwere
perfons
greatcfl
,

[r]
quod

De

rem

Comageno Rege,
totam

fe "

mihi " per

nium blanditur

adeptusCcsfare
hominum

difcufleram, Confule, magno

per

Pompo-

Appius.

Vi-

det enim, fi hoc genere dicendi utar in caeteris,FebruEarium ilerilem futurum.

lufi jocofefatis: neumque
folum

erat

quam

illud extorli

fu cavillatus
homines

Vos

ri-

autem

nobiles,qui Boftre-

numPraetextatum

nonfereba-

tis,Comagenum

feretis?

Multa
gem,

dixi in

-"

ignobilemRe-

quibus

tonus

eft

explo-

fus.

Quo genere commotus

oppiin
me
dulum, quod erat pofituin
Appius totum
amplexafed
Ad
Quint. 2. 12.
Euphrate,Zeugma;
prae- tur.
terea togam ejuspraetextam,
que

"

duced,

of M.rULLIUS
duced, debatingon

CICERO.
the

tion of

93

originand bed conftitu- A.

Scipio, Lselius,Philus,

government;
be dito
Manilius, ^r. [s]. The whole was
ilributedinto nine books, each of them the fub-

jeftof
the

ed

he
: when
day'sdifputation

one

firft,
theywere

two

read

in

Urb.
c

one

had finifh-

Ahenob a

of his friends; where Salluft,who

advifed him to change
of the company,

plan,and treat the fubiedl in his own perfon^

had dene beforehim ; alledging^
that
as
Arijlotle
the introdu5lion of thcfe
a'ncients^
infiead
of adding
to the argument^
gravity^
gave an air of Romance
when delivered
which would have the greaterweighty
from himfelf\as beingthe work^ not of a little
but of a Ccnfuor
'Thecrifi^
contemplative
Sophift^
lar Senator^ and
Statefman^converfantin the
what his own
and writijtg
praBice^
affairs,
greatefi
and the experience
ofmany years, had taughthim to
reafons feemed very plaufible,
Thefe
he true,
his fcheme ; efhim think of altering
and made
lince,by throwing the fcene fo far back,
pecially
himfelf from touching
thofe important
he precluded
on
revolutions of the Republic, v/hich
he confined
to which
later than the period,
were
himfelf : but, after fome deliberation,
willing
beingunthe two
throw
books,already
to
away
much
he
finifhed,with which he was
pleafed,
refolved to itick to the old plan,and as he had

dixeram
fane
fi ex

Scribebam

Hanc

ilia, quse

ego, quam

inflitui,

de

in
fpif/um
Repub. difputationem
'7p-c\"^i"Ku,
"
operolum : fed African! perfonam 8c Phili,

opus
fententia

befuccefTerit,

"

Laslii "

Manilii

con:uli,

quod te non fugif-,

complexusfum
magnam
"
"
plurimiotii,
jiciemus,quodfcribentesfpecgravem,
tamus
alia,
quod ego maximeegeo. Ad
;
aggrediemur
non
quoniam quiefcere.
pof- Au. 4. i6.
erit opera
nus, in iJlud
ne

fum

us.

pofitaifin midemare
ipfura

"c.

"

reus,

hisTufculan^^^^^

his

[^]

l. Domitius

Villa to fome
was

699.

Rem,

Jb. 14.

preferred

94
A. Urb.

r
^

of the Life

The History

'

the firft,
for the fakeof avoiding
purfuedit without any other alte-

it from
699. preferred

^^^' 53-

fo
offencCy

DoMiTius

^^tion, than

Aheno-

books

BAREus,

A.Claudius
TuLciiER.

he

that

of

7tineto fix-,in which

from

number

reducing the
form

of

theywere

and furvived him for leveral

pubiiflied,
lofl [/].
Unfortunately
ages, though now
of this work, which ftill
the fragments
From
ance,
remain, it appears to have been a noble performall the
of his capital
and one
pieces
", where
in politics
and morality
were
importantqueftions
difculTed with the greatefl
eleganceand accuracy ;
the nature
gation
of law and obliof Society
",
ofthe origin
the eternal difference
of rightarid wrong ;
;
or foundation
beingthe onelygood policy^
ofjuftice
lo that he
either of publicor privateprofperity
:
calls hisf.x
books^
lic^
givento the pubfo many pledges^
of his conduct \ii]. The
for the integrity
the principalfpeakerof
Scipiowas
younger
the
to ajfe-rt
the Dialogue, whofe
part it was
afterwards

[/]Sermo
"

dies "

in

autem

Ego

novem

libros diHributus de

id

autem

fecutus,

ram

ipfumturn
ne

in

e-

noftra

Optimo flatu civitatis " de tcmporaincurrensofFenderem

quempiam. Ad Quint. 3. 5.
Optimo cive. Hi libri,cum
iuTufculanomihilegerentur, This will folve that varia"

"

audiente
fum

ab

Salluilio;admonitus

illo,multo

majore

aucloritate illisde rebus dici

pofTe,fi ipfeloquererde Re-

tion which

we

find in his

own

of chis work, in difterent parts of his writings

:
account

why Fannius, who in

efTem,
placesis declared to be
pub. przcfercim
in it, [Ad Att. 4,
Heraclides Ponticus, fed
a fpeaker
non
16, Ad Quint. 3. 5.] is de" is,qui in maxiconfularis,
fo in others j berebus
nied
in
to be
verfatus
mis
Repub.
hoefTem : quae tarn antiquis
ing drcpt,when the number
minibus
fum

vit me,
maximos
tis

attribuerem.

iri ficlaefTe
":

eo

motus

quod

illorum

tetas

ca

vi-

of books

was

[.v]Cum

Commo-

contraded.
fex

libris,tan-

me
ipfumobprsedibus

magis, quod

quam

noftrss civita-

tibi tam
lblnxerim,quos

attingerenon
erant

"

and

fome

cum

poteram,

gaudeo.
probari

inferiores,
quam

Ad

valde
Att. 6.

i.

quiloquebantur.
excellence

T/je Hi

96
A. Urb.

of tbe Life

STORY

699.sl^an hoped
for\z\

Cicero fent another copy

fafc to his hands,
of the fame Letter, which came

^^'^^ 53-

But

"^^^^^^^9as he fays,in the familiar

fiile^
yet with-

L. DoMiTius

from his dignity,Csefar anfwered

departing
with all imaginable
him
kindnefs,and the offer
^^ every thing,in which
his power could ferve
his Brother''
him, telling
him, how agreeable
s company
to him^ by the revival of their old affecwas
tion
he was
removed to fuch a dinow
j andfince
fiance
from him^ he would take care^ that in their
mutual want
of each other he fhouldhave caufeat
with him^ rathat his Brother was
to rejoice^
leaji
ther than any one elfe.He thanks him alfo
forfending
the Lawyer Trebatius to him^ and faysupon it
in his arthat there was
not a man
my^
jocofely^
before
Cicero,
who knew how to draw a recognizance,
of this Letter to his Brother,
in his account
fays", it is kind in you, and like a Brother,
to
though I am
prefsme to this friendfhip,
runningthat way apace myfelf,and fhall do,
who rifing
what often happens to travellers,
later than theyintended,yet, by quickening
fooner to their journey's
their fpeed,
come
end, than if they had {^t out earlier ", fo I,
who
have over-llept
myfelfin my obfervance
roufof this man,
though you were frequently
ing me, will corred: my pad lazinefs by mendBut as to his
ing my pace for the future."
out

AhenoBARBus,

A. Claudius

"

*'
**

"

**

*'
*'

"

*'

"

*^

*'

[2]

Il:e

ad
fcripfit

Eal-

his verbis.

De

Cicerone

vi-

te
bum, faiciculum ilium Epif- deo
quiddam fcripfiffe,
intellexi ;
tolarum, in quo fuerat " mea
quod ego non

fibi aqua

" Balbi, totum

didum
dem

quam
Balbi

ell'e:

ut

fciat,meam

ne

ma-

illud quifuille ali-

epiilolam.

epiflola
pauca

Sed

ex

verba

quantum

autem

conjedura

confequebar id erat hujufmodi,ui magisoptaiidum,

quam

fperandum putarem.
Quint.2. 12.

Ad

ad qua refcripiit
intellexerat,

feeking

CICERO.
of MTULLIUS
benefit
feckingany advantageor perfonal

97
^99"
^'^^^-

from

fayshe, you who know

Qq^^*
whal
have
I
him
I
already
mojlvalue^l^Dq^'^^^^^
from
me-,
the ajfurance
which I preferto all Ahenoof his affe5lion^
reus,
that he offers
the great things
me
[^]. In another letterhe fays; / lay no great flrefs
his PulVher^^
on
want
no
promifes^
farther honors, nor defireany
nuance
7iew
glory,and wifi nothingmore, hut the contiin fuch a courfe
of his efleem,
of
yet live ftill
ambition and fatigue,as if I were
what
ex'pe^ling
I do not really
defire\b~\.
this alliance,believe 7ne^

b a

But

ufe of Csefar's generofityfor himfelf,yet he ufed it freelyfor his

friends ; for befides his Brother, who
Caswas

though he

naade

far's Lieutenant, and

no

Trebatius,

who

his

was

he

Lawyer \

procuredan eminent pod for Orfius,

and
a
Regiment for Curtius
yet Casfar was
in
chidinghim all the while for his refervednefs
-,

Csfaris

\^a\Cum

fludia
Literis, quidem, ut omnia mea
in
ilium
officio,
conferam, "c.
an am
diligenmihi
Sed
tia,fuavitate
Quarum inicrede, quern
tium eft,quam
fuavis ei tuus
in
iftisrebus ego
nofti,quod
adventus
" recordatio
fuerit,
plurimi asftimo,jam habeo :
refertis omni

"

veteris amoris

fedlurum,

ego

dolore

ut

fe ef-

deinde
in

defiderio

medio

deinde

me

Csfaris

amorem,

quern

in.

tantum

omnibus

his

honoribus, quos me
a fe
cum
a me
abefTes,potiffimum expeflarevult, antepono.
fecum efle laitarer. 1 rebatiAd
Quint. 2. 15.
ad
fe
um
mifcrim, perquod
[^] Promiifis iis,qu2B offalfe " humaniter
etiam gravalde
tendit, non
pendeo ;
tias mihi agit:
enim
in
honores
defidenee
fitio,
nee
negat
ac

tui, te,

"

"

"

muldtudine

tanta
una

torum,

eflent,quempiam

qui vadimonium
poiTet.
Qnare
terne,

facis

quod

mehercule

Vol.

me

rogloriam:magifquecjusvo-

fuiffe, luntatis perpstuitatem,

quam

concipere promilTorumexitum
Vivo
tu

quidem frahortaris,fed

currentem

II.

qui

nunc

"

in

tamen

ea

labore, tanquam

expedlo.
ambitione

id, quod

poftulo,
cxpet^em.

non

lb.

3. 5..

a[klng

The

5)8

the

of

History

Life

A. Urb.

699..
q/hng[c]. His reGommendatory Letter of Tre^p (T^ batiiis,will fhew both what a fliare he pofTefTed
and with what
^^ ^^^^ time of Caefar's confidence,
DoMiTi
^n

friends.

REUS,

zeal he ufed

affeflionate

Aheno-

recommend

to

his

Claudius

PULCHER.

r-'

cc
"

See, how

"

'^
"
*'
*'

fider you
affe6ts my

me

-'

"

*'

"

*'"
*'

*,

own

that I

con-

what

carry C. Trebatius

alongv/ith

home, adorned
kindnefs

and

care

but

fince

Pompey's ftayin Rome has been longer

than I expeded, and my
own
irrefolution,
to
will either wholly
which you are no ftranger,
hinder, or at lead retard,my going abroad at
I have
taken upon
all ; fee, what
myfelf:
I began prefently
to
refolve,that Trebatius
fliould expect the fame
things from you,
he had been hopingfor from me : nor
which
I afTure him

good will, than

a

of my

mony

''humanity;

for while

*'

Balbus, your
the end

*'

whom
even

of

you

lefs franknefs of your

I ufed to do of my own
: but

opinion,and

very Trebatius

*'

with

incident fell out,

wonderfull

*'

ab

T-

iimperor.

perfuaded
myfelfto
Mf-^ not onelyin

the fruits of my

with

**

*'

Caslar

might bring him

did

*'

/^

but in what concerns

interefb,
had refolved,whitherfoever

to

*'

*'

to

fecond

abroad,

went

I have

as

friends

my

'*"

"

Cicero

my
Letter

which

recommended

"

De

7. 5.

Tribunatu

faid ;
to

niihi

as

to

to

your
this

friend
me

M,

in

Orfius^

I will make

Lieutenant to

him

Lepta;fend

Caefar nominatim

Curtio pa-

efle

ratum

que
"

me^

tefti-

our

delivered

was

you

King "?/Gaul,or

was

as

pledgeof
talkingof

houfe, with

at

[c]M. Curtio Tribunatum

eo
petivi.lb. 2. 15. Ep.

fam.

both

in

meamrefcripiit,
verecundiam
rogando

Ad Quin. 3.
ipfe objurgavit.
"

i.

me

of M.rULLIUS
**

prefer. We

"

Balbus

*'

ed

be

to

not

accidental, but

therefore Trebatius

you

firilindeed

divine.

deligned,of

at

*'

but

now

my
and

dear Caefar, with all your ufual

whatever
you could be induced

**
*'
*'
"

"

''

*'
"

"

*'

*'

^'
"
"

"

of your
him.
it all finglyupon

(C

friends,out

my

for the

in

-, not

man

Milo, but in the

t^

Aheno-

fo, as

barbus,

accord,

embrace

regardto

him,

^^^c"^^*

courtefy
;
do for

to

confer

me,

I will be anfwerable

former

my

rallied,when
juftly

you

wrote

which
ftile,
to

you

about

Roman

phrafe,which
of fenfe ufe ; that there is not an honejler^
men
I mud
man
:
worthier.,mo defter^
living
add,
what makes the principal
part of his charadter,
and
that he has a fingular
perfedt
memory,
the
Law.
afk
for
of
civil
I
him,
knowledge
neither a Regiment nor
Government, nor any
of preferment
certain piece
bene; I afk your
volence and
not
generofity
", yet am
againft
the adorning him, whenever
you fhall think
alfo of glory: in
proper, with thofe trappings
true

to
fhort,I deliver the whole man
you, from
hand, as we
fay,into yours, illuftrious
my

for
"

alfo by your invitation

A.Claudius

own

my

^^^- ?3*

1 lend

and fend him

"

"

I may ^- Urb. 699.

lifted up our hands, both I and

fo pat, that it feemthe occafion was

"

*'

99

whom
if you pleafe^
therefore^

another

me

CICERO.

vidory and faith.

tunate

you

than

I need

will excufe it.

and continue

But

be
Take

love me,
of a
was

to

Trebatius

to

you
care

as

am

you

more

of your
now

impor-

yet I know
do

health,

[d].'*

lazy, indolent, flu-

lover of books

and

pany
good comfond of the pleafures
of Rome ;
; eagerly
and whollyout of his element in a Camp : and
becaufe Csefar,throughthe infinitehurry of his

dious temper

-,

[/\ Ep.

fam.

7. 5,
2

affairs.

'

7he History

160
A. Urb.

could
699.affairs,

admit him ro his faprefently

him io foon as he expedled,
^^5."
and prefer
^^* miliarity,
^^ ^^^
iirtd of the drudgeryof attending
him,
DoMiTius
and impatientto be at home
Ahenoagain. Under thefe
EARBus,

of the Life

not

circumftances,there

is

feriesof Letters

Claudjus

fj-Qj^ Cicero, written

not

ULCHER.

tej-efledaffection of

friend,but

of

even

parent,

onely with

employingail

him

to

the

difm-

the folUcitude

the

of infi-

arts

nuation, as well of the grave, as of the facetious

kind, to hinder him from ruininghis hopes and
fortunes
*'

by his own imprudence. He laughsat

his childiflihankeringafter the City ; bids him
"

end, for which

the

he

abroad,

*'

refied;

**

purfueit with conftancy; obferves from

that many
had ferved
the Medea of Euripides^
themfelves and the public
well, at a diftance
from their Country ; whilfl others, by fpending their Jives at home, had lived and died
number, fays he^ you
inglorioufly
; of which

*'

*'

"

"

*'

*'

on

and

would

have

out

and

"

been one,
fince I am

"

this other lefTon from

"

wifefor him felf

rallies his
*'^

as

Csfar,

^'

do

but

if we

take

Sz

profeilus
es,
virtute

imprudence;

''

bond,

not

he

had

and

Letter

to

nothingto

return

home

gerent, propterea funt im-

ilUs
modo
ineptias
defideria urbis 5c urbanita-

depone

is net

purpofe[;?]."He

rather

his money,

\e\ Tu
tis

no

thought that

and
to

not

that he^ who

me,

is wifeto

carried

thruil you
adlingMedea^ take
had

now

or
impatience,

if he had

"

"

went

piobati.

confilio

quo

id aiiiduitate"

confeq^uere.
"

tu
certe
Quo in numero
nifi
fuilTes, te extrufifTemub
"

Medeam

quando
ageie
illud femper memento,
ccepi,
" poplicam,patria qui ipfefibi fapiens
gelTcre
prodefTe
non
quit,nequicquam fapit.
procul.
Muiii, quH^ domi atatem
aEp, Fam. 7. 6.
"

Nam

muhi

faam

rem

bene

(C

not

rULLIUS

of M,
"

not

''

ed

"

had

"

loi

that even
thofe,who follow- A. Urb. 699.
recollefling,
King Ptolemy with bonds to Alexandria^ ^cP
not
yet broughtback a penny of I'no- ^ j^^j^J^j^.
[/]. You write me word, Jayshe, that Aheno-

ney

C^far

''

CICERO.

now

he

"that

die, If

confults you ; I had

confults your Interefl

rather hear,
Let

[^].

bar

me

believe,fuch is your vanity,

that you had rather be confulted,than enrich

"

"

I do

not

ed

"

by

him

admonitions

foundation
in the

learned

C^SAR

was

into Britain
at

content

to

of his fortunes,florifhed afterwards

of Auguftus, with the character of

court

the moft

afliamed of

Trebatius

he made

tual
perpe-

flaywith Cjefar,by
he was
cured at lafl:
generofity
uneafinefs -, and having here laid the

and
his foftnefs,
whofe favor and
of all his

thefe railleriesand

[/:?].
By

of that age [/'].

his fecond expedition
upon
talk and expecraifed much
tation

Lawyer
now

which

-,

Rome, and gave Cicero

fmallconcern
Brother, who, as one
of

for the

no

fafetyof his
bear a confiderable
to
was
Lieuienayits,
C"efar''s
which
he received
part in it \k\ But the accounts
from the place,foon eafed him of his apby informing him, that there iran
prehenfions,
either to fear or to hope from the attemptj
yjothing
[/] Subimprudens vide- lb. xi.
bare ; tanquam
enim fyngra\h\ Morlar, ni, qu^ tua
ad
non
gloriaeft, puto te malle a
phain
Imperatorem,
inau^
Casfare confuli,quam
fic,peepiftolamattulifies,
ablata, domum

cunia

Nee
properabas.
tern

redire

tibi in

rari.

men-

"

ipfos,qui
venifTent Afyngraphis

lexandriam,
nulium

nummum

auferre

potuilTe.Jb.

17.

[^]
Cselare

Confuli

quidem

icribis ; fed ego

te

tibi

dode

Diftentis.
"

Ex

adhuc

quidtu,

Trebati

veniebat, eos

cum

ab

lb. 13.
[/] Nili

Hor.Sat

2.1.79.

Quinti fratris lite-

[i]
efle in
fufpicor
jam eum
Britannia:
fufpenfoanimo

ris

expedloquidagat

"

Ad

Att,

4. 15.

ilio confuli vellem.

bus,

^-^^^"^^"^

no

The Hist

102

of the Life

OKY

A. Urb.

699.no dangerfrom the people^

no fpoih
from the Counin fufare
try [I], In a letter to Atticus, we
it is certain^
:
war
^^y^^^' ^3'^^/ the Britifh
L.DoMiTius/^^y^'

^^"53-

that the

isfirongly
of the Ifland
accefs
fortified
\ and
it is known alfoalready^
that there is not a grainof
BARB
us,
/'/^
hut flaves of whom
ACLAUDiusy^/^^^
//, wr
elfe
any thing
ULCHER.
in.
expe^ any^ I dare fay^ fkilled
^,^^ ^-ji j-^^y.^^
mufic or Letters \m\. In another to Trebatius-,
/ hear^ that there is not either gold or filverin
the Ifiand
:
to do but to taka
iffo^you have nothing
and flyback to us Iji].
one
of their chariots^
Aheno-

-,

'""

their railleriesof this kind

From

harityand 'mifery
of cur Ifland^one

the bar-

on

help
fate and revolutions
refledingon the furprifing
of Kingdoms : how Rorne^ once
the miftrefs of
the world, the feat of arts, empire,and glory,
and poverty ;
now
lyesfunk in floth,ignorance,
enflaved

to

the

moft

cruel,as

cannot

well

to

as

the

moft

and
contemptibleof Tyrants, Superjiition
while this remote
Impcfiure
:
religious
Country,
t
he
and
of
the polite
Romans^
anciently jell: contempt
is become
the happyfeat of liberty,
ty,
plenand letters; florifhing
in all the arts and refinements
of civil life; yet runningperhapsthe
fame courfe,
which Ro7ne itfelfhad run before it ;
[/]
de

jucundasmihi

bam

timebam

oceanum,

Infu-as.

Reliqua
quidem contemno
tus

tuas

Britannia literas! Timelit-

non

e-

Ad

Quint. I. 16.
De
liDvi ex
xiec

nihil effe
literis,

quod metuamus,nec

quod

gaudeamus. -lb. 3. i.'

[w] Britannici belli exitus
"

cxpeftatur. Cpnfiat
jiditus infulas munitos

jam cognitumeft, neque

argentifcripulumefTe ullum

in

enim
effe

ilia

fpem
is
te

Britannicis rebus cogtuis

lud

infula, neque

nifiex
praedje,

ex

ullam

mancipi-

quibus

literis,
aut

nullos j uto
muficis eruditos

expeclare. Ad

Alt 4. 16,
In
nihil efTe
Britannia
[;zj

audio

auri neque
ar^r
neque
Id
fi
ita
elTedum
eft,
genti.

aliquodfuadeo capias," ad
nos
primum recurras,
quam
Fam.
Ep.
7.7,

jnolibus. Etiajii ijypirificis

trom

TJje History

104
A. Urb.

699.

^c P'

"

"

fhould

not

BARBus,

A.ChAvmvs
ULCHER.

the

be troubled

now

Life

with the

imperti-

of his Britifh fhoiies [/"]."

i^e^-ce

L.Do^mItius
QyiNTUs
Aheno-

of

who

Cicero,

had

genius for

the plan of a poem^ upon

projecting
their Britifhexpedition^
and beggedhis Brother's
l^ ll
Cicero approved the defign,and
^jj}jla^^(;g
Qbfej-y^^j ypon
it,that the nature and fituaticn
of
t
he
fo ftrange^
manners
places
of the people^their
battles with them^ and the General himfelf
C^far^
excellentfubje^s
were
but
his
for poetry \
as to
affifiance^ it was
fendingowls to Athens : that ^uin-

poetry,

was

had

tus^ who

in ftxteen
finifroed
four 'Tragedies
days^
could not want
either helpor fame in that
after
way^
his Eledra and the Troades [q]. In other letters,
he

[/] Eft, qnod gaudeas,te

in lila loca

veniiie,ubi

quid fapereviderere

ali-

quod

ii in Britanniam

quoque
profec^.us eiFes,profecto
in
nerno

ilia

iniuia

tanta

fuilTet

Sed

multo

cautior

"

es

vocationibus

miiiiari

re

in ad-

quam

leems, beingpeculiarly
ahis

greeableto
and

qui neque

pradice

own

character.

unSIi

"ter

tranjnontoTibirim^fotnnoqui'
bus

ejiopus alto.

in

homo
voluil^i,
nctcindiyneque
JiudicJiJJir/.us
fpedareeiTedarios,
anqnem
tea

Heep;theadvice"

Sat.

2.

I.

V.

8.

natare

oceano

^.

it

ptrinor

te

in

tu

the wantof

Audabatam

ne

poteramus. Ib.x.
In Britanniam te profedum
^Kt

gaudto, quod

labore caruifti," ego

illisrebus non
audiam.
The

little hir.t here

of TrebariusV

lo've of

miiig,adds

new

beautyto

that

where

te

tz

de
lb.

vero

/rcQcfj/f/
fcri-

egregiam

mores,

locorum

"

reruni

race,
Ho-

duces
intro-

deo.
vina-

quos

gsntes, quas pug-

quas

ipfum ImpeEgo te 11benter, ut rogas, quibusrebus

vis, adjuvabo, " tibi
nas,

quern

vero

habes

ratoiem

yKavKo,

rogas,

mittam.
Jkvim- bV h^uvcr^i
16.
2.
lightand

Poet

habere

Q^uos tu ficus,
quas
turas

given, verfus, quos

pallageof
the

bendi

quideni

defraudare

non

[^] Te

Ad

Qu^'^^*

Quatuor Tragcedias,cum
abfolvifle fcribas,
quidauam ab alio mutua-

xvi diebas

him, advifing,
io/ujhn tu
ihricecrofs
the liber, to cure
ris ?

"

^Ai^-^

cum
qur^ris,

Eleclram

of

TULLIUS

M.

CICERO.

105

A. Urb. 699.
impoffihle
much he wanted leifure
for verjify- c^^'
to conceive^ how
an
required
eafeand chear- l Dqmi'tius
ing: that to write verfes
of mind^ which the times had taken from Ahenofullnefs
him ; a72d that his poetical
reus,
flame was
quiteex tinA A.
them [r.]
by the fadprofpe^of things
before
guifhed

he anfwers

thai
ferioufly
",

more

it

was

b a

l audi

lent Casfar

had

He

his Greek

Poem^

three

in

C^efar's
hifiory
of his Confulfhip
\ and
of it
judgment upon it was, that the beginning
which he had ever feeyi
as
was
good as any things
lines to a
in that language^but that the following
in accuracy and fpirit.
not equal
certain place were
the

hooks^on

defires therefore

Cicero

know

to

of his

Brother,

thoughtof the whole ; whether the

C^far really
the ftile
him ; and begsthat he
matter
or
difpleafed
would tell him the truth freely
\ ftncewhether C^far liked it or not^ he fhouldnot^ he fays,be a jot
what

with himfelf
\s\
pleafed
lefs

the

began how-

ever

pofTem,fed
opus
lb. 3.6.
feris ?
quadam animi
poema
N. B. Thefe
plane xnihi
four Trage- alacritace,
quam
dies, faid to be written in
tempora eripiunt lb. 3. 5.
be
De verfibus
deed mihi
cannot
fupJixteendays,
modo
ternpofed to have been original opera, qus non
fed
but
trandations
etiam
animum
ab
produflions,
pus,
Eledlram

Troadem

He

"

fcrip- men

ut

"

"

eft ad

"

"

from

fome

of the Greek

ets, of which
great Mafter

Quintus
;

finilhed

Poa

was

by

him

omni
fed
"

the

Camp

Troadem
of

one

for the word

in the text, the

of them, ihould

name

moft

probablyhtTroadcs, the title

of one
of Euripides's
Plays;
as

a!fo

the Ele^ra

[r] Quod
verfibus

eft,mi
am

me

rogaS;

Sed
\s~\

tempore

"

de faciendis

incredibile

Facerqm

deor

egeta-

iv^-6a
icJi"j\j}n

lb. 4.
heus

tu,

celari vi-

mi
te, quomodonam,
de noftris verfibus Csefrater,
a

far?
fe
"

Nam

primum
ad me
legifTe
fcrlpfit

librum
ante

fe

ne
prima fic, ut neget
quidem meliora legif; reliqua ad
quendam lo-

Graeca

was.

frater,quantum

"c.

defiderat

vacuum

abeft etiam
"

in haft for the entertainment

of

cura

fe
cum

enim
Hoc
[dJ^v^jJiTif^ct.

utitur verbo.
rum,

num

Die
aut

res

mihi
cum

ve-

aut

us

^he History

o6

A. Urb.

another Poem, at
queft,to be addrefTed

699. ever

^'
S^^'/r

of the Life
his Brother's
to

C^far,

earneft rebut after fome

fo diffatisfiedwith it, that he tore

-n^/^.rro
prosreis was
and
It [/]: yet Quintus ItiU urging,
lignitying,
Ahenohe
he
had
with
that
the
B
defar
deftgn^
acquainted
REUS,
A.Claudius
finifhed an
to refume it,and adlually
^^5
obliged
which he promifes
Epic Poem in honour ofCtefar
;
T

fend

to

foon

as

as

he could find

proper conveyance,

as ^intus^s
loft^
'Tragedy
comingfrom Gaul ; the onely

that it mightnot be

in
of Erigonewas
thingsfayshe, which had 'not founda fafepafjage^
that Province [u]
fmce C^fargoverned
fmall diflaWhile
Cicero was
no
exprefling
fitutisfadlion at the meafures, which his prefent
Casfar was
ation obligedhim to purfue,
doing
make
his
him
eafy: he
power, to
every thingin
treated his Brother with as much kindnefs^
as
if
had been his general
Cicero himfelf
\ gave him the
choice of his winter quarters^and the Legion^
liked [a']
and Clodius happening
tQ
which he beji
:
the Letter to
write to him from Rome, he fJjewed
^intusy and declared that he would not anfwerit j
.

hil
deleflat? Ni-

non
^et^d/jrtf

eft
enim

ne

quod vereare.
pilequidem

amabo.

me

lb.

?.

Ego
minus
16.

ad

C^rarem,
[/]
quod compofueram,incidi.
Poema

lb. 3.

I.

[k] Quod

me

ve,

mlhi

27r^

inftitutum

quidem uti videtur,

ad Casfarem.

Sed quse-

tabellarium,ne
locnpletem
quod Erigonaetuse ;
cui foli,Csefare Imperatore,

ro

accidat

iter ex

". 4.

fua-

folvam, habeo abfolutum

Gallia

tutum

non

fuit.

lb. g.

[a-]Quintum meum
boni !
cere
quemadmodum
; etfidiflentus turn
ra,
opeTurn multo
animo
turn
tradat, honore, dignitate,
fecus ac fi ego
.? Non
gratia
magis, quoniam ex epiftola,
ad

ilium Poema

jubes perfi-

"

Dii

ad te miferam, cognovit
quam
efie exCaefar me
aliquid

orfum;
tum.

Quod

revertar

lb. 8.
me

ad

effem

Imperator. Hibernam

optiodeLegioncm eligendi

inflitu- lata commodum,

Ad. Att
fcribit.

ut

ad

me

4. 18.

hortaris,ut ab-

though

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS

ity

him not to put fuchan A. Urb. 699.

prejfed
though^iintuscivilly
for their fakes[j]: In the ^q'I^'
affront
upon Clodius,
midft of all his hurryin Britain^ he fent frequent
^ Domi'tius
to

accounts

hand, of his pro-

Cicero, in his own

grefsand fuccefs,and,

Aheno-

the inflant of

quitting b reus,
A.Claudius
to him from the very foore^^y
the Ifland,wrote
^^^^^^*
the emharkment of the troops^and his havingtaken
and impofed
a 'Tribute: and
lefihe fhould
hoflages^
time
at havingno Letters at the fa?ne
he furprized
from his Brother^he acquaintshim, that ^intus
then at a diflance
from him^ and could not take
was
the benefit
: Cicero received all thefe
ofthat exprefs
than a month after
in lefs
date^
Letters at Rome,
and takes notice in one of them^ that it arrived on
the twentieth day\ a difpatch
equalto that of our
Couriers by the pofl[z].
prefent
of the City this fummer, Cithe news
cero
As
to
"

at

uncertain

*'

that

more

"

Forum

not
-,

rather

*'

of

Clodii

City,feemed

confilium

veniam
petenti
ad

dedit, ut

non

illam

Furiam

ver-

Ad

Quint.

refcriberet
"

I.

Ab

Caefare
Kal.

Quinto fratre "

accepi

Nov.

D.

A.

IX.

literas,confefta

Britannia,obftdibus
nulla

Ex

quieted

Britannia Csefar ad

me

Sept.dedit literas : quas

ego accepiA. D. IIII. Kal.
Odob.
iatis commodas
de
Britannicis rebus : quibus,ne
admirer, quod

". 4.

[x]

be

to

the

in

Kal.

probo,quod tibi amantillime

bum

great calm

the effectsof age, than of concord

by

Cjefaris

quo

uilum

Britannia
Ad
In qua primum eft de
reportabant.
Csefarem
ad
literis,Att. 4. 17.

[^]
in

certain

but

fome

were

but thofe
Magiftrates,
of a Didlator,yet
fufpicion

fome

"

3.

that there

tells his Brother, "

hopesof an eledion of

te

nuUas

ceperim,fcribit fe fine
ifle,cum
Ad

ad

i.

fu-

acceiTerit.

mare

Quint. 3.

ac-

te

". 7.

acceptis,
jam Epiftolam
tabellariia vocomplicarem,
Cum

banc

praeda,
imperatatamen

pecunia,

datas

littoribus

Britannias,
proximo
VI. Kal.

0(^ob.

A.

D.

^xercitum

bis

venerunt

ad D.

Sept.vicefimo
".5,

die.

XL

Kal.

lb. 31.

"

that

The

io8

of

History

fbe

Life
in public,
as

condudt,as well
In
Cic. 53.
private,was juftwhat Quintus had advifed,
than the tip of his ear; and his votes
iTius"^ofte^
D
^^ th^ Senate fuch, as pleafed
others,rather
Aheno-

A. Urb.

699." that his

own

"c

"

''

than himfelf.

"c

Sueh

*'

briberywas
this time, by the

BARBus,

A. Claudius
PuLCHER.

*'

**
"
*'

illsdoes wretched

that

all alike

were

high,as

at

Confular

-,

in any

eminence

no

dignityof them
eightythoufand pounds was

levelled the

ney

above

"

to

"

carried fo

never

breed,

candidates,Memmius, Domitius, Scaurus, MefTala; that they

"

**

and difcord

war

for

mo-

all :

that

promifed
fo fcarcc,

the firftTribe; and money

grown
of
that
intereft
this
it,
was
profufion
by
from four to eight
per Cent [a]."
and

Memmius

Cn.

made
their interefls,
a
with the Confuls, which

Domitius,

rifen

joined

who

flrangefort of contradb
drawn

was

up

in writing,

attefted in proper form

by many of
both fides; by which, *' the
their friends on
*'
Confuls obligedthemfelves, to ferve them
and

*'

with

all their power

*'

and

they on

**

ed,

their part

la] Res

fic fe

Romans

fpes

Erat nonnulla

comitiorum, fed incerta

rae,

ne

ea

quidem certa

otium

jnum

forenfe

To/ctuO'0 TMiy."'v 'T^-.Kifj.o^

\B-

i^ya,(^{\ctt,
Eurip.Iketid.

fum-

fed

redit

Ambitus

immanis, runQuint,
par fuit. Ad

quam
2.15.

fenefccntis
quam
tia

magis civitatis, Sequereme

SentenArdet
adquiefcentis.
pum.

autem

noftra

in Senatu

cT^ rot
//.c6

ambitus

av^

ex

tri-

Idib. Quint. fa6tum

ente

i^ii,

pecuniaomnium

"

nuncinCam-

ipkco
; foenus

aliinobis
nofmet
eilentiantur,
quam

ejufmodi,magis ut

Provinces

e-

Didlatualiqua fufpicio

rat

undertook, when ele6l-

procure for the Confuls what

to

habebant.

enfuingeledlion ;

in the

bejubus

erat

^^o%"in nullo

"

ex2cquat
"

Ad

eft,

dignitatem
Att. 4. 15.
^'

they

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
"

"

"

*'

they defircd ; and gave a Bond of

3000/. to provide three Augurs, who
that
teflify,

for

law

fuch

when

"

two

Confular

"

that

theywere

cree

of

no

provinceswith

"

Senate

had

and

been made;

ever

who

and

arms

Ihould

Ahenobarbus,

affirm,^^^^''''^'

[F\"
fupportedby C^ftrongly

was

reafon

far[r],findingfome
to

the

when

money,

diflike his bargain,

to

break it,and,

vice^
by Pompey'sad-

of it to the Senate. Pomfying

pleafedwith the opportunityof mortipey was
the ConfulDomitius
willinglikewife
", and
to take fome revenge on Appius, who, though his
near
relation,did not enter fo fullyas he expelled
into his meafures[^]; but Csfar was
much out of
humor at this ftep[^]; as it was
to raife
likely
the ingreat fcandal in the City, and flrengthen
tereft of thofe who
were
endeavouringto rellrain that infamous
which was the
corruption,
gave

an

account

in[b']Confules flagrant
famia, quod C. Memmius
candidatus
fuus

bo

H.

libus

uti
fecilTent,

"

am-

fed

no-

perfcriptionibus,
tabulis

multorum

cum

verbis

non

minibus

ipfeSc

Domitius
competitor

Confulibus

padio

in Se-

padionem

recitavit,quam

natii

quidemfuilTet. Haec

Senatus

efl'e

cum

fafta

dic^retur, prolata

Memmio

eft nominibus

in-

S.

dudis, audlore Pompeio

quadragenaConfudarent, fi eflent ipii AdAtt. 4. i8.

Confules

Csfaris
facll,nifi tres Au[c] Memmium
dediffent,qui fe adomnes
gures
opes confirmant
fuiffe dicerent,cum
lex culb. 15. 17.
riata ferretur,qus
lata non
\_d']Dio. 1. 39. p. 118.
effet; " duo Confulares,qui
[^] Ut quijam intelligefe dicerent in

ornandis provinciis confulari'ous fcriben-

bamus

enunciationem

Memmii

valde

Ceefari

illam

difpli.

do

affuiife,
cum

omnino

ne

cere

"

Ad

699.

p'/r^*
j^^^^j^j^g

been confulted about it

never

refolved

iliould

likewife at paffinga deprefent

the fame
Senate, for furnifhing

"

Memmius,

law

Senators, who

the
had

above A. Urb.

prefentat making "

they were
thofe Provinces,
granting them

*'

"

109

Att. 4. 16.

main

'^he History

110

Cofl.
^^

BARB

us,

A. CLAUDIUS
PuLCHER.

Life

advancinghis power. Appius never changedcountenance^ nor loft

any credit
but his collegue
Domitius^who
j
i^y^j^Q difcovery

Cic. 53.

Aheno-

the

inftrument of

699^ main

A. Urb.

of

of

afFecStedthe charader

Patriot,was

difcompofed
I, and Memrmus^

extremely

defperate^
grown
and the creapromote the general
diforder
now

refohedto
iJQjj^
Qj-a Dictator [/].
QuiMTus fent his Brother
that it was
there^that
reported
this contra^

falfe,and

but Cicero

from

word
he

prefentat

was

aflures him

Gaul,

that it

wa^

that the

offuch a nature
bargainwas
had opened
it to the Senate^ that no
Memmius
as
could have been prefent
at it [^]. The
man
honeft
Senate
was
highlyrncenfed ; and to check the
infolence of the parties
a decree^
concerned,paffed
into by what
that their conduct fhouldbe inqiiired
where
theycalled a private or filentjudgement
;
^

the Sentence

not

was

eledlion,yet fo, as

to

make

to

the eledlion of

void

found

be

fhould

be declared tillafter the

guilty: this they

with rigor,and made an allotment
refolved to execute
of Judgesfor that purpofe: but fome of
with to interpofe
their
the Tribuns were
prevailed
all inquifttions
on
pretence of hindering
negative^
authorized by the people
not fpecially
\h\
thofe who

This

Hie

[y]
dem

nihil

Memmius

jacebat.
"
planerefrixerat,

quam,
autem"

magisnunc

turam,

i-

erat

tum

omnium

rerum

didlacogitare

favere

fcribis

diffe,in Candidatorum
fularium

id falfum
fuiffe,

padlionesin

me

elt.

Ilea Memmius
nemo

\h\

funt, quas pout

patefecit,

interefledebue-

bonus

rit" Ad

Quint. 3.
At

ifta

Senatus

i.

". 5.

decrevit

ut

Con-

inter-

dicarent, Res

Ejuf-

tia dilata

licentiae.

coitione

enim

judiciumante comitia fieret

Magnus timor
Sed quidam
Candidatorum.
Tribunos
pi.appelJudices
larunt, ne injuffu
populiju-

"
juflitio

I. 18.

\.z\Qh^^

modi

jadlurae.coitione fadae

fane

alter," plane,in-

Corruerat

eo

Appius

te

au-

taciturn

"

ex

cedit, comi-

S. C. dum

lex de
tacito

^he History

112
A. Urb.
Cic.

699.the Tribuns, took

p.

L.D0MITIUS
Aheno^
BARBus,

A.Claudius
PuLCHER.

of the Life
effedlual way

more

to

mor-

fifythem, by refolving hinder any eledlionof

Conluls duringhis Magiftracy
he per; in which
^
his
and
all the af-fl
fevered,
by
authority
dijfhlved
to

convened for
femblieSj

that

purpofe[ni]. The

cfyilunicianCandidates however were

j^Q(^ef(-this year : for they made

themfelves,which

among
an
"

*'
"'

*'

*'

**

^'

remarkably
an

agreement

theyall confirmed

by

that in profecuting
their feveral inoath,
terefls,
they would fubmit their condu6t to
the judgementof Cato, and depofit
four thoufand pounds a piecein his hands, to be forhe Ihould condemn
feited by thofe,whom
of
"

pra6lice.If the election proves

irregular
free,faysCicero^as it is thoughtit will, Cato
any

alone

"the

can

do

than all the Laws

more

and all

Judges [;/]."

taken up in public
great part of this year was
trials : Suffenas and C. Cato, who
had
been
tried in the beTribuns
ginning
two
years before,were
A

of

July,for violence and breach of peace

and both acquitted
in their Magiftracy,
: but
of their Collegues, was
Procilius,one
confor killing
in his own
houfe ;
demned
a Citizen
"

*'

colled,faysCicero^that

"

whence

**

Areopagitesvalue neither briberynor elections, nor interregnums,nor attempts againfl

the State,nor the whole Republic,
a rufh : we

"

**

[w]

we

to

are

: apud
quotidiepetituros

Comitiorum

dies toUuntur
finguli

obnan-

ciacionibus,magna
Ad Quin.
bonorum

voluntate

3. 3.
ScaeObnunciationibusper
"

H.

eum

S,

ut
;
quingena depofuerunt
Catone
damnatus
elTet,
qui a
id perderet,
" competitoribus

tribueretur

"

Si

comitia,

ut

interpofitis,
fingulisputantur, gratuitafuerint

volam
diebus

our

Ad

"

["]

Att. 4.

Tribunitii

jurarunt

6.

Candidati

fe arbitrio Catonis

Cato

plusunus
omnes

15.

potuerit,
quam

quidem judices. lb,

Ad

Quin. 2. 15.
"

mufl

of MTtlLLIUS
muft

*'

murder

not

CICERO.
a

indeed

man

113

in his

^99^"^'^'

own

cofT.^
perhaps might be done
Profmce
acquitted
moderately,
l. Domitius
twenty-two
him [^]-" AhenociUus, when twenty- eightcondemned
the accufer in thefe impeachments
Clodius was
:
^arbus,
which made
foon
he
Cato, as
was
as
acquitted,
iu^^^^^^^
feeka reconciliationwith Cicero and Milo [^]. Ic
the friendfhip
Cicero's bufmefs to rejedl
was
not
of an a(5liveand popular
Senator ; and Milo had
fuitfor
occafion for his fervice in his approaching
the Confulfhip.
But though Cicero had no concern
he was
in thefe trials,
employed
continually
in others,throughthe reft of the fummer
I
:
was
bufy in trials than
fays he^ more
never,
that

houfe, though

**
**
"

"

"

"

in the worft feafon of the year, and the

have
known
ever
greateftheats, that we
;

now

*'

'"

there fcarce

"'

fend

fome

a day in
pafles
[^]." Befides

had

City, he

feveral

his patronage,

which

de-

not

his Clients in

the

colonies under

and

towns

I do

which

wanted

fometimes

his

help

of Reate did now,

abroad, as
Corporation
pleadfor them before the ConfulAppius^ and
the

in
CommiJfwnerSy

to
ten

with their neighcontroverfy

bours
the lake Veliof Interamna^about draining
inti) the River Nar, to the damage of their

nus

{0] III.

Quint. Suf-

Non.

fenas " Cato abfoluti : Procilius condemnatus.

Ex quo

[/]

terregnum, majeftatem, totarn

deinque Remp.

flocci

"nonfacere. Debemus
familias domi

3iolIe,neque
ftbunde.

tamen

Nam

22,

condemnarunt

Ad

Att. 4. 15.

Vol,

patrem

fiiae occidere

II.

id

28

"

"

"

"

mecam

gTatiamrediic.

lb. i6.

[^] Sic
me

enim
a

quam
dift'-idliorem

habeto

caufis "

nun-

judiciis

fuifle,atque id

anni

"
graviilimo,
tempore
caloribus ma.ximis. Ad Quint,

2.

16.
Diem

ipfum

abfolverunt

"

in

cumMilone

intelledlum

eft, T^KTct^itoTo.ambitum,
comitia,iny'nct^\

Is tamen

quo

non

fcito efle nullum,

lb. 3.
reo.

dico pro

3.

9-rounds,

^^^

114
A. Vvh.

Ci"^- ?3-

midfl

xs^

himfelf from

AhenoBARBus,

Claudius
ir u

L c H E R

the

al
iiniverf

in the

^^^ J

clap:

He

in

the

relieve

to

received

was

of which

by an
Atti-

take notice of

to

not

are

to

di-

indeed my felf
it [r]
formentioning
jr^^j^

alfo defended

now

far's Lieutenants,who
to

he

account

but this you

adds,

^^^

this caufe

fatigueof his journey, went

the ^ heater^ 'where

he

Life

ApoUinarianJhews; and,

rectlylo
cyg^
.

of the

the

from

returned

6g^.grounds. He
'

of

History

Meflius,

from

ca?ne

Gaul

on

take his trial : then Drufus, accufed

pur p

ofe

of prevaricating

he had under-

a
caufe^which
betraying

or

of Cse-

one

he was
by a
defend
acquitted
\ of which
of four voices : After that Vatinius,
majority
onely
and i^milius Seaurus, one
Prater
the laft year's
of the Confular Candidates, accufed
ofplundering
the Province of Sardinia [j]; and about the fame

taken

to

time
had

likcwife his old friend,Cn. Plancius ; who

entertained him fo generoufly
in his exil,and

accufed by a difchofen jEdile^ was

being now
appointedCompetitor,M. Laterenfis,of bribery
and corruption.All thefe were
acquitted,but

the Orations
Plancius
of

for them

w^hich remains

monument
perpetual
Cicero's gratitude
tained
: for Plancius
having obthe Tribunate from the people,as the re-

[r]

Reatini

ad

me

Redii

Romain

"

Drufus
tione

Veni

erat

de

praevarica-

abfolutus,in fumma

"

quatuor i'ententiis Eodem

die poft meridiem Vatinium
"

in

fpedaculum ; primum mag"

no
plaufu,(ied
cequabili
hoc
curaris ; ego ineptas
ne
gui icripfcirim) Ad. Ate.

aderam

defenfurus

facilis

Scauri

ea

res

judicium

ftatim

exercebitur, cui nos

deeriraus. Ad Quin. 2.

non

16,

4. ic;.

[j]Mcffius defendebatur
me

Drufiim, indc

exDedio
ad

Scaurum

fionis valde

px)bis,e legationerevocatus
Dcinde

fua

T^jw-TTHduxerunt, ut ageiem
Interarnnates
caufam
contra
"

loft,except that for

are

ad

3.

i.

beneficio defen-

cbiigavi.

lb.

". 5.

Scaurum.

ward

cf M.rULLIUS
ward

CICERO,

xi^

behave A. Urb. 699.

to Cicero, did not
fidelity
himfelf in that poft,with the fame afFed:ion to
53^\^him as before,but feems ftudioufly
-S^^'
have
to
flightj
^^
ed him; while feveral of his Collegues,and efAhenoall their power i?i b
RaciHus, i;j"re exerting
pccially
reus,
A.
the defence
his
and
Claudiuji
Yet
Ciof
perfon
dignity[/].
^^^^her.
cero
and
if no
freelyundertook his caufc;,
as
coldnefs had intervened,difplayed
the merit of
his fervices in the moil
patheticand affecfling
of his

"^

manner

and

refcued

accufer,and
powerful!

him
his

own

*'

Drufus's trial was

*'

which, after going home

"

held

ters, he was
obligedto
the afternoon :" which

"

the

in which

he

the Httle time which

he

hurry

the hands

from

in

of

friend.
particular
the morning ; frorri
to

write

return

to

tew

Let-

Vatinius's in

givesus a fpecimenof
lived,and of
generally
had to fpend upon
his

his fludies : and though he

or
privateaffairs,
was
now
carryingon feveral great works of the
learned kind,
he
yet he had no other leifure,
tellsusy for meditatingand compofing,but
when he was
takinga few turns in his gardens, for the exercife of his body, and refrefhment of his voice [u]," Vatinius had
"

*'

"

"

"

been 'one of his fiercefl enemies;

him

oppofition

to

Beftia mentioned
abandoned
gave

in

above,

in

was

perpetual
politicsand, like
:

feditious,
profligate,

fo that the defence of him

handle for fome cenfure upon
plaufible
Libertine

but his engagements with Pornpey,and

his new
with Casfar,
made it
efpecially
friendihip
Cicero

to
necefTary

[/] Negas

embrace

all C^far's
friends
; among

Tribunatum

moras,

attiilifTc
adPlanciiquicquam

jumentidignitati
meae.
que

hoc

loco, quod

At-

veriiTime

facere potes.
L. Racilii"
divina in me
merita coamie-

aut

"c.

Pro

P]ancio32,

coiificio
\_u]Ita quicquid.
ambulationis
in
cognito

fere

ternpus

conferO.

Ad

Quint. 3. 3.

whom

Il6
A. Urb.

TheViis'XQV.Y
699.^vhom Vatinius

L. DoMiTius
Aheno-

moft

was

of the Life
warmly recommended
been

has

Gabinius
being recalled,as
from his government, returned

about

Rome

to

REUS,

the end

and

of a triumph;
a

how

where

of

September:he braggedevery
that he was
qj^ his journey,
going to the
A^Claudius
B A

faid,

nued
carry on that farce,contithe gates ; till perceiving

to

while without

odious he

demand

all within, he

Jiok privately
the difgrace
into the City by nighty
to avoid
of
by the populace\x\ There were
beinginfulted
him :
three different
impeachments
providedagainft
the fate ;
the firft,
for treafonable
pr apices againft
the fecond,for the plunderof his province
; the
fo many
third,for briberyand corruption
-, and
themfelves

perfonsoffered
to
tor^ how
firftindictment

the

day

fell to L.

in defiance of

*'

Senate, he had

*'

with

*'

and

open

*'

had

made

had

who

army,

"

reftored the

King

his own
leaving

of

Province

one

the

urbem

man

naked,
Cicero,

all the cation,

provoreceive from another,

Gabinius
could

to
plcafure

acceffitA

^gypt

enemies, who

great devaftations in it."

which

[x]Ad

city, that,

the decree of the

the incurfion of

to

accufed

Lentulus, who

and
religion

received from

had

to

after he entered the

*'

an

be

profecutors,
the Fraa contefi
among them before
their feveralclaims [y']. The
adjujl

that there was

him

to

was

fee his infolent adver-

[j ]

D.
.

Gabinium

tres

adhuc

lb.
xii. Kal. 061. nihil turpius, faftiones poftulant
: Sec.
Ad
dcfeitius.
Ft.
Qu.
nee
i.".5.
haec fcribebam
ante
Cum
I. ". 5."
3.
erat
Cum
Gabinius, quacunqiie
lucem, apud Catonem
futuGabinium
fe
divinatio
in
veniebat, triumphum
poftulare
nus

bodixiffet,
iubitoque

Imperator

beiii, horijiim
fifr#t

-lb.

noLtu

in

ur-

plane, inva-

ra,

inter

Memmium,

Meronem,
nios.

lb.

Sc C.

Sc

Ti.

$i L. Anto-

2.

2.

lary

of M.rULLIUS
his feet ; and

faryat
fuch

CICERO.

durft

venture

not

preparedto give him

was

he deferved

as
reception,

to

117
A. Urb.

but Gabinius

for the firft

fhew his head

^I

Ml

days, till he

11-1

699.

^'^' 53-

t^

aJomitius

to the Se*
obhged to come
Ahenoorder
in
them
to
accordan
give
nate,
account,
barbus,
^-^^^^^^"^^
the
his
cind
to
cuftom,
Province^
ing
of
ftateof
the troops which he had leftin it : as foon as he ^u^^"^^had told his (lory,he was
going to retire,but
ten

the Confuls

was

detained him,

anfvver

to

to

plaint
com-

broughtagainllhim by the PuhlicanSyor

Farmers of the revenues^
who
were
attendingat
the door to make it good. This drew on
bate,
a dein which Gabinius was
fo urgedand teized
all fides,but efpecially
on
by Cicero, that^tremand tinahle to contain himfelf
he
Ming with paffion^
called Cicero,a banifhed
man
:
which, fays
upon
Cicero, in a Letter to his Brother,
nothing
honorable
the
ever
to
me
:
happened more
"

"

whole

*'

''

with

"

while

generalclamor

and

left their feats

Senate

Publicans

the

ran

up

alfo

to
to

were

and

man,

his very face

equallyfierce

clamorous

againfthim, and the whole

behaved juftas you yourfelf
would
company
have done [2;]."
for fome time,
Cicero
had been deliberating
whether he fhculdnot accufe
Gabinius himfelf
\ but
of regard to Pompey v/as content
out
to
appear
''

*'

*'

[z]

Interim

ipfo decimo

voceexulem

Hie,
appellavit.

die, quo ipfumoportebatho-

ilium

ficentius nobis accidit.

"

numerum

renunciare, in
ma

in

let

exire, a
eft ;

cani.

Homo

tur,

a
non

militum

fumhaifit,

cum
:
frequentia

tcntus

cum

re

me

Confulibus

velre-

Dii, n.hil unquam

fun exit Senarus

ad

uniim,

lie

ejusaccederet.

Con-

clamore

cum

ut

honori-

ad

corpus

Pari clamore

introducti

publir arque imperii

Quid
publicani.
ii
Onines, tanquam
undiqueaclus, quasris
:

maxime
" me
tul'it,

vulnerare-

tueiFes,ita fuerunt." lb.

trementi

I 3

onely

1 1

A. Urb.

699.onely as

^/n
fr^'

Gabinius

"

BARBus,

A.Claudius

witnefsagainfthim [a]; and when

account
gives the following
over,

the trialwas

Aheno-

ruLCHER.

of the Life

7he History

"

cc

cc

fo

as
flupid,

fordid

his accufer Lentulus

the bench

had
Diclatorfhip

**

fions, he

"

''

''

"

"

*,

the

of

rumor

infufed fome

not

could

ever

nothingfo
if Pompey had not

yet,
i^aken incredible pains,and
as

**

''

acquitted:nothing was

is

apprehen-

held up his head

fince with fuch an ac-

have

not

againftLentulus :
cufer,and fuch Judges; of the feventy-two,
fat upon
who
him, thirty-twocondemned
even

fentence is fo infamous, that he

fall in the other trials; efpefeems likely
to
The

him.

that
cially

of

plunder but there's no repubSenate, no Juftice,no dignityin any

what can
of the Judges ?
I faymore
-,

''

lie,no

"

of

"

There

"

rank, Domitius

''

fo

''

and

*^

from the Bench, to carofHcioufly

Some
to Pompey.
fay,and
ry the firftnews
Salluft,that I ought to have acparticularly

*^
**

us

but

were

of

two

Calvinus, who
all the world

that
forwardly,

Cato, who,

foon

as

as

the

cufed

"

fuch

*'

from
made, if he had efcaped

"

'*

"

"

^'

him
acquitted
might fee it ;
votes

de-^

were

clared,ran

*'

*'

of Praetorian

them

him

but

Judges ?
other

were

fhould I rifl":
my credit with
What
1 have
a figurefhould

things,which

me

Pompey wguld
but
gle, not about Gabinius's fafety,
dignity: it muft have made a breach
us:

fnould have

we

of Gladiator^j

[a] Ego

tamen

ab accuiando
Sed

tamen

me

as

been

vel

it as

matched

me

ftrug-

his

own

between

like

pair

Pacidianus,with iEferninus

teneo

vix meliercule.

tenep,

there

influenced

confidered

have

But

quod

nolo

cum

Pompcio pugnare

fatis eft,quod inftatde Milone.

lb. 3.2.

."

the

I20
A. Urb.

the time of this trial there

About

699.

of the Life

Tioe History

"

happened

Cic.

p. ^ terribleinundation of the 'Tiber which did much

^^ ^^^^^
niany houfes and fhopswere
L. DoMlrias^^^'^^g^
^

by it, and the finegardensof Ci-^

It was
all
cero'sfon-in-Iaw,
Craftpes,
demolifhed.
barbus,
chargedto the abfolution of Gabinius, after his
^p^^^^^^^^^^'^^
and contempt of the
daringviolation of Religion,
books : Cicero applies
to it the following
Sibyl's
of Homer
[d].
paffagc
Aheno-

carried away

As when

Jove

in autumn

hisfurypours^

And

earth is loaden with

When

mortals break tF internallawSy

guilty
Judgesbribed betraythe righteous
caufe^
their deepbeds he bids the Rivers rife^
of thejkies\
opens all the flood-gates
M.Pope, U. i6. V. 466.

And
From
And
-

Gabinius's

But
he

to

was

of his

",

danger was

not

fecond time, for

where C. Memmius,

be tried

Province

fhowers;
inceffant

yet over :
the plunder
of the

one

M.
Cato
his
his Accufer, and
to find any
Judge, with whom he was not likely
favor:
Pompey prefledCicero to defendhim^

Tribuns,

and

would

was

of any e3t":ufe
nius's
j and Gabibehaviour in the late trial was
tended
inadmit

not

humble
to

flood

Cicero

for Pompey's follicitation.

way
firm for a longtime r Pompey^fays

make

he, labors hard

lutus ?

'

with

me^

Accufatorum

in-

credibilis infamia, id eft L.

Lentuli, quern fremunt om-

but has yet made

no

im-

ad Martis, mira proluvies. CraiTipedis

ambulatio ablata, horti, tabernx

Appia

deinde
;
praevaricatum
plurimse.Magna vis aquaj
mira
Ju- ufquead pifcinampublicam.
con^ent^o,
Pompeii
Cadit
idicum fordes. Ad Att. 4. Viget illud Homeri
Ties

"

X 6.

[^]

enim

Romae,

"

maxime

"Ad

in abfolutionem Gabinii

Quint. 3. 7.

prejfwn^

of M.fVLLIUS
nor, if I
prejjion,

CICERO.

retain

121

ever
grainof liberty,

A. Urb.

699;

L.DOMITIUS

Oh

I e'er that dire

O'erwhelm

me

mall blaftmy fame,

difgrace
earth
//.4. 218.

Ahenobarbus,

A. Claudius
'^"^^"^^^

backed by
Pompey's inceflant importunity,
Casfar's earneft requeft,
made it vain to ftruggle
his judgeforced him againft
ment,
; and
any longer
and hrs dignity,
his refolution,
to defend
but

Gabinius

",

at

time

when

his defence

laft

at

provedof no fervice to him ; for he was found

guiltyby Cato, and condemned of courfe to a
ro's
that CiceIt is probable,
banifhment.
perpetual
but as it was
Oration
was
never
publilhed,
his cuflom to keep the minutes or rough draught
of all his pleadings,
in what he called his Commentaries^
which
death

[/];

were

fo St.

extant

Jerom

many
has

ages after his

ved from
prefer

fragment of this fpeech

", which
feems to be a part of the apology,that he found
himfelf obligedto make for it *, wherein he obthat when
ferves,
Pompey's authorityhad

them

fmall

"

reconciled him

"

once

*'

longerin

*'

for it

"

"

*'

"

"

was

his power
ever

to

Gabinius, it

was

no

him ;
defending
fays he^ that
perfuafion,

to

avoid

my
all friendfhips
Ihould be maintained

with

re-

exadnefs ", but efpecially

thofe,which
ligious
: for in
happen to be renewed from a quarrel
that have fuffered no interruption,
friendfhips,
excufed by a pleaof
a failureof duty is eafily

De Gabinio nihil fuit faci[(?]

Pompeius a me valde
endum
iftorum, "c. r'^js y.ot
contenditderedituingratiam,
fed adhuc nihil profecit
: nee
%ttto/. II. 4. 218.
fi ullam partem libertatis te[/] Quod fecifie M. Tulnebo, proficiet."Ad Quin. lium Commentariis
ipfius
ap-

3.

I.

".5.

paret.

Quimil.
*'

1. x.

c.

7.

inadvertency,

122

A. Urb.

699."c

The ^1^1

inadvertency,
or" at

^c'^^' whereas, if after

^^^^^ ^^ given,it
L. Po^MiTius
*'

the word, of

but wilfull ; and is not

"

hut

;
negligence

reconciliation any new

of-^
for negligent,
never
pafles

"

AnfiNo-

of the Life

OViX

imputedto imprudence,

perfidy
\^g\'*^
Proconful, Lentulus,who refided ftill
A^^^AUDiu*
Mh^M^K,
.^ Cilicia,
having had an account from Rome^ of
Cicero'schange
of condu^^ and his defence
of VatiLetter to him,
nius^ wrote a fort of expoflulatory
know
the reafons of it ; telling
to
him, that he
had heard of his reconciliation
with Cafar and Appius^for which he did not blame him ; hut was at
with
a
lofshow to account for his new friendfhip
that induced
it was
Craffus
; and above all^what
him to defendVatinius,
This gave occafion to
that long and elaborate anfwer from Cicero,already
^^

BARBus,

to

-Tjjg

referred to, written before Gabinius's trial;

which would otherwife have made
his apology
in which he laysopen the
difficult,

more

and

progrefsof

his whole

time of his exil

*'^"hefaysy as
*!:where

foon

*^

ciled

**

prizing pains

"

*'

*'

**

**

**

to

him

and

the

was

Vatinius,
chofen Prastor,
favor of Cato

be

recon-

Csefar afterwards took fur-

with

defend

him; to
which I confented,for the fake of doingwhat,
I told the court
the Farafite^
in
as
at the trial,
to

me.

the Eunuch^ advifed the Patron

to

do

fhe talks of Fhocdria do you prefently

praifePamphila^^c. fo I begged of
the Judges,that fmce certain perfons
of diI was
much
rank, to whom
ftinguifhed
fo fond of my enemy, and affe6twere
obliged,
ed to carefs him in the Senate before my face,
*'

^^

he

from

the cafe of

warmly oppofedhim, in
with me
Pompey prevailed

to,

"

as

to

*^

"

As

"

behaviour

motives

Whenever

with

all the marks

[^]

Vid.

of

familiarity
; and

Fragment,Orationum."

fince

"

"

they

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
*'
"

123

I A. Urb. 699.
they had their Publius to giveme jealoufy,
might be allowed to have my PubHus alfo,to ^*i^^'

Then
in my turn"."
as to
^ Domitius
his general
conduft, he makes this generalde*
Aheno"
that the union and firmnefs of the
barbus,
fence;
A.Claudius
"
left
fubfifted when
Lentulus
honell, which
with

"

teize them

"

R^mey confirmed,fays he^ by my

"

and

"

and

"

fupportedit, and

"

triots", for which

reafon, the
meafures of all wife Citizens, in which

*'

by yours, is now
deferted by thofe, who

revived

Confullhip,
quite broken
ought to have

looked

were

upon
maxims

always wilh

"

too

"

thorityhas

"

contend in

greateft
weight with
as far as we
publicaffairs,

"

fuade

our

Citizens, but

"

either

to

was

the

Parent

our

quitefree from

a6t therefore

"

prudentto

*'

"
"

nor
our

"

"

*'

"

"
*'

**

"

**

clafsI

as

now

contend

our

or

to

not

to

me,
can

per-

offer violence,
If I

Country"

all engagements,
I fhould
do i fhould not think it
with

fo great

power

",

if it could

it in
be effected,to extinguifh
prefentcircumllances ; nor continue alin

ways

one

mind, when the thingsthemfelves

altered ;
and the fentiments of the honeft are
adherence to the fame meafures
fince a perpetual

approvedby thofe,who know

it
beft how to govern eftates: but, as in failing,
is the bufinefs of art to be diredled by the
with dangeria
weather,and foolifh to perfevere
fet out, rather than by
the courfe,in which we
changing it,to arrive with fafety,
thoughlater,

has
*'

and

to

"

'^

Pa-

be ranked, ought to be changed

for it is a precept of Plato, whofe
au-

"

"

as

never

where

we

been

intended

-,

fo

to

us,

who

manage

chief end

propofedbeing
publicaffairs,the
dignitywith publicquiet,our bufmefs is not
to be
alwayslaying,but alwaysaiming at the
if all things,as I
fame thing. Wherefore
"

faid,

^^cher.

A. Urb.

699."

Cic. 5s.
Coff.

whollyfree

faid,were

that I

"

fame

""

vited

"

nefTes,and driven

"

A. Claudius

*"

take

PuLCHER.

cc

public;

AhenoBARBus,

*'

man

the

and

Lieutenant,
which
what

account

**

as

''

by kindby injuries,

the other
and

what

ad

myfelfand the Rewell

do it the more
as
freely,
of my Brother's being Csefar's
that there is not the leaftthing,
to

for Csfar, but

he has repaidwith fuch eminent
tude,
gratihimfelf
takes
that
he
as
perfuadesme,
I have

be

own

faid or done

ever

obligedto

me

fo that I have

much

as

my
defeated the

could 1 otherwife have

nor

you

enemies, if to thofe
my defperate
I have alwaysbeen mafter of, I
forces which
of power.
had not joinedthe favor of the men

defignsof

*'
*'

*'

I am
peryou been here to advife me,
fuaded, that I fhould have followed the fame

Had

*'

*'

*'

meafures

"

moderation

**

the moft

*'

levolence

for I know

to
friendly

others

to

and

nature

onely
your heart, not
but void of all mame,

I know

good

your

great and

noble, open

felf
(^c, [^]." He often defends himand fincere,
other occafions by the fame allufion to the
on

*'

reckon

ofJailing: I cannot
fayshe^ to change and
"

art

the

courfe

*'

like

*'

the

*'

obferved, have

*'

former

**

moft

''

other Cities

*"

in-

am

fide

one

vote

which
ufe of all his power and intereft,
if they were
loiow to be the greatefl,
as

(4

^^

the

iton

to

I flioiildbe the

but when

on

Life

me,

am

be ufefull both

to

"

to

to

fuffer myfelfto
eafily

on

*'

now

this condu6t

to

the

of

The History

124

Republic;

ways

fhip,by

read

",

inconflancy,
our
opinion,

the weather

I have

what

the

",

of

learnt,have
records

of

delivered,of the wifeft and

Citizens, both in this and

eminent

be

moderate

this is what

ages have

to

of

it

that the fame

purfuedby
[h"]Ep. Fam.

maxims

fame

the
i.

are

not

men

all
al-

but

9.
*'

fuch,

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
"

fuch, whatever

"

RepubHc,

*'

occafions of

*'

iij

theybe, which the (late of the

the

inclination of

the

A.

699.
l^rb,

^Q^p'

times, the

: this is what
publicpeace require
^ DomItius
now
Aheno[i]"
doing,and fhall alwaysdo
trial of C. Rabirius Poftumus, a per/on barbus,

am

The

rank^ was
vf Equejirian
Gabinius.

It

was

of

one

that of

appendix to

an

the articles

4;^^*""'^*

againft

Gabinius, that he had received about two 7nillions

for reftoring
King Ptolemy; yet all his eftate,
which was
fufficientto anto be found, was
not
fwer the

damages in which he was

for
could he give any fecurity

nor

condemned

the reft : in

this cafe, the method

ciency
the defidemand
to
was
from thofe throughwhofe hands the management
of his money
who

affairs had

pafled,and

fuppofedto have been fharers in the

: this was
fpoil
chargedupon Rabirius ; and that
he had advifed
Gabinius to undertake the reftoration
him in it^ and was
of the king^and accompanied
the payment of the money
and
employedto folUcit
lived at Alexandria/d?r
that purpofe^
in the King's
the publicReceiver of his taxes^ and
as
fervice^
wearingthe F allium or habit of the country,
Cicero
urged in defence of Rabirius, that
were

"

*'

he had

"

that his whole

"

he had

lent the

"

for his

at
fupport

born

crime,

Prince, who,

[/]Neque

enim

part in that tranfacflion; but

no

or

rather

King great fumms

as

Rorae

-,

inconftan-

tatibus

monumenta

didici,hsc

vero

hsc

trufi:

to

thought,
nobis "

licera:prodiderunt:
no

tanquarn
aliquodnavigiam atque curper eaidem
fum
ex
Reip. tempeftate dem, fed

Ego

then

that

of money

and ventured

all the world

tis puto, fententiam

moderari.

folly,
was,

fern

iententias ab iif-

quafcunqueReip.

ftatus,inclinatio temporum,

vidi, hscc

fcrip-ratio concordi^ pc;llularet,erfe defendcndas.

legi
fapientifQuod ego
fimis "
claniTimis viris,Sc
"; facio, "
femper faciam.
in hac Repub. "Scin aliis civi- --.Pro Plancio
39.
ta

hzec

de

"

was

'^^^ Hist

126

OR

the

of

Life
of
by the authority

going to be reftored
Cic. 53.
of going
^j-jg
Jiofnan people: that the necefiity
Coff.
of that debt, was
^Q jEgypt for the recovery
Aheno-^^^^^ fource of all his mifery: where he was
forced to take whatever the King would giveor
BARB
us,
A.Claudius
impofe: that it was his misfortune to be obPuLCHER.
ligedto commit himfelf to the power of an arMonarch
could be more
: that nothing
bitrary
than for a Roman
mad
Knight, and Citizen
of a Republic of all others the moft free,to
where
he muil needs be a
go to any place,

A.

Urb.

699."

was

"

cc

"

"

"

cc

"

"^'

"

'^

the will of another

"

(lave

*'

did fo, as Plato

*'

done

to

too

the

*^

was

*'

him

ilake

"

provingby

*'
"

fometimes

his whole
he

was

fortunes

were

fo far from

im-

that

King, that he
threatened
illtreated by him, imprifoned,
v/as
with death, and gladto run
away at laft with
his trafficwith

the lofs of all : and at that very time, it

and
wholly owing to C^far's generofity,
the merit

''

gard to

"

friend,that

**

[^]; which

at

"

ever

haftily,
alwaysfuffered for it ; this
cafe of Rabirius :
carried
necefTity

*'

"

that all who

the wifeft had

and

Alexandria

to

rank

mer

he

and

and

misfortunes of

an

was
re-

old

fupporthis fordignity [/]." GaEqueftrian

enabled

was

to

"

binius's trial had fo near

a relation to
this,and
fo often referred to in it, that the Profecuwas
tors

could

not

Cicero,
/"7"/^
it : Mem

mi

us

of
opportunity

raU

for the part which he had aded in

andria
obferved,that the Deputies
of Alex-

had the fame

nius, which

fo fair an

omit

Cicero

reafonforappearing
for Gabihad for defending
him^ the

Cicero^
of a maflcr No^ Mcmrnius^ replied
him^ ivas a recGncilifor defending
my reafon
that
not afbamedto own^
ation with him \ for I am
immortal :
mortal^ my friendships
are
my quarrels

command

"

[k] ProRabir. 8,9.

[/]

lb. 15.

and

^he History

128
A, Urb.

of the Life

in the authority
699.rijh
of the Senatorian character 14
qIiIjqy^
waftedin the drudgery
of the Bar^ or relieved
^

Cic. 53.

L DoMiTius
Aheno-

^^^

I have

ftudiesthat what
^y domeftic
',

ever

ken

fi^d of from a hy,

In every virtuous aB

and

glorious
ftrife
^0 fhine
the fir
ft and heft

A.Claudius
PuLCHER.

"

"

whollyloftand gone
not
oppofed^
partlyeven
is

what

that my enemies

defended
by me

I love^ nor

and

I hate^

what

partly

are

ther
nei-

leftfreeto

[i?].

me

Casfar was

While

exengaged in the Britifh

his Daughter Julia,Pompefs wife^died
pedition^

Rome^ after fhe

in child-bedat

fon, which
not

was

after her.

alfo foon

died

delivered of

was

Her

lofs

lamented

more

and
by the Hufband
loved her,M
them tenderly
_

of

both

Father, who

and well-wifhers
friends,
by alltheir common
the public
peace ; who confidered it as a fource

than
to

of frefh difturbance
Chiefs

united

[p].

on

and

by
mi

frater, angor,

one

Father

fo dear, and the

feemed
hitherto to

the ties both of

Csefar is faid

[0]Angor,
Remp.

to

the life of

whom

relation of Son
have

the ftate,from the ambitious

interefts of the Two
clafliing

and

views

fuaviffime

nuUam

effe

to

quod
tcmpus setatis,

que
in ilia Sanatoria

auftoritate

born the

partimnon

me

partim etiam
ne

berum

ex

cis litterisfuftentari. lUud

quod a pucro adama-

um

odium

of

news

oppugnatos

animum,

quidem efle li-

Ad. Quin.
3.5.^
medium
jam,

"

[p]

afFedli-

effe defenfos;
modo

non

fed

forenfi
florere debebat, aut
labore jadlari,
domeftiaut
vero

duty and

have

nulla judicia,noilrummeum

hoc

Cum

invidia

haerentis
"

C.

male copbtentiae
inter Cn. Pompei-

Caefarem, concor-

nxor
Magpighus,Julia
Kcii
d^i^tvtiv,
vWi^o-xyvm deceflit-- -Filius qUoque
clk?.foi'.
intra
l{Xy.iv(ti
parvus, Julia natas,

dice

ramj
Aiiv

"

II. (T.208.
lotum

occidiflejiiiimicoa

Ipatium obiit.

breve

Pat.

2.

47. Val. M.

Veil

4. 6.

her

CICERO.

cf MTULLIUS
jb^rdeath with

an

uncommon

129

firmnefs
[^]:
long enough to

tain, that (he had lived

from
the ends, which he propofed

ir is cer-

Coff^'

ferve all

alliance,
L.

that

that Pomprocure for him every thing

could give: for while Pompey, forpev's power
and

^'99'^"J^'"^

to

"^
r

if

getfuU or

"

his 1honour

and

/I

"

interelt,was

T"

L/omiti-s
Ahenobarbus,

^
A.

Ipenaing

CLAUDirs

p^lcher.

in the careffes of
at home,
inglorioufly
of Italy
a young
wife, and the delights
\ and, as
ally
continuif he had been onelyCsfar's agent, was
decreeingfreih honors, troops, and money
Csefar was
to him
purfuingthe direct road to
;
his Legions in all the toils and
Empire ", training
himfelf always at
of a bloody war
;
difcipline
their head, animatingthem
by his courage, and
rewardingthem by his bounty ; tillfrom a great
and wealthy Province, having raifed money
enough to corrupt, and an army able to conquer
all who
could
oppofe him, he feemed to want
nothingfor the vait execution of his defigns,but
break with Pompey ; which, as all
a pretext to
wife men
forefaw, could not long be wanted,
of their union, was
when
moved.
reJulia,the cement
virate
For though the power of the Triumhad given a dangerous blow to the liberty
interefts
and feparate
of Rome^ yet the jealoufies
it with
of the Chiefs obligedthem
to
manage
yond
befome decency-, and to extend
it but rarely,
his time

forms

the

of the conflitution

-,

but

ever
when-

league fhould happen to be diffolved,

which
had m^ade them
vate
alreadytoo great for prithe next
tell of courfe muft be
con
fubjed:s,
pire.
for dominion, and the fmglemafteryof the Emthat

\ji\Ca^far

deceifi/Tefiliam

tium

diem

Vol.

cam

"

"

audivit
inter

ter-

munera.

Helv.

Senec.

Confol.

ad

p. Ii6.

obiit
Imperatoria

IL

On

A. Urb.

T^
L.DoMlTIUS

over
triumphed

when

BARBus,

A.Claudius

Cicero

Conful^ and

was
1

.^

,,

Aheno-

C. Pontlnius
of November,
been Prator^
the Allohroges
: he had

the fecond

On

699.

Cic. 53.

FuLCHER.

of the Life

The History

1^0

"

Magiftracyobtained
which

o^ Gauly

-j^i-Q
Qpgj^

the

government

havingbeen

Rebelhon, but

of this General.

his

that

part
Ca-

foon afterwards

out

reduced

the vigor

by

this fervice,he demanded

with

met

oppofi-

great

incredible tience
pahis fuit for Jive

he furmounted

tion, which

or

of
^

tamperingwith

was

For

Triumph, but

the end
r

broke
confpiracy,

tihne in his

at

with

for he

perfeveredin
all that while, according
\ refiding
years fucceffively
the City,tillhe
to cuftom, in the fuburbsof
gained his point at laft by a kind of violence.
:

Cicero

friend,and continued

his

was

aflift him

and

in Rome

on

the

ConfulAppius
ierved him with all his power ; but Cato protejied^
that Pontinius Jhouldnever
triumphwhile he livedo
though this^ fays Cicero, like many of his other
threats,will end at laftin nothing.But the Pra-

purpofeto

had

Galha, who

tor

been

his

Lieutenant, having

a6l of the people

in his
an
procuredby ftratagem
riot,
favor,he entered the City in his Triumphal Chafo rudelyreceived and opwhere he was
that he
pofedin his pafTagethrough the ftreets,
was
forcedto make his way with his fword^ a?id
the Jlaughter
of many of his adverfaries
[r].

In

he

one

of the year, Cicero con fented to

of Pompefs Lieutenants in Spainj which he

[;"]Ea
quam
ad

end

the

erit nefcio

"c. Ad
negotioli,

Pontinius
Huic

ad-

quid

Praetores aperte, " Q^

Tribunus
Sed erit

Mucius
cum

"

Pontinio

Cato

Quin. 3. 5.

ntn

D.

puco,

ut

A.

IV^.

AppiusConful.
affirmat,fe

tamen

ilium

vult

Novemb.
obviam

Pontinio

volebam

Triumphum

cfTe : eteaim

Non.

longius,lius

non

re

vellem, quod

triumphare. nihil recafurum

Cato

"

Servi-

16.

vivo

id ego
triumphare,
muka
ejufdem,ad

It. Dio.

"

Ad

Att. 4.

1. 39. p.

120.

hgan

rULLlVS

M.

of

CICERO.

131

flateof his A.Urb. 699.

began to think convenient to the prefent
and refolved
to fet forward for that ProS^^'J^*
affairs^
vince^ about the middle of January [j]; but this l Dq^j jus
feemed to give fome umbrage to Caefar,who, by
Ahenothe heJp of Qiiintus,hoped to
him
b
difengage
reus,
-^-^^^^^'^s
from
and
attach
him.
to
to
gradually
Pompey,
a

himfelf

and with

that view

had

begged of him,
at Rome
[/],for the
his authority,
in all

his Letters,to continue

fake of ferving
himfelf with
in

affairswhich

had

he

fo that,out

of

nefs,Cicero

foon

occafion

to

regardprobably

to

tranfad; there

Csfar's uneafiand

changed his mind,

refigned

his

which
he feems to allude ia
: to
lieutenancy
he fays,that he
his Brother, where
a Letter
to
had no fecondthoughts
concerned Cafar;
in whatever
that he would

good his engagements to him \

and beingentered into his friendflnp
with judgement
attached to him by affe^icn
was
now
[u].
He
was
employed at Csefar's defire alongwith
the planof a moft expenfive
Oppius, in fettling
and magnificent
work, which Csefar was going to
execute
at Rome^ out of the fpoils
^/Gaul ; a new
annexed
to it;
Forum^ with many grand buildings
for the area of which alone, theyhad contraded
make

to

the feveral owners,

to

pay

thoufandpounds;

or^

double that fumm

[x\. Cicero

[j] Sed
Pompeio ;

me

"

eft hoc

urbem

extra

Id.

mihi

judicio

Jan, vi-

ad

debeo

multa

fum

quadrare Ad Att. 4. 18.

[/] Quod mihi tempus,
Romae
ut ifte me
prsefertim,

1.

"

rogat, manenti,
tenditur

[u]Ego

computes^ near
calls it a glorious

"

quidem fore, ex
lum

Suetonius

as

habere pofTum
tii,fcripfe-pa,^ 'pooujlS'ct^
Videor id
effe legatum in Csfaris rebus

heus

tibi

ramne

five hundred

about

Ad
vcro

vacuum

facere.
led

Jam

tamen

iricenfus

"

Ad

enim.
amore

Quin. 3,

". 5.

de manubiis
[_x1 Forum
inchoavit ; cujus area
fuper
H.

of-

S. millies conftitic. Suet,

J. Caef.

Quin.

2.
15.
nuUas J'ivTi-

26.

piece

^'^^her.

The History

1^1

ofthe Ltfe

or eH^
699.pieceof work^ and fays,that the partitions^
^^5,'
of the Campus Martins^ in which the Tribes
^3- dofiires

A. Urb.

Do

MIT

I us

^fi^ ^^

vote^

all

were

be made

to

of marble^
Forfiately

new

of the fame and a

rooflikewife
tico carried round the whole
us,
of a mile in Circuity
A_Claudius^^ 'k;^^ a publicHall or Town-houfe
to be
was
ward,
was
[yl. While this building
joined
going forwith

Aheno-

BARB

L. i^milius Paullus
:

the old Forum

new

name

own

and

built

at

and

-,

is

The

Cic. 54.

tribuns

new

purfued the

\}[x"\x
and
Predeceffors,
of

Confuls

would

was

tioned
menfrequently

by the later writers, as a Fabric

derfull magnificence,
computed to have
three hundred thoufand pounds \z\
700.

the fame

Phrygiancolumns^which

with

one

called after his

A. Urb.

raif-

inferior to it, at his own

for he repaired
and beautified an ancieyit

in
Bojilica
time

employed in

much

ing another, not

expence

was

not

fo that when

of

won-

cofl him

meafures

fuffer
the

of

tion
elec-

an

year
its proper head :
the Republicwanted
came
on,
in this cafe the adminillration fellinto the hands
;

new

who
Magiflrate,
provifional
muft neceflarily
be a Patrician^and chofen
by the
bodyof Patricians^called togetherfor that pur-

of

Interrex

an

",

"

paris licet)in monunientum

illud,quod tu tollere laudibus

paiTuum conficiatur.

folebas,ut Forum laxaiemus,

Sz uique ad Libertatis atrium

etiam

explicaremus,
H.

S,

vaiis

rem

poterat

Efnciemus

o-loriofilTimam. Nam
Martio

comitiis

porticu,

ut

mille

Simul

villa
adjungetnrhuic operi,
Ad
Att.
pubiica
4.
"

16,

[2] Paullus in medio Fo: cum

pri- ro Bafilicam jam pa^ne texuit,
iiidem antiquis
columnis : jlmitranfigi

pecunia.

Campo
xm

excelfa

mus

conrurr.nir.us

Sexcenties

uon

nore

cinge-

te"5la fadluri,eaque

[_)']
ItaqueCscfaris amici
dico
"!'Oppium, dirum(me

in

fepraTribu-

niarmorea

fumuf,

locavit,
autem,
quam
facit map-nificentifiimam. Nilam

hil

gratiusillo

nihil

monumento,

Ibid."
gloriofius
"

pola

rULLIUS

M.

of

CICERO.

135

[a]. His power however was A. Urb. 700,

^''^*54but ihort-lived,
beingtransferred,
every Jivedciys^
from one Interrex to another^till an eleflion of
be obtained -, but the Tribuns,
Confuls could
whofe authoritywas
abfolute,while there were
Confuls to controul
no
them, continued fierce
for reviving
were
againft
any eledlion at all : fome
Tribmis \ but
the ancient dignity
of military
that beingunpopular,a more
Scheme
plaufible
taken up and openlyavowed, of declaring
was
This gave great apprehenfions
Pompey Dilator.
of Syllas
the City,for the memory
Di^lator^
to
fbip; and was
vigorouflyoppofedby all the
Chiefs of the Senate, and
efpecially
by Cato :
and
Pompey chofe to keep himfelf out of fight,
retired into the country, to avoid the fufpicion
The rumor
of affecting
of a Didlatorlhip,
it.
to the honeft ", but
fays Cicero^is difagreeable
the other
things,which they talk of, are
fo to me ; the whole affair is dreaded,
more
but flags
difclaims it,thoughhe
: Pompey
flatly

pofeby the

Senate

*'

*"'

"

"

*'
*'

"

*'
"
''

*'
"

denied

never

it to

before

me

the Tribun

Hir-

probablybe the promoter : good Gods!

and fond of himfelf without a rival ?
how
filly
I have deterred CralTus
At Pompey's requeft,
Junianus,who pays great regardto me, from
meddling with it. It is hard to know whether Pompey really
defires it or not \ but if
will

rus

flirin it, he will not convince us, that

is averfe to it [^]." In another Letter ;

"

Hirrus

*'

he

[a]Vid.

Afcon. argument,

in Milon."

[^J

Rumor

jucundusbonis

non

Di6latoris in:

mihi etiam

jnagisquae loquuntur.
tota

res

negat velle

Sc timetur

Sc

Sed

refri-

gefcit,Pompeiusplane

ie

"

Nothing

antea

Ipfemihi

negabat.

fore

videtur.

"
ineptus,

quam

Hirrus
O

auilor

Dii, quam
Te

amans

fi-

nerivali!

CrafTumJunianum,

hominem

mihi

me

deterruit.
3

deditum, per

Velit, nolit,
fcire

^^^

134
A.Urb.

700.

Cic. 54.

"
cc
**
^'
^'
"

*'

of

History

the

Life
Diftatorfhip
^

Nothing is yet done as to the

Pompey is flillabfent ; Appius in a great buftie ; Hirrus
preparingto oppofeit ; but feve"
their negaral are named
as
ready to interpofe
the people do not trouble their heads
tive
about it ; the Chiefs are againft
it : I keepmyfelf quiet[":]."Cicero's friend,Milo, was
ir:

refoiute how

adf

to

on

this occafion

he

was

and if he
forming an intereftfor the Confulfhip
;
declared againfl:
was
afraidof mak-^
aDi^iatorforp^
ingPompey his enemy ; or if he Jhouldnot helpthe
; in
opponents^ that it would be carried by force
fure
both vv^hich cafes,his own
were
pretenfions
be difappoiiited
inclined therefore to
: he was
to
but fo far onelyas to rejoinin the oppofition,
pellany violence \_d].
Tribuns
time were
The
in the mean
growing
and
and
more
infolent,
engrofling
every day more
till
all power to themfelves ;
Q^Pompeius Rufus,
and the r^ofl
the Grandfonof Sylla,
failions
efpoufer
decree
of the Se"of a Jji5lator^was^ by a refolute
: and Pompey himfelf,
natey committed to prifon
upon
the greater and
his return
to the City,finding
averfe to his Didatorihip,
better part utterly
yielded
after an Interregnum
at laft,
offixmonths^that Cn,
clared
jDomitius Calvinus, and M. Meffala.^
fhouldbe delikewife
Confids
\f\, Thefe were
agreeable

Capfar : Cicero had

to

fcire difficileeft.
agente,

jTien

probabitAd
"

[f]

De

Hirro

nolle

fe

Didatore

abeft:

Appius mifcet:

parat

res

numerantur

curat

non

tamen

nihil

ta-

Quint. 3.8.

a6lum

rus

recommended
particularly

eft.

multi

Pompeius
Hir-

interceflb-

populusnon
nolunt : ego
principes

qyiefco Jb.
"

9.

Hoc
[^'J

horret Milo

fiilleDiftator
diiiidit.
tatarae

fi juverit
manu

inimicum
met, ne
lb. 8.

fadlus fit,
pasne

Intercefforem

fidio fuo

praemetuit

tijuverit,

fi non

per vim

dic-

"

Pompeium
;

"

"

perferatur

[^] Vid.- Die.

"

1. 40.

p"

141.

Meflala

The

136
A. Urb.

vN.

do

not

thinksthat

you

?
/ have learnt the law of you to goodpurpofe
\^g]
He
be2;an a correfpondence of Letters
now

r?
IT
usCALvi-^ith Curio,
Do

time

for more

twice

yco. terrex

^^c- S+-

of the Life

History

I-

Nus,

birth and

M.Valerius

^v^q Forum

Messala.

Senator

young

diftinguiflied

upon his firflentrance

committed
to his care,

parts, who
been

had

of

into
and

^j^-g ^Ij^g

^^

^^^

fefled of

^i^Jlorin Afia. He was poflarge and fplendidfortune,by the

of his Father

late death

fo that

Cicero, who

and ambition, and that he

high fpirit
do much
formed
to
was
good or hurt to his
diefirous to engage him earlyin the
country, was
intereftsof the Republic\ and by inflilling
great
knew

his

and

generous
love of true

inflame

to
fentim^ents,

Curio

glory.

him with

had fent orders

to

his

in
prodayneajhew of gladiators
Father : but Cicero ftopt
honor of his deceafed
the
declaration of it for a while,in hopes to diifuade
him from fo great and fruitlefsan expence [^].
He
more
forefaw, that nothingwas
likelyto
at

agents

Rome^

to

corrupt his virtue than the ruin of his fortunes

or

to

make

him
to

which

which

Cicero, for that reafon, was

firous

to

check

endeavours

to

were

the

his firflfetting
out

at

dangerousCitizen, than digality

prohe was
and
inclined,
naturally

purpofe
;

no

de-"

more

but all his

Curio

refolved

ew
of Gladiators \ and by a continual
give the fid
of his money,
anfwerable to this beginning,
profufion

to

after he had
'

[^]

Nifi

ante

Roma

fettus efTps,nunc

relinqueres.Qiqs

earn

enim

a6led the Patriot for fome

procerte
tot

civiledidicifle?Ep.Fam.7.11.

\h\ Rups

detuo
intei-regnisjurifconfultum

ilderat ?

Ego omnibus, unde

hoc
pt:tir.ur, confilii dederim,

nomine:

nonde-

Studium

fait declarandorum
fed

munerum
nee

mihi

placuit,
quidquam te abfente fiv-ri,
binon
ut a fingulis
veniiTes,
quod tibi,cum
Interregibus
advocationes
eiTet
Fain.
"
c.
nas
poilulent.
integrum, Ep.
$atifne tibi yideor abs te jus 2,3.
nee

cuiquam tjorum,

pme

CICERO.
of M.'TULLIUS
reduced
with credit and applaufe,
was

t;me

of felHnghimfelf
necefTity

the

to

is but Httle of

There

137
laftA. Urb.

at

^cff"^*

Csefar.

to

700.

in thefe Letters,
politics

Cn.Domiti-

and
cf the loft
generalcomplaints,
Calviin one
of them,
:
nus,
ftateof the Republic
defperate
of Epifloafter reckoningup the various fubjedls
^Valerius
lary writing", JhallI jokewith ycu then^ fayshe,
there is not a Ciin my Letters ? On my confcience^
times : or
laugh in thefe
tizeny I believe, who can
? But what can Cicero
ferious
JhallI write fomething
it be on the Reto Curio^unlefs
public
write ferioufiy
is fuch^ that I
? where
my cafeat prefent
have no inclinationto write^what I do not think
[?*].
him in mind of the incredible
In another, after putting
which
entertained of
was
exped:ation
that I am
him at Rome ;
not
afraid,
fayshe^

befides fome

us

"

*'

*'

virtue fhould

that your

not

come

up

the

to

opinion of the public\ but rather,that you

find nothingworth caringfor at your return;
fo ruined and opprejffed
all thingsare
but I
:
whether
it be prudentto fayfo much
queftion

"

"

"

"

"
"

"

It is your part

however, whether

you retain
adorn yourfelf

to
hopes,or quitedefpair,
all thofe accomplilhments,
with
which can
times and proa Citizen, in wretched
qualify
morals, to reftore the Republicto its
fligate
ancient dignity
[^]."
from abroad after the inauguThe
firft news
ration
of the Confuls,was of the miferable death

any

*'

^^
*^
'^

[/]Jocernetecum
teras

per lit-

meherqule

? civem

non

puto efTe,qui temporibushis

aliAn gravius
ridere pofiit.

quid fcribam

Quid

pofiitgravitera
icribi ad

Pvep.?
hsec

mea

Curionem,

Atque
caufa

eft

ea,

quse
fcribere

ib. 4.

\Ji\Non quo verear

opinionihominum

virtus

:
quod refpondeat

Cicerone
nifi de

fentio,velim

non

ne

cum

fed

cures

habeas

ita funtom-

in hoc genere

nia

ell,ut neque

"c. ib. 5.
exftindta,

debilitata

tua
non

mehercule,

veneris,non

jam quod

ne

jam prope

"

of

TheYLi^roy^YoftheLife

1^8
A. Urb.

and his fin PuhliuSywith the total defeat

of Crajfus
of
one
of his army by the Parthians, This was

7C0.

Cic. 54.
Coff.

Cn.Domiti-jus

Calvi-

Nus,

M.Valerius
Mess

LA.

^i^g grcateftblows
"
r

that Rome
J

"

had

received

ever

l-

-^

foreignenemy, and tor which it was ever

after meditating
writers gerevenge : the Roman
imputed it to CrafTus's contemptof the Annerally
have fince chargedit,
Chriftians
jpices
; as fome
violationof the templeof Jerufato his facrilegious
lem, which he is faid to have pkmdered of two
millions -, both of them with equalSuperflition
to unfold the counfils of heaven, and
pretending
which are declared to be
thofe depths,
to fathom
cern,
[/]. The chief and immediate conunfearchahle
this occafion,was
which the City felt on
for the detriment that the Republichad fufFered,
it was
and the dangerto which
expofed,by the
lofs of fo great an army ; yet the principal
mifchief layin what they did not
at firft regard,
and feemed rather to rejoice
of Craffus
at, the lofs
himfelf.For after the death of Julia,CrafTus's
left.of curbing
the onelymeans
authoritywas
the power of Pompey, and the ambition of Casthe weaker,
far j being readyalways to fupport
f^^"^

of the ftronger
the encroachments
; and
againft
keep them both within the bounds of a decent
refpedto the laws : but this check beingnow
of the Empire
the power
and
taken
away,
thrown, as a kind of prize,between Two ; it
to their feveral pretenfions
turn
; and
gave a new
for the larger
fhare ;
created a frefh competition
afterwards fhewed, mufl
end in the fubverfion of the whole.
ceiTarily

which,

as

the

event

acclde[/]M. Crafibquid

rit,videmus
ciatione
J.

dirarum

obnun-

[De Dio,
neglefta.

16.]

Being for

crilegeat

his

deftined

to

ne-

deftrudion,God

did call infatuations into all

his

councils,for

him

thereto

impious fa- Conned.

Jerufalemjuftly

Par.

the

leading

Prideaux.
2.

p.

362.

PuBLIUS

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS

with his Faperiilied

was
a youth of an
this fatal expedition,

Crassus, who

PuBLius

ther in

135;

with

the

A.Urb.

^p'i"^'

ftri6left

amiable charadter ; educated

q^
the
liberal
all
in
inilru6i:ed
and
perfe6lly
care,
had a ready wit and eafylanguage;
he
iludies ;
modeft

without

arrogance,
all the
with
adorned
negligence,
grave

was

to

proper

form

Dqmitius

Calvi-

nis,

^.Valerius

accomplifliments
and

Citizen
principal
force of his

Republic: by the

the

without

700.

Leader

of

judgement

own

|ie had devoted himfelf very earlyto the obferhe tually

and imitation of Cicero, whom
vance
perpeof
with
reverenced
kind
and
a
attended,

filial
piety.

conceived

Cicero

mutual

affe6lion

his eager thirft of glory,

obferving
into him the true notion
inftilling
conflantly
it ; and exhortinghim to purfuethat fure path

for him, and

was

of
to

it, which

left beaten

his anceflors had

and

to

him, throughthe gradualafcent of

civilhonours.

under Casfar in the

But, by ferving
he had
learnt, as he fancied,a

traced
Gallic

out

wars,

fhorter way to fame and power,

had been inculcating
; and

himfelf in
too

him

much
at

campaign

hafte

the head

to

be

of

or

two

General

thoufand

than

what

ro
Cice-

havingfignalized
a

as
-,

foldier,
was

when

C^efar fent

horfe,to

fiftanceof his Father in the Parthian

the vigourof his youth and courage

in

war.

the afHere

'

carried him

of an enemy,
whofe
fo far, in the purfuit
chief art of conqueft confifted in flying,
that
on

he had

no

way

left

to

efcape,but

what

his

high

the

defertion of his troops,

difdained,by
fpirit
fo that finding
and a precipitate
himfelf
flight
;

oppofed widi numbers, cruellywounded, and

in danger of falling
alive into the hands of the
Parihians^he chofe to die by the fword of his
Thus while he afpired,
Armour-bearer.
cero
Cias
fays,to the fame of another Cyrus or Alex-

ander,

The

I40
A. Urb.

700.

Cic. 54.

V^

'^

Cn. DOMITIUS

the

of

History

Life

ander, he fellJhortof that glory which many of

^

reaped^from

had
};)is
Predecejfors

honours, conferred
by their country^
T

"

fiiccefjion
of

as

the reward

of
*^

-I

[mj.
Q^Lwi'thetr
fervices
the death of

By

Nus,
,

W.Valerius
Messala.

in the

vacant

a placebecame
Tcung Craffus^
of Augurs^for which Cicero
College

(declared himfelf
fo

Candidate

nor

was

any

one

him, except Hirrus,

appear againft
who truiling
of his
the 'Tribun^
to the popularity

hardy as

to

Pompey's favor, had the vanity to

pretendto it : but a Competitionfo unequalfuroffice and

raillery
onely to Cicero ; who
chofen without any difficulty
with
or ftruggle,
iinaniynoiis approbation
of the whole body [n].

nifhed
was

the

matter

of

of it by
College,from the laft regulation
who were
all perfons
Sylla,confifted of fifteen^
of the firftdiflindion in Rome : it was
a
prieft-

This

for life,of a chara6ler indelible ; which no

crime or forfeiture could efface : the Priefts of all
hood

chofen by their Colleges

originally
;
tillDomitius, a Tribun, about fifty
before,
years
transferred the choice of them
the people;
to
held to be fupremein facred,
whofe authority
was
kinds

were

[w]

Hoc

lio deditus, quod

a

quam

me

quan-

Temper, tapueritia

hoc

men

ficut

Pub-

magis fum

tempore maxima,
"
parentem

alterum

obfervat "

diligit
[Ep. Fam.

5.8.]

efTe duceret, quam

majores
ejus ei tritam reliquifTent.
Erat

enim

cum

inftitutus op-

tinie,turn

plane perfefteque

eruditus.

$c ingeIneratque

fatis acre,

nium

"

orationis

inelegans
copia praster-

non

omni nobifine arrogantia

P. CraiTum
ex
gravis
eaque
litate adolefcentem dilexi plu- elle videbatur, " fine fegni-

rimum,
Cum

"c.

setatis ad
am
me

initio

amicitiam

fe

verecundus,

Brut.

p.

407.

Vid.

"c.

It.

plut.in

CrafT.

me-

contulifiet,fepe egilTe ["] Quomodo Hirrum putas Auguratustui competitoeiim

vearbitror,cum

hementifTime
am

tie

[ib.13. 16.]

P. Crallb, cum

hortarer,

ut

e-

rem

"

Ep.

Fam.

8. 3.

laud is I'iam rediiTimam

as

CICERO,

of M.TULLIVS
as

well

civil affairs \o'].This ad

as

facilitate Csefar's advancement

Prieflhood

the

to

High-

it was

however, that every

neceffary
Candidate Jhould be nominated to the people
by two
teftimony
Augurs^who gave a foleimt
upon oath of
his digfiity
this was
and ftnefs
done
:
for the office
in Cicero's cafe by Pompey and Hortenfius, the
of the College
mod
members
eminent
two
; and
:

^q^^^'

the

to

nus,

J^-

in the laft year, fo in this, the faftions of

the City prevented the choice of Confuls : the
As

and P. Plautius

Milo, Q^MetellusScipio,

interefts with

their feveral

Hypfseus,pufhedon

fuch open

violence

and

as
bribery,
be carried onelyby moif the Confulfhip
to
ney
was
or arms
[q], Clodius was putting in at the
and employing all
fame time for the Pr^torfhip,
his credit and intereit to difappoint
Milo, by
whofe obtainingthe Confullhip,
he was fure to be
and controuled^
in the exercife
eclipfed
of his fubordinate magijlracy
[r]. Pompey was whollyaverfe

to

who

Milo,

[o]Atque

did

hoc idem de

teris Sacerdotis Cn.

us

Tribunus

Leg. Ag.

PL
2.

[/"]Quo
Augurem
petirum

enim

De

me

CollegioexPompeius " Q.

nominaverunt;
licebat

nominari

Cooptatum

juratus judicium dignitatis

feceiat

mes

turn

me

eo

au-

parentis

debebam.

ne

"

in Cato.

.rrcbat ei, manque

Pra:turam
debilem

Occ

[t]

pluribus cam
fuam
2. 2.
Philip.

collegiumrecordabar,in

colere

[^qlPlutar.

ne-

in

quo,

Brut. init.

ab

ex

inftitutis in
loco

eum

inaugura-

"

ab eodem,

gurum

tempore

toto

Cn.

Hortenfius

7.
enim

C3E-

Domiti-

^c.
tulit,

that court, which

pay him

not

ac

futuram

Confule

Milo-

Pro IViilon. 9.

quo

he

alerius

Messala,

inftalled with all the

after the eledbion,he was
iifualformalities by Hortenfius [/"].

Candidates, T. Annius

700*.

Tribun, in ^'^- q^.-Oomitilaw of Domitius,

Calvius

Colleges;but Labienus, when

cero's Confullhip,recalled the
to

reverfed A. Urb.

was

rightreftored

the ancient

by Sylla,and

141

"The History

14^
A. Urb. 700.

^If 5+"

Qj, Pqj^j^j.
tis

Calvi-

Nus,

M-Valerius

of the Life

he

but feemed to afFed an indepenexpe6i:ed,

while the
deney,and to trufl to his own ftrength,
other two
competitorswere whollyat his devohad been his^aftor^
tion : Hypfasus
and always
his Creature ", and he defignedto make
Scipio
j^^ Father-in-law^
his
nelia,
by marrying
daughterCorthe
a Lady of celebrated accomplifhments,
widow ol young Crajfus,
the other hand, ferved Milo to the
utmoft of his power, and ardendywifhed his fuc-

Cicero,

on

cefs : this he owed

hirn, which

to

Milo's conftant attachment

trouble, as well from

of all his fortunes

"

can

"^
"
*'

*'
''
"
*'
*'

"

*'

"

"
*'
''

in

condud:, and

to

Letter

v/herefore fince

bounded
un-

the ruin

threatened

ftillwith Csfar, he
was
than
be more
wretched

thefe times

refolved

now

to give him
likely
the difficulty
of the

was

as from Milo's own

oppofition,
which
prodigality,

who

he

all hazards

at

the affair however

repay
much

to

his

Brother,
fays, Nothing
to

"

thefe

men

and

pleafurecan
be had from the Republic,I know
now
not
why 1 fhould make myfelfuneafy: books,
ftudy,quiet,my country houfes, and above
is
: Milo
all,my children are my fole delight
my onelytrouble : I wifh his Confulihip
may
put

an

end

no

itj in which I will not

to

I did in my
there alfo,as you

pains,than

own

afiiflus

now

",

and

do

take lefs
you will
all things

fland well with him, unlefs fome violence dehis money

feat us : I am
afraid onely, how
will hold out : for he is mad beyondall bounds
of
magnificence
preparingat the

in the
now

"

but it fhall be

"

ratenefs in this one

''

^c

care

my

his

Ihews, which he

of 250000/.
expence
to check his inconfide-

as
article,

far

as

am

able,
In

[j]."

\j]iraque ex

is

Rep.

:.."/

duonlam

nihil

jam vdnptatisca-

pi
^
_

Ti)e Hist

144
A. tJrb.701.
Cic. 55.

*"

modeft

tc

thing confiderable of

*'

be

*'

mand,

^'

it

"

fervices

him

obligedto
as

debt, not

as

to
a

to

whom

he takes

lefthe be

than

rather

one,

afk

afl":any

man,

kindnefs.

de-

thoughtto

and

to

look upon
But fince your
to

in my
eminentlydifplayed
known to all to be the greateft
;
late troubles,
are
and it is the part of an ingenuousmind, to
wifh to be more
obligedto thofe, to whom
I made
no
;
obliged
are
we
alreadymuch
to
beg of you by Letter, what of all
fcruple
to
thingsis the moft importantand necefTary

''

**

**

"

'

with

hard

goes

of the Life

ORY

*'

"

to

fo

me,

afraid left I ftiould not

be able to fuftain the weight of all your fa; being conthough ever fo numerous
vors,
fo great, which my
that there is none

*'

For

me.

*'

''

not

am

fident,

*'

fullyto contain, and

amply to requiteand illuftrate. I have placed
thoughts,
all my ftudies,
care, induftry,
pains,
is

mind

*'

"

*'

and

*'

not

able, both

Ihort, my

in

very

foul,on

Milo's

Conful-

to
exHiip; and have refolved with myfelf,
fruit of
ped: from it, not only the common
duty, but the praifeeven of piety: nor was

"

*'

*'

''

any man,

"

*'

nor

"

*'

"

'^

*'

*'
''

"

*'

on

which

hopes. You,

am

for his ho-

1 have fixed ail my views and

be of fuch ferI perceive,
can

fhall have
that we
pleafe,
have
occafion for any thing farther. We
no
alreadywith us the good wifties of all the
honeft, engaged to him by his Tribunate ;
and, as you will imagine alfo,I hope,by his
of the populaceand the
:
to me
attachment
of his fhewS)
multitude, by the magnificence
: of the youth
of his nature
and the gcncrofity
ot intereft,by his own
pecuHarcreand men
that fort : he has all
die or diligence
among
vice

"

fo follicitous for his

and fortunes,as
fafety

own

''

ever
I believe,

to

him, if

you

"

my

"

CICERO.

TULLIUS

M.

of

145

A. Urb. 701;
^flillancelikewife,which though of Iktlt
^^^* Si*
and
weight,yet beingallov/ed by all to be jiifl
due to him,
perhapsbe of fome influence.

my

*'
*'

*'
*'

may

What

*'

were

"

we

"

could

lieve

"

full ;

*'

*'

"

"

"

if

be mindfull

good

man

pains,
be*

can

of benefits ; if grateif worthy in fhort of

of you

beg

and

City,
purpofe

all the

if from

to

kindnefs

to

relieve my
helpinghand

and lend your

foilicitude,
prefent
truly,to my
to fpeakmore
to
^ or,
my praife
fafety.As to T. Annius himfelf,I promiie

if you

you,

*'

fo fit for the

man

takingfor Milo, you

now

am

me

your

or

of the whole

out

Wherefore,

you.
I
which

"

of all thofe winds

one

find

not

as

*'

chufe

to

we

Captainand Leader,

it were,

Pilot,as

is

want,

we

find

of

man

him, that you will not

congreater mind, gravity,

embrace
a

of greater affedlion to you : and as

or
flancy,
add fuch a lufler and frefii
for myfelf,
you will
own
that I fhall readily
you^
to me,
dignity

"

"

"

fhewn

have

the

honor,
zeal for my
before for my prefervation.
fame

"

to

''

which

"

If I

*'

faid,that

"

duty

"

much

"

but

"

prefsyou

*'

and

throw

*'

with

it, into your

"

afTure

*'

tain this favor from

*'

debted

"

himfelf^ fince

*'
*'
"

exerted

you
not

was

to

it

already

I have

what

fure, from

I take my
much
how
you would fee
and how
be interefted in this affair,

to

even

fightfor

ftiU farther

but I

-,

almofl

to

my

to

ilruggle,

I fliould
fuccefs,

Milo's

recommend

now

caufe, and myfelfalfo

the whole

yourfelfof

only

not

me,

concerns

hands
this

one

I fliall be

you,

you,

beg of you,
things that if I
and

than

in
fafety,

obin-

Milo

to

even

which

more

to

prin-

was

fo dear, as
not
afTifted by him, was
cipaily
gratitudewill bo
the piety of fhewing my
1
I am
which
perfuaded,
agreeableto mci

Vol.

II.

^'

Ihali

A. Urb.

of the Life

The History

1^6
701.

Cic.55.

"

lliallbe

cc^aieu

able

in Milo's

affiftancc.

your

and the better fort

intereil : but

violent

were

by

[/]."
Senate

The

effed

to

Three

ly
general-

were

of

the Tribuns

againfthim, Q. Pompeius Rufus,

Plancus Burfa,and Salluft the Hiftorian

Munatius
;
his fail friends,but above
the other ^^vtn. were
ail M.

Cselius, who,

of

regardto Cicero,
zeal.
ferved him with a particular
But while all
in his
procedingvery profperoufly
thingswere
his
favor, and nothingfeemed wantingto crown
but to bringon the eledlion,
which his adfuccefs,
to keep
verfaries,for that reafon,were
laboring
back -, all his hopes and fortunes were
blafted at
with his old enemy
once
by an unhappy rencounter
killed by his
Clodius, in which Clodius was
and by his command.
fervantSy
Their
wholly accidental,on
meeting was
the Appian road, not far from the Cityj Clodius
coming home from the country towards Rome ;
Milo going out about three in the afternoon ; the
firfl on horfeback, with three companions, and
out

thirtv fervants well armed

his wife

with

and

one

the latter in

friend,but

greater retinue, and

The

among
fervants on both

ly to infult each
to fome
briildy
eft

to

him, and

other

with

of the Gladiators

and

much

tors.
Gladia-

fides beganprefent-

when

wound

Chariot
a

fome

Clodius

of Milo's men,
who
threatnine;them with

received
fiercenefs,
one

them

In his

turning

were

near-

his ufual

fhoulder,from

after receiving
feveral

in the

enfued,
generalfray,which inflantly
findinghis lifein danger,was forced to fly for
fhelter into a neighbouring
Tavern.
ed
Milo heatby this fuccefs,and the thoughtsof revenge,
more

[/]Ep. Fam.

2.

6.

and

of

TULLIUS

M.

and
to

if

of
be

that
refledling,
givehis enemy a

CICERO.

147

he had

alreadydone enough A, Urb. 701':

him, ^^^' 55*
againfl
great advantage
\th aUve to purfueit,refolved,whathe was
ever
the confequence,
the pleafure
was
to have
deftroyinghim, and lb ordered the houfe to
ftormed, and Clodius to be dragged out and

murdered
wife

the

mailer

killed,with

of the Tavern

eleven

of

Clodius's

fervants,
: fo that
by flight

while the reft faved themfelves

Clodius's
till S.

took
him

left in the

body was

like-

was

road, where

it

fell,

Tedius, a Senator,happeningto come

by,
it up into his Chaife, and broughtit with
Rome

to

-,

where

all covered
the view
crowds

of the

Leader.

The

expofedin

was

with

blood

next

and

that

the

miferable

fate of

day

the

headed

mob,

dition,
con-

wounds,

flocked about

populace,who

lament

to

it

to

it in

their

by

S.

Clodius, a kinfman of the deceafed, and one of

his chief Incendiaries,
carried the body naked, fo
as all the v/ounds
might be fcen,into the Forum,
and

placed it

the Roftra

in

Tribuns, Milo's enemies,

it in

upon

where

preparedto

were

ftile fuited

the Three

to

rangue
ha-

the lamentable

occafion,by which
to

fuch

ries
they inflamed their mercenaheightof fury,that fnatching
up the

body, theyran

away with it into the Senate-houfe,

and tearingup the benches, tables,and every
thingcombuftible,drefled up a funeral pileupon
the

body, burnt the

alfo,or publicHall
Bqftlica

with
fpot,and, together

houfe

with
itfelf,

the

called the Po'rcian ; and, in the fame

adjoining,
fit of madnefs, proceded to ftorm
the houfe of
Milo, and of M. Lepidus, the Interrex, but
with fome lofs [u].
in both attacks,
were
repulfed
These

["] Quanquamrevera, fuerat

pugna

fortuita.

1. 6.

c.

5.

IZ'jvts
'^A7ri(jcL":

Quintil.

"

(^ivx
75-

hvfh\7ci,-/\^

Tloe History

148
A.Urb.

701.

^^^' SS'

of the Life

raifed great indignation

extravagancies
in the City; and gave a turn in favor of Milo ;
who
ditating
lookingupon himfelf as undone, was menothing beford, but a voluntaryexil:
but now
takingcourage, he ventured to appear
in public,and was
introduced into the Rojlraby
Colitis
he made his defence to the people
;
; where
and, to mitigatetheir refentment, diftributed
through all the Tribes above three poundsa man^
But all his painsand exto every poor Citizen.
to littlepurpofe
; for the three 'Tribuns
pence were
employed all the arts of party and fadion to keep
of the populace-, and what was
up the ill humor
fatal,Pompey would not be broughtinto
more
of accommodating the matter
; fo
any meafures
that the tumults dill encreafing,
the Senate paf{cd a decree, that the Interrex,ajjjfied
by the Tripublic
buns and Pompey^Jhouldtake care^ that the Rereceived no detriment ; and that Pompey^in
Jhouldraife a body of troops for the
particular^
drew
he prefently
common
fecurity
ther
toge\ which
from all parts of ItoJy, In this confufion,
the rumor
vived^
reof a Dilator was again indujlrioujly

These

the Senate; who,

avoid the greater evil,refolved prefently
to
to
create Pompey the fingle
:
fo that the InterConful
and

rex^

gave

frefh alarm

declared his ele"lion accordingly^

Sulpicius^
afteran Interregnum
ofnear two months [^].

Servius

ctuTH,"}
?.ivji'i(TcL/j^

r^

Tfctv-

poena

dtiiOri'nam
u
//.ojcv',
"TP-'iCiyiyvoijc;
czaBcti, Dio. 1. 40.

Milo,
turn

to

ut

p. 143.

cognovitviilnera-

CJodiuiH, cum

fibi pe-

tens

efTet,exturbari taber-

juffit.
"

extradus

vulneribus

Ita Clodius

ell,

multifque

confe"lus

Vid. Arconii

la-

Argum.

"c.

-"

in Mi-

Ion.
riculofmsilludetiam,vivoeo,
fiitiirum intelligeret,
occifo
[xj Vid. Dio. ibid. " Afautem

macnum

folatium effet

con.

Argum.

habiturus,etiam fifubeunda
POMPEV

of

M.

rULLIUS

CICERO.

149

appliedhimfelf immediatelyto calm A. Urb. 701

55feveral new
the publicdiforders,and publilhed
p*
LawSy preparedby him for that purpofe: one of ^^ Mac-'
to into
them was,
commijfton
III.
appoint a fpecial
the
Clodius^s
the
SenateSine
deaths
CoUegi.
of
burning
quireinto
hDufe^and the attack on M, Lepidus and to appoint
an
extraordinary
Judge^ of Confularrank,
in it : a fecond was,
to prefide
againjl
briberyand
with the infli"lion
of new
corruptionin ele5lions^
the
thefe
method
and fever
laws,
er penalties.
By
mited
of trialswas
altered,and the lengthof them liallowed for the examination
: three days were
and the fourth
for the fentence
of witnejfes,
; on
hours onely^
which the accufer
to have two
to
was
enforcethe charge-, the Criminal three^for his deTacitus
feems to
fence[y'\: which regulation
confider,as the firji
fieptowards the ruin of tht
Roman
reins^as it were^
:
by impofing
eloquence
[z]. Caelius opupon its free and ancient courfe
rather
pofedhis negativeto thefe Laws, as being
and providedparticularly
than
Laws^
privileges
foon obligedto withdraw
Milo : but he was
againjl
that he would
it, upon Pompey's declaring,
The three Tribuns^
them byforceof Arms.
fupport
and
all the while, v/ere
perpetually
haranguing,
the City with forgedftories,
of magaterrifying
zines
his
of arms preparedby Milo^ for inajfacring
enemies^and burningthe City; and producedtheir
in the Rofira^to vouch the truth of them
creatures
with
to the people
:
theychargedhim particularly
Lione
a defign
Pompeys life
brought
againft
\ and
clare
to decinius,a killerof the vi5Iims for facrifice.,
had conjeffed
that Milo's fervants
it to him in
their cups.,and then endeavoured to kill him^ left
PoMPEY

n us

-,

veluti fraenos eimpofuitque

[j] Ibid.
ConfuPrimus
tertio
5:c.
loquentige
Dialog,de
[z]
latu Cn. Pompeius aflrinxit,Orator. 38,
"

he

7he

ifo
A. Urb.

joi.

Cic. 5 5

credible^
Jhewed a

Nus

III.

the ftroke

of

wound
Jlight

he affirmed
a

Life

it : and to make hisJicry the

he Jhould
cover
dif

^vMag-'^i^f^^fwhich

the

of

History

to

Gladiator.

in his fide^made

have been

Pompey

firmed this fact,and laid an

Sine Collega.

mere

account

by

givenby

himfelf

con-

the
ofit before

by doublinghis guard afFeded to in^

of danger \a\ Nor
timate a real apprehenfion
were
theylefs induftrious to raifea clamor againft
Cicero ; and, in order to deter him from pleading
Milo's caufe,threatened him alfo with trialsand
", giving it out
profecutions
every where, that
Clodius was
killedindeed by the hand of Milo^ but
hy the advice and contrivance of a greater man
\b\
his conftancy
his friend,fays
Yet fuch was
to
Afconius, that neither the lofsof popularfavor^
his own
s fufpicions^
nor
nor
Pompey^
danger^nor
could divert him from the refoluthe terror of arms^
Milo's defence
tion of undertaking
[r].
it was
and authority^
But
Pompey'j influence
the onelyman
which ruined Milo [^]. He was
had the power
either to bring
who
in Rome
Senate

him

to

and

that he
the

trial,or

a
was

manner

to

get him

condemned

not

for Clodius's

death, or
of it, but pleafed
rather,that the
concerned

lb. 18.

[a] Audiendus

Popa J-iciqui de Circo

maximo, fervos Milonis apud

nius, nefcio

[r]Tanta
ac

tamen

conftantia

fides fuit Ciceronis,ut

non

fe ebnos faftos confefTos effe, populi a fe alienatione,

non
de interficiendo Cn. Pompeio Cn.
Pompeii fufpicionibus,
futuri metu,
periculi
tentia rem
non
armis, quse palam in
Pro Milon. 24.
Milonem
fumpta erant, deterreri
fuiiTe,
[^] Scitis,Judices,
potuerita defenfione
fuadenejus. Argum. Milon.
qui in hac rogatione
da dicerent, Milonis manu
reum
non
[^] Milonem
caedem efTe faflam, confilio magis invidia fafti,quam
vide:
Pompeii damnavit voluntas,
vero
majorisalicujus
de amicorum
conjurafle"

fen-

non

"

defert ad Senatum

"

licetme

latronem

abjedihomines

"

ficarium

Veil. P.

2.

47.

defcribebant.

Republic

A.

Urb.

of the Life

77?^ History

Ty2
701.

Cic. 55.

The

and hinder all difturbancc.

accufers were,

Xoung Jppius, the Nephew of Clodius^M,

M^^-'^^^*^'

Anto-

^' Valerius^ who,

accordingto the
law, employed two hours^ in fupporting
new
III.
Cicero was the onelyadvocate
their indidtment.
Sine Collega.
Milo's fide ; but as foon as he rofe up to fpeak
on
received with fo rude a clamor hy the Clo^
he was
and daunted at
dianSythat he was much difcompofed
his firft
out ", yet recovered fpirit
enoughto
Jetting
go throughhis fpeechof three hours ; which was
de*
it was
taken down in writingsand puhlijhed
as
is fuplivered ; thoughthe copy of it now
extant
pofedto have been retouched and corrected by
Milo in his
him
to
afterwards, for a prefent
exil [gl.
"^

Nus

In the counfil of Milo's friends,feveral were

of opinion,that he fhould defend himfelf,by

avowing the death of Clodius to he an a5l of public

But Cicero thoughtthat defence too de^
:
benefit

fperate
y as

it would

the gra\^, by
difguft

fo great a door to licence ; and

left the precedentfhould
powerfull,
to

themfelves.

cautious
fed and

But

Toung Brutus

ing
openoffend the
be extended
was

not

fp

he compopublifhedafterwards in vindication of

",

in

who,

an

oration, which

killing
of Clodius to be right
and of great fervice to the Republic[b].
undjujl^
It was
notorious,that on both fides,theyhad
Milo, maintained

"

the

often threatened death to each other : Clodius efhad declared feveral times both to the
pecially
Cicero, cum

inciperetcuifTet,ita

dicere, acceptus eft acclamationc Clodianorum

non

ea,

ilantia dixit

"

Afcon.

y?]

Cum

Manet

con-

autem

excepta ejusOra-

Argum.

quibufdampla-

crimen,

interfici Clodjum

itaque fuifTe,
quam

quafolitas
erat,

ilia quoque

tio

"

defendi

tus

pro Repub,
fbrmam
M. Bru,

fecatus eft in

ea

oratione,V

pro Milone

compofuit,
non
"edidit,quamvis
egiffet,

quam

Ciceroni id

non

placuit
""

ibid,

Senzitc

M,

of

"TULLIUS

CICERO,

153

A. Urb,
that Milo oughtto be killed-,
701.
people,
55could 7iot he taken from
and thaty if the Confiil/hip
pcould : and whe?i Favonius ajkedhim
hiniyhis life
Mag-'
his mad
hopes he could have offlaying
III.
cnce, what
that in Sine Collega.
-, he replied^
franks while Milo was living
live no more
three or four daysat mofi^he flooidd
:
which was
fpokenjuftthree days before the fatal
and attefted
by Favonius \i\ Since
rencounter,
Milo then was
chargedwith beingthe contriver
in it,and feof their meeting,and the aggreflbr
veral teftimonies were
producedto that purpofe,

and the

Senate

us

nus

chofe

Cicero

rifle the caufe

to

that iiTue ; in

on

what feemed to be
hopes to perfuade,
lay in
probable,that Clodius aElually

Milo, and contrived the

the moft

for

wait

and

place\ and that

a"i of felf defence.
necejfary
time

hut a
Milo^s part was
from the
This appeared
plaufible,

equipage, and the circumftances

met

yet it was
unfit for engagement,

he

himfelfbeingin

they

the

was

company
much
more

numerous,

and

irr which

though Milo's

for

of their

nature

more

encumbered,

than

his

chariot with his

adverfary's
;
wife, and all

alongwith him ; while Clodius with his

on
were
horfehack
if prepared and
followers
; as
\k\ He did not preclude
for fighting
equipped
her

women

himfelf
fciret
cnm
[ i ] Interim
palam diditaIter Iblenne
Miloni eripi Clodius
nevitam pofTe. Sig- cefTarium
Miloni efle Lanon
pofTe,
nifica\dthoc faepe
in Senatu ;
nuvium
Roma
ipfeprofec-

[/] Etenim

bat, confulatum

"

"

"

"

in

dixit
tiam
CO,

Quine-

concione.

Favonio, qusrentiex
fpe fureret,Milone
qua

vivo ?

ium,

Refpondit,triduo

ad

fummum

periturum.Pro
Poft diem

eft,quam

ii-

pridieeft,ut ante fcum

fundum, quod re intelledum

tus

eft,infidias Miloni
ret

"

quatriduo natu
Mil. 9.

tertium

dixeiAt.

autem

fuiffeteo

natus

dimifTus

res

venit,

16.

mutavit

gefta
lb.

Milo

calceos
;

colloca-

cum

in 3e-

die, quoad Se-'

eft, domum
h

veftimenta

dum
paullifper,

fe

\iixar.

i^^
A. Urb.

Th

'

701.

Cic. 55.

himfelf however

NUS

Sine

III.

this from

by

he often takes occafion

which

^Ir^A/r*^^^'
// Milo had
Mag
vs

the

of

History

Life

the other
to

plea,
that
infinuate,

and
deftgned
really

dius^he would

have

contrived to killClohonors infiead

deferved
of pu-

and
for cuttingofffo defperate
ni/bmentj
Collega.
an

to

enemy
In this

the

the peace and

liberty
of Rome

dangerous
[/].

fpeechfor Milo, after he had Ihewn

mors
follyof paying fuch a regardto the idle ruot his enemies, as to give
and forgciics
the credit of

them

examination,he touches
and
'pretendedfears^with a
an

Pompey's conducl
and from a kind of
fine and mafterlyraillery
;
of what might one
forefight
day happen,
prophetic
addrefles himfelf to him in a very pathetic
I could not but applaud,
manner.
fayshe^
of Pompey in thefc
the wonderfull
diligence
what I think ;
but to tell you freely,
:
inquiries
thofe who
are
chargedwith the care of the
whole
Republic,are forced to hear many
which
if they
they would contemn,
things,
could not refufe
to do it. He
at liberty
were
audience to that paultry
fellow,Licinius,
an
"

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

who

'

vants

uxor,

the information about

gave

ut

Clodius

fent for among

was

fit,comparat,
eft

moratus

obviam

"

expeditusin

nulla rheda, nullis

com-

tum

fit ei

ret

equo,

impedi-

mentis, nullis Grsecis Comitibus, fine uxore, quod nunhie Infidiafere ; cum
quam
tor,

"

rheda

(Milo)
"

cum

veberetur

Milo's

uxore

in

penulatus,

impedimento,ac

the firil of

gladium tenens
T.

quos

clama-

Annius, adefte,
qusefo,

atque audite cives

dium

fer-

interfeci :
nullisjam

P. Clo-

ejusfurores,
nullis
legibus,

judiciisfraenare poteramus,
hoc
a

ferro,atque
cervicibus

"c.
torem

Vos

veftris

dextra

repuli,

tanti fcelerisulmodo

honoribus

mumagno
liebri " delicato ancillarum "

fed etiam
nullis afficietis,

comitatu
puerorum
Mil. 10. it. 21.

Pro Mil, 28-^"c.

Pro

non

hac

ad

rapipatiemini?-"
fupplicium

[/] Quamobrem ftcruenu

thofe

of M.rULLIUS

CICERO.

'*

thofe friends,by whofe

*'

fore the Senate

"

confternation,to

*'

and my

"

fion

Country under
yet I could

"

he

laid it be- A. Urb.

in

and was, I own,

fee the Guardian

fuch credit was

gardto drunken

"

advice

fo great

no

given to

Butcher

and

^^^

how

fuch

re-

the wound

fide, which feemed to be

prickonelyof a needle, could be taken

^'

me

an

man's

in the

"

^^^-55^^f
^*J^^

fmall

both of

the

for

^'

the flroke of

"

fhewinghis caution, rather than his fear : and

of every thing,that
be fufpicious
to
difpofed
you might have reafon to fear nothing. There

**
"

"

was

rumor

Gladiator.

But

Pompey

alfo, that Cjefar's houfe

feveral hours

was

was

at-

'

the

night: the
though in fo publica place,heard
neighbours,
nothingat all of it; yet the affair was thought
into. I can
fit to be enquired
never
fufpedl
of Pompey's eminent courage, of beman
a
nor
ing timorous
yet think any caution too
for

tacked

**
"
"

*'
**
*'

in

-,

"

great in

"

defence

has taken upon hiiufelf the

of the whole Republic. A Senator
one

who

in the
likewife, in full houfe, affirmed lately
Capitol,that Milo had a dagger under his

"
"

**

himfelf
that very time : Milo flript
facred Temple ; that,
in that moft
prefently
at

gown

*'

^'

viincehis life and

"

credit,the

^'

which

"

But

"

*'

found

be

to

if,after all, Milo

not

and bafely
falfe,
forged.
mull

Hill be feared

it

longerthe affair of Clodius, but your

Pompey, which we dread : your,
fufpicions,
I fay,and fpeak it fo, that
your fufpicions,
If thofe fufpicions
flick
you
may hear me.
fo clofe,that theyare
to be removed
never
;
if Italymult never
be free from new
levies,
the City from arrns, without Milo's denor

,^*is
"

was

would

give him
thingitfelf might fpeak for him,
manners

no

"

^'
"

*^

"*
.

701.

apprehenIII.
that
Sine
help wondering,
Collega.

not

flaves

155

Urudion

Th^ History

of

the

Life
not
fuch is his
fcruple,
A. Urb. 701." ftruftion;he would
Cic. 55.
to bid adieu to his
and his principles,
nature
exil but
^^*^M^^^'
Country, and fubmit to a voluntary
1^6

"c

"

"

Nus

Sine

III.

CoUega.

"

fider how

thing fortune

"

in friends ; what

"

and

*'

cowardice

*'
*'
*'

*'

Thee,

does, to

now

con-

in

dearefl

diffimulation fuited

fay, be
come,
to

of the

*'

of
fidelity

"

braveft

thirteen

times

defertion,what
of

thofe,who

will,there will, I

the

times, which,

common

will often

man

happento

of the

the affedion

want

one

to

day will certainly

when
I hope,
ftill,
you, with fafety
fortunes,though changed perhapsby

fhews,
experience

Of

there

us:

time, and

your
fome
turn

may

what

dangers,even

our

to

unfaithfullnefs there is

what

circumftances

"are

*'

he

as

call upon

uncertain and variable the condition

unfettled and inconftant a
of life is : how

*'

"

would

Great One

Thou

"

"

he

taking leave,

^t

as

all,
the
friendliefl,
us

the worthieft,the courage

^c. ["/]"
living,

of the

fifty
Judges^who fat upon Milo,
and
demned
conthirty-eight
onely acquitted,
the votes
him
were
ufually
given by
and

',

ballot; but Cato, who

openly; and
would
earlier,
faysFelleius,

give
"

abfolved

his

"

vote

"

after him

*'

who

"

lived, the

*'

Country,

went

was

[k]

killed,was,

if he had
have

to

done

drawn

it

others

convinced, that he,

of

all who

had

ever

mofl
and

into exil

condemnation

[w]

fince all were

-,

him, chofe

at
:

his
to
perniciousenemy
all good men
to
[n].^' Milo
a few days after his
Marfeilles^

his debts

Pro Mil. 24, 25, 26

Cato
M.
palam lata
"

fi
abfolvit fententia,quam
defuifmaturius
non
tuliiTet,
exemfent,qui fequerentur

were

fo great, that he

plum, probarentqueeum
occifum, quo nemo
niciofior Reip. neque
inimicior vixerat.

vem

-"

P.

3.

"

ciperbonis

Veil.

47.

wa^

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS

t^j

glad to retire the fooner from the importu-A. Urb. 701;

^^^- 55his
nityof his creditors ", for whofe fatisfadlion
fold by publicaudlion.
whole eftate was
Here ^""^s^mI
was

ftillcontinued

Cicero

his

care

for

him,

and in

nus

with Milo's

III.

ordered one
of his Sine Collega.
friends,
wife's freedmen, Philotimus,to afTiftat the fale,
and to purchafe
the greateft
part of the efFedls,
concert

in order

of them
afterwards to the
difpofe
beft advantage^for the benefit of Milo and his
if any thingcould be faved for them.
wifeFatijia^
to

But his intended

fervice was

fo well reiilhed

not

by Milo, as he expected; for Philotimus was

fufpededof playingthe knave, and fecreting
ufe ; which gave
part of the effedls to his own
Cicero
Attigreat uneafinefs ; fo that he prefTed
and

cus

Caslius

inquireinto the
obligePhilotimus

narrowly,and
"

*'

tisfadion

to

matter

"

Milo's friends

to

that his
cially,

and

fee

to

reputationdid

own

very
give fa-

to

efpe-

"

fuifer

not

by the
Through

of his fervant [^J."

management
this whole ftruggle
about Milo, Pomtreated Cicero with
great humanity: he af-

"

pey

fignedhim
*'

guard at the trial; forgaveall

his friend,thoughin oppofition

"

his labors for

[0] Confilium

meum

fuerat,primum ut
noftra res eflet,
ne
lus emptor

"

in

hoc

dixeram, mihiego ei coram

poteftateque ille receperat, ne fitin-

ilium

piis,
qu"e permultafecum

ha-

deinde
:
fpoliaret

bet,

Fauftae,cui
ratum
luiflet,
etiam

cautum

ut

ille

effet.

Erat

iliud, ut

cillime

fervaremus.

totam

Si ille

Faufta

queritur

fi

fa-

Nunc

velim
perfpicias

ofHcium

"

Philotimus

Ad

bona

quam

liberti

Milonis

operam

acut

"

honeftiffime

Miloniabfenti,ejufqueneceffariis fatis faceret,

"
dum
tem

"

Si idem

vult, Philotimus,

in bonis

Att. 5. 8. it. 6. 4.
Qyod ad Philotimi

tinet,dedimus

vo-

ipfinos,
fervari
quid
pofTet,
quam

rem

vito Milone

ma-

alienus manci-

ejus fidem
exiftimatio

retur.

"
tua

Ep. Fam,

fecun-

fedulita-

conferva8. 3.

ut

cc

to

^he History

y8
**
'*
*'

of the Life

fo far from

what he
refenting
refentdid, would not fuffer other people's
to hurt him
ments
[^]."
himfelf

to

The

and

trialbefore the fame Tribunal, and

of
of M. Saufeius, one
crime, was

next

for the fame

confidents,
chargedwith being the ring-*
Clodius :
leader in fiormingthe hcufe^and killing

Miio's

by Cicero, and acquitted

onely by one vote : but being accufed a fecond
time on the fame account,
though for a different
quitted
fa6t, and again defended by Cicero, he was acby a great majority.But Sex. Clodius,
the Captainof the other fide,had not the luck
condemned
and bafo well ", but was
to efcape
he

defended

was

alio

nifhed,with feveral others of that faftion,to the

great joy of the City,for burningthe Senate-houfey

s
and the other violences committed upon Clodius''
death
A. Urb.

^"^*
^

Cn.Pompeius

FoMPEY

701.

Cic. 55.

Mag-

[^].
no

than
bribery^
againft
^^

^^^^
y

"

law

new

Candidates,
impeachedupfeverally
^
-1
r!
them
notorioullyguil-

the late Confular

Scipio and Hypfaeus,

f
^^

publifhedhis

fooner

were
""

being both

or

"

:
dangerof beingcondemned
Q^C/EciLius but Pompey, caihngthe body of the Judges toMetellus
begged it of them as a favor, that out
ggj-j^^j.^
of the great number of ftateCriminals^theywould
after he had refcued
remit Scipioto him : whom,
in
he declared his Collegue
from this profecution,
the Confuljbip^
fivemonths of the year \
for the laft
rying
havingfirilmade him his Father-in-law by marThe other Canhis daughter,Cornelia.
Nus

ill.

ty,

in

were

great

hamanitate

[^] Qua

contentionem
meam
lone, adverfante
adionibus

luis ?

providir,

ne

quae

tulit

Cum

turn
confi'io,

me

pro Miinterdum

ritate,cum

armis

texit fuis

lb. 3.

Quo lludio

[q]

illius

Miloa."

me

Afcon.

auclo-

denique
10.

Argum.

pro

"

?
tcmporisinvidia attingeret

didate.

"The Vil^TOTLY

l6o
A. Urb.
701.

took

of the Life
caufe, before Judgesof

his
plead his
Cicero's vigor in ma; yet by
Coir^'^^^ appointing
he was
condemned
by an
'^^S^^Sthe profecLition,
Cn.Pompeiof the whole bench [j]. Cicero
Unanimous
Magvote
us
111.
T^us
v/ith this fuccefs,as he figniwas
highlypleafed
to

CLC^ciLiuc i^gg in
lvm.

his friend Marius, which will

explanethe motives of his condudl in it.
"
I know
fayshe^ that you rejoice
very well,

ETELLUS

Letter

to

Scipio.

'

Burfa's fate,but

*'

at

"

coldly:

*'

the

you

me
congratulate

tell me,
that for
I take the Jefs
man,

imagine,you

you

fordidnefs

the

of

in it : but believe
pleafure
"joy from this fentence than
"

of my

'*

to

"

rather with

the

**

friend

it

"

from

and

fo great
my

men

on

the incredible pains of

fide,againft

one,

moft

and

:
powerful
laftly,
think pofiible,
1 hated

and

*'

you will fcarce

this fellow worfe than Clodius

*'
*'

the death

inclination of all honeft

an

the

"

more

glory,than the ruin of a

pleafedme extremely,to fee

"

*'

I have

me,

enemy : for, in the firilplace,I love

purfue,rather by a trial,than the fword ;

^^

**

too

eminent

what

himfelf

for I

had attacked the one, but defended the other :

of the Republic
and Clodius, when the fafety
was

rifl":edupon

my

head, had
indeed

from

fomething
his

*'

great in

"

help of thofe,who could

whilll I Hood firm :
their ground,
not maintain
but this filly
Ape, out of a gayety of heart,
of his intor the obje(5l
chofe me
particularly
envied
vedlives ", and perfuadedthofe, who

*^

**
'*
*'

*'

view,

but
ftrength,

me,

not

the

alwaysat their fervice,

I
at
any warning. Wherefore
in good earned ^ for it
rejoice

that he would

infult

*'

to

*'

chargeyou

me

to

own

be

fu condemnatus[j] Plancum, quiomnibus

fententiitmaximcveftroplau- Philip.
6, 4.

"is

""
"

*'

''

is

viftory, which

areat

Citizens

him, againflfo great

condemned
one,

themfelves

by whom,

they would

*'

which

*'

had

*'

We

"

trials and

ex

againftall

made

not

never

caufe

my

foon

laws, that

new

No

won.

thofe

our

that
Intercalations,

7"'''^"Jr*''''

who

'

Coff
a

pov/er

ofcN.PoMPEi-

chofen

Judges:
have done, if they
and grieftheir own.

were

fo diflradled here by

are

as

have

we

flouter than

ever

were

i6i

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS

multitude

of

dailyprayer

is

we

may

us

^^

Scipio.

fee you

after the death of Clodius, Cicero feems

have written bis "Treatife
laws [u\; after the
on

Soon
to

of

example of Plato, whom

loved

imitate

to

for

as

all writers he

Plato, after

he

naoft
had

drew tip a body

general,
of lazvs^adaptedto that particular
form of it^
which he had been delineatiyig
chofe to
; fo Cicero
deliver his political
fentiments in the fame method
Plato, but imitating
[;c]
; iiot by tranllating
of them.
his manner
in the explication
This
work being defignedthen, as a fupplement,
or
fecond volume, to his other upon
the Republic^
diftributcd probably,as that other was, into
was
v/ith fom.e quotations
meet
fix hooks : for we
the ancients,from the fourthand fifth
;
among
there
three
but
and
now
are
though
remaining,
thofe in fome placesimperfedt.In the firllof
thefe,he laysopen the originof law^ and the
he derives from the
which
fourceof ohligation
;
he explanesit,
nature
univerfal
of things^
or, as
the confiimmate
from
or will of the fupreme
reafon
"written

government

on

[^]Ep.

Fam.

[z^]Vid.

de

\_x]Sed

ut

fecit

7.

Legib.2. 17.
vir. doclilTimus

Plato, atque

vilTimus

Vol.

idem

gra-

omPhilofophorum

IL

in

nium, quiprincepsde
Repub.

2.

confcripfic,
idemque feparatim de legibus
ejus,id mihi
credo

efle faciendum

Legib.2.
M

De

6.

God:

III.

mete^llus

[/]."
pofTible

as

Mag-

A. Urb. 701.
Cic. 55.
us
^us

MagIII.

QX^ciLius
Mete

of the Life

The History

l6t

LL

us

[^] ; in the other two books,he givesa

bodyof laws conformable to his own planand
thoie
^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ordered City[-z]
:
firfl,
and the worjhip
which relate to religion
of the
thofe which prefcribe
Gods ; fecondly,
the duties
and powers of thefeveral
from which
Magijirates^
form of each government is dethe peculiar
nominated
Th'efe laws are generally
taken from
the old conjlitution
or
cujiomof Rome [^]; with

G^^

variation and temperament, contrived

fome little
to which that Republic
to obviate the diforders,
towards
and to giveit a ftronger
turn
was
liable,
the Ariflocratical
fide\h\: in the other books
he had treated,
which are loft,
as he tellsus, of
and privileges
the particular
of the Roman
rights

[fl.
people
this
an
PoMPEY
was
preparing
Infcription
fummer for the frontof the New Temple^
which
built to Venus the Conquerefs^
he had lately
taining
conrecital
all
the
his
Titles
as ufual,
: but
of
it
in drawing
happenedto be
up, a queftion
his third
liarted,about the manner
of expreffing
video faRepub.fenquae de optima
igitur
fuifTe
in
fentenfex
libris ante
tiremus,
pientifTimorum

\y ]

Hanc

"

tiam, legemneque hominum

excogitatam,nee
ingeniis

diximus, accommodabimus
hoc tempore leges
ad ilium,

civitatis
fcitum aliquodefie populo- quern probamus,
ftalb.
fed
tum
aeternum
2.
quiddam,
rum,
3.
[a] Et fi quas forte a me
quod univerfum mundum reprohiben-hodie rogabuntur,
geret, imperandi
quae non
in
Ita
fint
noilra
princidiquefapientia.
Repub.nee fueultimam
"
illam
tamen
ferein more
erunt
rint,
pem legem
effe dicebant,ommentem
majorum,qui tum, ut lex,
valebat. lb. 2. 10.
aut
nia ratione aut cogentis
vetantis Dei
Quamobrem
[^]Nihil habui ; fane non
lex vera atque princeps
multum, quod putarem nolb. 3. 5,
ratio ell reda fummi Jovis.vandum in legibus.
lb.
lb. 2. 4.
20.
[r]
3.
[2;]Non autem quoniam
"

;
Confulfhip

"

of M.

CiCEkO.

rULLIUS

16^

A. Vrh.yot:
by ConfulTerreferred to the princi- ^q'J^'
This was
tium ov Tertio,
pal Critics of Rome^ who could not, it ferns,^j^Po^pei.
for the
Magvs
agree about it ; feme of them contending
III.
nus
for the other ; fo that Pompey left
it to
one, fome

it fhould

whether
"onful/hip%

be

Cicero^to decide the matter, and

he
to

thoughtthe beft.
givejudgementon

great authorities

But Cicero

infcribewhat Q^C^cilius

to

beingunwiHing

either fide,
when

both,

on

them, advifed Pompey

to

and

there

scipiq.

were

Varro

among
abbreviate the word in

and order T E R T. onely

to be infcribed
qvefiion^
\
which
mining
fullydeclared the thing,without deterthe difpute.From
this fadl we may obin this age, in
exaft theywere
ferve,how nicely
of language
in their puba propriety
lic
preferving
and infcriptions
monuments
[d].
ads
the other
Among
of Pompey, in this
there was
law againft
third Confulfhip^
bery,
bria new
the old ones, that
contrived to ftrengthen
were
it, by difqualialreadyfubfifting
againft
fyingall future Confuls and Prastors,from
holding any province,tillfive years after the
of their Magiftracies
:" for this
expiration
was
thought Hkely to give fome check to the
of fuingand bribingfor thofe great
eagernefs
ofEces,when the chief
of them
fruitand benefit
removed to fuch a difiance
was
\e\ But before
the law pafled,
Pompey took care to providean
exceptionfor himfelf, and to get the governof Spaincontinued to him for ?iyt years
ment
for
longer; with an appointmentof money
"

**

"

**

"

"

"

the payment
of his troops :'* and left this
fhould give offence to C^far, if fomething
alfo

**

This
\_i'\

Tiro,

freedmaa

is told by
ftory

favorite
of

flave

and

Cicero, in

Letter

by A.
preferved

lius. 1.

10.

[^] Dio.

Ma

Gel-

i.

p.

42.

-^

of

1^4
A.Urb.
C

Cn.

701.

ff^

PoMPEiMag-

Nus

^^'^ History

'

III.

of

of the Life

kind was
not
extraordinary
providedfor
him ; he propofeda law, to difpenfe
withCafar^s
in fuingfor the Confuljhip
us
Cas^^fince
; of which
an

far

feemed

that time

at

Csehus

very defirous.

the promoter of this law, engagedto it by

(;^j^(.j.Q
^^ ^^^ j^-^^ requejiof Pompey and Cavvas

Q^C^ciLius
Metellus
SciPio.

r-\
"^^^ 1^ was
carried with the concurrence
J^^ L/ J
of all the Tribuns, thoughnot without difficulty
r

j-

"

-i

"

and

obibrud:ion from

the Senate

but this unu-

fualfavor^ infiead
offatisfying
Cafar^fervedonemands
ly^as Suetonius fays,to raifehis hopesand dejiill
higher\g\.
By
Fompefs lcni\juflmentioned, it was provided,
for

that

interval

fupplyof

for the

Governors

of five years, /// which the Confuls

and Pr^tors were
the Senators of
difqualilied,

*'

*'

"

Confular

and

*'

held any

toreigncommand,

*'

by

of which, Cicero, who

confequence

was

among

never

fliould divide the

themfelves

Provinces

vacant

in

had

Praetorian rank, who

lot :"

liged
ob-

take his chance with the reft,obtained

the Government of Cilicia^
in the hands of
now
to

Appius, the late Conful : this Province included

alfo Tifidiuy
and three Diocefes^
as
Paniphilia^
called, or DiJlri5Js
they were
of Afia^ together
with the If]
and of Cyprus; for the guard of all
which,
a ftanding
keptup of two
army was
Legions,or about twelve thoufand foot ; with
thoufand
fix hundred
horfe [^]:" and
f two
"

**

[/] Rogatus ab ipfoRavennse

pleb.ab
a

de

Ccslio .Tribuno

ipfoautem

Cnseo nollro.

"

?
Ad

Etiam
Att. 7.

I,

Ei"]
pleb.

Tribunis
Egit
lit abienti fibi-"
cum

retur

"

aldora

Quod

jam

ut

plenus, nullum
aut

adeptusell,

meditans

"

fpei

largitionis,

officiorum in quemquam

publiceprivatimque
genos
omii:t. Suet. J. Csef. 26.
Ad Att, 5. 15.
\}j\

fecundi Confulatus dapetitio

thus
k

of M,rULLIUS
thus

from

withheld

their inordinate
7

will

whofe

avoid

them

by Jaw,
7

"

expectation^obtruded

ana

-,

Cicero

others

paffion for them,

7

";/

"

his

to

x6s

of thofe Provincial Governments^ which

one

were

CICERO.

bufinefs it had

been

contrary
7

at

^'^-

corredl

to

was.
7

A. Urb.

/"

lajtupon

throughhfe

701.

55-

J?

Cn.

Pompei-

us
nus

Mag-

Ifl.

Q.C^cilius
[/].
The
Citybegan now to feel the unhappy ef- ^'^^^"^^
and Craffus's
feds, both of Julians
deathsfrom
the mutual
and jealoufies,
which
apprehenfions
difcovered themfelves more
and more
every day
between Pompey and Csefar : the Senate was
nerally
gein Pompey's intereft;and tradingto the
and authority
of fo great a Leader, were
name
determined to humble
the prideand ambition of
him from his Government
C.iefar,
by recalling
;
whilft Csefar,on the other hand, trufting
to the
of his troops, refolved to keep pofTefflrength
to

fion of it in defiance

drawing a

part

of all their

votes

and

by

of his forces into the Italic

or

Gaul, fo as to be read^i^at
Cifalpine
any warning
to
fupporthis pretenfions,
began to alarm all
Italywith the melancholyprofpedbof an approaching
civil war

and

this

was

of affairs,
when Cicero fet forward
of Cilicia.
Government

[/]Cum
tatem

nionem

meam

"

contra

Sz

volun-

pra^ter

the fituation
towards

his

imperloin Provinciam
necefle eflet. Epopi- proiicifci
cum

ut
accidiflct,
mihji

Fam.

3.

2.

SECT.

^e

i66

of

History

SECT.

^. Urb.
-

702.

the Life

VIL

rr^
tJI^ HIS

fcene in Ci*
to us a new
opens
year
,-.^
cero's life,
and prefents
him in a charader,

X
^P*/r^*
Coff.
"^^^^^ he
Serv^Sulpi-

had

_.

before fuftained,of the Go-

never

ofa Province,and General ofan army. Thefe

of all others,the moft ardentM. Claupreferments
were,
(3efiredby the great, for the advantages
which
DiusMAR-]y
ciLLus.
^i^gyafforded both of acquiringpower, and
countable
amaffingwealth : for their command, thoughacabfolute and
to the Roman
was
people,
uncontroulable in the Province ; where theykept
lip the ftate and prideof foverein Princes, and
had all the neighbouring
Kingspayinga court to
If their getheir orders.
them, and attending
nius
cius

RuFus,

i^^rmr

turned

was

to

arms,

and fo^d of martial

glory,theycoU-ld never want a pretext for war,

lince it was
into rebellion,
eafyto drive the fubjedls
the adjoining
nations to ads of hoftility
or
and injuries,
till from the
by their oppreflions
definition of a number
of innocent people,
they
had acquiredthe ^'itleof Emperor^ and with it
to
a
^he pretenfion
triumph; without which
known
fcarce any Proconful was
ever
to return
from a remote and frontierProvince [a]. Their

Opportunities
foldiers. This was
[a] While the ancient dif- his own
of
Tubthe
enabled by an old
cipline
Republic
exprefsly
law : in fupportof which a
could preno
fifted,
general
tend to a triqmph,who
had
fecond was afterwards providnot
enlargedthe bounds of ed, that piade it penal for
the Empire by his conquefts,any of their triumphant
Commanders
and killed at leaftfive thouto
give a falfe acfand enemies
cut

any

in

battle,with-

confiderable lofs of

of the number

of

flain,
eitheron the enemy's iide,or

count

their.

1^8
A. Urb.

The

of

History

the

Life

ingfrom former impeachments,generallyexcited

^^"50-fome or other to revenge the affront in kind, by
the caufe of an
injuredProvince,
^undertaking
Serv. Sulpian
impeachment againlltheir
CI
RuFus, and drefTingup
702.

us

M.

ClaudiusMar'

enemy.
But

CELLUS.

feemed
:

benefit

whatever

or

offer,it had

to

glory this

ment
Govern-

charms

for Cicero

no

to his temper
dijagreeahle
thing itfelf was
of thofe talents,which were
[r], nor vv^orthy

the

formed

to

fit at the

helm,

niflration of the v/hole

onely as an
impofed by his
to

hmi

prolongedto

Republic:

con-

exil, or

then
bur-

this command

the

other buHnefs

at

heme, left the

duty

therefore

might

the

be

not

of
the
of

chara6ler

intriguesof parties,or

the

his

beyond the ufual term

c^one, when
frequently

v/as
year ; which
cefTities of the Province,

man,

fo that he

country, to which
Flis firfl care
fubmit.

provide,that

to

was

fhine in the admi-

honourable

lidered it

obliged him

and

ne-

the

hurry

of

neither lei-

Senate

think of

vernor
changing the Gothe more
and this was
:
likelyto happen
of magiflrates,
at
prefent,through the fcarcity
left capable
who
were
by the late law of fuc-;
now
Before his departuretherefore he
ceding him.

fure

inclination

nor

to

follicited all his friends,not

to

fallupon

him

",

to

and

fuffer fuch
after he

was

tification
mor-

gone,

fmgle letter to Rome^ without

in the moffprefTing
terms
:
urging the fame requcfl
three
from
in his firfl to Atticus, within
days
their parting; do 'not imagine fays he, that I

fcarce

wrote

[t-]Totum

negotlum non

eft;dignum viribus

ipajore

onera

"

poffimk

in

Ep.

fam.

2,. xi.

reip

Sed

noflris,
qui

Rep. faftincre

foleam.

moribus,

miniflie
aptam meis

me

"c.

ad Att. 5.

10.

eft incredlbile, quam

toedeat,non
negotii

habet

ille
fatis magnum
campum
tibi non
ignotuscurfus animi
mei."

ib. 15.

of M.I'ULLIUS

CICERO.

169

than
in thisgreattrouble^
have any other confolatmi
the hopesthat it will not be continued beyondthe
year
me

to

do
by others^

who

judgeofme
many^
but you
who
be in earneft^

know

me^

not

A. Urb.
q

702.

take Serv.Sulpi-

will ufecwjs

Rufus,

is to M" Clauwhen the affair

efpecially,
diligence^
diusMarcomeonUl
o^ May, attendleftthe Cityabout the firfl
ed
He
by his Brother and theirtwo Sons : for Quinunder Caefar,in
his commiffion
tus had quitted

all your

order

to

him

accompany

of
capacity

into

Atticus

his Lieutenant,

him, before

he

in the fame
Cilicia,

had defired

left Italy,
to admonifL

his Brother,

and affeclionto
complaifance
had been complaining
his wife Pomponia, who
of her hufband's peevifhnefs
and churlifh
to him
fhould forget
it,he put
carriage
; and leftCicero
him in mind
again,by a letter to him on the
to be together
were
road, that fince all the family
in the Country, on this occafion of his going
Quintus to leave his
abroad, he would perfuade
wife at leaft in good humor
at their parting
: in
relationto which, Cicero fends him the following
of what pafTed.
account
When
I arrived at Arpinum, and my Brofhew

to

more

"

*'
"

"

"

"

therwas

come

was

you

on

to me,
;

which

falling
upon

of
you
lum

and
:

I had

never

talked

faw any
Brother

derate

"

leaft hint of his

my

gave

me

an

the affairof your

*'

as

firftand chiefdifcourfe

our

ever

opportunity
which
Siller,

at Tufcutogether
thingfo mild and mowithout givingthe
was,
having had any real
over

credunt ex confuetudine alioIji]Noli putare mihialiam

confolationem
efTe hujusinrum.
Tu, qui fcis,omnem
adhibebis ; turn
quod fpe- diligentlam
gentismoleftize,nifi
fore, fcilicet,
id agidebebit.
non
ro
annua
cum
longiorem
Hoc

me

ita veile niultinon

lb.

2,

cc

caufe

^^^

170
A. Urb. 702.
Cic. 56.

"

Life

The

her.

from

caufe of offence

the

of

History

next

morn^

Arpinum ; and that day being a

Coff.
Quintus was obligedto fpendit at Arfeftival,
on
where I dined with him, but went
ciusRuFus'canum,
'*' afterwards
know
this Villa
You
to Aquinum:
M. Claucame
thither,Quintus
of his : as foon as we
diusMar-"
"

ing

left

we

"c

"

c"LLU5.

6i

"

Pomponia,

''

to

*'

*'
"'

"

the

men

invite the women,

as far
: (nothing,

**

which, fee,faysmy

*'

forced

*'

to

to

upon
what I am

me,

day. This,

will

you

^nd looks

linefs.

*^

would

*'

tus

*'

fent them

cc

milder

When

fent her

than my

Sifter : yet I omit

trouble to
more
1

away to
he
but when
went

ing, he

"'

him

**

in the

*'

In

*'

that, in my

*'

fide that

^'

than

Brother,

fame

than

me

to

came

you

when

and

may

Quin-

ruder than

or

me

Quintus

to

he ftaid

at

earlythe

that flie refufed

humor,

unea-

my

dinner, fhe

to
:

in her

your

which
particulars,

many

night;and

word,

was

us

fee

to

thingsfrom the table, fhe

in fhort,nothingcould be

Acjuinum;

told me,

""

that

with

feveral

all back

down

fat

we

fit down

not

I diffembled

but

fay,

truly, great

Yes,

much
concern
;
enough to give me
both
her replyfo abfurdlyand fiercely

*'

*'

Brother

matter.

great

words

"'

the dinner

order

to

us

bear every

no

was

*'

*'

I faw, could

more

Statius before

*'

as

either in his words or

obligingly,
all
fo as we
manner:) to which fhe replied,
might hear it, I am hut a firanger here n^felf:
I guefs,to my Brother's havingfent
referring,
be faid

^'

''

do you,
and I will fend

in the civilleftterms

f^i(j"Q \y[^mh^

at

their

gave
himfelf.

Arcanum
next
to

morn-

\y^ with

partingcontinued

in which
let her

I had

know

feen her,
from

me,

opinion,the fault was all on her

day. I have been longer perhaps,
in my narrative,to let yoii
necefTary,

of M, rULLIUS
"

CICERO.
your partfor

there is occafion alfo on

fee,that

171
A. Urb.

70a,

[e]."
^Coff^'
from this little
One
cannot
rnhelpobferving
Serv.Sulpiinnumerable
confirmed
what
is
inftances
by
eident,
cius
Rufus,
ClauM.
that the freedomofa divorce^
in the Roman
ftory,
Ma%'^
^^^^
which was
indulgedwithout reflraint at Rome,
^^^^^^*
of either party, gave no advantage
to the caprice
""

and admonition

advke

of comfort

the matrimonial

to

ftate; but

the

on

rather a mu^
encouraged
and obllinacy
tual pervcrfenefs
; lince upon
any
their
littledifguft,
obftrudlion
or
follies,
givento
of a changewas
the expedient
readyalwaysto
flatterthem, with the hopesof better liiccefsin

contrary, feems

to

another

for

trial:

Country,

where

his Cuman

fuch

an

fo

age

or

"

profligate
nuptialbond, or fo
in the Great of both
infidelity

fpenta

at

was

never

was

tempt
con-

this time in Rome.

at

Cicero

was

there

lewdncfs and

fexes,as

there

violation of the

and
much

have

few

days as

he

ward,
pafledfor-

Bai^, where there

refort of Company to him, that he

Villa^near

had^ he fays,a kind of a littleRome about him

Hortcnfius came
the reft,though much
among

and wifh
health,to pay his compliments,
him a good voyage, and, at takingleave,when
he afked, what commands he had for him in his
"ib
fence Cicero begged of him onely,to ufe all
his authority,
to hinder his Government from being
prolongedto him [/]. In fixteen days from
Rome, he arrive^^t Tarentum, where he had
put

of

[^] Ad
[/] In

tt. 5.1.
Cumano

fem, venit ad
hi

pergratum

Hortenfius
jnea

me,

cum

ef-

quod mi-

ne; pateretur,quantum e/Tet

in ipfo,prorogari
nobis provinciam.

fuit, nofter mano

cui, depofcentitanta

mandata,

caetera

uni-

"

habuimus

in Cu-

Romam
quafipufillam
erat

in his locis multi-

tudo," ib. 2.

Yfrrefijandavi
j illud proprie^

promifed

The History

lyi
A. Urb.
Cic.

702.

56.

taking
covery

RuFus

cius

M.

ClauDius

cELLus.

Mar-

make

prbmifedto

""

of

the

Life
Pompey,

vifit to

who

was

benefit of that foft air, for the reof his health,at one of his Villa's in thofe
the

had

and

parts;

invited and

prefTedCicero to
his journey
:
upon

fpend fome days with him

they propofedgreat fatisfadlion on both fides
from this interview, for the opportunity
of conferring
with all freedom, on the prefent
together
Hate of the Republic,
which was to be their fubjedt: thoughCicero expeded alfo to get fome l^^fons of the military
kind, from this renowned
He promifedAtticus an
Commander*
account
of this Conference ; but the particulars
beingtoo
delicate to be communicated
quainted
by Letters,he acthat be foundPomhim onelyin general,
for all events^
fey an excellentCitizen^and provided
be apprehended
which. could pojfibly
[^ ].
three daysfiay with Pothpey^
he proAfter
ceded

BrundifiLim

to

where

he

was

detained for

and the
indifpofition^
daysby ajlight
tation,
expecof his principal
officers,
particularly
ofhis
Lieutenant Ponlinius,an experienced
Leader, the
the Allohroges
fame who had triumphedover
\ and
whofe fkillhe chiefly
on
depended in his martial
twelve

the

en

Brundifium,

From

affairs.

of June ;
fifteenth

\"\Nos Tarenti,quos

whence
cefn

cum

he failed to

Aclium,

partlyby fea,

libenter multos enim

e-

de Repub. ferjus prsclaros

Pompeio cT/ctAo-j/K^deRepub.
ad te perfcribehabuerimus
mones
accipiam: inltruar e-*
mus

"

ib. 5.

"

tiam
veni

Tarentum

d.

a.

xv

Jun. quod Pontinium

ftatueram expeftare,
commoKal.

diirimum

duxi

dies

eos

confumere

Pompeio
magis, quod
id videbam,
ut
petierit,

elTem

cum

eoque
eile
ei gratum

qui
fecum

etiam
"

me

apud

;
quotidie
quod

fe

confiliis idoneis

nollrum

ad hoc
ib. 6.

negotium.
triduum
cum
Ego, cum
"
apud Pompeium
Pompeio
Brunfuiffem, proficifcebar
difium."

"

Civem

iilum

egre-

": adhaec,
gium relinquebam,

quae

timentur,

paratifiimum.

propulfanda,
ib. 7*

con-

and

CICERO.

of MTULLIUS

175

partlyby land, he arrived at Athens on the A. Urb. 702^

he lodged in the houfe
th [h']. Here
^q^^'
twenty-fix
of
/^^^(f^J^of Ariftus, the principal
profeffor
Serv.sIjlpiand

his Brother

and

my,

far from

not

him, with

cius

M.

another celebrated

Rufus,

Clauof EpicuPhilofopher
d'usMarrus's School:
they fpent their time here very
difquifitions
agreeably
;
", at home, in Philofophical
and antiquities
abroad, in viewing the buildings
much
lighted
deof the place,;
with which Cicero was

Xeno,

there

both Greeks

Gallus
pecially
Epicurean,and
The

feveral other

were

and Romans, of the party ", efCaninius

and Patro, an eminent
friend of Atticus

intimate

lived

of learning,

men

in exil

this time

at

at

[i].

Athens,

baniflied upon
of bery,
bria convidion
his fuit for the confulfhip
; who, the

Memmius,
in

before

day

Mitylene.

to

away

arrival,happened

Cicero's

Rome,

which
figure,

The

to

go

he had

him

in Athens ;
authority
and the council of Areopagushad grantedhim a
pieceof ground to build upon, where Epicurus
remained
the
livedoand where there flill
formerly
But this grant had given
old ruins of his walls.
great offence to the whole body of the Epicureans^
fee the remains of their mailer in dangerof
to
beingdeftroyed.They had written to Cicero at
Rome, to beg him to intercede with Memmius,
born

in

confent

to

to

Athens, Xeno
and

effedual

[^] Ad
[z]

manner

amores

in te, "

benevolentia
"[*i"?dam

to

inflances,.

write

multum
de-

urbs duntaxat, "

"

their

at

now

about it, in the

had
", for though Memmius

him

Att. 5. 8, 9.
Athene
me

urbis ornamentum,

it; and

renewed

and Patro

Valde

leclarunt

of

revocation

with
prevailed

mofl

Jium

gave

homiin

nos

fed

"

Philofophia
"

fi

quid eft,eft in Arifto apud

eram,

quern
tuum
"

"

nam

Quinto

ad Att.

5.

x.

Xenoneni
concefTeram

Ep. fam.

2.

8. 13. i.

laid

A, Urb.

Cic.
S

702.

56.

of the Life

72'^ til sro'kx

1/4

ibe Areopagites
building,
recall their decreewithout his leave [k],

laid afide his defignof

iDQuld

not:

with much

^i"^^^o'sletter is drawn

and

art

accu-

I-

zeal of thefe Philaughsat the trifling

and paultry
M. Ci.Avruins of
for the eld rubhijh
lofophers,
PfusMAR-/^^^" Founder^yet earnefily
Memmius^ to in^
preffes
cfitius.
contra^ed through
weak-^
^a^^ them in a prejudice^
and thoughhe profefles
an
nefsynot wickednefs
\
diflike of their Philofophy,
mends
utter
yet he recomthem, as honefiy
friendly
agreeable^
men^
efteem [/]*
he entertained the highefl
for whom
From this letterone may obferve,that the greateft
made
difference of
difference in Philofophy
no
the great of thefe times.
friendfhip
among
cius

KuFus, raey

he

declared enemy to Epi^

curus'sdo^rine,than Cicero : he thoughtit deThere

not

was

more

and pernicious
to Society
morality,
;
the
this
to
confequence
charged
principles,

llru6live of

but he

the ProfefTors of them ; with many of whom

them
he held the flrideftintimacy
; and found

not

and
worthy, virtuous, generous friends,
Letter
lovers of their Country : there is a jocofe
be

to

to

Trebatius,when

was

with C^far

which
turningEpicurean,

his

upon

he

in

will

Gaulj

helpto

confirm this refledion.

Cicero

Trebatius.

wondering,why you had given over

informed me, that
to me
; tillPanfa
writing
"

**

to

was

Vifum
[if]

eft

Xenoni,

"

Memmio

non
pofimpetrari

ad
fet. Memmius
asdifiautem
poll, ipfiPatroni, me
fed
Memmium
fcribere,qui pri- candi confilium abjeciffet,
Athenas
Patroni
die quam
iratus,
veni,
erat
itaque
ego

Mitylenasprofeduserat,
npn

q^wn

enim

ab

dubitabat

"

Xeno,

invito
Arcopagitis

ad
fcripfi
Att. 5.

eum

accurate"^

ad

11.

"/]Ep. fam.

X3.

i.

"c

you

The History

176

of the Life

daysfpentat Athens, where Ponti56. j^j^^g^^ \2i^ joined him, Cicero fet fail towards
-^^^^- Upon leaving Italy,he had chargedhis
Serv^Sulpiwith the tafk of fending
him the
RuFus, friend Cseiius
cius
of Rome
Caslius performedvery
M. Claunews
; which

A. Urb.

After

702.

ten

Cic.

in a feries of Letters,which
DiusMAR-punftually,
cELLus.

make

yaluable part in the collediion of his familiar

Epiand
full
of
:
Jlles
they are polite
entertaining
;
wit and

that

flowingwith
fpirit
-, yet not
of exprelTion,
and elegance
which

turn,

eafy
always

we

The

firflof them, with Cicero's

anfwer,will giveus a fpecimenot the reft.

find in Cicero's.

M.

C^Lius

According
fend you

Town,

*'

you fo
ftiould
but

"

*'
*'

*'

of the

news

curious

you

all,who

are

and

to

to

and

me

lazy,as

as

the

be

to

to

but the paquet itfent,will, I imagine,rea:

felf,which

*'

dilyexcufe me : for what leifurewould

but to
quire,not only to tranfcribe,

*'

^'

even

to

the

of it ? there

contents

decrees of the

be in

to
greateft
pleafure
any thingthat revives

of you

I have

me

the

employedin

remembrance

know

you

be

writing,it would
me,

are

of arrogance, for deputing

this taflc: fince,as bufyas I now

condemn

to

am,

is

*'

*^

how

abroad, to be
informed of every thing that pallesat home,
I beg of you, however,
thoughever fo trifling.
another

*'

how

it
agreeable

*'

"

of all the

account

I know

not

*'

promife at parting,to

my

providedone to colledl it for

pundually,that I am afraid,left you
minute :
think my diligence
at laft too

''

'*

Cicero^

I have

''

"

to

an

M.

to

are

it

re-

attend
all the

Senate, Edidls, plays,rumors

*'

if the

fampledoes

*'

know

it,that I may

pleafe
you, pray let me
not
give you trouble,at

not

*'

my

CICERO.

of M.rULLIUS

177

in
my coft. If any thingimportant happens
the reach of thefe hackthe repubhc,above

*'

*'

". ney

writers, I will fend you

it was
myfelf; in what manner
raifed upon
are
what fpeculations

"

*'

fedts

*'

apprehended

itgERvSulpief-

it ; what

Rufus,
Clau-

M.

diusMar-

is

no
/^

thofe rugreat expedationof any thing: as to

of affo warm
at Cum^,
which
were
mors,

"

"

"

fembUng the

"

came

"

them.

"

made

Rome, I heard

to

Marcellus

not

about
fyllable

becaufe he has

too,

the Po, when

not

yet

for a fuccefTor to the two

any motion
Gauls^ but puts it off, as he told me himfelf,
the firflof June^ has revived the fame talk
to

"

^
P

beyond

Colonies

"

which

concerning him,

"

"

were

at

was

together.If
delignedto do, pray
Rome

when
we
flirring
you faw Pompey,

fend me
word in
you
what converfahim
what
temper you found
inclination he
tion he had with you ; what
fhewed ; for he is apt to think one
thing,and
fayanother, yet has not v/it enough, to con-

"

as

"

*'

''

*'

for Caefar,
As
reallymeans.
there are
ugly reports about him ; but
many
; fome
fay,that
onelyin Vv'hifpers
propagated
he

ceal what

''

*'

*^

loft all his horfe

"

he

has

*'

to

be

"

has been

beaten

*'

fiegedby

the Bellovaci

*'

'^

"

the

others,that

true^

and

feventh

Legion

himfelf is be-

that

he

and

cut

-,

I take indeed

which

the

off from

is nothingyet ccrThere
reft of his army.
thefe uncertain ftoriespublicly
are
tain ; nor
the few, whom
talked of i but among
you

"

know,

told

*^

mitius

never

*'

ping

"

firftof

*'

about

*'

which

openly, by
mentions

his hand

Vol.il

to

of fecrets :

them,

his mouth.

M^jy, the mob

a report, (may
was

way

under
it fall on

Vvir.hout
On

Do-

clap-

the twenty-

Roftra* fent
their own
heads)

the

warmly propagatedthrough
N

^-

702;

S^^'i^

tranfadled;cius

prefent there

at

of

account

an

A. Urb.

the

Forum

TTC

7he

78

A. Urb.

702.

^6.

Cic.

CofT.
Serv.
cius

M.

Sulpi-

rufus,
Clau-

dius
Mar-

CELLUS.
.

Forum

City,that you
by Q^Pompeius :

killed upon the road

who
knew him to be then
a

Life

whole

the

and

the

of

History

condition,that
flarving

but I,
in fuch

Bauli^and

at

I could

were

helppitying

not

him, beingforced to turn Pilot for his

bread,was not concerned about it; and wifhed
if any real dangersthreatened you,
be quit for this lie : your friend

onely,that
we
might
Plancus

Burfa is

Ravenna

at

",

he

where

has

largedonative from C^far ; but is not

books on
yet eafy,nor well provided. Your
government are applaudedby all people[n].
had

M.
"

T.

! was

How

you

with

tus's news-letter
to

afcribe

to

and what

at

fo

to

me

v/iliwrite it ;

indeed
with

met

have

not

in

public,
happen to
bring
many

it

fame

itfelfconveys a great
I expecl from you, neither the

the

but
prefent
;

before him,
I have before me

great way

tion
men-

much

nor

yet

important,unlefs

of it ; and

paft,nor
fees

judgement:

I would
politics;
pallesevery day

though ever
affedl myfelf
: others
part

dares

See, how
never

Chref-

and

for

write what

accounts

",

nobody

Rome?

in my

you

better head

you

-,

caufes

reafon, for I have

without
a

when

me

C^lius.

it this,think you, that I charged

the matches
fend me
of tors
Gladia-

adjournmentsof

the

to

M.

Proconful,to

Cicero,

from

as

who

one,

the future

onely,

in

your Letters
be able to
the plan of the Republic,I may
judgevv^hat" fort of Edifice it will be. Nor

that when

have

I hitherto indeed

of you

any caufe 'to complain

for nothinghas yet happened,
which
Fam.
[?/]Epift.

8.

i"

"c

vou

of
*'

CICERO,

MTULLIUS

lyp

forefee better than any of us : elpe-A. Urb. 702*

^^c. 56.
fpent feveral days with
y felf, who
in converfmg on
nothingelfe, but

could

you

"

daily m
Pompey,
the Republic;

*'

*'

*'

proper for
onely from

"
*'

me

explaneby Letter

to

that

me-,

with

*'

counfil

"

wherefore, give yourfelfup to

he will embrace
lieve me,
you
the fame

holds

*'

bad

*'

Athens, where

Citizens.

"

much

*'

when

with

me,

our

*'

I left it

Provincial

"

is every thingto me
it is
and by whom

to

that

be

benow

of

was

the fixth of

on

affairs

^^^^^^*

good and
been ten
days at

this Letter

Command

"

friend Gallus Caninius

than
particularly,

more

man

for he

us,

I had

After

the
;

diusMar-

excellent

an

and
courage
be forefeen :

can

opinionwith

I fent aw^ay
all my
recommend

*'

v/hich

for all events,

Rufus'

cius

take this M. Clau-

is

Pompey

Citizen, prepared both

"

nor
pofTible

is neither

which

"

*'

^^'

not

as

July,
earnellly

you, fo nothing
the time of my

prolonged:

which,

and

when

this

how,

managed, you will

Adieu
be the befl able to contrive.
[^].
the twenty -fecondof
He
landed at Ephefui on
days;
July^after a flow but fafe paffageof fifteen
relieved
the tedioufnefs of which
was
agreeably
by touchingon the way at feveral o^ the ijlandsof
nal
the Mgean Sea, of which he fends a kind of jourfrom the
to Atticus
[/"]. Many deputations
Cities of Afia, and a great concourfe of people
*'

be

to

"

came

to

meet

him

as

far

as

Samos

but

much

his
at
greater ftillwas expelling landing Ephefus:
from all parts, to fee
flocked eagerly
the Greeks
fo celebrated through the empire, for the
a man

learningand eloquence; fo that all

he merrilyfays,of many
his hoafiings,
as
years

fame

ot

his

[i?]Ep. fam. 2. 8.
[/"]Ephefum venimus

d. xl. Kal.
a.

Sext."

i^. vid, it.ib.

ad Att. 5.

12.

faft.

i8o
A. Urb. 702
c

(T

The

M,

us

Life

to the teji[q]. After re*

paft^were now brought
he marchpokinghimfelf for three daysat Ephefus,
-

^^ forward towards his Province

Serv. SulpiCI

the

of

History

",

and,

RuFus, of July,arrived at Laodicea, one

ClauCities of his Jurifdidion. From

diusMar-

j.j^g^j^fg Qf ]^jgGovernment
bids

he

know

Atticus

how

the laft

on

of the
this

Capital
moment

commenced;

take notice

which

of, that he might

extent ofhis
compute the precife

to

al
annu-

\r\

term

in this Provincial
Cicero's refolution,
thofe admirable rules,which
Command, to praftife
for his Brother ", and
he had drawn up formerly
It

was

from

employment whollytedious and difagreederive frefligloryupon his chaable to him

racter,
to
of
by leavingthe innocence and integrity
his adminiltration,as a pattern of governingto
all fucceeding
It had always been
Proconfuls.
an

the cuftom, when any Governors

abroad to
went
their Provinces, that the Countries^through
which

JJjoidd
theypajjed^
defrayall the chargesof their
reign
journey: but Cicero no fooner fet his foot on foground, than he forbad all expence whatfofelf
to be made either upon himever^ publicor private^
or any
of his company ; which raifed a great
admiration of him, in all the citiesof Greece [j].
In
medi[q\ De concurfu legatio- [s] Ego" quotidie
de
inm
eis
tor, pra^cipio
privatorum,"
num,
; faciam
micredibilimultitudine,quaE
modellia
denique ut fumma

jam Sami,

hi

in modum
aut

te

fuit,
Ephefipraello

audifle puto

certo
intelligere

te
~

fed mirabilem

torum
meas

quo

in difcrimen efle

ib. 13.
[r] Laodiceam veni

Kal. Sextiles. Ex
vum

anni

movebis

mus.

prid.

hocdieclalb.

munus

traduca-

ib. 9.

"

Adhuc
aut

fumptus nee in me
nee
publiceaut privatim,

in quemquam

hil

addudas

abftinentia

hoc extraordinarium

fcio mul-

oftentationes

annorum
nunc

ex

fumma

"

ab

Ni-

comitum.

legeJulia,nihil
accipitur
eft omhofpite,
perfuafum

nibus

i;;;. famse

meis
meae.

ferviendum
Belle

gK^

adhuc.
Hoc

of

M.TULLIUS

i8i

CICERO.

his offi- A. Urb. 702,

fuffering
due to them even
to- accept what
cers
zvas
by law ;
r'a;
nor
forageand wood for firings
elfe^
^^^^Serv-Sizlpi
any thing
with
which
he
beds
remitmere
houfe-room^
four
cius
Rufus,
;
MClauted alfo,as oft as it was
and obHged
practicable,
"*usMarthem
in their tents
to lodge
and by his example
and conftant exhortations broughthis Lieutenants,
Tribuns, and Pr^fe^s,fo fullyinto his meafures,
that theyall concurred with him, he fays,
wonderin a jealous
concern
fully,
for his honor [/].

In Afia he did the fame

not

-,

Being

defirous

his army,

put himfelf at the head of

the Seafon of adlion was
over,

before

to

the Cities of his

fpentbut littletime in vif-ting
the winter months forfetjurifdidiion,
referving
tling
the civil affairs
the
Province
He
went
of
\ii\.
therefore to the Camp, at Iconium in Lycaonia,
about the twenty-fourth
of Augujt where he had
he

-,

fooner reviewed

no

from

account

an

which

the troops,

Antiochus^ King of Comagene^

from

confirmed

was

than he received

the other Princes of

thofe parts, that the Parthians had

with

under
territory

Roman

rum

the condu5i

animadverfum

Graeco-

laude "

fermone

Hoc

celebratur.
Nos

multo
lb.

adhuc

ciam fumma
feclmus.

[/] Levantur

invade the

of Pacorus^the

quidquam : multis locis ne

quidem, " in tabernaculo manere
plerumque

10.

"

ad

admiratione

cum

to

phrates
Eu-

tectum

iter per Grae-

lb.

order

mightyforce,in

the
paffed

11.

miferae civi-

Att. 5. 16.
Ut
nullus teruncius infu-

matur

in quemquam

etiam

Legatorum

id fit

Sc Tri-

k Prsefedlorum
dilitates, quod nullus fit fump- bunorum
in nos, neque in Legatos, gentia. Nam
mirifice
omnes
ovfj.(i)ifyoS'o^^'jiv
me?e
gloris:
neque in Qusilorem, neque
in quemquam.
ibf.17.
Scito, non

tus

"

inodo

fcenum,

nos

dari
legeJulia

pere,
nee

fed

ne

aut

quod

folet non

acci-

lignaquidem,

praeterquatuor

ledum,

quemquam

iedos,

"

[u] Erat mihi in animo

ad exercitura"
proficiici

re6ta

aeftivos menfes
militari

accipere diftioni
"

"'

reliquosrei

dare, hibernos jurifib. 14.

^^^'^

A.

Urb.

702.

this news, he marched towards

fecure his Province from the inroads

Upon
King^sfon,

to
^^"5^*Cilicia,
^^ ^^^ enemy,
Serv^Sulpicius

RuFus, all accefs

iM. Clau-

to

it was

an
Cappadocia,

^^^

encamped

within ; but as
difficult,
except on the fide of

any commotions

or

took
DiusMAR-yi(^g^. IpLe
CELLus.

of the Ltfe

The History

i82

open country, and

his rout

not

well pro-

throughthat kingdom,

in that part of it which bordered

to the town
at the
of Cyhifira^

near
upon Cilicia^
footof mount 'Taurus.

His

army,

as

it is faid

above, confiiled of about twelve thoiijfand

footand

befides the auxiliary

hundred horfe^
thoufandfix
flates,and efpecially
troops of the neighbouring
of Detotarus, King of Galatia,the moll faithful!
friend y
j^llyof Rome, and Cicero's particular
whofe whole forces he could dependupon at any
warning[x].
he layin this Camp, he had an opWhile
portunit
of executinga fpecial
commiiTion, with
which he was
chargedby the Senate ; to take A^
riobarzanes.King of Cappadocia,under his particular
of
providefor the fecurity
protection
; and
and government : in honor of whom,
his perfon
the Senate had decreed, what they had never
done before to any foreign
Prince, that his fafety
was
of great concern to the Senate and peopleof
two

\x'\ In cailra veni a. d.

vii. Kal. Sept.add. iii.exercitum luftravit. Ex his caftris cum
de Parthis
graves

venirent, perrexiin

nuncii

Ciliciam

per

partem

earn,

Ciliciam ducerem
reddita funt

mihi lit-

"

Tarcondimoto, quifideliffimusfocius
trans Taurum
Populi.Rom.
terae

exiftimatur.

Pacorum

Orodi

cum
Cappadocias Regis Parthorum filium,
Ciliciam
tranfifle
equitatu
permagno
quae
Euphratem, "c.
Ep. fam.

attingit
RegisAntiochi Comageni 15. i.
Eodem
die ab Jamblico,
Legatisprimi mihi nunciaParthorum
litterae
corunt
PhylarchoArabum
magnas
tranfire
de eifdem rebus,"c.
coepiasEuphratem
"

""

"

pifTe.

Cum

'

exercitum

in

Km^^

184
A. Urb.

702.

^r'^

The "Hi
"

rny

'*
"

Serv.Sulpicius

RuFus,

M.ClaudiusMarcELLus.

"

of the Life

o-s^Y

ST

was
confpiracy

that, fince the

detefled,

fuflicient for prevcnt^"S ^^^ effedls of it; that he Ihould learn to

for
a6l the King, by fhewinga
concern

^^^

be

forces would

^^^

proper

life,and

regalpower in punifhingthe authors of the plot,and pardoning

^ji ^j^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ j^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ apprehend
any
when
his
'.'farther danger,
peoplewere acquainthis

"

own

exert

his

ct

jg

*'

**
''

ed with
fo

army

to

near

having thus encouragedand

King, he marched towards Ciliciay

:'* and

execution

comforted

decree, and faw a Roman

them, and ready to put it in

the Senate's

the

of this accident,and of the

gave an account
of the Parthians^ in two public
Letters to
motions
and

Confulsmid

the

the Senate:

added

he

private
favorer,
particular
a

Letter alfo to Cato, who was

a
ed
and Patron of Ariobarzanes, in v;hich he inform-

him,
*'

*'

''

"

that he had

onelyfecured

the

King's

taken care,
that he fhould reignfor the future with honor
his favor and ferand dignity,
to
by refloring

perfonfrom

vice

"

commended,
turbulent

"

the head

"

in power

and who

"

try

the

been

had

his Court

young
of the
to

attempt, but had

had

Counfellors, Vv'hom Cato

of
intrigues

the

*'

and

re-

by
difgraced
by obliginga

pried of Bellona^ who

Malecontents, and

was

the

next

King himfelf,to quitthe

coun-

[y]-

This

poor

any

his old

"

*'

not

even

King, Ariobarzanes, feems

to a proverb
:

have been

to

rex,
Mandpiis locupks
egit^ris Cappadociim

Hor.

been

for he had

and
fqueezed
miferably

Generals

by the Rommt

[yl
'

Ep. I. 6.

Ep.fam.

and Governors

drained
to

whom

15. 2, 3,4.

he

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS

borrowed, A.
adlually
fervices. It
particular

vaft fiimms, either

he owed

to be paid for
ftipulated
with
a
common
pradlice

or
was

to

lend money

and

185

at

an

the

Empire \ which

was

ulefull

Claudius

of intereft: but
of it, with the arrears
and the King
Pompey's agents were fo prefTing,

payment

needy, that though Cicero follicitedBrutus's

he had littlehopesof getting
aftairvery heartily,

fo

any thing for him

therefore to offer him
which

he had
he

Ariobarzanes

when

the fame

made
ufually

to

of
prefent

came

money,

other Governor,

every
refufed it, and defired
generoufly

onely,
that inftead
of givingit to him, it mightbe paid to
fo diftrelTed,
Brutus : but the poor Prince was
that he excufed himfelf,by the necefTity,
which
fome other more
he was under, of fatisfying
preffingdemands ; fo that Cicero givesa fad account
of his negotiation,
in a longletter to Atticus,who
had warmly recommended
Brutus*s interefts to
him.
2

^
Rufus,

cius

M-

pieceof poHcy to both fides ;

the Princes, for the opportunityof engaging
of the
men
to their interefls the moil
powerful!
Republic,by a kind of honorable penfion; to
of placingtheir
the Romans^ for the convenience
fure to bring the greatefl
where it was
remoney
intereil
of
of profit.The
thefe
turn
ordinary
' Provincial loans was, one per Cent, by the months
this was
the loweft ;
with intereft
:
upon intereft
hazardous cafes,
it was
or
but, in extraordinary
four times as much.
Pompey received
frequently
monthly from this very King, above fix thoufand
fhort of his full
which
poundsfterling
yet was
;
alfo had lent him a very large
intereft. Brutus
defired Cicero to procure the
fumm, and earneftly
thoughtan

702.

the Grt2ito^ Rome^ Serv.Sulpi-

exorbitant intereftto the Princes

on
Cities^dependent

Urb.

*'

come

io
Mar-

l66

The Hi

of the Life

story

fayshe, to Brutus; whom by

^c'^^' y^"^ authorityI embraced with inchnation,
what am
^"^ began even
to love : but"
I
Serv^Sulpigoing to fay? I recall myfelf,left I offend
RuFus,
cius
A.Urb.

"

702.

come

now,

"

"

"

M.

Clau-

"

diusMar-cc
cELLus.

do

you

not

think, that I ever

or
wilhngly,

^j^y thingmore
pains,than in what
j-q

"c
*'

He

*'

which

*'
**
*'
*'
*'

*'

me

gave

had

you

talked

*'

imagined,that he
thian war : theynow

to

"

*'
*'

*^

takes

by Appius'smethod

be fent

to

it

the Par-

pay

month's
it

intereft: but

calmly;

and

our

is content

of

but thefe
:
capitation
fcarce fuiiicientfor Pompey 's monthlypay ;
are
three of the King's friends are very
two
or
rich ", but theyhold their own
as clofely,
as
urge and

*'

to

when
efpecially,

for he
neither does, nor
:
can
pay any man
has no
no
: he raifes taxes
revenues
treafury,

**

*'

is

than

without
fomethingof the intereft,
As for others,he
for the principal.
prefTing

either you

*'

abate

*'

"

before

me

with him

more

befides ; but

Attic
this fallsfhort of

*'

*'

me.

Pompey thirty-three
talents per month, out of the taxes, though

friend Cnasus

*'

do

is

*'

*'

to

: in the firft
purfued
your inflru6lionsexatftly
Ariobarzanes to givethat moI preffed
place,
he promifedto me : as
ncy to Brutus, which
longas the King continued with me, all things
afterwards teized by
looked well,but he was
fix hundred of Pompey's agents; and Pompey,

all the world

''

more

particulars,

with

over

in-

**

"

of the

memorial

for other reafons,can

**

took

he recommended

*'

*'

entered

rus

or

I" I do

chide him

alfo told me,

not

by

forbear however
Letters

that he had

to

alk,

King Deiotafent peopleto

purpofe,to follicitfor Brutus -, but

theybroughthim word back, that he had really no money : which I take indeed to be the
drained than his
cafe j that nothingis more
him

on

*'

kingdom5

"

kingdom

",

of the fame
much

nothingpoorer
had

Brutus

But

than the

recommended

187

King [2]."A.

another affair

Urb. 702.

^q'^^'

Serv!^Sul

Cicero, which

to

nature

trouble.

more

prus owed

CICERO.

TULLIUS

M,

of

gave him
Cityof Salamis in Cy- ciusRufus,

The

M. Clauof his friends,as he pretended,

Matinius, above twenty thoufand ^^^sMar.

two

to

Scaptiusand

fterling
pounds
upon bond, at a mofb extravagant
interefl\ and he beggedof Cicero to take their
under his fpecial
and concerns
protedion.
perfons
Brutus's father-in-law,
had
Appius, who was
grantedevery thingwhich was afked to Scaptius
-,
in Cyprus^with fome troopsof horfe^
a Pr^fe5iure
haraffed the poor Salawith which he miferably
minians, in order to force them to comply with
his unreafonable

demands

for he

Jhut up their
tillfiveof themwhole fenatein the council-room^
bored
were
ftarvedto death with hunger\_a].Brutus lato
placehim in the fame degreeof favor
with Cicero : but Cicero being informed of this
violence at Ephefus,hy a deputation
from Salamis^
;

it the firftacl of his government

to recall
the troops from Cyprus, and put an end toScap-

made

tius'sPrsefediure,
havinglaid itdown
to

grant

no

in

command

to

any man,

trade^or negotiating
money

for
who
in

rule,

was

cerned
con-

the Province

givefatisfadion however to Brutus,he

the Salaminians to pay offScaptiiis's
bond^
injoined
which theywere
to the tenor
readyto do according
of liis edid:,by which he had ordered, that
no bonds in his province
fhouldcarry above one per
Cent, by the month,
Scaptiusrefufed to take the
thofe terms, infifling
on
o7i fourper Cent,
money
as the condition of his bond
expreffed
by
; which
:

to

[z] AdAtt.
\a\

I.

Pr2Efed"us

habuerat
Equitum,quibusin-

Appio, "
lurmas

6.

Fuerat enim

quidem

clufum

in curia fenatum

lamine obfederat,ut fame

natores
"

Sa-

fe-

quinque morerentur,

ibid.

computation

^he History

i88

cius

M.

doubled

cbmputationalmoft

the

principal
fumm;^
'vvhilethe Salaminians, as theyprotefled
to Cicehave paid the original
debt^if they
"SuLPr^^9 could not
RuFus, had not been enabled to do it by his helf^and out of

A. Urb. 702.
Cic. 56.
";

of the Life

Clau-

his

he had remitted to them

dues^that

own

diusMar-

amounted

"""="

ma"d[b].

fomewhatmore

to

indignation
; and

the repeated
inftances
notwithftanding
and Atticus, he

determined

was

which

than Scaptius'^s
legalde-

extortion raifed Cicero's

This

-,

^i

to

of Brutus

over-rule it ;

him
the more
though Brutus, in order to move
thought proper to confefs,what he
effedlually,
that the debt was
his
had all alongdijfembled,
really
and Scaptius
onelyhis agent in it \c\ This
cwn^
and though he had a
Cicero ftillmore,
furprifed
inclination to obligeBrutus, yet he could
warm
but makes
confent to fo flagrant
an
not
injuftice,
frequentand heavycomplaintsof it in his letters
have now,
You
to Atticus
fayshe, in one
of them, the ground of my condudt ; if Bru"

"

does

*'

tus

*'

why

*'

will be

we

it, I fee no reafon

approve
Ihould love him ; but I am
fure, it
not

approvedby

[hi]Itaque ego,

provinciam,cum
tetigi
CypriiLegatiEphefum
am

die

quo

mihi

ad Att. 6.

derent"

confe.

cemefi-

folverent

ut

ceram,

ut

infula llatim dece-

*4-

Scaptius
quaternas
homines
non
poftulabat-^ib.

mis

"

modo

recufare,fed

non

dicere,fe
enim
cent,

Praerori dare

quoniam ego
fe a

peram,
do dare;
dfe

me

folvere.

me

etiam

Quod

confuefnon

torio
"

acce-

quodam

mo-

atque etiam minus

fo

[^]."

In

in veftigali
quam
praeib. 5. 21.

mine,

obvi-

veniffent,litteras mifi

equitesex

his uncle,Cato

[r]Atque hoc tempore ipimpingitmihi epillolam

ScaptiusBruti,rem

illam fuo

efTe : quod nee

periculo
unquam
tibi
"

audivi

Brutus

[d]

Habes

fi Bruto

quae
nefcio

cur

avunculo
"

nee

ib. nunquam
illo
ex
illam pecuniam qH^q
ib.

fuam"

tur.

mihi

dixerat

caufam

meam
non

ilium

ejus

amemus

certe

probatur,
:

fed

probabi-

ib. 5. 2,1.

noaiiquantoin Scaptii

anotheri

cf M.'TULLIUS
another

four

him

"

low

"

decreed but

"

that, to

*'

if he

one

189

ought to al- A. Urb. 702.

by edid I have
^^'
^q'
per Cent, when
all
the
and
through
province,
Serv.Sulpithinks that I

If Brutus

"

-,

CICERO.

the fatisfadion of the keenell ufurers

complains,that I denied

one,

concerned

one,

and

Praefedlure

", cius

to

M.

in trade, which

I denied, for
that reafon,to your friend Lenius, and to Sex.
Statius,though Torquatus follicited for the

*'

*'

"'
*'

Pompey himfeif
either of
difgufting

for the
them

if he takes

without

"

it illthat I recalled the troops of horfe out of

Cyprus\ I fhall be forryindeed, that he has

any occafion

*'
"

not

more,

him

"

*'

be

to

ever,

be angry with me
the man
to find him
I would

"

to

that I have

have

you

but much

that I took
to

what
forgot

not

diusMar-

other, yet

*'

**

Rufus,
Clau-

know
you

how-

intimat-

in feveral of your Letters,that if I

brought back nothingdk from the province

ed

*'

"

to

me

that
friendfhip,

would

"

but Brutus's

"

let it be fo, fince you will have it fo ; yet it

mufl always be with this exceptionj as far as

*'

it

"

*'

*'

*'

done,

be

be

enough:

without

committing any
How, my dear
[e]" In a
wrong
Atticus ! you who
and
applaudmy integrity
good condudl, and are vexed fometimes,you
can

[^] Si

Brutus

my
third ;

putabitme

qUaternas centelimas oportu-

"

irafci,fed multo majorem,

efTe eum
non
talem, qualem

putaiTeiii Sed planete inqui in tota

volui,mihi non exprovinciafingulasobferva- telligere
illud
cidiiio
edixiflem,
itaque
rem,
quod tu ad me
idque
ctiam acerbifTimis foeneratoriquibcfdam litteris fcripfiJTes,
fi praefcdu- finihil aliud de hac Provincia
bus probaretur;
ram
denegatam nifi illius benevolentiam denegotiator]
ifie decernere,

queretur,
nortro in

pcrtaflem,mihi id fatiseffe.
Lenio,Pompeio Sit fane, quoniam ita t\i vis

quod ego Torquato

tuo

ipfiin S. Statio
probavi;
molefte

negavi,"

iis

fi equitesdedudos

feret ;

accipiam
quidem dolorem, mihi ilium
e-

fed

tamen

cum

quod fine peccato

eo

credo,
fiat"

m.eo

ibid,
''

fav,

^'^^ History

"

ipo
A. Urb. 702.
Cic. ^6,
Coff.
RuFus
M. Claucius

diusMar-"
CELLus.

of the Life

fay,that you are not with me

Ennius fays,come
as
a thing,

"
"

mouth,

"c

to

^^^^" ^^^

defire

to

me

^^^^ ^^

grant

how

fuch

can

of your

out

troops

to

Scap-

could
with me, fufferme to do it,
you, if you were
if I reallyhad done fuch a
if I would?
cc
thing,with what face could I ever read again,
," or touch thofe books of mine, with which you
"
are fo much
[/] ?" He tellshim likepleafed
^"^

extortmg money

'

"

wife in confidence,
that all Brutus's Letters to
mannerly^
him, even when he was afkingfavors,were un-

and arrogant*, without regardchurliJJj^

; and
ing either what, or to whom he was writing
if he continued in that humor ; you may love him
have no rival
he, ifyou pleafe,
alone^fays
you /hall
to a better
of me ; but he will come, I believe^
clinatio
mind [^]. But to fhew, after all,what a realinhe had to obligehim, he never
\th
tillhe had fqueezed
from
urgingKing Ariobarzanes,
him a hundred talents,
in part of Brutus's debt,or
about twenty thoufand
pounds\ the fame fumm
which had been deflined to Cicero himprobably,
felf {h\

While
[/]

Ain* tandem

Attice, gat aliquid,

contumaclter,
ar-

laudator ittegritatlscVeleganroganter, daoivmnTojf folet

fcnbere
ib. 6. i.
tiaenoftrae? aufus es hoc ex
enim fumus)
Omnino
Enninc,ut eore
(foli
tuo, inquit
quitesScapvioad pecuniam nuilfts unquam ad me literas
""

"

cogendamdarern,me
tu,

an

ft

rotare

""

iibros,quos
attingereeos
quidfe-

quid
"

cero

"

'

ad Att. 6.

[g]Ad

me

in

quibusnon

tamen

illemi-

ftomafolet. Sed plane

quid fcricogitat,
parum
ib. 6. 3.
bat, aut ad quem

chum

magis quam

movere

"

[^] Bruti tui

caufa,ut

fae-

feci omnia
te fcripfi,
pe
Ariobarzanes non in Pomad

2.

cum
etiara,

-in quo

hi ril'um

dilaudas ? fi tale

ta

"

elles,
qui eiretarrogans,ctx.c/f"y;/HT

mecum

fcribisraOrderi te internum
quod Hiin fmsul fis,paterere
id facere,fi vellem r
me
" ego audebo legere
unquam,
aut

mifit Brutus

ro-

"

peium

\.

The

ipz
A. Urb.

702.

56.

Cic.

c*

c
SeRV.SuLPI-

M.

RuFus,

e(j neither the courage

In a
enced Leader.
.

his

rrom

feems

and

he,

diusMar-

"f

diflruftof

cELLus.

"

camped,
fightahnofl

*'

engagement
with plentyof
of CiUcia

*'

ly well affeded
by the acceffion
road to joinme

**

''

attached

**

they are

"

"

"

*'

*'

"

*'

to

as

to

me

"

good, have no
we
are
enfecurely
and
in
provifions,

fmall army

in-

believe,intire-

to

which

"

are

reafon

I have

deed, but,

experi-

an

with

of

want-

Atticus,dated
lays
great Ipirits,

an

*'

*'

are

have

to

to

'

counfils

our

as

Letter

We

Life

condud

nor

\liT

cc
"

Camp

"

Clau-

the

fityof adlingthe General, he

cius

of

History

I fhall double

of Dciotarus, who is upon the

: I have the allies more
firmly
than

me,

Governor

any

ever

had

wonderfullytaken with my eafinefs

and abftinence ; we
are
making new levies of
Citizens,and cftablifhing
magazines: if there
fhall not decline
be occafion for fighting,
we
fliall defend
ourfelves by the
it ; if not,
of our
pofts: wherefore be of good
flrength
heart, for
me,

the

But

the

I fee

if you
love for

much

as

as

were

with

me
fympathy of your
[k]"
dangerof the Parchians beingover for

that his labor fhould

this feafon,Cicero refolved,
his army
tempting
not be loiL, and
difmifled,without at-

fomethingof

moment.

The

inhabitants

of the mountains, clofe to which he now

lay,were
of Banditti or Freebooters,
untamed
race
a fierce,
who

had

never

fubmitted

to

the Roman

power,

defiance of it, trufling

but lived in perpetual
to
their forts and

which
caflles,

were

to
fuppofed

of their fituafrom the iirength

impregnable
tion. He thoughtit therefore of no fmall importance

be

ro

tliCEm.pire,to reduce

fubjedlion
; and, in order to
he
and take them unprovided,
[Q

them

to

conceal his

ftate of

defign,

drev; off his forces

lb. 5. 18.
on

rULLIUS

M.

of

CICERO.

193

marching.to the diftant parts of A. Urb. 702.

Cilicia ; but after a day'sjourneyftoptfhort, S^^n^^'
and left his bagand having refrefliedhis army,
Sulpi^^^^
turned back againin the night\vith
behind,
Rufus,
gage
cius
and readied Amanus
the utmoil celerity,
hforeM.ChAxjdiusMarKe
divided his
day on the thirteenth of O^ober,
pretence of

on

his four Lieutenants, and

troops among

himfelf,

^^^^^'s.

accompanied by his Brother, led up one part of

them, and fo coming upon the natives by furkilled or
made
them all priprize,they eafily
and burned mafoners : they took f.xftrong
ny
forts^
the Capitalof the mountain. Eramore
", but
and held out from
brave refiftance,
a
na^ made
break of day, to four in the afternoon.Upon
this fuccefs Cicero was
Emperor,,and fat
faluted
down
again at the foot of the hills,where he
fpentfivedays in demolifhingthe other ftrong
taineers.
holds, and waftingthe lands of thefe MounIn this placehis troops were
lodgedin
the fame Camp *xhich Alexander the great had
formerlyufed,when he beat Darius at Ifj'us
\ and
where there remained three Altars,^
as
his

of

vi^ory^which

circumftance,which

bore his

Vol.

um

monument

that

to

name

furniflied

in his Letters
pleafantry,

the

day:

for fome

matter

his friendsat Rome

to

IL

[/].

From

hofti- or, quam

Ibi
erat
[/] Qui mons
auttuautego.
dies
plenas fempicernorum.
quinquemorati, direpto

Hie

ad.

a.

idus Odtoo.

iii.

numerum
magnum
Caflella
idimus.
oc

noftro

mus,
tores

matucino

cepiImpera-

incendimus.
fumus.
appellati
dies

paucos

la, quas
buerat

habuimus,

contra

apud IfTum

"

Darium

Caftra
ea

ipha-

Alexander,

Imperatorbaud pauUo meli-

cefTimus.
Extedito
tu

iter

Odob.
manum

Att. 5, 20.
exercitu ita

curr.

dif-

Ad

ad

feci,ut

iii.

noc-

Id.

lucilceret,in Aafcenderem, diftribu-

cum

tifque cohortibus

"

auxiliis,

:iliis
Quintus frater Le-

g-*"-i^ mecum
Pontinius
M.

inde

valiato Amano,
"

muni-

Pontinii ad-

nodurno
tifliina,
ventu,

hoftium

fimul,aliis C.

Legatus, reliquis

Anneius,

"

M.

Tullius

Legati

"

^h^

194A.Urb.

From

702.

Amanus,

^c^^' P^^^ ^^
Serv. Sulpicius

M.

RuFus,
Clau-

diusMarCBLLus,

of

History
he

the

Life

led his army

to

anothei

High-lands,the mofl difafFed:edto

^^^ Roman
poflefled
by a flout and free
name,
been fubjed even
to the
people,who had never
was
Xing of that Country. Their chief Town
called PindenifTum,fituated on a fteep
and craggy
fortifiedby nature
and art, and proj^.||^
(Irongly
vided
for defence : it
with every thing neceflary
the conftant refugeof all deferters,
and the
was
harbour of foreign
enemies, and at that very time
and preparedto receive the Parwas
expedling,
therefore to
thians : Cicero^ refolving
chaftife
and bringthem under the Roman
their infolence,
yoke, laid (icgeto it in form -, and though he
with all imaginablevigor,and a
it on
puflied
of his Engines,yet it coft him
continual battery
above fix weeks to reduce it to the necefTity
of
The
inhabitants were
at difcretion.
furrendering
foldforflaves^and when Cicero was writingthe
from his Tribunal, he had already
raifed
account
about a hundred thoufand
poundsby that fale: all
the horfes^
the other plunder^
was
excepting
given
In his letter upon it to Atticus,
to the foldiers.
the Pindeniffians,
the
to me
on
fayshe, furrendered
Saturnalia,aftera Jiegeoffeven- and forty days:
Pinhut what^ the plague,will you fay, are thefe
heard of their name
? I never
before-denijfmns
I helpthat ? could I turn Ciliciainto jEHow
can
^^^

"

: plerofqueoccifa,
cepimus,caflellaque
LegatiprsefTent
riec

oppreflimus
opinantes
"

Kranam autem, qu^e fuit non

Vici inftar,fed urbis,quod
erat

diu

Am

ani caput

ad

acnter"

Pontinio
repugnantibus,

iilam partem
ex

"

antelucano
horam

magna

Amani

renente,

tempore
diei

multitudine

ufque

dtcimam,
liollium

fex capta:

complura incendi-

His

mus.

rebus

ita

geftis,

caftra in radi^ibus Amani

buimus

apud
quatriduum :
Amani

aras

"

ha-

Alexandri
in

reliquiis

delendis,agrifque
va-

ftandis" -id tempusomnecon'

Tumfimus
vid. ibid. 2.

Ep. fam.

15. 4.

lo;

U/ia

TVL

tf M.

LIUS

CICERO.

iolia or Macedonia ? take this however

that

no

.fuch an

could do

man

Urb.

702.

^^^- 5 6-

done, with

After this adion, another

{w\

"c

army^

A.
for certain^

than I have

more,

ip^

Serv

and fierceneighbouringnation, of the famefpirit

Rufus
calledTiburani^ terrified
by the fateof Pinde- M. Clautiefsy
diusMarand gave hoftages
voluntarily
fubmitted,
nijfum,
% fo
cius

fent his army into winter quarters under

the command of his Brother,into thofe
parts of
the province^
which were
thoughtthe mojl turbu'
that Cicero

CELLUS.

lent [n].
he

While

he had

expedition,
eminent
Epicurean,
intimacyand corparticular
wit and

Psetus, an
Papirius
with whom

this

engaged in

was

of facetious Letters, fent him fome

refpondence
militaryinftrudlions in the way of raillery
; to
fame
which Cicero anfwered in the
ner
jocofemanYour
Letter, fayshe, has made
:
me
a
I was
:
whollyignorant
completecommander
"

**

**

before of your great Ikillin the

[tn]Confeftis his rebus ad

Oppidum Eleutherocilicum,
Pindeniffiim, exercitum
duxi

quod

mo

efiet ahiffi-

cum

loco, ab

munitiffimo

"

ad-

incoleretur,
qui ne
iifque

Re-

gibus quidem unquam parureciiflent: cum

" fugitives
perent, " Parthorum
acerrime

turn

ad

war

buc

qui funt

:
inquies

no-

audivi uunquam.
men
Quid
ego faciam ? potuiCiliciam,
"^toliam, aut Macedoniam
redd

ere

nee

hoc exercitu hictanta

? hoe

jam

fic habeto,

gotiageripotuilTe. "c.
"

ne"

20.

Mancipia vsenibant Saturexpedarent

nalibus
hsec fcrilertiis,
cum
imperii
:

exiftimationem

arbitratus
pertinere

fum

primere

audaciam

"

of

Qui (nialumjiftiPindeniffae ?

ad Att. 5.

adven-

art

eorum

vallo

"

"

bebam

com-

in

ad H. S.

fofTa circum-

["]

tribunali,res

cxx.

His

lb."

erat

"

finitimi pari

erant

fcelere Sc audacia Tihurani :

dedi, fex caftellis,
caftrifque
ab his, PindenifTo capto, obvimaximis
fepli,aggere,
fides accepi,
exercirum in hiuneis,turribus oppugnavi,
berna
dimifi.
multis,mulfufquetormentis
Q^ Fratrem
labore
tis fagittariis,
ut in vicis
negotio praspofui,
magno
aui
meo
ccptisaut nialo pacatis
feptimoquadragefirao
exercitus
fam.
collocaretur.
tlie rem
confeci
Ep.
Ep.
"

""

fam.

15. 4.

15. 4,
*'

perceive.

The

Ti;6
A. Urb.

702.

of the Life

History

you have read Pyrrhus and CiI intend to follow your preWherefore
neas.
in reacepts, and withal, to have fome lliips
dinels on the coad ; for they deny that there

perceive,that

"c

^^"5^Serv^Sulpi-"
"

cius

M.

RuFus,
Clau-

"

"

be

can

horfe.
^J^^^^^^'
"

CELLUS.

what

"

the Parthian
any better defence againfl
But
raillery
apart: you littlethink,

General

have

you

this government,
what I had worn

to

deal with

reduced

I have

for in

pradlice,
out
reading,the
whole
inftitution of Cyrus, i^c. [f?]" Thefe
martial exploits
fpreadCicero's fame into Syria,
where Bibulus was
juftarrived to take upon him
but kept himfelf clofe within the
the Command;
cleared ofall
gates of Antioch, ////the Countrywas
*'

*'

to

before with

"

the Parthians

of Cicero's fuccefs,and
him impatientto purmade

his envy

titleof Emperor,
chafe the fame honor

Syrianfide of the
the misfortune
the

by

the fame

mountain

Amanus

fervice,on the
:

but

he had

his attem.pt,with
al offiintire lofs of the fr/lCohort^and fever
cers
to

be

in
repulfed

which Cicero callsan uglyblow

of diftin^ion^
both for the time and the effeB
of it [^ ].
Cicero

Though

he calls a

what

had obtained

of it,
juflvi^loryat Amanus^ and, in confequence
the appellation
ofEmperor^which he afTumed from
this time ", yet he fent no public
account
of it to
KomiC, //// afterthe affair
an
ploit
exof Pindeniffum^
of more
for
eclat and importance",
which he
and beganto
expedfedthe honor cf a Thankfgiving^
of a Triumph. His public
entertain hopeseven
Letter is loft,but that lofs is fupplied
by a par-

Ep. fam. 9. 25.

[_o]
[/"]Erat in Syrianoftrum
nomen

terim

in

gratia. Venit

Bibulus.

Credo

liac
appaJlatione
efie par.

in-

voluit

inani nobis

In eodem

Amano

laureolam
coepit
At

qaasrere.

priniam
iane
rat

totam

in muftaceo

ille cohortem

perdidit

plagam odioiam
turn

ad Au.

re

turn

5.

20.

accepe-

tempore.

ticular

CICERO.

cf MTULLIUS
ticular narrative

of the whole

Letter

the

Cato

to

plimentto Cato,
the

to

was

pains,which

adlion in

A.
private

defignof paying this

his

engage

the decree of the

to

CLirrence

197

he takes

vote

and

con-

Serv.Sulpi-

Rufus,

cius

he M. Clau^^^sMar-

it, where

obtain

702.

com-

Supplication
; and by

to

Urb.

his point without it, fhews

fure of o;ainino;
rity,
the high opinionwhich he had of Cato's authowas

and

how

of it

mony

on

defirous he

his fide.

moved

fi*om his

which

was

have

to

was

But

Cato

the teflinot

was

CELL

to

be

tives
purpofeby compliment,or moof friendlhip
: he was
an
ple
by princienemy
to all decrees of this kind, and thoughtthem
beftowed too
to
occacheaply,and proftituted
fions unworthy of them : fo that when
Cicero's
Letters came
under deliberation,
thoughhe fpoke
of Cicero,
honor and refpecft
with all imaginable
"lnd highlyextolled both his civiland military
adthe Supplication
minijlration^
yet he voted againfi
\

decreed

without

however

any

other

voice, except that of Favonius, who

diffenting
loved alwaysto mimic Cato, and of Hirrus, who
had a perfonalquarrelwith Cicero : yet when
in drazving
the vote was
Cato himfelf
affijled
over,
in it *,
infert(d
up the decree^and had his name
of a particular
the ufual mark
which was
bation
approof the thing,and triendlhip
to tlieperfon
in whofe favor it pafled
[q]. But Cato's anfwer
Cicero's Letter

to

[^] Nunc
Roir.am
Ubcriores
Amano

publicelittcras

mittere
erunt,

mififTem.

Dcindede

video,

nifi

parabam.
quam
Ibid.

the

will fhew

ira^us

ter

Res
lum

Hirius.

Ipfadcclarat,tibi ilfupplicationis

Triumphs, quern

quod
jucundum fuifl'e,

Reipub.tempora

bendo

afFuilli.

Senatus

Alt.

ab amiciilimis

"

7.

I.

afTenfus eft unus,

fdijiiliarjs
meus

Favonius

al-

honore

Ep.
Q

au-

honorem

impcdient,ivTto^i'^oi/"ad
Ei porro

Cato

fc/ibendo afFuit" ib.

"

tcm

fi ex

temper of the

confulta

15

Icrienim

Ignore
ejus,cujusdc
non

fcribi
agitur,

fam.

Ha:c

Iblere.

6.

man,

us

of the Life

The History

ipS
and

^- Urb.702. man,

the

he aded

which

groundson

this

on

^3f-5^-occafion.

CoJi.

,.

SeRV.SuLPIcius

/-I

-R/T

^^^^

^-

"T-i

-%/r

^^

T.

^*

r-

^'

Cicero, Emperor.

RuFus,

with what both the Repub.

^^ compliance
^^^M
Jic and
requireof me, I
friendfhip
private
cELLug!"^

^'

"

"

our

virtue,innocence,diligence,
itfelf
affairs,exerts
greateft

^'

that
rejoice

"

approved

"

with equalvigor;
every-where

your
in the

in the

home

at

I did all therefore,

abroad in arms.
gown,
own
to
judgethat I could do, agreeably
my
I
and fpeech, afcribvote
when in

*'
*'

*'

ment,

*'

"'
"

"

"
"

*'
"

to

your

''

indebted

"

think

"

*'

*'

"

"

*'

"

"

pofeof

*'

the Gods, than

to

you.

if you

But

more

you

This

the favor of the Gods.

"

"

and

will pave the way

Supplication
for that reafon chufe,that
to a Triumph, and
rather than
the praife,
fortune fhould have
folyourfelfi
yet a Triumph does not always
hoand it is much
more
low a Supplication,
norable than any Triumph, for the Senate to
decree, tliat a Province is prefervedto the
Empire by the mildnefs and innocence of the
General, rather than by the force of arms,
and

^'

to

that

"

"

my
innocence

good conduft the

of the
defence of your province, the fafety
kingdom and perfonof Ariobarzanes ; the reof the alliesto their duty and affection
covery
to our
Empire. I am glad however, that a
is decreed ; if,where chance had
Supplication
owing to your conno
part, but the whole was
fummate
prudenceand moderation, you are
fhould hold ourfelves
that we
better pleafed,

ed

*^

my

vote

words, than

and

I have

what
might perceive,

employed

now

cuflom

it is my

the pur-

was

to

do, that

wifh
chiefly

fy,how defirous I am to convince you,

regardto your glory,I had a mind to

to

tefli-

that in
do what
"'

I took

^he H

200

A' Urb.

7p2.

^^S;
^
Serv
cfus

Sulpi-

RuFus,

M.ClauDiu;

Mar

without the

tivo

ycung
Deiotarus'i

battlewith the Parthians

of a
rijk

During thefe

of the Life

I STORY

[x].

of adlion,he fent away the

the fon and nephew,to King
Cicero^Sy
months

courts under the condu5f

of the King's

on
purpofeto invite them: they
fnnywho came
their books and exercifes,
to
vt-ere
kept firidly
and Tijade great proficiency
in both ; thoughthe
Cicero
as
one
of thcr.iy
fays,wanted the bit^ the
ether the fpur : their Tutor Dionyfiusattended
and probity^
but^ as
them, a man of great learning
his young
paffiopupils complained,horribly
forward
nate
\j\ Deiotaius himfelf was fetting
all his forces,upon the firfl
to joinCicero with

he had with him

:
irruption

of the Parthian

news

thirtycohorts^cf four hundred

and disciplined
afterthe Roman
thoufmd horfe
\ but the Parthian
Cicero

fent Couriers

order

to

from

his

to

with

manner^

alarm

him

meet

each^ armed

men

two

beingover,
the road, in

on

fo far
marchingto no purpofe^
ever
dominion [z]: the old King how-

prevent his
own

fecms

broucrht the children back

have

to

ita eft;vel[.v]Ut optafti,

les enim,
ut

ad

ais, tautunimodo

habetem

negotiiquod eflet

laureolam

times,

Talis. Parthos
diffidis

quia

iioftris.

Ep. fam.

2.

aiunt

raici.

Sed

8.

10.

homo

Mihi

tamen

eonvenit,

iotaro

CIccrones
noftios
\_y']
iilius,
qui Rex a
Dum

regnum.

in

in a:ftivisnos

puerislocum

eiie belli'.].
mum

duximus.

Att. 5. 17.
Cicerones

pueriamant

fe, dilcunt,

fed alter

"

habet autem
cocopiis,
noHra
quadringenarias
armatu
a
triginta
equitum
;
ib.

millia"

duo

confeftim

Deittirum
ad

Ad
in:

frrenis eget, alter

"

ealcaribus

exercentur

omnibus

hortes

Se-

eiienius,ilium

ille in

ut

fuis

De-

eft,iecimi
appcl'atu5

natu

De-

eum

meiscatlrisefiet eum

iotarus

doc-

nee

i.

[r]

copiis

furenter i-

eum

fandior fieripotefl.

tior,nee
lb. 6.

5.

ter

autem

Dionyf^ubniihi

me

venienrem

iirmo

Ik

cum

magno

equitatu" peditatu
fuis

omnibus

certiorem
clTe cauiam
no

cum

jam

feci,
cur

f.p.f^m.

copiis,
videri

non

abeilet

reg-

13. 4.

quid-min aniciibiioeft, Pueri

again

CICERO.

of M.TULLIVS

201

of payinghis A. Urb. 702.

perfon,for the opportunity
Coff^*
compHments,and fpendingfeme time with his
what
Cicero
intimates,
theyap- Serv. Sulpifriend; for, by
have
interview
had an
[c].
Rufus,
pear to
M.
ClauThe
remainingpart of Cicero's Government
MhK"^"^
was
employedin the civilaffairsof the Province :
again in

cius

where

his whole

ties
eafe the feveral ci-

to

was

care

diftri6lsof that exceflive load of debts,

of former
the avarice and rapacioufnefs

and
in which

He laid it down
governors had involved them.
for the fixt rule of his adminiftration,not to fuf-

fer any money to be

his

expendedeither

when

and
:
officers

one

of his

upon

or
himfeJf

Lieutenants, L.

Tullius,in paflingthroughthe country,

exa5Ied

ijohich was
due by law,
cnelythe forageand firings
cind that but once a day^ and not^ as all others had
done before^
and Village
from every Town
through
which theypaffed^
much out of humor, and
he was
of it, as a flainupon
could not helpcomplaining
his Government^ fincenone
had
of his peoplebefides
taken even
a fingle
farthing. All the wealthier
Cities of the Province

ufed

to

pay

all their

to

largecontributions forbeingexempted
winter quartersto the army : Cyprus
fromfurnifhing
alone paidyearlyon this fingie
dred
hunaccount
two
talents^or about fortythoufand
pounds: but
Proconfuls

Cicero

this whole

remitted

alone made

aft revenue

tax
-,

and

to

them,

which

appliedall

the

of his office to the reliefof

cuflomaryperquifites
the opprefTedProvince : yet for all his fervices
and generofity,
which
the poor people,
amazed
he would
verbal
as

accept

no

honors, but what

were

ly
mere-

all expenlivemonuments,
prohibiting
StatueSyTemples,brazen hcrfes,"c. which,
;

[a] Deiotarus

mlhi

narravit,Sec. ad

Att. 6.

;;.z\.
'

by

Tbe Hi

toi

of tf)eLife

STORY

of Afia, ufed to be eredled of

flattery
56. courfe to all Governors, thoughever
fo corrupt
he was
^"^ opprefTive.While
Serv^Sulpiupon his vifitathere happenedto be
RuFus, tion of the Afiatic Diftrids,
cius
A. Urb.

the

by

702.

Cic.

M.

ClauPlus

cELLvs,

Mar-

kind of famine in the country

he

he came,
jj-g ^^^

yet where-ever

",

onlyprovidedfor his familyat

with the Merchants
expence, but prevailed
and Dealers, who
had any quantityof
in their ftore-houfes,
to Jupply
with
the people
corn
it on eajy
terms
[^]; livinghimfelf,all the while,
and hofpitably^
and keeping
an
fplendidly
open tahky
all
the
but
Roman
not onely
for
officers the Gentry
Letter to
of the Province [cj. In the following
Atticus, he gives him a fummary view of his
of governing.
manner
I fee,fayshe, that you are
much
pleafed
not

'*

"

"

**

with my moderation
and abflinence ; but you
would be much
with me ;
fo, if you were
I did wonders at
at Laodicea
efpecially
; where

fed
quicquam exinfula(nonuT"p^oA/)?"^^
efTe
magis unquam
veriflimeioquor)numniusnullum me obtinente erogabitur.
miratos, quam nullum terunobtinente provin- Ob hsec beneficia,quibusobcium, me
ciam, fumtus faftum efle nee
ftupefcunt,nullos honores
in Remp. nee
in quemquam
mihi, nifi verborum, decernj
Cave

[^]

putes

homines

prxterquam

meorum,

Tullium, Legatum.

Is

fmo.

caste-

prohibeo ib.
"

(fedJulialege
roquiabllinens
in
tranfitans,femel tamen
alii folebant
ut
diem, non
omnibus
vicis)facit ut mihi
terunexcipiendusfit,cum
ciuni
Praeter
Has

nego
eum

fordes

factum,

"

jnagnas

mea

Fames, quse erat in haq

Afia, mihi optanda fue-

rit.

Quacunque

nulla vi,
hortatione

feci,

iter

audoritate

"

"

co-

ut " Graeperfeci,
qui frumeritum
accepit nemo,
comprelferant,
maganoftro Q^Titin- num
numerum
populispoUi-

fumtus

iiio accepimus ad Att. 5.21.

in
Civitates locupletes,
ne

hiberna

Statuas,fanajTsflpiTr-T

in L.

ci "

Gives Romani,

cerentur

"

ib,

[f] Ita vivam,

ut

maxi-

reciperent,mos fumptusfacio. Mirifice

deledor
hoc
inftituto. A'X
pecunlas dabant.

milites

talenia Attica
Cyprii

cc,

Qua

Att. 5. 15.
^'

thq

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
"

^^
**

*'
""

"'
'*
*'
*'

"

"'

''

*'
*'

**

"

*'
*'

"

*'

"

*'

"

**

**
**
"'
*'

"

which I have juftheld, fof the A. Urb.

the feflions,
affairsof the Diocefes,from the thirteenth of
February to the lirftof May. Many cjtiesare

Serv!^Sulp

whollyfreed from all their debts ", man^r

great- ciusRufus,
M. Clauallowed
eafed
and
to
all,by being
ly
;
govern
^'usMarthemfelves by their own
laws, have recovered
life. There
two
are
new
ways, by which I
of freeing,
have put them into a capacity
or
of eafingthemfelves at leaft of their debts ;
the one
is by fuffering
no
expence at all to be
made

of

account

government.

my

all,I

fpeaknot hyperbofo much

as
a farthing
: it
relief theyhave
is incredible to think, what
found from this fingle
article. The
other is
Greek Magiftrates
this ; their own
had ftrangeI examined
ly abufed and plunderedthem.
faynone at
there is not
lically
;
I

every

for

of them, who

one

ten

years
and, without
vidion, made

born any cfEce

theyall plainlyconfeiTed ;

pail:
the

had

ignominy of

publiccon-

reftitutionof the money,

which
fo that the people,who
:
pillaged

they had
had paidnothingto

farmers for the

our

Luftrum, have now

without
lad, even

prefent

of
paid the arrears
murmuring. This

the
has

placedme in high favour with the Publicans,

fet of men,
a grateful
you'll
fay I have really
:

found

and

*'

to

managed

the

fame

"

the reft of my jurifdid:ion

with the fame addrefs : and
admiration

eafinefs. There
me,

vernors

*^

lain : I

*'

in my
to

fuch

them

fhall be

**

"

the

on

When

create

*'

702^

^q^^'

*'

*'

203

do,

as

introdudiion

always up
Hall, with my
am

when

great and

no

clemency
of accefs
difficulty

there is to all other Provincial Gono

is

of my

by my Chamberbefore day,and walking

doors

Candidate

gracioushere

at
;

open,
Rome

though not
"

as

I ufed

this is
at

all

troublefom

A. Urb.

PI.

RuFus,

cius

702.

56.

Cic.

ClauDius
cELLUi.

of the Life

'^^^'^
History

20+

Mar-

troublefom

"

to

from

me,

old habit

my

and

"c." {d\
difcipline"
of governinggave no
fmall
method
This
umbrage to Appius \ who confidered it as a reproachupon himfelf,and fent feveral querulous

C4

Letters

^^ 1^^^conftitutions :
"'

reverfed fome

Cicero, becaufe he had

to

"

And

no

wonder, faysCice-

for
my manner,
unlike,than his adminiftra-

with
that he is difpleafed

ro,

"

what

*'

tion

be

can

more

the Province was

mine ? under him
drained by expences and exadions
j under me,
for public
or
a
privateufe :
not
penny levied
what
Ihall I fayof his Prasfedls,attendants,

"

*'

"

and

Lieutenants

*'

rapines,
injuplunders,
faminot
a fingle
and
fuch order, difcipline,

? of their

there is

"

ries ? whereas

"

ly governed with
modcfty,as my Province, This fome of Apif 1 was
friends interpret
ridiculoufly
; as
pius's
charadler,in
takingpains to exalt my own
his ; and doing all this,not
order to deprefs

"

"

"

*'

*'

now,

for the fake of my

"

grace
the time
had

him

But

[^]."

credit,but of his difthe truth was, that, from

own

Appius, he
with
live on good terms
regard to the fplendor

of his reconciliation with

defire

fincere
as

well

out

to

of

liances
of his birth, and fortunes, as to his great almarried to
of his daughters
was
for one
;
Pompey's fon, and another to Brutus [/] : fo

that,
lb. 6.

fy]

U\ Quid
tair.en

z.

potedefTe

enim

diliimile,quam

illoim-

effe iunpperante,exhauftam

tibus "
TiObis earn
mum
nee

[/] Ego Appium ut tccum

fepe locutus fum, valcle
diligo. Meque ab eo diligi
ftatim coeptum

fenfi
jam
provinciam, tern depofuimu?,
jadluri-s
fcis
efle
totum
;
me
Pompeii
n
um.
obtinentibus,

nullum

"

^i^t erogatum

Brutum

"c.
gis. Quid
privaiimnecpublicc^

ib. 6. I..

mihi

non

amari

me

'

""

ut fimultaeffe,

in

ell

intelli.

caufsB, cur

eft comoptatis
pledi

of M.rULLIUS

CICERO.

205

maxims

and
that, though their principles
different,
yet he took care
totally

to

A. Urb.

were

refpedtowards

he found

when

Appius, even

^q'^^^'

do

every
of honor and
profefTions
thingwith the greateft

702,

Serv.Sulpi-

it cius
M.

Rufus,
Clau

himto refcind his decrees ; confidering

necefTary
called ^'^sMarfelf onely,he fays,as a fecondPhyfician
where he found it neceffary
in to a cafeofJicknefs^
the method of cure^ and when the Patient
to change
low by evacuations^ and blood-lethad been brought
ting^to apply all kinds of lenitive and rejlojing
medicines [^].
As

foon

as

of Cilicia was

the Government

him,

acquainted
Appius with

lotted
al-

by
Letter,beggingof him, that^as no man could fucthan him^
cede to it with a more friendly
difpofition
felffoAppiuswould deliver up the Province to him^
would expe5lto rein fucha condition^
one friend
as
ceive
in anfwer to which,
it from another [^];
terview,
Appius, having intimated fome defire of an intook occafion to prefsit with
Cicero
much
as
a thingof great fervice to
earneftnefs,
be defeated,
them both ; and, that it might not
and moof all his ftages
tions,
gave him an account
in fuch a
them
and offered to regulate
the placeof their meetingthe
to make
as
manner,
to

pleftihominem,
setate,

he

florentem

Att. 6.

opibus,honoribus, in-

i.

[/y]Cum

afgenio,liberis,
propinquis
amicis.
linibus,
Ep. fam.

tern

meain

niihi

cum

2.

clam

13.

fi"]Ut

fi

Medicus, cum

aegrotus alio medico

una

traditus

fit,iraicivelit ei medico, qui

fi quce ipfein
fibifuccefierit,
curando

conilituerit

it

contra
"

volunta-

accidiiTe:,
ut

imperioin

Provin-

ire neceiTe efiet

"

confolatio

hsec

occuirebat,

quodnequetibiamiciorjcuam
l"um, quifquam pofiet
ego
fu'ccedere,
neque

ego ab ullo

provinciamatciperi,quimal-

mutet

let earn mihi quam

maxime
Appius,cum i^
^cttfia-kui
provinciamcurarit, aptam explicatamqiictradere,
ianguinenimiferit,"c. ad "c.
Ep. fam. 3. 2.
ille.

Sic

d-

mofi

57"^ History

266
A.

cf th^ Life

but ApiJrb.702. mqfl agreeable

to Appius*sconvenience :
Ck. 56.
by the firftedidts which Ci=
piusbeing difguiled

^"^*

refolved for that reafon

publilhed,
GiusRuFuspo^"^ him; and as Cicero advanced into

cero

difap-

to

the Pro^

'

M.

to the
vince^ retiredftill

remoter

parts of it^ and

diusMar-

contrived

him

laft fo

cELLus.

jj^^j.
Cicero had

Clau-

to

come

upon

at

fuddenly^

warningenough given to go
him \ which Appius laid hold of, asout and meet
a frefh
gi-oundof complaintagainftCicero's
that common
pieceof refpeft
pride,for refufing
to him
[/*].
This
with
provokedCicero to expoftulate
I was
informed,fays
him, with great fpirit
that you comhe, by one of my Apparitors,
of me for not coming out to meet
plained
you ;
fo
it
I defpifed
feems,
as
nothingcould
you,
when your fervant came
be prouder
to me
near
midnight,and told me, that you would
before day, but could
be with me
at Iconium
not
fay, by which road, when there were
fent out your friend Varro by the one,
two
; I
of my Artiland Q; Lepta, the Commander
lery,by the other, with inftru6lions to each
of them, to bring me
timelynotice of your
in perfonto
that I might come
out
approach,
meet
runningback prefently
you. Lepta came
in allhafte to acquaint
me, that you had already
pairedby the Camp ; upon which I went diredly to Iconium^ where you know the reft.
out
to you ? to ApDid I then refufe to come
pius Claudius ; to an Emperor ; then, acnot

"

*'

*'
*'

"

"

''

*^
*^

*'
"

"

*'

"

"

"

*"
"
"
"

cordinff

[/]

"

me

to

ancient cuftom

libeoter ad

earn

and

above

Appius nollcr,cum

ad-

me

videt, profedus eft

prinium
provinciae
partem
Tarfum
maxime
te
"fie venturum,
ufqueLaodicea
quo
"
c.-".ib.
Att.
Velle arbitrarer,
5, 17.
5.
ventare

all

"

**

ad

ta

Tlje History

2o8
A. Urb.
Cic.

702.

56.

pains for

''my

that trouble

"

the

of

Life

deferved,I

yours

free you from

Coff.

CI

M.

us

"

^^^ ^ have

"

Both

RuFus
Clau-

friends
enoughto ferveand

love

and mine^ and above all Great

me

piusMar-

Jove.

E.I.

174.

CELLUS.

but if you are naturally

querulous,
you fliall
dill hinder my good offices and wifties for
not
lefs
me
you : all that you will do, is to make

"

*'
''
"

follicitous how

**

ten

*'

from

*'

this with

than

more

I have
ufual

my

writ-

freedom,

the confcioufnefs of my
tion, which being contradted

**
**

take them.

you

it will be
judgement^
as long as
you think

Letters

in your

dutyand afFecby choice and

power to preferve,
Adieu

proper.

[k]"

Appius make one book

the greateft
of his familiar
EpiftleSy
part of which
of the expotlulatory
of
are
kind, on the fubjedt
and complaints:
their mutual jealoufies
in this flipaccident happened
an
pery flateof their friendfhip,
Cicero's

had like to

have put an end to it.

daughterTullia, after partingfrom her fewhich

Rome,

at

to

His

cond hufband

as it is probably
Cralfipes,
thought,
her
in
married
father's
abfence
by divorce [/],was
to a third,P. Cornelius Doiabella : feveral parties

had

been

Claudius
whom
his

offered

to

Nero, who

Auguilustook away from him : Nero made

who
referred
to Cicero in Cilicia,
propofals

him

to

the women,

[h] Ep. fam. 3. 7.

corif.rins
[7] What
is, that

notion
rears

arid among
them Ti.
afterwards married
Livia,

her,

to

hav:-

.'thistime, and

been

he

whom

him
this

Criiiiipes
ap:ilive at

and^^r Cicero's

difpleafuitwho
:

to

as

fides
not

the

had

onelySenator,be-

Hirrus,
think

left the

to

whom

fit to write

the

affair of his

Ad

Att. 7.

he did

about

Supplication.
'

1.

mentions

management

of

CICERO.

rULLIUS

M.

of

management

that

209
thofe A-

before

affair; but

^'""b.702.

^^'
them, theyhad made
^
up the
taken "^^"^^
match
with Dolabeila,beingmightily
Serv.Sulpiand
his complaifant
addrefs\m\, HcciusRufus,
obfequious

reached

overtures

of Patrician

and of great M. Claudefcent^

but of a violent,daring, diusMarparts and politenefs-,
ambitious
temper, warmly attached to Csefar ",
and by a lifeof pleafure
and expence, which the
prudenceof Tullia, it was hoped,would corredt,
greatlydiftrelled in his fortunes ; which made
Cicero very uneafy,when
afterwards to
he came
know
it ["]. Dolabeila,at the time of his marriage,
for which he made way alfo by the divorce
a
of his wife ["?],
proof of his enierprigave
fmg genius,by impeachingAppius Claudius, of
the fiat
praoiices
againjl
e^ in his government cf Qand of bribery
and corruption
in his fuitfor
licia,
the Confuljhip,
This put a great difficulty
upon
that he
Cicero, and made it natural to fufpedl,
privatelyfavored the impeachment, where the
but in clearing
him:
Accuferzvas his fon-in-law
felfof it to Appius,thoughhe difTembled a little
was

nobleman

[rn]Ego
Omnibus

dum

rebus

fubito fum

in

provincia qus

Appium

fadlus

ejus focer-^

orno,

accufatoris

fed crede

nihil minus

mihi

putaram ego,
de Ti. Nerone, qui mecum

egerat,
muiieres
mam

homines

c;rtos

ad

mi.eram, qui Ro-

libus. Sed hoc

fperomelius.

Muiieres

valde.intel-

quidem
ligodeletlari obfequio"
adolefcentis.
"

co-

ad Att.

6^6.

Dolabellam

eft fuavis

"

vel
quantumvis vel ingenii,

II.

Att.

gaudeo

te

deinde

amari.

ea

tiam

Nam

e-

qua?

Tuliis mea
prudencia
fperas
pofletemperari,fcio cui tuse
refpondeant. Ep.
epiflolse
Hac

2.

15. ic. 8. 13,

obleflabar

Dolabellam

molelliis,quas
contraxerat,

inter

libertate fua

liberura

ib. 16.

"

occuric,quod

Sc
poftulationem,

nis delacionem

fpecula,
fore ab iis

meum

hdmanitatis;fatis. Reiiqua bella difceffit

Vol.

primum laudari,

[0]Illud mini

[//]Gener

Ad

7. 3.

faftisTponfa- fam.

venerunt

mitate

qui

nofti ferenda.

uxor

nomiDola-

ib. 8. 6.

perhaps

The H

2IO
A. Urb.

702.

^'
^r-'
c

cius

',".

RuFus,

M.ClaudiusMarcELLus.

of the Life

I STORY

perhapsin difclaming
any part or knowledgeof
he

match, yet

^^^^

feflinehimfelf
inent,

and

But

from

as

was

was

utter

an

fincere,in proftransfer to the impeach-

truth

in

very

greatlydilturbed

the circumilance

of his

at

it.

fuccedingto

y\ppiusin his Government, he was of all men

him at the
of ferving
^^^ nio^ capable
or hurting
trial; fo Pompey, who took great painsto fkreen
Appius, was extremelydefirous to engage him
their fide,and had thoughts
on
of fendingone of
but Cicero faved
his fansto him for that purfofe
:
them that trouble,by declaring
earlyand openly
for Appius, and promifingevery thingfrom the
be of fervice to him j
that could polTibly
Province
he thought himfelf obligedto do the
which
forward! y, to prevent any ftifpicion
chery
more
of treaaliithe account
to his friend^
on
of his new
fo that Appius, inflead of declining
:
ance
[/"]
foon as he
contrived to bring it on
as
a trial,
could ", and v"^ith that view, having dropt his
to a Triumph, entered the City,and
pretenfions
offered himfelf to his Judges,before his Accufer
without
for him, and was
was
acquitted
prepared
of both the indidments.
any difficulty
IN

after his trial he

littletime

chofen

was

with Pifo, Cafar's

father-in-law^
Cenfor.^
together
the laflwho
of the

bore that office

mentioned

Republic. Clodius^s law^

nunciata, non
[/"]Pompeiusdiciturvalde

Appio laborare,

pro

ut

eti-

patent alterutrum de filiis

Ibid.
ad te mifTurum.

am

Poll hoc
h

nesiOtium

temeritatem

autem

noflri Dola-

bella^^
deprecatoremme pro
illius periculo
prcebeo ib. 2.
"

hac

a-

majore equi-

lludio,fed acrius,aper-

tius,fignificantius
dignitatem
defendilTem

tuam

"

ut

nam

nollra fimultas antea

flimulabat me,
ut
caverem

vetuG

ne

cui

fufpicionemfidle redarem
: fic
gratia;

conciliate;
affinitas

^3,
Tamen

dem

freedom

during the

mihi affinitate cavcndi.

novam

lb. 3.

curam

affert

12.

bov^

of M,rULLIUS

CICERO.

an

reftrainedthe power of A. Urb. j^z,

greatly
thefe Magiflrates,
the lad year by
was
repealed
q^
and
the
ancient
their
Conful,
authority
Scipio,
Serv.Sulpireftored to them
exercifed
[^],which was now
Rufus,
M.
Clauwith great rigorby Appiiis
who
:
though really
Marand remarkable
for indulging
himfelf
a libertin,
in all the luxuryof life,yet by an affedation of
hoped to retrieve his charader, and
feverity,
for
pafsfor an admirer of that ancient difcipline,

bove, which

had

cius

^'

which

many

Caslius
"

*'

of his ancellors had been celebrated.

of him

account
givesapleafant

Do

you
pius is

know, fayshe,

doing wonders

and

that

the Cenfor

amongft us,

pidures, the

Cicero;

to

of

number

Ap-

about fiia-

"

tues

"

and

*'

forfhipfor foapor nitre,and

*'

himfelf clean with it; but he is miftaken; for

he
while he is laboring
his ftains,
to wafh
out

"

''

the payment

opens

his very

fee him.

the

our

acres,

of debts ? he takes the Cen-

veins

and

thinks

bowels,

to

and

fcour

lets

us

:
run
intimately
away to us
by all the Gods, to laugh at thefe things:
Drufus
fits Judge upon
Adultery,by the
Scantinian law : Appius on
ftatues and pictures
[r]." But this vain and unfeafonable
inftead of doingany good,
attempt of reformation,
ferved onely to alienate peoplefrom Pompey*s
caufe^with whom
Appius was
ftridlyallied :
forefaw that efwhilft his colleguePifo, who
and fuffer him to difgrace
fedl,chofe to fit flill,
'*

more

"

"

"

"

[$"]Dio, p. 147.
[r] Scis Appium
rem

oftenta

hie

"
lignis

do, Sc

Nam
Cenfo-

facere ? de

tabuljs,de agrimo-

cere

alieno accerrime

a-

ford es
fibi

nas

perit. Curie
primum
quam

perfuafum eft ei,Cen-

um

furam

lomentum

pium

elie.

Errare

aut

mihi

videtur.

re.

"

ve-

vifcera

per Deos,
hsec rifum

a-

"
ve-

LegisScantinias judiciapud Drafum fieri. Ap-

ni.

gere f

nitrum

eluere vult,

omnes

de tabulis Sc

Ep,

"

fignisage-

fam. 8. 14.

.the

us

A. Urb.

702.

/^^

and
Knights

^^^^
r

Serv.Sulpi-

RuFus,

cius

M.

of the Life

The History

2lt

Clau-

Senators at

great freedom, and

he did

which
pleafure^

others,turned

among

the Hijlorian^
out
^^^^^^^'
of the Senate^and

hardlyreftrained
upon

from

Curio, which

puttingthe

added

fame

ftillmore

was

affront

friends and

DiusMAR.-"|.j.ength
to Csefar [s\
As

the -pubhcnews

to

that
affair,

all

of the year, the

grand
people's
thoughts,was

engaged
the expectation
of a breach between Casfar and
unavoidable,and in
Pompey, which feemed now
which all men
were
beginningto take part, and
rangingthemfelves on the one fide or the other.
On Pompey's, there was
a
of the
great majority
Senate and the Magiftrates^
with the betterfortof
nil ranks : on C^far's^
all the criminal and obnoxious^
all who had fiiffered
or
it ; the
piinifhr/ient
deferved
greatejl
part of the youth^ and the Citymob ", fome
of the popularTribuns^and all who were oppreffed
with debts ; who had a header fitfor their purpofe,
and wanting
but
daringsand well provided^
nothing
Caelius's
a caufe. This is Cicero's account
; and
the fame : / fee^fayshe, that Pompey
is much
will have the Senate^ and all who judgeof things
;
all
who
and
live
in
fear
uneafinefs
C^far^
; hut
between their armies [/]. Casthere is no comparifon
far
^

had put an end to the Gallic war,

the Roman
the whole Province
to

[j] Dio.

1. 40. p. 150.

and reduced

yoke :

but

folam iliacaufa

caufam

non

hovideo, cum
habet, casteris rebus abundat
ad Att. 7.
mine
audaciffimo, paratiffi3.
eiie
In
hac
difcordia video,
:
cmnegotium
moque
damnatos, omnes
nes
igno- Cn. Pompeium fenatum, qui-

[/J Hoc

niinia afFcftos,omnes

ignominiaqi.e
dignos

nadone

.iliac facere.

Omnem

ac

Tribunes
,

^ui xre

"

turum

ur-

vivant

omnes,

alieno premantur

"

ros.

dura

fecuni
judicant,

res

qui cum

perditamplebem j
valentes

que

fere

illam

iuventutem,Oinnem
banam

dam-

ad

Caefarem

timore
ad

Casfarem

Exercitum
non

aut

zKi,

habi-

omnes,
mala fpe
acceiTu^-

conferen*

Ep. fam.

8.

14.

thousfh

of M.rULLIUS
though
feemed

CICERO.

his commifTion
have

to

thoughtsof givingit up,

no

to the condition of
returnino;

pretended,that

near

was

i^ij

he
expiring,

he

could

A. Urb.

^^^-

and

privatefubjed:: he

70;^.

5^c

pjjihlyhe fafe^tf "b^cfusRufus

while PompeyM Claufarted with his army^ efpeciaJly,
diusMarheld the Province of Spain prolonged
to him for
CELLUS.
five years \u\. The Senate, in the mean
while,
not

in order

make

him

eafy,had confented to let

him take the ConfuJfloip^
without comingto fuefor it
in perfon
but when
that did net fatisfy
:
him, the
to

of his fiercell ene*

Conful, M. Marcellus, one
them
his Command
to abrogate
dimies, moved
re^ly^and appointhim a fiicceffor
\ and Jincethe
him to difbandhis
war
at
was
an
end^ to oblige
in perfonto fuefor the
troops^ and to come
likewife
the freedomof the Cityto
to allow
nor
Confuljhip^
his Colonies beyondthe Po : this related particularly
which
when
to a favorite
ful,
ConColony^
C^far^
had fettled at Comum, at the footof the Alps.,
with the freedomof the Citygranted
to it by the Vatinian law

[;^].All

fide of the Po

had

the

other Colonies

before obtained

that

on

from

Pom-

of Latium^
pey'sfather the rights
of Rome

to

thofe who

that is,the freedom

had born an annual

in them : but M. Marcellus, out of a

Magifiracy
fingular
enmity to Csefar,would allow no fuch
rightto his Colonyof Comum ; and havingcaught
certain ComenfianMagijirate^
who
a
was
adiing

the Citizen at Rome, he ordered

and

publicly
whipt\ an

Citizens
and

ge

the man
exemptedby law ; bidding
marks of his Citizenfhip
fhew thefe
to Ca^

rit.

ab

perfua-ditionem, ut

autem

eft, fe falvam

poife,fi

be feized,
from which all
indignity,
to

were

\ji]Csfari
fum

him

elfe

non

exercitu recefTe-

Fert illam

tamsn

con-

tradant.

ambo

exerckus

Ibid,

[at]Sueton.

J. Caef. c.

28,

Strabo, 1. 5. 326.

p 3

M,

i^.Urb.
Cic.

far[^]. Cicero condemns this a6l as violent and

in
unjuft;Marceilus, fayshe, behaved JhamefuUy
had never
: forifthe man
^^^ ^^f^^f ^^^ Comejtjian
he was
^^^^ a Magijirate^
yet of a colonybeyond
will not be lefs
at it
the Po^ fo that Por/ipey
fhock^d
^j^^^ Q^f^y.
\%\
himfelf
of a
^^^^
^^^
was
Conful, Serv. Sulpicius,
candid and moderate temper ; and being
more
unwillingto give fuch a handle for a civil war,
oppofedand over-ruled the motions of his Colkgue, by the helpof fome of the Tribuns : nor
lently,
was
Pompey himfelf difpofedto procedefo vio-

'}02.

56.
SuLPi-

RuFus,

cius

M.

of the Life

7i"^ History

ai4

ClauPIUS

Mar-

cELLus.

break with Casfar

to

or

to let his term

plaufible

thought it more
him

upon
his

and

afcer many

warm

was

the

oi
*'

"

the laws.

Paullus

and

decree
*'

C.

That

the fum-

was

offered

the Confuls
fhould

thefirftof march, to fetProvinces ; and if any Ma-

*'

ihould interpofe,
to
glilrate
their

adl

on

tie the Confular

"of

arms

Marceilus

''
.

run

in which
contefcatlons,

the Senate

move

This

fpent,and a
chiefly
laft of September,

eled, L.

but

againft
to
againft
counfil prevailed

turning his

fliould refolve

if he

the Senate

mer

of

the odium

Country,

out,
and lb throw
expireof itfelf,

his command

and

that foot

on

hinder the effedt

decrees, that he Ihould be deemed

an

Republic", and if any one adluand refolution

that this vote
allyinterpofed,
fnould be entered into the journals,
to be confidered fome other time by the Senate, and
*.' laid alfo before the people."But four of the
Tribuns gave their joint
negativeto this decree,

''

enemy

to

the

"
,

*'

''

C.

L. Vinicius,P. Cornelius,and C.
Caslius,

[y] Appian,2. 443.

padanus. Ita mihi
foede
de
Collomachi
minus
Marceilus
noii
[x]
Caefari moviiTe.
menii
: etli ilJe Magiftratuipac
non

erat tamen
gefferit,

tranf-

Vi-

videtur
noilro,
Ad Att.

5.11,

bius

2 1

The

A.Urb.

702.

l^tme

^"

^c'ff ^^

He

more.

Life

recommends

to

him

Feridius,a Roman Knight

with fome
^^^ ^^ Eftate in Cilicia,charged
Sulpi-"^^^
the neighbouring
to
Cities,
RuF us, services or quit-rent

Serv.
cius

M.

have many

the

cf

History

Clau-

^^^

v^hich

^iusMar-

M.

^Sirnttime

he

begs

of him

to

fo as
get difcharged

^2ake the lands free\c\: he feems alfo

"

fired Cicero's

confent

his

to

to

to

have de^

levyingcertain

tributions
con-

Cities of his Province, tothe expence of his Jhews at Rome -,

"%vardsdefraying
the

upon

the i^diles

which
prerogative,

and
to

fometimes

denied
pradifed
\ though it was
by fome Governors, and particularly
by

them

Quintus
Brother

in

Cicero

that he

*'

known

"

exacted

to

in the

that it was

dark,

not

yet
had been
farthing

Rom.e, that not a

in his Province, except for the pay-

at

of

*^ ment

of his

the advice

upon

all which, Cicero replied,

forryto find that his a6lions

was

fo much

were

Afia,

in anfwer

[J] :
"

"

always claimed,

that it

juftdebts:

neither fit for

was

for Caslius to take

nor
^"'him to extort
money,
it, if it were
defigncdfor himfeif : and admo"f
**
had undertaken
the part of
niihed him, who
"

*'

"

tion

and

"

as

fiflentwith his charader

"

of

hunting them
"

pe tibi erit,Patifcum
ni decern Pantheras
te

non

multis

Ep.

"c.
^

M.

mendo.

not

con-

Ad Qaint. Frat.
[is'J

i
.

Feridium

\. 9.

Curio-

me
[/?]Refcripfi,

miiifie, ferre,fi ego

molefte

in tenebris late-

audiretur

paitibus
plures, rem,
Roms,
8, 9.
rmlluminmeaprovincianumnee

fam.

"

tibi

com-

quos fruttucivitates,vult

Agros

arios habent

bentiicio,quod tibi facile " honelium fadu ell, imefie

ib,
uiunes
tuo

it was

cau-

impofe the charge

the poor people[^]."

upon

Turfcripfi.

more

to

lltterisomnibus

t'bi de Pantheris
,

Panthers, that

to

*'

[f] Fpre
^

live himfeif with

accufingothers,to

mum

nifi in

aes

alienum

gari; docuiquenee
ciliare

mihi

eracon-

pecuniam licere,nee

iili capere ; monuique

eum^
hz. ad Att. 6. i.

But

of M,rULLIUS

CICERO.

JBut though he would

217

break his rules for the A. Urb.

not

^^^

to
fake of his friend,yet he took care
provide
Panthers for him at his own
expence, and faysServ
made a fad compleafantly
upon it,that the Beafts
cius
'

him^
plaintagainjl

and

702.

5^Sulp

Rufus,

to quitthe country^M. Claurefolved

fmce no fnares'were laid in his Province forany other dius Mart
cellu".
elves [/].
Creature hut themf

likewi'fe obtained

Curio

the 'Tribunate this

he

foughtwith no other defign,

than for the opportunityof
as
im.agined,
many
he had hitherto
whom
Casfar,againft
mortifying
acSted with great fiercenefs[^]. But Cicero,who
which

Summer,

the temper and views of them both,

how eafyit would be to make up matters
between
them, took occafion to write a congratulatory

knew

from

Letter

to

him

this

upon

advancement,

Jieexhorts him with great gravity,

"

"

*'

*'

^'
^'

to

in which

confider

dangerouscriiishis Tribunate had

choice ;
fallen,not by chance, but his own
what violence of the times, what
varietyof
dangershung over the Repubhc, hov/ uncerinto what

tain the

able

events

of th:no;s
were,
how

minds,

how

change-

much

treacheryand
life"he begs of him therefalfhood in human
into any new
fore to beware of entering
coun^' fils,
and
but to purfue
defend,what he himand not fufferhimfelf to be
felfthoughtright,
^' drawn
referring
away by the advice of others"
without doubt to M. Antony, the chief companion
and corrupter of his youth : in the concluhirn, to ^' employ his prefent
(ion,he conjures

'^

mens

"

^'

*'

"

[f]

De

Pantheris,per

eos,

manqui venari folent,agitur

dato

meo

: led
diligenter

paucitaseft :
fvint,valde
nihil
jnea

aiunt

"

eas,

miquae

queriquod

cuiquam inlidiarum
nifi fibi
provincia

in

Ep. fam. 2. 1 1
[^] Sed ut fpero " volo,
fe fert ipfeCurio, bora
uc

"
nos

tus

Sc
ut

fenatum
nunc

malct.

hoc
eft:,

To-

fcaturit.

ib. 8.
4.

fiat.
*'

power

The

2i8
'*

the

Life

hinder his Provincial

to

power

of

History

trouble from
acl of the Se-

being prolongedby any new

foon connate"
were
\h\ Cicero's fufpicions
firmed
by Letters from Rome ; whence Caslius
fent him word of Curio'j changing
and declaring
fides^
in anfwer to which,
:
for C^efar
himfelf
Cicero fays,ihe lajlpage of your Letter in your
hand really
touched me.
What do you fay? is
own
Curio turned advocate forC^far? who would have
thoughtit hejides
myfelf?for let me die^if I did
it ! Good Gods, how much do I longto be
not exfe5t
with you at Rome \f]?
laughing
Confuls being Cicero's particular
The
new
Letters to them
friends,he wrote congratulatory
^oxh upon their ele(5lion,
in which he beggedthe
to the decree of his
concurrence
of their authority
at heart,that
fi^ppl^cation
; and what he had more
theywculd not fuffer
of his annual
any prolongation
term
they readily
obligedhim, and
; in which
received his thanks alfo by letterfor that favor \k\
It was
expedled,that fomethingdecifive would
*'

**

"

A. Urb.

703.
Cic. 57.

^"^'
Paull

us

C. Claudivs
Marcellus.

be

now

done

in relation

to

the ^wo

Gauls

and

the

appointmentof

both the Confuls

were

to
C^far^ fince
fucceffor
to be his enemies :
fuppofed

ftillfruflrated
but all attempts of that kind were
of C^far -, for when C. Marcellus
by the intrigues

began to

the fame

renew

had made

man

the year

motion, which his kinf-

before,he

was

obflrudl-

Paullus^and the Trihun Curio^

Collegue
whom
Cafar had privately
gainedby immenfebribes
to fuffer
to his interefito pafs
nothingprejudicial
duringtheir Magifiracy[/J. He is faid to have

by

ed

his

Ep. fam.
\h'\
Extrema
[/"]

git
Quid

me

tuo

2.

pagella
pupu-

praeter me

nam

putavi ib, 13.

chirographo. \k\ Ep. fam. 15.

ais ? Caefurem

fendit Curio ?

ret

7.

nunc

de-

quishoc

puta-

vam,

ita vit;

"

7,

10,'

11,12,13.

[/]Sueton. J. Cssf.

29.

given

of M. TtULLIUS

about three hundred

givenPaullus
and

Curio much

to

fecond,

the

it to

Urb. 703.
^^^* 57-

he had

which

A.
thoufand
pounds^

firftwanted

The

\m\

more

219

charges of thofefplendidbuildinzs.

the

defray

CICERO.

undertaken

to

raile

clear himfelf

to

debts,zvhich amounted

to

about

at

his

own

coft

Paullus,

^/ //6f load of hhCCiAVDiui

halfa million \n\: Marcellus.

for he had wafted his great fortunes fo efFedlually

in a few years, that he had no other revenue
left^
as

in the

Pliny fays,but

Thefe

fads

writers

are

hopesof a

mentioned

by

civil war

\o~\,

all the Roman

Momentumquefuitmutatus Curio rerum^

^ C^faris
Gallorum captusfpoliis
auro

"

Lucan.

819.
of Gaul^ and Cefar's
Caughtby the fpoils
gold^
and his countryfold.
Curio turrid traitor^
and Servius
dit hie
Rome

auro

to

4.

of Virgil,
that palTage
Vendiapplies
patriam^to the cafe of Curio's felling

Cafar,
in the

Cicero

mean

time

was

with
expedting

of his annual term, but

the expiration
impatience
before he could quitthe Province, he was
ed
obligof all the money,
which
had pafTed
throughhis own or his officershands,
ftated and balanced ; and three fair copies
ed,
providto

fee the

two

to

of his
at

Rome.

account

ties
Ciof the principal
and a third in the Treafury
Jurifdi5iion,
be

in two
depojited

That

his whole

adminiftration therefore

might be of a piece,he was very exa6t and

punctualin acquittinghimfelf of this duty,
and would not indulgehis officers
in the ufeof any
[w] Appian.1. ii. p. 443.
[n] Sexcenties Seftertium
asiis alieni.
Val.Max.9. 1.
nihil
in cenfu ha[0] Qui

,'

buerit, prseter difcordiam

principum. Plin.

Hill. 1. 36.

15.

public

^'^^ History

2 20

A. Urb. 703
^^^- 57T

puMic money beyondthe

fumm
prefchbedby law,

S"^*
Paullus,

Letters

Marcellus.

fome of them

to

annual

^"^

Of

revenue,

the

appears from his

who defired it \pi. Out
which
decreed to
was
as

for the ufe of the

Province,he remitted to
/^^ Treafuryall that he had not expended,
to the
amount
of above eighthundred thoufand
pounds,
makes
whole
This, fays he,
my
company
that
it
fhould
have
they
imagine
groan ;
been divided among themfelves,as if I ought
him

Claudius

of the Life
legaltime, or abov"

"

"

"

"

to

"

ries of

*'

But

*'

been

have

*'

nor

better manager

for the treafu-

Phrygiaand Cilicia,than for our own,

home
they did not move
own
; for my
weighed with me the mofl : yet I have
been wanting to do every thing in
my

*'

not

"

power that is honorable and generous to them

all [qV
His laltconcern
was, to what hands he fhould

"

of his Province

the Government

commit

his leavingit, fmce

by

there

the Senate

on

was

upon
fuccefibr appointed

no

of the

account

heats

about the cafe of Casfar,which difall other

turbed all their debates,and interrupted
them

among

[j{)]Laodicese
acceptarum

prides fumptu, qui

me

omnis

arbitror

nihil

eilet. Me

rnihi decretus

C. Cslio

Quaeflo-

eft, ri relinquere
annuuir.,

referre
ptcunlit
publicae
in
asrarium
in
illo
ad
H.
S.
cuiquam
genere
qaod
ero, inScz.
noilra
commodare,
cohors, oirine
Ep. gemiiit
poffim
"

tam.

2.

Illud

illud putans

17.

quidem

fadum

certe

portere

ed, quod lex jubebat,ut aLaodicenpud duas civ'tates,

f

fern, "

Apamaenf.-m,quse

nobis maximas videbantur

rationes confedas " confoli"

"

datas
5.

deponeiemus,

Lc.

ib.

venirer

mea

dillribui fibi oego

amicior

Phrygum

sranis, quam

cum

Sed

ut

me

moverunt

non

laus

apud me

in-

Cil;-

aut

nofl
;

o.

nam

plurimum

vah]it

Nee tamen
quicquam
honorifice in quemquam
fieri

quod praetermiferim.
potiiit,

20.

[^] Cum

enim

gloricfum
putarem

reflur
ex

"

ad Act. 7.

i.

annuo

bufnief?.

of M.TULLIUS
bufmefs.

had

He

CICERO.

opinionof

no

221

A.
Quasftor,

his

Urb.

703.

^q'^^'

of noble birth, but of

man
young
afraid af- " ^miuus
no
great virtue or prudence; and was
fo
that by placing
adminiftration,
ter his glorious
Paullus,
C.
Claudius
of
in
trufl
his
he
fhould
one
charader,
great a
C.

Cslius,

expofehimfelf to fome cenfure. But

rank^ who
body about him offuperior
accept it,and did

to

Brother, left

not

care

He

before

But

journeytowards Italy.
he beggedof Attihe quitted
A fia,
detail of all
to fend him
a particular

cus

by Letter

the

news

of the

ports,

fayshe,

City
about

odious

are

and

Curio

Paullus

re-

not

danger,while Pompey ftands,

fayindeed, v/hile

I may

but

"

There

"

"

that I fee any

or

fet forward

hands, and

his

immiediately
upon

"

his

that

into Callus's

*'

willing

was

force it upon

to

^-^arcellus.
no

might give a handle to fufpe5l

in the choice [r\
of fome intereftor partiality
liberation,
droptthe provincetherefore,after fome de-

him

"

he had

his health

but

in

he

fits,if he has

truth, I

am

forryfor

my friends Curio and Paullus. If you are now

therefore at Rome,
foon as you come
or
as
have you fend me
thither,I would
a planof

"

*'

*'

"

the whole

"

the

*'

refolve what

"

to

*'

Republic,which

road, that
the

City

to

temper

myfelfupon

aiTume

on

my

m^

on

it,and

coming

for it is fome

thither

come

form

I may

meet

may

advantagenot
[j]." We
ftranger

mere

to

fee

what
Ego
\j-'\
cedens

de

deprovincia

Qossilorem

Gallium

Pueram?
prspofaiprovinciae

inquies. At

adoleicentem

nobilem
omnium
que

erat

fus, quem

Qua^ftorem ;
j

at
at

Ne-

fere

exemplo.
honore
ufuperiore
Ponprsficerem.

tinius muko

ante

difcefTerat.

A
non

Quinto
poterat

fratre
quern

impetrari
tamen

ii

reliquiUem, dicerent iniqui,

non
ms
uc
planepoftannum,
Senatus voluifi'et,
de provinalteram
ciadecefiifre,quoniam
me
reliquifiem.
Ep. fam. 2.

15-.vit. it. ad Att. fc. 5, 6.

[j] Hac odiofa afFerebantur

The History

222

he

A. Urb. 703.

what

Cic. 57,

whom

indeed theirwhole

/p?./r

i,, ZCMILIUS

,".

confidence

Paullus,

placedin Pompey, on
either of peace
profpedt

with Csefar,or of fuccefs affainfthim, depended

...

'

of the Life

as

the intimation

to

about

llronglyin

his

"

"

health,it

exprel-

is

C. Claudius

fed

Marcellus.

jjopes^
of one man^ who
fayshe, hang upon the life
is attacked every year by a dangerous
fit ofJicknefs\t\. His conftitution feems to have beenpe-

more

another

r.

Letter

All

our

of
to fevers ; the frequent
returns
ciiliarly
fubje6t
fituation of affairs,
which, in the prefent
gave
all
to
apprehenfion

great

his party : in one

of
threatened his life for many

thofe fevers,which

all the ^owns

days fucceffively,
an
publicprayers for his fafety
;

had

of Italy
put

up

honor, which

been

paid before to any man, while

free ["].
Rome
was
Upon
takingleave of Cilicia,Cicero paid a
vifit to Rhodes, for the fake he fays,
dren
of the chil[a*].His defignwas to give them a view
of that florilhing
Ifle,and a littleexercife perhaps
of eloquence,
in that celebrated School
never

he himfelf had

where

under Molo.

iludied with fo much

Here

he

received the

cefs
fuc-

of
him,

news

death [j ],which greatly

afFeded
Hortenfms's
de

de Curione,

tur

Paullo

periculumviquo uUum
deam ftante Pompeio, vel e-

fpeshabemus
["] Quo

non

tiam

fedente, valeat

Sed

mehercule

Paulli

tur

Curionis

meorum

Formam

mihi totius

Romae, aut
niittas,
quaj
niat.

Ex

fum,

"c.

cum

mihi
me

es

ve-

poffingere

qua
ad Att. 6. 3.
[/]In unius hominis,quot-

annis

2.

fufcepit

omnes
pofitas

Veil. Pat.

Dio, p. 155.

48.

caufa.

rum

eo

te

Rhodum

mihi
efiet

omnium

de

volo

Ad

[j ] Cum
dens

dolorem
periculofe
aegrotantis,

anima,

pro faluomnium
civi-

[.v]Rhodum

eris, velim
obviam

ejus,primo

um,

igi-

Reip.lijam

2.

quidem tempore

univerfa Italia vota

te

"

familiarium

doleo.

vicem

modo.

ibid. 8.

puero-

Att. 6. 7.
Cilicia dece-

venifTem,

"

Q^Hortenfii

mor-

allatum

majorem

opinione

animo

cepi

Brut. init.

noiiras

by

The Hi

24

A, Urb.

703- Pleader

^c'
P'
L

i^MiLius

Paullus,
C. Claudius

Marcellus.

theyhad

as

Cicero's

of the Life

okY

ST

been

by the

Hearer

[^]-,

while'

valued

made all others

produ6lions
"^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ fought for, and confequently
the lefs carefully
preferved.Hortenfius however
allowed by the AncientSj and by
was
generally
Cicero
himfelf,to have pofTefied
every accomwhich
could adorn an Orator; ekpliiliment,
tion
of inven; art ofcompojition
gance ofJlile
", fertility
en
of elocution; gracefidnefs
of alli\ fweetnefs
[I?].Thefe two Rivals lived however always
v"/ithgreat civility
towards each other,and refpedl
and were
and
in the fame way of thinking
ufualiy
actingin the affairsof the Republic; tillCicero,
in the cafe of his exil,difcovered the plainmarks
of a lurkingenvy and infidelity
in Hortenfius :
more

yet his refentment carried him no farther than to

fome free complaints
friend
of it to their common

Atticus, who
and
difguft,
breach

fo

lived

m.ade

to

mitigatethis

hinder it from

procedingto an open
that Cicero, beingnaturally
placable,

againwith

eafyterms

it his bufinefs

him

after his

return

on

the fame

before, and lamented his death at

this time with great tendernefs,
not onelyas the
lofs of a friend,but a publicmisfortune
private
as

Country,in being deprivedof the fervice

fo
and authority
of fo experienced
at
a fiatefnan
criticala conjuncture
[^].
to

his

From
etiam
\^a]Motus 5: gediis
plusartis habebat, quam trat
Oratori fatis. Brut. 425. di-

gentes

non

invenimus

Quint, xi. 3.
[^]Erat in verborum

fplenelegans,compofitione
Hortcniius.
:
aptus, facuhate copiofus
p. 261.
intra
fere quictantum
nee
Ejus fcripta
pra:termittebat
famam
caufa
in
funt,qui diu princcps quam,
erat
quod
melius

cebat

quam
Orator,

dore
(cripfit

"

"

Oratoram
noviirime

dus-y

ut

liquideo
J

exiitimatus

eit,

quoad vixir,iecunappareat

vox

" luavis

-"

Erut.

425,

aplacuilTe

dicentt:,quod ie-

canora

"

[r] Nam
cum

"

amico

confuetudine

amiflb

jucuncia,
turn

From

Rhodes

whence
ter

rULLIUS

M.

of

CICERO.

he

he fet failon

pafTedon

the firftof

to

225
A.
Ephefus,

pafTagelanded at Athens
\d\ Here he lodgedagainin

fourteenth

PredecefTor,Appius, who

his old

the houfe of his friend Aridus.

at

quarters,

the

on

His

Paullus,

pafledalfo throughMarcellus.

on

likewife

Cicero

to

the fame kind

to

of

adding fome ornament

the Academy^ as a publicmonument

of his name,

as

well

of his affedion

as

of
for

the

place: for he hated^ he fays,thofe

falfeins ftatues
fcriptions
of other people''
{e\ with which
the Greeks
ufed to flatter their new
Maflers, b^'
the old titles,
and infcribing
them anew
effacing
of Rome.
He
to the great men
acquaintedAtticus with his defign,
and defired his opinion
it.was
never
cuted,
exeupon it : but in all probability,
fmce his flayat Athens was now
very (hort,
his
and
thoughtswhollybent on Italy: for as all
his Letters confirmed to him the certainty
ofa war^
he muft neceflarily
in which
bear a part, fo he
was
to be at home, that he might have
impatient
the clearer view of the ftate of affairs,
and take

mukorum

turn

oiRciorum

me
conjundlione

verfis ventis ufi elTemus

"

leftiam,quod magna

Ep. fam. 14. 5.

J[^]Audio Appiam -Ts-poT
Num
Ait/of, Eleufinefacere.

tium civium

ineptifuerimus, fi

debam

privatum vi-

augebatetiam mofapien-

"

bonorumquepe-

nos

quo-

nuria, vir egregius,

conjunc- que

Academias

mecum
tiffimufque

Aequidem valde ipfas

rum

niffimo
tinclus

Reipub. tempore

"

cum

II.

thenas

fane

ad-

fecerimus ?
V^olo efie ali-

amo,

quod
ias

Id. O6lob. Athe-

venimus,

Vol.

ex-

Brut. init.

{d'\Prid.
nas

confiliofocietate alie-

omniuin

^milius

C. Claudius

his return, had ordered a new

Fortico
to he built at his coft
or Veftihule
to the Templeof
the Eleufinian
Ceres \ which fuggefted
a
thought

Athens

703.

P'
^^^'

05ioher^and af-

tedious

Urb.

moaumentuni.

Odi fal-

alienarum
inlcriptiones
Sed at tibi pia-

Statuarum.
Ad
cebit.
"

Q^

Art. 6.

t.

his

The H

226
A.Urb.

703.

his meafures

^^"57'

he

Yet

^Emilius

Paullus,
C.Claudius

Marcellus.

greater dehberation

the

with

[/].

hopesof peace, and

make up the quarrel
be-

flillwithout

not

was

of the Life

I STORY

^^^^ ^^ fhoLiid be able

to

the bell
the chiefs ; for he was, ot all men,
account
to efieci:it,on
not
onelyof his
qualified

tween

with
friendfhip
court to him
/?^/^^rf^/
feverally

authority,but
both

them

-,

of his intimate

who

this time^ and

at

and

to

wrote

determined

reckoned upon

him

with

him

as

their own,

confidence
of his heinga

friend[^ ]

from

In his voyage

Tiro,
Italy,
after made
free,

towards

Athens

he foon
of his flaves,whom
happenedto fall Tick, and was left behind

one

at

rrs
Pa-

Phyfician.1 he
to
mention of fuch an accident will feem tnfiing
with the charader
thofe v/ho are
not
acquainted
and excellent qualities
of Tiro, and how much we
and tranfmitindebted to him for preferving
are
coiledlion of Cicero's
the precious
tingto poflerity
the

to

of friends and

care

Letters,of which

great part ftillremain, and

of them

intire book

one

written

to

Tiro

himlelf

of this 'very
fubjecl
trained up in Cicero's family,
Tiro was
illnefs.
the reft of his young
flaves,in every
among

feveral of which

relate to the

[/] Cognovi exmultorum

Uteris

amicorum

ad

"

rem

diflimulare

vcnero,

at, quid fentiamfortuna

fabeunda

dabimus

us

non

cum

lice-

hortabor.

Sed quum

eft,eo
ut

"

14.5.
Sive
res

euim ad concordiam
adduci poteil,
five ad bo-

norum

rei

me

Me

citi-

vcnia-

operam
facilius de tota re
mus,
quo
delibereraus.
Ep. fam.
"

vidoriam, utriufve
adjutorem elle ^'e-

rat

certe

non

lb.

autem

nume-

Nifi forte fimulat

fuum.

alter.

uterque

Nam

Pompeius non
dubitat
judicat)
(vere enim
fende
nunc
Repub.
ea, qua?
valde
mihi
tiat,
probari.Uautem
accepiliteras
triufque
ejufmodi ut neuter quemomnium
plurisfacere
quam

aut

lim, aut

Att, 7. 3.

tamen
Pompei\g\ Ipfi^m
ad
concordiam
lira
feparatim

arnia

fpedlare.Ut mihi

Ad

"

"

quam

me

vider^tur. lb. 7.

c.xpertera.

kind

CICERO.

cf M.TULLIUS

ni;
A.

kind of ufefull and

and beinga
learning,
polite
foon tecame
youth of fingular
parts and induftry,
eminent Scholar, and extremelyferviceable to
an

for Tiro,

As

"

have

*'

*'

''

"

"

fays he

Concern

to

P'
^

though he

Marcellus.

to

when

he

is

bufinefs and
every kind both of my
for his own
yet I wifh his health more,

nityand modefty,than for

But
reap from him [/:?]."

Paullu;,
C. Claudius

me,

is

won-

well, in
ftudies,
hurna*

any fervice which I

his Letter to Tiro

himfelf will befl;ihew what an afFe6tionate mailer

he was : for from the time of leaving
him, he
failed writingto him

never

fhipwhich pafledthat
thrice

or

day, and

to bringan
exprefs

thought that

"

bear the

"

"

*'

giveus

-,

able

to

in truth

though it is of great imhonor, to be at Rome

portance to m.y expecled
as foon as poffible,
yet I feem to have commitbear it ; and

cannot

fin when

But

I left you.

"

utterlyagainft
procedingin

**

your health
refolution ;

"

been

eafily but

more

ted

"

the firft

Tiro,

to

"

*'

of the reft.

notion

I fhould have

of you

want

of his fervants

one

of his health

T. Cicero

M.
"

way,

account

of thefe Letters will

by every meiTengeror
twice
though it were

often fent

v/as
nor

fmce you
the

v/ere

till

voyage

confirmed, I approved your

think otherwife,if
do I now

But after you

you continue in the fame mind.
have begun to take meat
again,if you think

[/^]De
efTe.

curae

"

go,
iTiihi
omni

Tirone

video

tibi

Quein quidem e-

fi mirabiles
cum
pra^bet,

genere

vel

vel

fliidiorum

ta-

meorum..

propter hrir.nnitarem

men

"

iriiitates

modeiliamma:ofalvum,qnain

valet,in

prdpcer ulum

n"?gotiorum7-

msum.

AdAtt.

5-

0^2

^mVlius

Atticus, I fee you

for him

ufefull
derfully

703.

his mailer in all his affairsboth civiland domeftic.

*'

Urb.

''

that

A. Urb.

of tic Life

The History

228
703.

"

^c'a^^'
"

"

^^

L. ^Emilius

Paullus,

"

^^^^^

y^^
to

you

as

me

either to
inflrudlions,
foon

ftay longer,to

C.Claudius"
Marcellus.

that you fhall be able to overtake me, that Ls

I have fent Mario
^^^^ ^^ y^^^^ confideration.

(c

*'
''

it

you

be convenient

can

can,

or

if you

Ihould

without
inflantly

return

however
yourfelf

AfTure
as

as

with

come

you.
of this,that, as far
to
your health, I wifh

than to have you with me

but
nothingmore
if it be neceflary
for the pcrfedling
your recovery, to ftaya while longerat Patr^ ; that I
If
than to have you well.
wifh nothingmore
fail immediately,you will overtake me
at
you
Leucas
: but ifyou
ftayto eftablifliyour health,
take care
have good company,
to
good weather, and a good veffel. Obferve this one
thing,my Tiro, if you love me, that neither
this Letter hurry you.
Mario's coming, nor
By doingwhat is mofb conducive to your health,
to me:
weigh
you will do what is moft agreeable
all thefe things
by your own difcretion. I want
,

"

*'
*'

*'
*'

*'

*'
"
"

*'
''
*^
'*

"

love you ; my love makes

wifh to fee you well ; my want
of you,
fee you as foon as pofTible
firfl is the
: the

you
me

yet fo

''

to

*'

better

take

to

as

therefore,above

care

all

things,

again:of all your innumerable ferthat will be the moft acceptable.

me,

get well

"

to

*'

vices

to

the third of November

"c

[{]."

the honor, that he mentions

in the Letter,
he means
tbe honor ofa Triumph which his friends
By

encouragedhim
manus

and

Atticus, he
"
*'

"

vife
my

me

demand

to

PindenilTum

for his fuccefs

in

at

A-

it

writingupon

to

fays, confider what you would adwith regardto a Triumph to which

"

friendsinvite me

who, while there was

for my part, if Bibulus,

in Syria,
nea Parthian

[/}Ep. hvti, 16.

1.
^'

veri

of M.TULLIUS
*'

"

"

"

"

*'

"

"

"

ver

fet

any

more

foot

out

houfe, had

own

follicited a

not

quiet; but now

it is a fliame to fitHill [k],''Again,
as to a
Triumph, I had no thoughtsof it before Bibulus's moft impudent Letters, by which he
If he had
obtained an honorable fupplication.
reallydone all that he has written, I fhould

Triumph,

''

at it, and
rejoice

"

him, who

never

*'

while there

was

*'

phrates,to

have

for me,

I fliould have been

"

''

22c,'

of the gates of Antioch, A. Urb. 703.

^^c- 57than he did upon a certain occafion

of his

out

CICERO.

wifh well
ftirred
an

whofe

enemy

fuch

army

an

to

on

Paullus
C. Claudius

Marcillus.

his fuit ; but for

beyond

the

walls,

this fide the Eu-

honor

decreed

all
infpired

their

",

and

hopes

into his, not

obtain the fame,
to
fpirits
will be a difgrace
to us ", I fayto us ; joining
determined
to
you to myfelf: wherefore I am
pufliat all,and hope to obtain all [/].'*
the contemptible
which CiAfter
cero
account,
givesof Bibulus's conduct in Syria,it mufl
honored with a fupplito fee him
cation,
appear llrange
and afpiring
to a Triumph : but this,
even
for any thingthat he himfeif had done,
not
was
but for what his Lieutenant CaiTius ha.d perform*
the Parthians ; the fuced in his abfence againft
cefs of the Lieutenants being afcribed alwaysto
the aufpices
of the General, who reapedthe rev/ard and gloryof it : and as the Parthians v/ere
*'

and

*'

*'

*'

[/J]Ad

Art. 6.8.

tern

nulla

De

fuit,non

hoextalerit,
in
augeri,
cujusex*
me,

nore
Triumpho,
tenuit
cjcitu
cupiditas
fpem illius exercitus
unquam
Bibuli
dehabuit,idem non aiTeqni,
ante
im'pudcntiffimas
litteras,
fup- dccus ei\ nollrum ; noilrum,
quas amplilTima
elL
A
Itaconlecuta
inquam, te conjungens.
piicatio
quo
omnia
li ea geftafunt, quae fcripfu,que
expcriar,", ut
fpsro,affequar," Ad Att.
gauderem " honori faverem.
Nunc
ilium, qui pedem per7. 2.

[/]

me

"

ta,

quoad holliscis Euphra"A

"

0^3

tke

Jp

^230

The

of

History

the

Life

dangerousenemies of the Republic,and

dreaded at this time for their
^^"57-the more particularly
^^^^ defeat of Crafllis,fo any advantage
gained
L ^MiLius
them was
fure to be well received at Rome,
againft
Paullus,
and repaidwith all the honors that could reafonC.Claudius
Marcellus.
ablybe demanded.
Whenever
any proconfulreturned from his
Province with pretenfions
to a Triumph^ his Faf
wreathed with
were
of Magiftracy^
ces^ or Erifigns
v/ith this equipageCicero landed at BrunIciirel
:
difium on the twenty-fifth
of November, where

A.

Urb.

moft

703. the

his wife Terentia

the fame

at

great fouare of the City. From

forward

marched

by

flow

it his bufinefs

making

to

and

ftate of
prefent

to

in the

Brundifium

he

towards Rome,
ftages
the road

on

all his friends of both

falute him

moment

fo that their firfi

was
falutation

him,

meet

arrived

confer with

to

who
parties,

out

came

learn their fentiments

affairs", from which

on

to

the

he foon perceived,

of all

thingshe moil dreaded, an

univerfal difpofition
But as he forefaw
to war.
the confec^uences
of it more
coollyand clearly
what

of them, fo his firilrefolution was

to the
npplyall his endeavours and authority

than

any

of

had

He
peace.
either ''A^q^
that he
net
rhem

to

chufe,for he

'did:in the

avoid
Vv'ere

but the

diation
me-

yet declared for

irrefolute which of

not

determined within

was

felfto fcllcwPompey,
to

was

to

difficulty
was,

him-

how

time towards

Csefar,fo as to
previousdecrees,which

mean

takingpart in the
him for abrogating
his command.,
p-T oared againfl:
^

and

him
obliging

declared
of hei'ng
ilmd

neuter

to

his forceson pain

dtjhand

enemy : here he wiflied to

vvhilc,that he might adl the mediator
an

V/ith the better grace and

effecl [m].
In

Bnindifium
[;;/]

venimu?

vii Kal. Decemb.

"

Terentia
vero.

The

2^2
A. Urb.

705.

Cic. 57.
T

""

"

ruflion,

"c

tended

"

ine :

"

the third of

Paullus,

I fee many
than I dare

Life
be appre-

venture

commit

to

be

to

to

writ-

Rome

at

on

January \n].
little circumftance

one

in Cicero's

touched

the

thingsto

more

prefentI propofe
is

There

C. Claudius

Marcellus.

at

of

History

which
letters,

frequently
him

gave

uneafmefs in his prefent

viz.
fituation,
particular
he
his Codinga fumm of money to defar^ which
imagined might draw fome reproachupon him,
and indecent^
he
fince he thought it dijhonorahle
whom
we
were
fays,to be a debtor to one^ againft
that
it at
time
in public
: yet to pay
ailing
affairs

deprivehim of a part of the money

for his Triumph [i?].He
referved

would
he had
Atticus
which
meet

we

very

done

with

farther mention

no

appear, nor
cafion this debt

was

of it :

what

contracted,unlefs

it was

return

exil,when

he

of money
want
beingin a particular
of his fortunes.
diflipation
general
Cicero whollybent
PoMPEY, finding

have

to

the

before he reached

fears,and
of

an

the

de
lit

which

that vain

projecfb
might helpto cool

zeal of his friends in the fenate

therefore at Lavernium,
Att. 7. 4.

[0] Illud
dum

tamen

adeffe

nor.

te

defi-

5. 6.
jVIihi autem

rogare.
relinquas.lb.

and

he
came

took
overon

eft,quod folvendi funt nummi Caefaii," inftrumentum

putabo, triumphi

Csefaris nomine
confedlum

on

City, in hopesto allayhis

accommodation,

[;r]Ad

from that

peace,
fecond conference with him
off from

him

beat

him

nam,

to

buildings
complained

of

contrived

oc-

of his

fupplythe extraordinary
expence
from

it does

guefs,for

is it eafyto

not

after his

defires

fee it paid,
to
earneftly
without doubt accordingly,
fmcc

however

was

which

conferendum.

dvliToKi-^
dixo^tcVj

Eft enim
TcvofMi/a
lb. 7. 8.

eo

efTe.
yjx.o}ZiKiT',]V
"

moleiliftim'am

with

of M. rULLIUS
with him

CICERO.

233

theyfpenta whole A. Urb. 703,

afternoon in a clofe converfation. Pompey ftrong- ^^^- 57de^
ly difcou raged all thoughtsof a pacification,
there
could be none
but what
daring, that
Paullus,
treacherous and dangerous;and that if C.Claudius
was
to

Formias, where

"

difband his army, and take the Marcellus"

he would throw the republic
into
Confullhip,
Caefar (hould

confufion

but he

of

opinion,that when
he underftood their preparations
againfthim,
he would
and hold faft
drop the Confulfhip,
his army : but if he was
mad enough to come
forward and aft offenfively,
he held him in
:

was

contempt from a confidence in his own

troops, and thofe of the Republic. They
utter

had

got with "them

which

Antony,

the copy
of the

one

of

fpeech,

Tribuns,

new

peoplefour days before : it was

inve"ive on Pompey's conduct
a perpetual
from his firftappearance in public,with great
complaintsagainflthe violent and arbitrary
made

to

the

condemnation

his
what

arms.

of Citizens,and
After reading it

the
over

think

terror

of

together,

Casfar
you, faysPompey,
himfelf do, if in pofTeflion
of the Republic,
when this paultry,
beggarlyfellow,his Qiias-

flor,dares

Pompey
to

even

Cicero
from the
J

both

the

would

to

talk

feemed
dread

at

this

onely not
peace [/"]."
not

however

would

not

hopes and purfuitof

more

the
parties,

rate

he obferved

of it : the honefl,as
united among
themfelvcs

to

the whole,
defire,but

flillbe
an

driven

tion
accommoda-

the

of
difpofition
he perceived
the necefTity
difcalled,were
theywere

more

with Pompey
fisfied

on

difTamany of them
all fierce and violent ; and
:

lb. 7, 8.

denouncing

7^^

25+

of

History

the

Life
their adverfaries;

denouncingnothingbut ruinto
he clearly
forefaw,what he declared without fcru*
pie to his friends, that which fide foever got
muft
the better,the war
end in a
necefTarily
Tyranny j the onely difference was, that if
their enemies conquered,they Ihould be
pro"

"

"

"

fcribed,if their friends,be

"

he had

abhorrence

an

yet his advice

rather than

war

*'
"'
*'

'5

This

704.

L. CoRNELius

own

experimentof arms,
unjuftconditions to the

mod

fince after

terms,
"
and

fils,when

they had

been

the fum

was

of his thoughts and counarrived at Rome

the fourthof
on

he

where
C.Ci^hvmvsJ^^^^^U'y
Marcellus,

his

caufe,

juileft
arming him
themfelves for ten years pafl,
it was
too
againft
late to think of fighting,
when theyhad made
him too ftrongfor them [^]."

*^'

"

grant him

try the

the
prefer

*'

A. Urb.

Thoucrh

therefore of Char's

to

was,

flaves."

he found

the

two

Confuls

new

devoted to Pompey's interefts. On

his
intirely
approachtowards the Citygreat multitudes came

Lentuq^^

him

m^tt

^q

of honor

his

with all poffibledemonftrations

laftftagewas

from Fompeys villa

his own
at 'Tufculum
Alha^ becatife
near
layout of
the great road^ and was
not commodious for a public
entry : on his arrival^as he fays,he fellinto the
and found the war
in
very flame of civil difcordy
:

[y] De Repub. quotidie vias.

Ad
magis timeo. Non enim boconfentiunt.

ni, ut putant,
Quos ego EquitesRomanos,
quos Senatores vidi,quiacer-

Jb. 7. 7.
hortari

pacem

eft,quam

lb. 7. 14.

hoc

Mallem

turn

iter

dedilTet,quam
Pompeii vituperarent.

turn

exvitftoria cum
opus eit,
multa mala, turn certe
TyPace

exiflet.-'

rannas

Ut

here

lb. 7. 5.

tantas

ei vires non
nunc

tarn

lenti refifterit. lb. 7. q.

Nifi forte hasc illi turn

dedimus, ut nunc
fi vi6\us eris, profcri-\)tntparato pugnaremus.
fer- 7. 6.
fi viceris,tamen.
"

de-

injuftautilior
bellum.
juftifTimum

rime

cetera,

non

fino, quae vel

ma

va-

arcum

lb.

effeft

fULLIUS

of M

CICERO.

235
A. Urb.
Sclpio's

cffecSt
proclamed[r]: for the Senate, at

juftvoted

motion, had

decree,

^q'
ff^'

that C^far

"

fhould difmifs his army by a certain

and when M.
be declared an enemy;

*'

*'

and

*'

their

day, or c. Claudius
Antony Marcellus,
Tribuns, oppofedL-Cornelithey had done to us^^^^'^

of the

Q. Caffius, two

"

it,"

negative to

as

decree

propofedagainft C^far, and could

be perfuaded
not
by the intreaties of their friends,
of the Senate,they
to
give way to the authority
procededto that vote, which was the laft refort in cafes of extremity, that the Confuls,

every

"

Pr^tors, Tribuns,

**

citywith Proconfular

*'

that

the

this

As

all who

and

"

was

about the

were

power, Ihould take care

received
detriment."
no

Republic
fuppofed to

the

Magiftrates
all men
as
they

arm

abfolute power, to treat

whom
pleafed,
they judged to be
with

an

the

TrikmSy togetherwith

Two

enemies, fo
diately
Curio, imme-

withdrew

elves upon it, and fledin difthemf

guifeto Ctefar's
ca?np^ on pretenceof dangerand
"violenceto their perfons^
thoughnone was yet offered
to them \_s\
or dejtgned

M.

who

Antony,

began

now

make

to

the affairsof Rome, was

of an ancient
noble extradion ; the Grandfon
of that ce-'

figurein
and

lebrated ftatefman
in the mafTacres

and

[r] Ego ad urbem

prid.non. Jan. obviam

acceffi

iic eft proditum,ut nihil

fit fieriornadus.

ipfam flammam
diai vel

Ep.

Ego
hoc
Toi";
7. 5.

i6.

loft his life

and Cinna

"

Devium

nihil
eft

his Fa-

quidem nonulla vi exQ^Caffius,

ad Csefarem
pof- pulii,
one
profedlierant

ii.

"-c. ad
d7rif.vl6o"T(,

[.?]Antonliis
fter "

civilisdifcor-

in Tufculanum

tempore.

mihi

who

Sedincidi in

potiusbelli

Fam.

orator,

of Marius

quam

fenatus

cum

Curi-

poftea

Confulibus,

Prstoribus, Tribunis plebis

" nobis, qui Proconfules fumus,
negotium dederat, ut
curaremus,

x'^tt. detrimenti

Fam.

704.

16,

quid Refp.
Ep.
caperet
ne

II.

ther.

^^^

236
A. Urb.
Cic.

704.

58.

Coil.

Marcellus,
L. Corn
us

LU8

ELI-

LentuCrus.

History

the

of

Life

alreadyrelated,had been honored

of the mofl importantcommifTions of
'with one
^f^g Republic; but after an inglorious
difcharge
o^ i^" ^i^^ ^^^^ ^^^ character of a corrupt,
opand
Commander.
The
rapacious
preflive,
Son,
of fuch a Parent, whom
trained in the difcipline
it is

ther, as

he

j^g Iq^ when

at

launched out
very young,
into all the excefs of riot and debauchery,

once

was

wafted his
the manlygown

and

pit

on

whole

he had
patrmcTjy before

fhewinghimfelf

be the

to

born, as
genuinSon of that Father, who was
Salluft fays,to fquander
ploying
emmoney^ without ever
till a prefentfiecejjit
on
a thought
hufinefs^
wit, inurgedhim. His comely perfon,lively
Curio infinitely
finuatingaddrefs,made
young
fond of him ; fo that, in fpightof the commands
of

Antony
houfe,

out

fevere Father, who had often turned

of doors, and forbidden him
his

he could

not

be

with
prevailed
him with
fupplied

his company
; but
his frolics and amours,
his

on

forfake

for
money
tillhe had involved felf
him-

in

account

to

debt

offiftythoufand

and
greatlyafflidled old Curio
called in to heal the diftrefs
of the fami-

pounds. This
Cicero

was

-^

lyywhom

the Son

to

intercede

eyes,

himfelf,and

entreated,with

tears

in

his

for

well

as

for

Antony,

fuffer them

not

to

as

be

parted; but

with the father to make

having prevailed
his debts, advifed
fon eafy,by difcharging

Cicero
his
him

to

it

have

infift upon

by

his

condition,and

paternal
power,

farther

no

it as

that he

with

commerce

to

force
en-

ihould

Antony [/].
This
^

\f\Tenefne
textatum

te

decoxiffe ?

unquam
Ivbidinis caufa
nemo

memoriaPrs-

puer
tani

emptus
tuit in

domini

tu in
poteflate,
quam
Curionis.
Quoties te pater
?
fuo ejecit
ejus domo

kifne

me

de

mihi
^rebus

no-

of M.TULLIUS

CICEsRO.

237

laid the foundation of an earlyaverfion in A. Urb. 704.

Antony to Cicero, encreafed ftiilby the perpe-

This

^^'i^*

tual courfe of Antony's life,which fortune

penedto throw among Cicero's inveterate
mies : for, by the fecond marriageof his

ther, he became
death

to

put

was

hap- q
ene-

Marcellus,

mo-

-L. Corneli-

to that Lentulus^who
fon-in-lavj
for confpiring
with Catiline,
by

initiated into all the cabals of

whom

he

terous

and inferred with principles

fadlion,
cious
perni-

was

of
liberty

Rome.

"*

trai-

To

revenge the
death of this father,he attached himfelf to Clodius, and during his Trlkmate,w^as one of the mito

the

Claudius

detected at
niflers of all his violences ; yet was
in his family,
the fame time in fome criminal intrigue
the honor

injuriousto
to

in the

this education

From

learn the

art

of

of his Patron [ti].

City, he went abroad
Gabinius,

under

war

the mod

of all Generals ; who

profligate
gave him the
command of his horfein Syria,where he iignalized
in the rejioration
his courage
of King Ptolemy^
and acquiredthe firfttail of martial glory,in
the laws and re^
undertaken againll
an
expedition
of his Country [x'].From Egyft,inflead
ligion

tiflimisdicere?recordaretempus

mcerens

Curio

Pater

illud,cum

jacebat in ledlo

lius fe ad

pedes

meos

milii

fternens,lacrymans
commendabat, orabat, ut
contra
patrem fuum, fi H.

fexagies
peteret defenderem
tantum

ceffifTe:

enim

fe pro

ipfe

autem

te

te

S.
:

interamore

[Philip. 18."]

"

Amo.

nius, perdundse
pecuniis
genitus, vacuufquecuris, nifi
inllantibus.

Fragm.

Salluft. Hiilor,

l.iii.
domi

Te
\_ii]

educatum
Intimus

cendiorum

poflet

domi

ego tempore
failorentiflinia^.
mala
tanta
fufiu.
Eiiiis:fedavi vel potius

M.

2.

ardens confirmabat,quod defiderium tui difcidiiferre non

quo

alie-

filiidiflblveret,
":c.

num

fi-

prote

ut zes
perfuafi,
patri

li :

"

in

erat

Clodio

?.

Lcntuli

[Phil,2. 7.]

"

Tribunatu

intjUo uninium
fax
cujusetiam
"

quiddam jam

litus eir, kc.

[,v]Inde

turn

mo-

ib. 19.

iter Alejvaudriam.

Lentu-

The History

238
A. Urb.
C

704.

cf the Life
his debts would

of cominghome^ where

ff^*

-^

^^

^^

y^' ^^ '^^^^

^^

Ctefarinto Gaul^ the

all the

refugeof

needy,the defperate,
and
Marcellus, the audacious : and after fome flayin that ProL. CoRNELivince, beingfurnifhed with money and credit by
to fue for the QuseCsfar, he returned to Rome
xus"cr^^'
him
in a
florfhip
[jy]. Csfar recommended
to Cicero,
him to
prefiingmanner
entreating
and
pardon him
accept Antony'sfubmifTion,
for what was
pafb,and to afiifh him in his
fuit : with which Cicero readily
comprefent
and obligedAntony fo highlyby it,
plied,"
that he declared war
Clodius,
prefently
againft
C.Claudius

^^^^

^^

fufFer

not

''

''

*'

"

*'

"

*'

*^'

he attacked with great fiercenefs in the

have killed,
if
Forum, and would certainly
found means
he had not
to hide himfelf unwhom

flairs."

fome

**

der

*'

that he owed

*^

whom

Antony openly gave

all this

he could

Cicero's

to

never

make

out,

to
generofity,

amends

for for-

but by the deflrudlion of his eneinjuries,

Clodius
[z]"
Being chofen Queflor,
my
back immediately
he went
to C^far, without expe6linghis lot^or a decree of the Senate^to appoint
his Province : where, thoughhe had
him
of acquiring
all imaginable
opportunities
money,
he
fafl
he
as
as
came
got it,
yet by fquandering,
"

mer

"

contra

am,

fenatus au"lori-

contra

tatem,

Rempub.

fturae,quo

Gabinlum, "c. ib.

[j] Prius in ultimam Gal-

P. Clodium

liam
mum

ex
"

habebat

^gypto
venifti

quam
Gallia

Quaefluram petendam.
"

"

cuftoditus Aim
obfervatus in

du-

fed
:
religiones
cem

"

do-

Ciefaris litteras,
ut
tisfieripaterer a

te

non

in foroes

"

ita

poftca

me

me
"

cona-

praedicabas,
nifi ilium

exilHmare

pro tuis in
^9lt fafturum

fa-

quidem tempore
"

ib.

Cum

tu

Quaepetitionc

interfeciiTes,
unquam

ante

mihi
"

te

te,

ad

vid. Plutar. in Anton.

[z] Acceperam jam

tusocciderc

mihi

fatis
injuriis
ib.

20.

in fcafe ille fugiens

"c.
larum tenebras abdidillet,

pro Mil.

15.
a

fecond

^he History

240

of the Life
longerthan the

pretendto keep an army

peoCic. 58.
the
will
of
and
to
the
contrary
pig ordered,
Senate [c]?" but C^far's
lay not in
ci!fuDius
ftrength
C
the goodnefs
of his caufe^but of his troops [d]; a
Marcellus,
confiderable part of which he was
L. CoRNELinow
drawing
Lentuus
be
to
togethertowards the confines of Italy,
LRUS.
Lus
into adion at any warning: the
to
enter
Yesif^Y
handle
of the 'Tribuns gave him a plaufible
flight
his attempt ;
to
begin, and feemed to fandlify
the
but
his real motive, fays Plutarch^was
befame that animated Cyrus and Alexander
A. Urb.

704.

'^

cc
"

"

''

diflurb the peace of mankind

;
the unquenchablethirft of Empire, and the

fore him

''
*'

to

of

the

in
man
greateft
tillPomthe world, which was
not
pofTible,
firfh deftroyed[^]." Laying hold
pey was
therefore of the occafion,he prefently
the
paffed
the boujidary
"Rubicon, which was
of his Province
and marching forward in
that fide of Italy,
on
himfelf without rehoflile manner,
an
pofleiTed
*'

wild

ambition

being

*'

*'

fiftance of the

in his way, Agreat Towns

riminum, Pifaurum, Ancona, Arctium, "c [/].
next

this confufed

In

difordered flate of the

and

the decree
folliciting
City,Cicero's friends were
of his Triumph^ to which the whole Senate figni-'
the conful Lenfied their readyconfent : but
his
tulus,to make the favor more
particularly
''

*'

[c] Ibid.
1 1

it. Ep. fam.

decretum

quod paulioante

16.

eft,ut exercitum

fy]
citra Rubi-

Alterius duels caufa

videbatur, alterius e-

melior

firmior.

rat

Hie omnia

ciofa, illie valentia.

{"pePom-

peium fenatus audoritas, C"farem

cia.

militum
Veil. Pat.

armavit

49.
Plutar. in Anton.
[e']
ille id
An

[/]

fidu-

conem,

qui

educeret ?

6.
Philip.

"

Itaque
tia

Ariminum,

3.
amen-

raperetur, "

"

Pifaurum, Anco-

Arretium

nam,

i6.

Caefar

cum

quadam

Urbem

2.

finis eft Gallise,

oceupaviiTet,
reliquimus Ep.fam.
"

12,

faciat,
(C

own.

CICERO.

of M,TULLIUS

might be
publicaffairswere

defired

**

Own,

"

while, tillthe
giving his word,

"

*''

march

deferred for
better
then

he would

that

of it himfejf

mover

den

that it

[^]."

tov/ards Rome

But

24,1
a

A. Urb.

fettled, ^p'n^^'
the

be

Claudius

Casfar's fud- Marcellus.

end to all far- L. Corneh-

put an
flruck the Senate

with
thoughtsof it, and
fuch a panic,that, as if he had been already
at
the gates, they refolved prefently
to
quit the
the fouthern parts of
towards
City, and retreat
Senators had particular
Italy. All the principal
di(lrid:s afligned
be provided
their care,
to
to
with troops, and all materials of defence againft
Csefar.
Cicero had Capua^ ixjiththe infpeMonof
the Sea coaft
from Formic : ht zvotdd not accept any
rity
his authogreater chargefor the fakeof preferving
in the tafkof mediating
a
peace \h\; and for
vince
Prothe fame reafon,when he perceivedhis new
and
^n
wholly unprovidedagalnii
enemy,
that it was
to hold Qapua without afirong
impoffihle
his Employment^and chofe
not
Garrifon^he refigned
to a5t at all [f];
ther

^^

Vol.

[^1

IL

Nobis

Capua

prsfam a

Inter h?.3

tamen

Nullum

rormiis.

vofrequensflagi-majus ncgotiun)fufclpere
lui,quo plusapud ilium mea;
Triumphum : fed Lenad
litters cohortationefque
fuum
Conful,
quo majus

turbas Senatus
tavit
tulus

beneficium

faceret,fimul

qu^
ijiieexpediflet
cefTaria de
ielaturum.

at-

elTent
dixit

"p.Fanl.

i6.

[/]

fe

Nam

lion
me

ta

ina

vult

1 1.

haec

Campana

"

quern

"

gotiiref"rentur.

fumriia
Ad

ne-

Act. 7,

noliii

Ego

adhuc

orse

maritime

folum
etiam

ad Ait. 8.

"

ignavise
peffidce

Quod
me

quod

12.

tibi oftenderam,

cum

Cilpuam rejeciebam;
feci

caufa, fed

""

i",

non

fufpicionem
acciper^
fugiens,

to-

mariti-

ad
orahabeat;'STicr";e7?-oj',
deleAus

cdrte

delciflus,fed

enim

Pompeius efTe,quern

i6;

nd'qu^turn
pec'cavi,
cUmimparatam jam

[""]Ego negOtib prsfurriCapuam,

turbulerito

Ep. fam.

li.

ne-

Repbb.

valerent.

pacem

fleri illam

non

704.

vitandi

quod vidcbam
urbem

fine

oneris
tecxer-

citu

Lentu-

A,Urb.
Cic.

58.

qj:Rome

j^gj^

of them
Marc^llus^
L. Corn
us

ELI-

Lentu-

lusCrus.

Life
femlna-

common

for the great

famous fchool

placeof educatingGladiators

i-y or

Coff.

always been the

had

Capua

704.

the

of

History

7he

2^2

Csefar had

where

this time, which he had long maintained under the beft mafters for the occafions of
his publicfhews in the City; and as theywere
at

there

reafon

was

well

and

numerous

ygj-y

break out, and

furnilhed with

apprehendthat

to

make

arms,

they would

attempt in favor of

fome

ous
might have been of dangerof
circumftances
in
the
prefent
confequence
Republic; fo that Pompey thoughtit necef-

their mafter, which

the

of their fchool,and diftrithe principal

Inhabitants of

faryto take them

them

bute

the

among

two
place,affigning

to

each

mafierof a family^

from

he fecured them

which

by

out

mif-

doing any

chief \k\

Pompeian party was under no

of Pompey'squitting
fmall deje6t:ion
account
on
from the approachof
the City,and retreating
the

While

Labienus,

T.

Csefar,

the other

on

came

to

and
fide,deferted
Ccefar^

lifft
them, which added fome new
that
their caufe, and raifed an
expecftation
to

over

clta

non

As

Clc. ad

pofle"Ep.
Ad

Pomp.

Att. 8.

annexed

Procon-

[Ep.

men-

Fam.

of Capua he
this command
calls himfelf the Epifcapus
of

Campanian

Ihews, that
which
Church

thefe

which
names,

afappropriated

were

terwards

coaft

in
to

the

Chriftian

charat^ers

in their

ufe, the notion of

thority,and

original
real

Csfaxis^

qui Capuae funt" fane

mode
nos

com-

Pompeiusdiftribuit,bifamiliafingulis
patribus
in ludo

Scutorum

rum.

fuiffedicebantur
in

1 00

eraptionem fafluri

fuermit

turn

au-

jurifdiftion.

[ i ] Gladiatores

were

his government,
13. 67.] fo in

to

carried
powers Ecclefiaftical,

with them

u.

Cicero, when

ful of Cilicia, often

that
tions the Diocefes

the

of the chief Commanders

one

eo

"

fane mul-

Reip.provifumeft.

AdAtt. 7. I4.

and

many

TULLIVS

of M.

eminently

had

nus

follow his

would

more

many

CICERO.

245

example. Labie-

A. Urb.
704.
^^^- 5 8diflino-uifhed himfelf in the

where next to Casfar himfelf,he had

Gallic war,
q q
born the principal
and
Casfar's
favor,
by
part;
Marcellus

had raifed

carefTed,and

much

by Pompey,

fortune

immenfe

an

carried

about

fame

his

from

his credit in Csefar's army,

of all his counfils : but

friends

to

every-where^^
^^^

from

rather

L.Corneli-

was

promifedhimfelf great fervice

and
and experience,
elpecially

who

like that
things,

fo that he

and the knowledge

his

of

account

of all defertors,
was
dated
accommopleafe,than to ferve his

new

the weaknefsof defar^s

reprefenting
the difto his prefent
defigfis^
troops^ their averjion
;

affeiliojt
of the two

to revolt
Gauls^ and difpofition

found to be true
the contrary of all which was
he came
finin the experiment
to them
as
: and
gle, without bringingwith him any of thofe
he

troops with which

acquiredhis reputation,

had

fo his defertion had

his

ruin

to

fervice to
But

no

other effedt,
than

fortunes, without, doing any

own

Pompey [/].
better
gave a much
of an
the propofal
was

what

honeft men,
which

about

came

profpedto

all

tion,
accommoda-

Cosfar ;

this time from

autempla- (Pompeius)ron dubltantem

accepit,quod is, qui de imbecillitate Caefaris cogam
in il- piarum : cujusadventuCnzeaudoritatem
fummam
animi plus
nofter multo
us
lius exercituhabebat,T. La[/]

bienus
luit :
bifcum
faduri

16.

Maximam

habet.

focius fcelerisefle no-

ilium, "
reliquit
eft

Nam

no-

multique idem

dicuntur.

lb. 8.
dignitatis,
"

12.

Aliquantum animi videtur

Att. 7, 12.
Labienum

in Labieno

"

'

forth in

efl

2.

armis

CafarisLabienus

ad

trans

fuga

'vilis

Lucan.

fecum

parum

fam.

Ep.

attuliffenobis Labienus

7.16.

lb.

erat

nunc

"

5. 345.

habet

who

Lentu^Rus"

The Hi

i44
A. Urb.
Cic.

704.

58.
Dius

Marcellus.
L. CoRNELius

Lentu-

ttJsCRus.

of the Life

c"Rr

St

pufhing on the war with incredible vigor, talked of nothing but peace,
^"
perfuadeCicero,
^^^^"^^^^^"^^^P^^^^^'^^^^^y
who

while he

was

other view, than to fecure himthe infults of his enemies, and yield

"

that he had

"

felf from

no

Pompey [m]."
that Pompey Ihould go
^^^
conditions were,
leof Spain,that his new
his government
to
vies fliould be difmiiTed,and his garrifons
fj^e "j.fl-rank

ic

the ilate

in

to

"

"

"

that Caefar Ihould

and

withdrawn,

*'

deliver up

Domitius,
his Provinces, the farther Gaul
to
the hither to Confidius,and fue for the Con-

''

*'

the privifuKhipin perfon,without requiring

Thefe terms
were
readily
lege of abfence*"
Chiefs
at
in a grand council of the
embraced
Capua,and young L. Casfar,who broughtthem,

"

^'

Pompey, and the

article, that
prasliminary

fent back with Letters from

was

addition

onelyof

"

one

Csefar in the

**

troops from the Towns,

*'

beyond his own

might return

*'

at
prefent

was

to

account

mean

to

and

and

freedom

major

"

ad

me

fcribit,nihil malle Caefarem,

Pompeio, fiprincipe

quam,
ne

metu

Tu, puto,
Ad Att. 8, 9.

vivere.

hasccredis.

fettle the whole

Rome,

[;/]."Cicero
he gave

an

Capua, faysbe,
of January, where
twenty-fixth

Atticus

Ealbus

[w]

feized

had

that the Senate

this council,of which

the
yefterday

*'

he

which

fo
Jurifdidion,

honor

affair with

*'

fliould recall his

while

"

to

came

traditurum.

Ad

Confttlatus

fe venturum
petitionem

velle,abfente

que fe jam
rationem fuihaberi.
16.

12.

ne-

(c,

Ep. fam.

ad Att. 7. 14.

Accepimus conditiones j
["] Feruntur oftlnino confed ita at removeat
illo,aut,Pompeius
praefidra
in
iis
diledus
locis,quae occupavit,
4:at
ex
Hifpaniam;
con-'
qui funt habiti," prjefidiaut fine metu de iis ipfis
ditiones ab

noftra dimittantur
"rem

Galliam

fe ulteri-

Domitio,

riorem Confidio Noniano

cite-

ditionibus Romse
beri

Senatus ha-

Ibid,
pofl'et.

-"

"

I met

of M.rULLIUS
*'

**

*'

CICERO.

of our
the Confuls, and many
they all wifh that Csefar would ftand

withdraw

conditions, and

his

"

by Casfar,

"

Council:

"

live

*'

Csfar

*'

Senate,when

the conditions

*'

and

to

*'

*'

"

"

"

"

but

recall his

of ill

will attend

r\".
'

fetded,

made

are

; but
preparations

the

fervice is

ftand

not

to

his

onelyto

apt to think
that he will v/ithdraw his troops ; for he gets
the better of us by beingmade Conful, and
our

am

than in the way,

lefs iniquity,

with
is now

*'

off without

"*

unprovidedboth

"

fmce

purfuing",
fome

and

we

cannot

lofs ; for

was

City, or public,in
to him
["?]."

he

come
pofTibly
are
fcandaloufly

and
foldiers,

with

all that which

we

which

the

with money,
either privatein the

is left a
treafury,

prey

fufpenceof this treaty, and the

of Caefar's anfwer, Cicero beganto
expedlation
conceive fome hopesthat both fides were
ing,
relentand difpofed
to make
; Cseup the quarrel
the

During

far from

Senate

their

on

refie6lion
want

on

his

and
raflinefs,

the

but he ftill
of preparation
:

C^efar,and the fendinga meflage fo

fufpedled
as
importantby a perfonfo infignificant,
yowtg
he
Lucius C^far^ looked^ fays,
as if he bad done it
by way of contempt^ or with a view to difdameit^
[0] Ad
R

Att. 7, 15,

Lentu.

if^^^ Crvs.

vaitrange
greateft
part are

the

will

be

^^^^^

afraid will be

there is

that thefe offers

and

hinder

declares that

his

confequence"

rather

nov/

Sicily,where
neceiTary,which I am
go

"

"'

fight;and
he
garrifons,

rietyin our Sentiments

of opinion,that Casfar
terms,

would

to

not

more

himfelf

come

'*

"

was

than

Favo-

impofedMarcellus,
little regarded,by the L. Corne-

for Cato

Slave

agamlt

was

troops

all conditions

nius alone

"

order: A. Urb. 704:

his
to
S^^'i^*

met

*'

''

245'

efpecially

24^
A. Urb.

of th Life

"^^^ History

when after offering

conditions,which
efpecially,
he would not Tit ftill
to be accepted,
were
likely
Coff^*
704.

anfwer, hut continued his march with

and in the fame hofiile
Marcellus, the fame diligence^
manner^
C, Claudius
L. CoRNELi^^

^o

wait

^j

[^].
hefore

^^
Crus^'

an

His

for

fufpicions
proved true;

which
foon after from Furnius
came
letters,
that theymade a mere jefi
Curio, he perceived,

and

cf the Emhaffy[^].
feems

It

very evident, that Casfar had no

real thoughtsof peace, by his payingno regard
reafons
Pompey's anfwer, and the trifling
which he gave for flighting
it [r]: but he had
view
in offering
thofe conditions ^ for
a double
them, as there was reafon
by Pompey's rejefting

to

from
expedl

to

his known

averfion

to

he

treaty,

any

of the

:
war
hoped to load him with the odium
or
by his embracing them, to flacken his preparation
and retard his defignof leavingItaly;
whilfl:he himfelf in the mean
time, by following
him with a celerity
that amazed every body [j],

might
fermone
[/"]Speroin prjefentiapahabere.

cem

nos

lum

"
furoris,

Nam

hunc

"

il-

aliqiio
arrepto

pro
abufus eft ib. 13.
Accepi litteras tuas,

mandatis

noftrum

"

[y]
Ib.
Philotimi, Furnii, Curionis
copiarumfuppcenitet.
his ipfisad Furnium,
Tamen
ut
quibus irridet
vereor
fit. Nam
L. Caefaris legationem,"
contentus
(Caefar)
ifia
dedifiet
L.
ib. 19.
m
andata
cum
dc
Caefari, debuit efle paullo
[r\ Casf. Comment,
dum refponfa
refer- Bell. Civ. 1. i.
qiiietior,
-"

Caefarem
fare

O celeritatem incredi'is']

Ib. 7. 17.

rentur.

quidem,

L. Cae-

de pace
aiunt acerrime

mandatis

cum

miflb, tamen
Joca occupare

bilem !
"

ro

adAtt.

calls him

and
gilance,

7.22.

Cice-

monfter

of vi-

fcelerity

ib. 18.
[ib.8. 9.]for from his pafvidi" ut id ip- fageof the Rubicon, though
forced to take in ail
illevideaturirridenhe was

L. Ciefarem
fummihi
di caufa
rebus

fecifie,
qui tantis de

huic mandata

nili forte

non

road,

dedcrit.

the great Towns

and fpcntfeven

days before

hie

Corfinium, yet

in

dedit,"

on

his

lefsthan
two

The

248
A, Urb.

704.

5^*
^1^C

Claudius

Marcellus,
L. CoRNELiusLentuLus

Rus.

nemies

of

History
mafters of the

were

the

Life

fea,fo that he could

his forces abroad without the hazard

tranfport
^^ ^^^'^^being deilVoyed
fleet,or of
by a fuperior
of conveybeingftarved at land by the difficulty
and provifions
to them
: Pprnpeyre^ing fupplies
this fingle
];^(jchiefly
on
circumftance,and was
that it tnujlnecejjarily
determine th"
pej-f^jaded,
in his favor[u]: fo that it feems furprifing,
war
of advantage,in the hands
how fuch a fuperiority
fail of
of fo great a Commander,
could poflibly
not

rather the fortune,

than the condudl of C^far, for carryinghim fafe
of
the poflTefllon
to
through all thefe difliculties

fuccefs;and

the

niufl:admire

Empire.

fpeaksof
kind of madnefs[^], and
that he
hopes to the lafl:,
feldom

Cicero
us

we

fome

in it : the fame

imaginationmade
Senate fo refolute to defy,when

his attempt, but

feemed to retain
would

perfift

not

Pompey
theywere

and the
in

no

oppofehim, C^efar on the other

hand might probably imagine,that their fl:iffnefs procededfrom a vain conceit of their fl:rength,

condition

induce

would

which

with him

nough
drawn

to

in

Italy,in

them
which

to

venture

cafe he

battle

fure

was

e-

fo th^t both fides were

farther perhaps than they intended, by
beat

to

them

C^efar, I fay,
mifl:akingeach other's view.
might well apprehend,that they deiignedto try
their ftrengthv/ith him in Italy:for that was
the confrant perfuafipn
of the whole party, whq
thought it the befl; fcheme which could be purthem in it, and always
fued : Pompey humored
talked bigto keep up their fpirits
", and though he
\u] ExiHimat, (Pompeius) fima cura fuit. lb.
Csfar
neceiTe
teneat, eum
\_x]Cum

q;iimare
rgrum

.apparatus ei

8.

amentia

qqadam raperetur Ep. fam.

Temperantiquif-16. 12.

potiri Itaquenavilis
"

10.

"

of M.TULLIUS

CICERO.

249

faw from the firft^be necejfity

ofquitting
Italy
yet A. Urb. 704.
^
word at
he kept the fecret to himfelf,and wrote

^p'i^*

time

fame

the

to

Cicero, that he Jhouldhave

Claudius

few day5^ with which he would Marcellvs,

march againji
C^efarinto Picenum^fo as to give^-CoRnELi^sLentuthem an opportunity
to the City[jyj.
of returning
The planof the war, as it was
commonly underthemfelves of the principal
flood, was to pofTefs
the defenfive,
and a6l chiefly
of Italy,
on
pofls
in order to diftrefsCsefar by their difi^erentarmies,
of forage,
hinder his accut off his opportunities
cefs to Rome, and hold him continually
employ-^
from
the
till
veteran
ed,
Spain, under
army
Pompey's Lieutenants, Afranius,Petreius,and
Varro, could come
up to iinifhhis overthrow [z].

Jirm

This

in

army

war

Pompey

fubmit

Ihould

to

the

givingup

this confidence

in

conceived

theynever

before Caefar,and
enemy

the Senate entertained

the notion which

was

of the

it pofllble
that

of flying
difgrace
a prey to hisItaly

Domitius,

at

of the

very confiderable force,and fome

Senators, threw himfelf into

ftrongtown

with

principal
Corfinium,a
Apenninc,on the

the foot of the

tionibus flare noluerit,

beld-yrfoij-peolum
fui
eft
tanti
"
:
tantumvyiTui,
paratum
expertes
inufitaticonfilii
tam
relinque-modo ut eum intercludamus,
ad urbem poflit
accedere :
ne
bat. Ad Att. 8. 8.

[^] Omnes

nos

"

Pompeius
paucisdiebus

ad

"

citum

fcriblt,quod fperabamusfieripoffe
:

me

fefirmum

habiturum,

fpemque

afFert,fi in Picenum

bamus

ex

"

magnos

habe-

fex
Hifpaniaque

" magna auxilia,

Alegiones

agrum

Romam

ipfevenerit,nos

diledlus enim

exer-

franio " Petreio

re-

lb.

ducibus,haVidetur, fi in-

a tergo.
7.16.
bello, faniet,poiTeopprimi,modq
["] Sufceptoautem

dituros effe.
aut

tenenda

fit

bet

urbs, aut

ille commeatu
|-elifta,

"

ut

ea

urbe falva
"

Summa
liquiscopiisintercludendus
-

nium

ad Att. 7. 9.

Sin

autem

16.

12.

re"

Ep. fam.

ille fuis condi-

ventare

cum
"

autem

fpesAfra-

magniscopiisadad Att. 8. 3.

Adriatic
""-^i
*"""'

A. Urb. 704
C

Marcellus.
L.CoRNELi.
us

propofedto make a ftand

of his march ;
Hop the progrefs

where
Adriatic fide,

Csefar,and
ff^*againft

Claudius

Lentu-

of the Life

:Jrhe History

2^0

^"^ ^^ ^^^

he

^^^ ^^^ troops

in the attempt,

to

the

for want
of knowing
Legions^
Pompey's fecret. Pompey indeed, when he
faw what Domitius
him earneftintended,preiTed
ly, by feveral Letters,to come
away and join
that it was
with him, telling
him,
impoffibl
make
to
to
Casfar,till their
any oppofition
number

of three

''

"

**
"
*'
**
*'
"
**
"

whole

forces were

united

and that

to

as

him-

felf,he had with him onelythe two Legions,

recalled from Caefar,and were
which were
not

againfthim 5 and if Domitius

himfelf in Corfinium, fo as to
ihould entangle
be precluded
by Caefar from a retreat, that he
be

to

could
army,

trufted

not

and

to

come

bad

his relief with fo weak

him

therefore

be fur-

to

not

an

if Caefar Ihould
prizedto hear of his retiring,
:" yet Domitius,
towards him [^a]
march
to
perfift
with the opinion,that Italy
prepoflefled
and that Pompey
be the featof the war^
was
to
fufferfo good a body of troops, and
would never
fo many of his beft friends to be loft,would not
depoftof Corfinium, but pended
quitthe advantageous
ftillon beingrelieved ; and when he was
fent Pompey word, how eaftly
aduallybefieged,
between their two ar*
Ccefarmightbe intercepted
mies [^].
Nos disjecla
manu
[.2]
res

adverfariis effe

non

pa-

urn

nolito

com-

moveri, fi audieris me r^gredi, A forte Caefar ad me veetiam atqtieetiam te

niet,
omni
copia
hortor, ut cum
"

quamprimum ad me
vid. Epift.
Pomp^

-"

[^] Domitius

pof-

fiimus.

Quamobrem

mit. ad Att. 8.

venias.
ad Do-

"

que

di

ad

Pompei-

mittit,qui petant
orent,

Caefarem
"

12.

ut

at-

fibi fubveniat

duobus

exercitibus,

interclnanguftiis
pofTe,frumentoque prohi-

locorum

beri,"c.
Caef. Comment,
civ. 1.i.

de

Bell.

Cicero

CICERO.

cf M.rULLIUS

251

as any of A. Urb. 704.

difappoint^d
dreamt of their being ^p'J^*
the reft; he had never
obligedto quitItaly,till by Pompey's motions q CiIudius
he Marcellus.
at laft his intentions ; of which
he perceived
in feveral of his Let- L. Corneliwith great feverity,
fpeaks,
Lentuthat new
ters, and begs Atticus's advice upon

Cicero

as

was

much

^^

face of their affairs;

give it

the

"'
*'
"*

fortunes with

and

*'

hind, and

^^

moft

*'

*'
*'
**
*'
*'

*'

*'

mind

own

The

"

his.

to

him
the

on

in
one

obligations,
Pompey, and

great

fays he, which I am under to

with him, as
friendlhip
my particular
feem
the caufe of the Republicitfelf,
that I ought to joinmy
fuade me,

*'

"

his

to

the other.

fide and

enable Atticus

to

he explanes
to
clearly,

occurred

ihort what
*'

more

and

well

as

to

percounfils

Befides,if I ftaybe-

defert that band

of the

beft and

Citizens,I muft fall under the

eminent

iingle
perfon,who givesme many
proofsindeed of beingmy friend,and whom,
I had long ago taken care to
as
you know,
make fuch from a fufpicion
of this very ftorm,
which
now
hangs over us
yet it fhould be
of

power

-,

far I may venture

well confidered, both how
it clear,that I
and fuppofing
to truft him,
truft

may
the

him, whether
of

charader

it be

firm and

conliftent with

honeft Citizen

to

he has born

in that

City,in which
honors, and performedthe greatgreateft

*'

continue

*'

the

*'

invefted with
eft ad:s, and where he is now
the moft honorable Priefthood,when it is to be

"

*^

**
*'

*'
^'

*'

^^

attended with

fome

danger,and perhapswith
if Pompey ftiould ever
fome difgrace,
reftore
the Republic. Thefe
the difficultieson
are

the

fide

one

let

us

fee what

there

are

the

on

nothinghas hitherto been done by our

Pompey, either with prudence or courage
1 may
add alfo BOthingbut what v/as contraother

(;

^e

252
A. Urb.
Cic.
C

Cla

704.

58.
D

us

Lus

Crus.

advice and

my

cc

q1^ flories
|.j!^Qfg

"

^^^

armed

"

how

he

"

violence,and without

"

how

"c

rnent,

**

Augur

*'

zealous

ELI-

Lentu-

to

ry

this

againftthe Republic;
in carrying
his laws by
regardto the Aufpices
;

man

him
fupported

the fartherGaul

he added

himfelf his fon-in-law,affiftedas

in the Adoptionof Clodius, was
more
reftore me,

to

beingexpelled
;

command, ferved him

abfence,nay, in his

**
*'

*'
*'
*'

than

third

the intereftsof the Rebegan to efpoufe

that the ten Tribuns
public,how he infifted,
fhould jointly
with
propofea law to difpenfe
his abfence in fuingfor the Confulfhip,
which
he confirmed afterwards by a law of his own,
and oppofedthe Conful Marcellus, when
he
an

end

to

but

to

his government

"'

firflof March

**

what

*'

greater want

*'

rather Ihamefull

*'

conditions

*'

of

*'

confefs,
were

"

this ?

*'

the

*'

there for it ? is

*'

the way left open to the

treafure both publicand

to

put
be

can

of condudt

were

omit, I
than

the

on

fay,all this,

dilhonorable,or

more

fhew

this retreat, or
the City ? what

from
flight
to the neceflity
not
preferable
I
country ? the conditions,

abandoningour
bad

yet what

can

be worfe than

fay, will recover

Pompey, you'll
is
Republic; when ? or what preparation
but

*'

the enemy

*'

forces,no

**

of the

*'

for

**

after
Confullhip,

he

moved

*'

prevent my
of Casfar's

term

in all his affairs in his

*'

**

to

enlargedthe

*'

*'

his Govern-

to

made

*'

"

omit
he firft nurfed, raifed

how

Marcellus,
L. Corn

"

of the Life
I will
:
authority

History

? in

not

all Picenum

loft ? is

not

City? is not all our

privategiven up to

word, there

is

no

party,

no

placeof rendezvous for the friends

Republicto refort to ; Apuliais chofen

our

retreat

the weakeft

and

remoteft

part of

which impliesnothingbut deItaly,

of flyingby the opportu*
and a defign
fpair,
nity
3
"

of M.TULLIUS

CICERO.

2^5

[r]. In another Letter, A. Urb. 704.

5^there is but one
thingwanting,fays he, to ^^^^o qq^^^^^^^
''completeour friend's difgrace
; his failing
fuccour Domitius:
nobody doubts but that Marcellus,

**

nityof

the Tea,^c.

"

*'

will

*'

he

"

that mind.

*'

*'

*'

*'

''

**

*'

**

*'
**
*'
*'
**
*'

*'

*'

Will

with

him

his relief;yet I am
he then defert fuch

the reft,whom

and

zen,

to

come

you

know

not

ofL.

Citi-

to

cothirty
horts in the Town
de: yes, unlefs all things
ceive me,
he will defert him : he is ftrangely
means
nothing but to fly; yet
frightened
;
for I perceive what
opinion is,
you,
your
I
this
For
follow
man.
think,that
ought to
I ought to fly,
know, whom
my part, I eafily
I ought to
whom
follow.
that
As
not
to
fayingof mine, which you extoll,and think
worthy to be celebrated,that I had rather be
with Pompey^ than conquer with C^conquered
but with fuch a
y^r ; 'tis true, I ftillfayfo
Pompey as he then was, or as I took him to
-,

be

but

as

for this man,

fore he knows
has

betrayedus

from
and

who

whom,

runs
or

away,

whither

bewho

try,
given up his counand is now
leavingItaly; if I had rather
be conqueredwith him, the thingis over, I
^c, [d]
am
conquered,
There
in the mean
was
a notion
while, that
of C^far^s
univerfally
prevailedthrough Italy,
cruel and revengeful
horrible
temper^ from which
efi^edlswere
apprehended: Cicero himfelf was
with it, as appears from many
fl:rongly
pofleflfed
of his Letters, where he feems to take it for
granted,that he would be a fecondPhalaris,not
a
not a gentle
Pijiftratui
; a bloody^
Tyrant. This
he inferred from the violenceof his pafilife
the
\

"'

^^^^J^J^

be

he has

when
efpecially

ours,

"

"

[c] Ad

Att. 8. 3.

Ad

Att, 8. 7.

nature

Corneli-

^^^

2^4

of

History

the

Life

his

and above alU

prefententerprize
;
Cic. 58.
from the character of his friendsa7jd followers
i
^^^
generally
fpeaking,a needy,pro^^^^'
C Claudiu
audacious crew
Marcellu^
preparedfor every thing
;
fligate,
that was
L.C0RNEL1[^]. It was affirmed likewife
defperate
Lentuthat he had openly dewith great confidence,
hvs
Crus.
now
ciared, that he was
coming to revenge the
deaths of Cn. Carho, M. Brutus^ and all the other
whom
Marian Chiefs^
Pompey, when adling
der
unhad
for
death
their opcruelly
Sylla,
put to
caufe [/]. But there was
to the Syllan
pofition
real ground for any of thefe fufpicions
no
: for
Csefar,who thoughtTyranny, as Cicero fays,
and whofe fole view it
the greateft
of Goddeffes^
had been throughlife to bringhis affairsto this
and to make a bold pulh for Empire, had,
crifis,
of pafttimes,and the fateof
from the obfervation
formerTyrants,laid it down for a maxim, that
the beftmeans
of fecuring
clemencyin victorywas
the ftability
fore
of it {g\. Upon the furrender thereA, Urb.

of

704. nature

us

of Corfinium, where he had the firflopportunity

of givinga public
of himfelf,
he
fpecimen
Iftum cujus^dKct^Kyyh
\e'\
teterrime fac-

limes, omnia

tunim
puto. Ad Att, 7.
eft Phalarim
Incertum

ib.

rit-

"

ne

video fivice-

regnum

homini

Romano

modo

non

fed

ne

fse quidem tolerabile

Per-

ib.

8.

10.

te

? vita,mores
anperdite
fada, ratio fufcepti
nego-

tii,locii" -ib.9.

[/] Atque
dam
"

Cn.

11.

hoc

modo,

pofTumus,omnium

ii

volunta-

tcs
diuturna
recuperare, "
viftoria uti : quoniam reliqui

credulitate

odium

efFugere

potuerunt, neq; vidoriam

diutius tcnere, praeter unum
non

fe gerere
Qui hie poteft
non

Att*

"r
{g\ 'Xh Bi^u (JLiyWtiv
Adi
Att.
Ti/pcty;'//rt.
"p(_e/"'
7.

Tentemus
ca^dem

Ad

20.

Nam

"c.
perfequi,

9. 14.

12.

Pififtratum fit imitaturus

an
"

pcenas

2.

eum

Syllam,quem
fum.

non

it.9. 19.

tio vincendi

loquiqui-

"

narrabant
cLvbivjiKai

Carbonis, M.

L.

Bruti fc

"

Haic
;

ut

liberalitatenos

Ep.

imitaturus
nova

fitra-

mifericordia
muniamus.

Csefaris ad 0pp. Att.

9. 7.

fliewed

The History

2^6
k. UVb.

704.

Cicero took occafidn

and
plii^ient,
Coir^*
C.Claudius

us

LUS

him

Letter of

corn-

for his
particularly

of Lentulus, who when Con-^

the chief author of his reftorationj

treatment

generous

Csefar returned the

which

to

fend him

to

thank

to

Marcellus, ful,had been

L. CoRNELi.

of the Life

anfwer.
following

LentuCrus.

C^iar

"'
"

*'

*'

r-TCicero

to

You

does

nor

it

at

all move

you

*'

who

were

''

the
away to renew
than
firenothingmore,

*'

Lmperor.

judge rightlyof me, for I am tho^

roughlyknown to you, that nothingis farther*
from me than cruelty
removed
as I have
; and
from the thingitfelf,
fo I rea
great pleafure
joiceand triumph to find my a6l approved by
"

''

Emperor

difmifled

that thofe^
faid to be gon6

me,

by me, are
war
me
againll

like
myfelf
", they

for I de-

alwaysadt

I may

that

themfelves.

"

like

*'

at the City,that I may

me
you would meet
ufe your counfil and afliftanceas I have hitherto done in all things.Nothing, I alTure you,

"

''

than

I wifh that

Dolabella-,I

will

''

is dearer

"

this favor therefore

"^'

otherwife,fuch i^
his humanity,his good fenfe,and his affec-

"

"

for him

tion

to

to

me

indeed

me.

When

to

Adieu

Pompey,

to

him

nor

is it

owe

poflible

behave

[^]."
after the

unhappy affairof
obligedto retire te

Corfinium, found himfelf

Brundifium,and to declare,what he had never
before diredily
owned, his defign
Itdly^
of quitting
and

carryingthe

defirous
two

wrote

him

to

to

come

vjar

draw
Letters

away

abroad

Cicero
to

him

[/]i

he

alongwith
at

diredly5

him,

and

prefs
Cicero,already

Formiae,
but

very

was

to

S
certiorcm confilii
me
denique
[/f]Ad Att. g. 16.
fui fecit." ^ib. 9. 2.
[/] Qui amiffo Coj^rfirtio

much

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS

with him,

257
flillA. Urb. 704.
^'c. 58.
of

difgufted
manner
the more
by his fhort and negligent
: the
^^^'
q
Writing,upon an occafion fo important[;;/]
fecond of Pompey's Letters,with Cicero's an- m^rce^lu^^
ftate of their af- L. Cornhlifwer, will explanethe prefent
much

of humor

out

was

fairs,and Cicero's fentiments upon them.

us
Lus

Cn.

Pompeius Magnus Proconful

Emperor*

M.

to

Cicero

: 1 read
good health,I rejoice
in
: for I perceived
your Letter with pleafure
for the
it your ancient virtue by your concern
to
common
fafety.The Confuls are come
"

*'

"

"

If you

in

are

Apulia : I earneftly
fingularand perpetual

I had in

which

"

the army,

*'

exhort

"

affedlion

"

that

"

relief to the afflictedftate.

"

make

"

in all hafte

''

health."

M.
"

by

you,

by

to

our

the

your

alfo to us^
Republic,to come
jointadvice we may give helpand
the

Appian
to

Magnus

com.e

of your

ProconfuL

Emperor to

When

deliI fent that letter,which was

I had no fufpicion
you at Canufium,
the fea for the fervice of the
crofling

vered

''

of your

"

Republic, and

*'

fliGuld

"

commodation,
or to defend
ufefull,

"'

Cn.

care

you

Cicero

*'

"

Take

Brundifium.

and

road,

your

way

have

I would

eft

to

in great hope?,that we
be able, either to bring about an acfeemed the mod
which to me
was

the

dignityin Italy. In

the

[w] EpIIlolarumPompeii fcribendo

miiit, tibi notam
duarum, quas ad me

negligentiam,meamque
Vol.

IL

ia

the great-

Republicwith

emp'iaad
Si

time, be-

mean

volui
diligentiam
efie
te

ex-

earum

mifi. lb. 8.1

1.

"fore

Lent

u-

Crvs.

'

The

258

of the Life

History

fore my Letter reached you, being informed

Cic. 58.
(c
Qf yQuj. refolution,by the inftru6lions which
^^"^ ^^ ^^^ Confuls, I did not wait tillI
C Claudius" Y^^
"
could have a Letter from you, but fet out imMarcellus.
"'
L. CoRNELimediatelytowards you with my Brother and
Lentuus
cc
childrrn for Apulia. When
come
were
we
qui-

A. Urb.

Lus

704.

"

Crus.

your friend C. Meffius, and mathe road

on
ny others told us, that Csfar was
to Capua, and would
lodge that very nightat

,,

^^

"

"

Theanum,

diflurbed

much

*'

iEfernia

"'

if it was

true, I

was

onely took

not

my

"

""
**

"

journeyto
be certainly

but myfelfalfo to
precluded,
therefore to Cales with
I went
on
a prifoner.
intent to (lay there, till I could learn from
of my intelligence
the certainty
^fernia
: at
Cales there was
brought to me a copy ot the
be

"

it,becaufe,

at

the Conful

Lentu-

''

Letter, which

you

*'

lus, with which

fent the copy alfo of one

received from Domitius, dated

"

*'

wrote

to

you

that you had

of
the eighteenth
of

February, and fignified,

great importanceto the Repub-

"

that it was

*'

lie,that

all the troops fhould

"

ther,

as

foon

as

"

fo

to

leave

"

"

"

"

"

"

'*

as

folved

to

Corfinium

in

yet

Capua.

of the fame
were

you
with

re-

all your

Casfar lay before the

forces, whither, when
for me
to come.
Town, I thoughtit impoflible

on,

we

informed

were

both of what

*'

and

that you

"

Brundifium

"

folved without
we

in the utmoft

this affair was

While
time

'"

fufficientGarrifon

march

to

toge-

placej

one

Upon readingthefe Letters,I was

opinion with all the reft, that

*"'

'"

poflible,
to

be drawn

were

Samnium,

one

and

the

fame

had

v/ere

and

happenedat Corfinium,
aduallymarching towards

when

I and

by

my

Brother

re-

follow you thither,

who
from
came
many,

hefitation

adverrifcd

and

at

expeftati-

to

Apulia,to

take

care

that
"

we

did

of M.rULLIUS
did

fall into Csefar's hands, for that he

the fame places
v/here
his march
to

lay, and would

t

did

feem

not

any of

doubt,
us,

but

me,

my Brother,L. Cornelithe rifleof hurt- ^^ Lentuor

the

Republic,by

when
we
efpecially
that if the journey had

In the

you.

to

February,in

while

mean

dated from

then be able

not

could

which

you

allhafte to Brundifium

exhort
as

fafe

overtake
ter,
Let-

your

of
twenty-firft

the

but

^^^

not

been

to

I received

Canufium

beingthe cafe,itMARCELLus.

This

fliould

we

nT.r'rT^,Tr.
Claudius

advifeable

to

me

I did

in

come

receive

not

it till the

twenty-ninth,I made no queftion

but that you were
fium,
already arrived at Brundiand all that road feemed wholly fhut
ourfelves are furely
ed
interceptup to us, and we
thofe who

as

did

taken

were

reckon

at

Corfinium

lor

onely to be prifoners,
fallen into the enemay's
who were
hands,
actually
but thofe too
lefs fo, who happen to be
not
of
enclofed within the quarters and garrifons
their adverfaries.
Since this is our
cafe, I
wilh in the firft place,that I had always
heartily
we

not

them

you, as I then told you when

I relinquifhed
of Capua, which
the Command
been

I did

with

for the fake of

do

not

avoidingtrouble,

but becaufe 1 faw that the Town

held

without

that

the fame

which
our

has

to

an

army,

accident

forrow

my

braveit Citizens
not

been

my

has
at

lot

and

could

that I had

been

for I could

not

fooner have

believed any

not

be

unwilling
fhould happen to me,
happened to fom.e of
was

Corfinium
to

be with

but fmce it
you,

I wifh

made

privy to your counfils :

and
fhould
poiTibly
fufped:,
S

thing,than
2

704.

S'^'i^'

our

f*

our

rafhnefs

A. Urb.

was

fooner than

them

reach

friends,to run
onelyourfelves,but

ing,not
our

do.
poflibly

could

we

to

259

not

upon
road

or

CICERO.

that for
*'

the

^^^*

The

26o
A. Urb.

704.

^ra^'

"

"

the

good

^^^

^^

ground
r,"./rT.wT.

r"

"

Marcellus.
L.CoRNELius

tus

LentuRus.

"

cc

cc

''

*'

**

^^

"

in

conduct,
and

^^ould

^^

Italy:

but

though

Life

be able

not

do

nor

lament

the

Republic,under

of the

y^^'

"

of

History

the

ftand

to

the

or

comprehend what it is
-vvhich you
have followed,yet I am
the
not
i^r^ pei-fuaded,
that you have done nothing,
but with the greatefl
reafon. You remember^
I believe,what my opinionalwayswas
; firil,
bad conditions ; then
to prefer
ve
on
peace even
about leavingthe City; for as to Italy,
you
intimated

never

tittle to

take upon

about it : but I

me

myfelfto think,

that my
I follow-

*'

advice

*'

ed yours ; nor
that for the fake of the
and which
lie,of Vv^hich I defpaired,

not

oughtto

*'

overturned, fo

'*

without

omit

''
"

*'

*'

as

be

to

not

Repubis

raifed up

now

again

mofi: perniciouswar

civil and
;

defired

to

perceived,
throughall this
eafily
thofe who are fond
affair,that I did not fatisfy
of fighting
for I made
to
:
no
fcruple
own,
that I wifhed for nothingfo much
as
peace-,
fame
I
had
the
that
but
not
apprehenfions
from it as they-, but I thoughtthem more
toit.

"

been followed

have

be with you , nor

will I
offers of effecting
the firft opportunitywhich

foughtyou

"

your

cannot

do

cc

our

Republic;

"

*'

Lea-

blame

now

fate

fuch

lerable than
was

begun,

civil

when

war

then, after the

faw

that conditions

offered to you,
peace were
norable anfwer
given to
and

and

deliberate well upon

weigh

*'

dud, which, confidering

your
I fancied that I fhould

**"

fatisfadtion: I recoUeded

who,

for the

*'

man,

''

lie,had fuffered

''

nilliment:

that I

full and

them, I

*^

*'

my

own

was

ho-

con-

to

eafily
explaneto
that I

of

began to

kindnefs

fervices to
greateft

the
the

me,

your

onely
pub-

and cruel puthe onelyone, who, if I

"
offended

mofb wretched
was

war

of
^^
"

"

"
''

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

*'

"

"

*'

offended

him,

we

in

were

CICERO.

TULLIUS

M.

to

the very time when

againilhim, a fecond Con-

whom

arms

at

"^

them,

nor

afraid of them, if
I judged it
befall me,
as

I fo

was

much

theywere reallyto
prudent to decline them, if theycould hofee in fhort the Itate
be avoided.
You
neftly
had
of my
condu6i: while we
any hopes of
has fince happeneddeprivedme
peace ; what
of all power
do any thing: but to thofe
to
I can
whom
I do not pleafe
anfwer, that
eafily

"

they,nor they ever

:
publicthan myfelf

was

never

more

and

them

friend

to

C. Csefar

better friends

than

the Re-

to

onely difference
is, that as they are

the

be-

*'

tween

me

*'

eel lent

Citizens, and I

"

advice to procede
that charader, it was
my
by way of treaty, which I underilood to be

far removed

not

ex-

from

by way of arms ;
it fhall be
and fince this method has prevailed,
fo, that the Repubmy care to behave m.yfelf
of a true
the fpirit
lie may
in me
not
want
Citizen,nor you of a friend. Adieu [//]."
which
The
Pompey's management
difguft,
he gentlyintimates
had given him, and which
reafon why he did
the true
in this Letter, was
berate
not
joinhim atthis time : he had a mind to deliwhile longer,before he took a ftepfo
a
*'

704.

5^^if*

mod

"

A. Urb.

fplendid
Triumph was offer- q Cl"audiu
ed, fliould be involved again in ail the fame Marcellus.
druggies; fo that my perfonfeemed to ftand L. CorneliLentualwaysexpofedas a publicmark to the infults
of profligate
Citizens : nor
did I fufpefl
any
with
threatned
of thefe thingstillI was
openly
and
fulfhip

"

"

261

approvedalfo by you

",

theirs

"

"

"

''

decifive

this he

owns

to

Atticus, where, after

of his own
recountingall the particulars

["] Ad

Att. 8.

condudl,

II.

which

of the Life

The History

262

he adds,
exception,
!^^^* / have neither dene nor omitted to do any things
and prudent
excufe
^^^'^-^has not both a probable
C. i^LAUDius
to confider
a little
longer^
and in truth was
willing
Marcellus.
L. Corn
what
was
rightand fitfor me to do \o\ The
Lentuus
chief ground of his deliberation was, that he flill
R0S.
cafe Pomin which
^ peace
j.j,Q^^gj:;j.
pofTible,
be one
again,and he had
pey and Csfar would
to be an
mind
to give defar any caufe
no
enemy to
to Pompey,
become a friend
him^ when he was
A. Urb

70^.

which

Hable

the moft

were

to

"

ELI-

While

thines

fent young

Balbus

to

could

Lentulus, to
to flayin Italyand re-

to

the

of every

thingthat

he called upon Cicero on his

of it to
account
gives the following
him

tempt

way, v/ho
Atticus : "

Balbus

Young
in
twenty-fourth

'

fituation,Cicfar

after the Conful

perfuadehim
City,by the offer

endeavour
turn

in this

were

the

to

came

the

on

me

all

evening,running in

afterLentulus, with Letand mftrudlions from Csefar,and the offer

Government, if he will return to Rome:

'

hafte

'

ters

'

of any

roads
by private

it will have

'

but

'

to

'

thingfo

'

I believe

meet

told

he

much
do

'

which

that all his

'

but

'

Balbus writes

thing more

'

the firfl rank

'

fuppofeto

to

Cicero

that C^far

me

overtake

to

as

and

effed: unlefs

no

be

to

than

feems

which

again;

begin to fear,
nothingelfe at lafb
blow.

The

elder

word, that C^far wilhes

me

be in

Pompey

to

live in

no-

and yield
fafety,

Pompey. You
earned [/"]."
to

no-

and

clemencymeans
give that one cruel

to

defired

friends with him

believe

not

theyhappen

take him

think, that Lentulus might

eft, mihi eflet,diutius cogitare

[0]Nihil prcStern^ilTun:
ib. 8. 12.
quod non habeat fapientem malui
Att. 8. 9.
Ad
"
excufationem"
planequid
[/"]
"

redum,

quid

faciendum

have

A. Urb.

of the Life

7he History

264
704.

""

than

^c'^^'

^' man

am

now

be

can

afflided than

more

no

fee one,
myfelf,adtinghis

than

I,

to

*'

^^^

Marcellus.

*'

part {o illin his

L.CoRNELi-

*'

any thingrather than a Conful ; but fhoiild

Y\tbe difpofedto follow your advice, and take

C.Claudius

us

Lentu-

cc
'^

^^

^'
^'
**

^'

^^ dearer

for afllireyourfelf
that

to

me

that
Confulfhip,

he feems

to

be

v/ord for Cjcfar's

and
good intentions,
at
pafs the reft of his Confulfhip
Rome, I
fhould beginto hope, that by your authority
and at his motion, Pompey and Caefar
may
with
the
be made one
even
approbation
again
of the Senate.
this
Whenever
be brought
can

your

that I have

*^

about,

*'

enough :

^'

what

^'

that fort, nothing could fall out better,than

that it fhould be tranfaded without blood.
I

**
*-'-

I fhail think
you

C^far

will

did

^' was
^'

on

"^

wrote

^'

cere

Corfinium

at

^^

take

it, whatever

vifit

what

he faid

Caefar

himfelf

to

turn

affairof

an

Nephew's

my
as

fure,

am

be very finhis affairs may

to

[r]."

C/ESAR

at

the fame

citous,not {o m.uch
jipt to

in

Csefar's part, and

what
Csefar
to
you, I know
in

entirely
approve,

extremelyglad,that
agreeableto you ;

am

lived long

be

neuter.

wrote

was

extremelyfolli-

gainCicero, for that was

with him tojiand
to prevail

to

expefed,as

He

time

to

him

feveral times

and employed all their

Cifed:,

to

that

friends

common

to

prefshim with Letters on that head [j]: who,

by his keepingfuch a diftance at this time from
Pompey, imaginingthat they had m.ade fome
began to attempt a fecond pointwith
impreffion,
him to come
hack to RomCy
him, viz. io ferjuade
\r\ Ad

Att. 8. 15.

[i] Quod
me
Icripierit.Quod

qn^ris quidCse-

quod quierim: oratque

eo

perfeverem.

far ad

nor

iibi elfe
i'aepegratifilmum

8.11.

ha^c eadem

Balbus

mandata.

ut

in

mi-

lb.

and

rUL

M.

of

CIC

LIUS

ERO.

265

councilsof the Senate^which Casfar A. Urb. 704.

from following
fummon
at his return

in the
affifi

and

to
defigned
Pompey: with

towards

this view in the

hurryof

Brundifium, Csefar fent him

his march

c. Claudius

the follow- Marcellus,

L. Corneli-

ing Letter.

us

Csefar
*'
*'

"

Cicero

Emperor to
I had but

When

Furnius,

could

nor

Lus

Emperor.

jufttime to fee our friend

conveniently
fpeakwith,

in hafte,and on
hear him, was
having fent the Legionsbefore me,

or

*'

my

march,

yet I could

without

writing,and fendinghim
to
you with my thanks ; though I have often
to pay
paid this duty before, and leem likely

not

pafsby

'*

it

oftner, you

*'

fire of you in a fpecial

that,as I hope
manner,
I may fee you there,
be in the City fhortly,
to
and have the benefit of your advice, your in-

"

*'
*'

*^
*'

authority,your

tereft,your

*'

things. But to
pardonthe hafle

"^

learn the

it fo well of

deferve

"

^'

return

and

reft from

to

the

brevityof
Furnius."

I de-

me.

afliftance in

point:
my
To

you

all
will

Letter,and
which

cero
Ci-

anfwered.
Cicero

*'

"

*'
*'

Emperor

to

Casfar

Emperor.

readingyour Letter,delivered to me
me
to come
by Furnius, in which you preifled
fo much
wonder at what
to the City,I did not
^'

{^'

Upon

you there intimated of your defire to ufe my

but was
advice and authority,
at a lofs to find
what you meant
and aftiftby my in tereft,
:
yet I flattered myfelf into a perfua-

"'

out

^'

ance

^'

fion, that

^'

wifdom,

f'

nieafures for

out

you

of your admirable and Angular

defirous to enter into fome
were
the
eftabliftiing
peace

and
"

con-

cord

Lentu-

Crus.

A. Urb.

of the Life

The History

266
704.

of the

cord

"

in that cafe I looked

and

City;

and charadler as fitenough to

j^y temper
employed in fuch a deliberation. If the

Cic.^3.ypQj^
cc

^^
C.Claudius"

for the
cafe be fo,,and you have any concern
fafetyof our friend Pompey, and of reconand to the Republic,
i^ip-^^.Q yourfelf,
^ijij,g
find no man
more
will
proper for

"

Marcellus,
L. CoRNELius

Lentu-

"

cc

"

certainly

you

from

the very
lirft have always been the advifer of peace
bcrh to him and the Senate ; and fince this
with any
meddled
have not
recourfe to arms

fuch

*'
*'

*'
*^

*'
*'
*'

*'
*'
*'
**
*'
**

part of the

"
"
*"
*'

^'
*'
*'

"
*'
**

ago

years

of

choice

made

cultivate

to

be

really

you

two,

with

but it concerns,

"

and

the

*'

be allowed

"

adaptedto

'^

thoughtyou

but

and
friendfhip,
particular
united.
mofl ftridlly
am,
to
be, as I now
T defire of you, or rather beg and
Wherefore
with all my prayers, that in the hurry
implore
to
a moment
of your cares you would indulge
Imay be
this thought,how by your gencrofity
honeft,gratefull,
to fhew myfelfan
permitted
adt of the
in remembering an
pious man,
If this related onely
kindnefs to me.
greateft
I fhould hope flillto obtain it from
to myfelf,
to

you

*^

war,

who

by it,while your enemies and enviers

injured
of thofe hoto depriveyou
were
attempting
which the Roman
peoplehad granted
nors,
But as at that time I was not onelya fayou.
but an encourager alfo
of your dignity,
vorer
the digof others to afTiftyou in it ; fo now
affeds me : for many
nityof Pompey greatly
whom

"

I am,

than

work

think,both your honor

I fhould
fituation the beft

Republic,that by your
to

continue

in

means

the peace of you two, as

well as the generalconcord of all the Citizens.
thanks to you before on
After I had fent my

^* the

account

promote

of Lentulus

for

giving fafety
"to

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
**
*'
*'
*'
*'
*'

had

who

given it

yet upon
the
he expreffes

to

me

A. Urb.

704.

^^q^^^'
readinghis Letter, in which
I
Senfe
of
took
moft gratefull
your liberaHty,
C.Claudius
received
from
the
fame
have
to
Marcellus,
myfelf
grace
J-.Cornelihe
towards
done:
had
which
if
whom,
you,
Lentulet it
to be gratefull,
me
by this you perceive
"^

I befeech you,

be your care,

*'
"

him

to

267

be fo

Pompey [/]."

towards

too

that I may

cenfured for fome

of this
pafTages
Letter,which Casfar took care to make public,
admirable wifdom;
viz. the complimenton Cafar's
and above all, the acknowlegementof his being
in the prefent
in exwar
:
injured
by his adverfaries
cufe of which, he fays, that he was
not
forry
of it, for he himfelf had
for the publication
given feveral copiesof it ", and confidering
what had fince happened,was
to have
pleafed
Cicero

was

"

*'

**
*'

*'
*'

It

known
been

was

to

inclined

''

ing C^far

"

his bufinefs

*'

moil

*'

out

much

how

al-

to

to

peace

ufe fuch

and

as
exprelTions

were

the

with him, withto

gain authority
likely
be thought guiltyof flattery,
to
fearing

him

in

*'

gladly have
feet ["]."

urging

to

an

thrown

adl:,for

jedl,and

which

himfelf

received another Letter

He

he had

that in urgfave his Country, he thoughtit

to

*'

"

the world

on

even

he would
at

the fame

about the fame time, written

his
fub-

jointly
by

ullo modo
facilius
videbar
[/]Ad Att. 9. 6. II.
fi id, quod
[u] Epiftolammeam
quod moturus,
quam
fcribis
effe
convenire
non
eum
hortarer,
pervulgatam
ejus
fero molefte.
Earn
fi
dicerem.
Quinetiamip- fapientias

ip multis dedi defcribendam.

admirabilem

Ea

a,d falutem

enim

"

acciderunt

impendent,ut
velim
Cum
cujn

de pace

jam

teftatum

"

effe

quid fenferim.

dixi, cum

eum

hortarer,
patriae

fum

veritus,ne viderer
cui tali in re lubenaffentiri,

non

ad pedes abjeciffem,
hortarer, ter me
"c. lb. 8. g.
hominera, non
pnsfertim
aurem

eum

Balbus

The Hi

268
A.Urb.704.
5^^j;^'

Balbus

and

of the Life

story

chief con*

of C^far's

Oppins, two

fidents.

Coff.

C.Claudius

Balbus

Marcellus,

and

M.

to
Oppiiis

Cicero.

us
L. CorneliLentuLus

Rus.

""

advice, not onelyof littlemen,

The
^^

^^

^|: ^^^

j^^^^^^^^

^^

^^^^

fuch

is genegreateft,
rally

by the intention of the

weighed, not
manity,
on
giver,but the event ; yet relying
your huwill give you what we take to be
we
*'

the beft in the cafe about which

us

-,

to
you wrote
which, though it fhould not be found dent,
pruflows from the utmoft fidelity
yet certainly

and

to

If

you.

we

did

Casfar himfelf,that,as foon

Rome, he will do what in our

*'

from

*'

to

*'

affedion

we

think he ouerht

do,

to

he

as

comes

judgement

about

recon-

fhould

"

ciliationbetween

*'

give over

**

part in thofe deliberations ; that by your help,

*'

who

*'

the whole

"

: or,
dignity

*'

that C^far

*^

was

him

treat

know

not

and

exhortingyou

have

if

on

would

refolved

to v^hom
a
man
againft
in the fame
obligations,

know

them

you

have

manner

to
can

to

"

thingto
to
agreeable

as

both,

we

we

arms

greatefl
have al-

Casfar.
againft
fight
onelyguefsrather

what

your

take

the

Csefar will do, we

offer but this,that it does

than

take

Pompey,

perfuade
you,

ways entreated you, not

But fince at prefent
we

'^

''

try to

with

war

*-*

'^

and

come

the contrary, we
believed
do it, and knew that he
not

upon

never

we

be fettled with eafe and

affair may

fhould

*'

to

flridl friendfhip
with

*'

*'

Pompey,

or
dignity,

your

have
not

no-

feem

fo
fidelity,

"

well known

*'

either : and
againfl
to
this we do not doubt but Crefar,according
his humanity,will highly
approve : yet if you
"judge

*'

"

them

both,

to

to

all,when
take

arms

you

are

intimate

with

judge proper,

*'
"

know

*'

he

*'
*'

*'

will write

we

he will

what

what

notice,

to

269

him,

to

let us

about it ; and

reallydo

A. Urb.

think

we

ot

to

f\^/,"

give Marcellus.
onely,what L. Corneli*

honor, not

that Caeperfuaded,
far, out of his indulgenceto his friends,will
with it [^]." This joint Letter
be pleafed
from Balbus,
followed by a feparate
one
was
"

^^

^^^

are

*^

*'

Balbus

"
"

Cicero

to

mon

Emperor.

after I had

Immediately

from

Letter

from

Oppius

and

fenc the

com-

myfelf,I

Casfar,of which

I have

re-

"

ceived

*'

whence
perceivehow
you
you a copy
defirous he is of peace, and to be reconciled
from all
with Pompey, and hov/ far removed

*'
*'

"

"

"
*'

*'

one

fent

will

-,

thoughtsof cruelty.It givesme an extreme

ought to do, to fee him in
joy, as it certainly
As
thefe fentiments.
to
yourfelf,
your fideof the fame
and your piety,I am
intirely
lity,
mind,

my

dear

Cicero, with

that you
charadler and

you,

with your
confidently
to whom
againfta man
duty, bear arms
you
fo greatly
declare yourfelf
obliged: that Csfar
this refolution,
I certainly
know
will approve
from his fingular
humanity; and that you
will perfe6lly
him, by takingno part
fatisfy
.** in the war
againithim, nor joiningyourfelf
*'

cannot,

"

*'
*'

*'

*'

his adverfaries

this he will think fufficient,

you, a perfonof fuch dignity

*'

to

'"

not

"

and

onelyfrom
but
fplendor,

not

be found

**

to

has

allowed

in that camp,

[x} Ad

704.

S^*

it, and

you our word, that we will advife

take to be mofl fuitable to your
we
Casfar's view^s ; and

^^

if

anfwer, will prefentlyfend

an

us

returns

you

CICERO.

rULLIUS

of M.

it even

which

to

is

me,

likely

Att. 9, 3,
"

to

Lentu^^'^'

The History

of

the

Life
A. Urb. 704.
and Pompey,from
tobeformedagainflLentulus
:
obligations
^c^^' whom I have received the greateft
he
if
^^
I
^^^
faid,
C.Ci"AUDius" enough,
performedmy
270

*'

*'

"

Marcellus,
L. CoRNELiusLentu-

part

him

to

cc

wherefore

"

Cityand

might performalfo to

"

"

in the

at

Rome,

now

and

the gown,
which
them if 1 thoughtfit:
all Lentulus's

manage

affairs

difcharge
my duty, my fidelity,

both: yet in truth I do not take

to them
piety
hopes of an accommodation, thoughnow
fo low, to be quitedefperate,
fince Casfar is in
that mind
in which
we
ought to wifh him
one
thing would pleafeme, if you think it
my
the

"

proper, that you would

fire a guard from him,
at
"

*'

CC

"

"
"

*'
"

*'

*'

*'
*'
*'

write to

him,

and

de-

pey,
you did from Pomof Milo's trial,
with my ap-

the time

as

for him, if I right: I will undertake

probation
ly know Csefar,that he will fooner pay a regard
than to his own
to your
interefl.
dignity,
How
write
thefe things,I know
prudentlyI
not
know; that whatever
; but this I certainly
I write, I write out
of a fingular
love and affection to you : for (letme
die, fo as C^far
may but live)if I have not fo great an efleem
for you,
that few are
equallydear to me.
When

taken any refolution in this

you have
affair,I wifli that you would let me know it,
for I

folhcitous that you fhould

exceedingly
difcharge
duty to them both, which in
your
truth I am
confident you will difcharge.
Take
of your health [^]."
care
The
offer of a guard was
infinuated ;
artfully
am

for while it carried

to
refpe6l

made

the

him

an

appearance
Cicero's perfon,
it mufl
Casfar's

and
prifoner,
of retiring,
when
he
liberty

ly'] AdAtt.

of honor

and

have
neceffarily
deprivedhim of
found

it proper,

9. 8.
out

^^^

272
A. Urb.
Cic.

704.

58.

Coff.
C.

"
cc
cc

I will

Pompey :
thingsto

fo I

f^j,that reafon will

not

thought,faysI, and

come

Claudius
,

Marcellus,
L. CoRNELius

Lus

"

and

cannot

if I
help faying,

Crus.

cc

he wifhed
difcourfe,

''

which

3J-

refult

all.. The

I could

"

with him

! what

**

them

what

"

fperate
troops

*'

Servius's

*'

of

"

"

there,or

am

that

refufe

not

to

come

(hift off the

to

of

confider

to

me

which

more,

it ;

do, and fo

we

that he is not pleafed

perfuaded,
with me;
but I am
with myfelfj
which
pleafed
been before of a long time.
1 have not
As
for the reft ; good Gods, what a crew
he has
am

*'

many

was

not

parted.1

"

lay them,

cc

becaufe I muft

either

Lentu-

Life

allow,repliedhe, fuch

not

faid

be

the

of

History

! what

Pompey

''

hours
5

lamentable

that camp,
which
he has fix legions
wakes
;
in

fears nothing\ I fee

His

*'

lamity.

"

had almoft

*'

not

"

fuch

"

all meafures

declaration

was
forgot,
permittedto ufe my
as

he could

no

fee

thing,to

fon, and Titinius's,with many

their rank

''

hellifh band, as you call

affair1 what dedeplorable

more

befieged
all

at

of this

end

ca-

the laft,which I
odious \ that if he was
at

advice, he would ufe

get from others, and purfue

which

were

for his fervice

[z]'*

this conference, Cicero went

diredlyto
inverted
his
fon, at the age
Arpinum, and there
From

with
offi:"teen^

the

with him

carry him
and

manlygown

along
thoughtit proper

to

refolved

an

camp,

air of

into the

war

to

hood
man:

and

perform that ceremony at

Rome, chofe to obligehis Countrymen, by ce-*
this Feftival in his native City \a\
lebrating
\%\

Ad

could

he

Pompey's

givehim

before he eniifted him

fince he

to

riot

Att. 9- 18.

["] Ego meo

quoniam Roma

pinipotiiTimum
togam puram
Ciceroni, dedi, idque municipibus
no-

caremus,

Ar-

ftrisfiiitgratum

"

ib. 19.

Whils

While

CICERO.

TULLIUS

of M.
C^far

273

the road towards

Romej A. Urb. 704.

giddy ^^^- 5 8.
"youngQuintus Cicero, the nephew, a fiery
him to offer his fern^'
to
wrote
youth, privately
AUDI
.S
a
conVice, with
promile or lome inrormation
Marcellus
cerning his uncle ; upon which, being fent for !-" Corneand admitted
to
an
audience,he afTured C^far,^^us Lentu^rus.
that his Uncle was
to all his meautterly
difaffecled
fures^and determined to leave Italyand go to Pofnpey. The boy was
temptedto this rafhnefs l?ythe
and gave much
hopesof a confiderahle
unprefent^
eafinefs by it both to the Father and the Uncle,
who
had reafonto fearfome ill confequence
from
it [b]: but C"far
(till
divert
Cicero
defiring to
from declaring
him, and to quietthe apagainft
prehenfionswhich he might entertain for what
''

was

on

n
^-

'

"

^^^

took
pafl,

Was

Letter from

occafion

Rome,

his refufal
to

of

Servius

come

to

him
fignifyto

that he retained
to

the

kind

refentment

City^thoughTullus and

he had

that
complained,

no

in

fhewn the fami

ridiculous men, faysCicero,
to them
indulgence
their fonsto bejiege
who, afterfending
Pompey at
be
about
Brundijtum,
pretendto
fcrupulous goingto
the Senate [f].
Cicero's

behaviour

[^] Litteras ejusad Ca^famiflas ita graviter

tuliut
te quidem celaremus
mus,
fcito poll Hirtantum
tium
ab

animo

ab

neareft

were

to

the fea,

[c]Casfar mihi ignofcit

per
Romam
litteras,quod non

fequeinoptimam
acciperedicit. Fapartem
cile
arceiTitum,
patior,quod fcribit,fe-

conventum,

Caefare;

and refidence Z;^

however,

which
thofevilla's of hijs,

rem

not

cum

eo

de

meo

fuis confiliis alie-

venerim,

"e

id

cum

Tullum"

quef-

Servium

eiTe, quia

idem

libi,
iii(Iimo,"
quod mihi remififTet. Homiconfiliorelinquendi
Italiam
ib. id. 4, 5, "c.
filios
nes
ridicules, qui cum
mififlent
ad
Cn.
Quintum
accepi
Pompeium
puerum
tos

non

"

vehementer.

deo

Avaritiam

fuiiTe,"

vi-

fpem magni
congiarii.
Magnum hoc ma-

lum cfl.

ib.

Vol.

JL

"

10.

cJrcumfidendum,
turn
10.

venire

ipfiin

fena-

dabitarent.

Ib.

3.

7.

gave

^-L

US

^^

274
A. Urb.

704.

gave

^^'
^r'
Claud

rife to

onelyfor a
"P^^

us

general
report, that

wind

ter, to try, if

L. CoRNELi-

flep.

Lus

to

carry him

Csefar fent him

which

Marcellus.

us

of the Life

HisTdHY

he

over

another

waiting
to Pompey ",
Letprefling
was

to difluade him
pofTible,

from that

LentuCrus.

Csefar

Cicero

Emperor,to

Emperor.

Though I never imaginedthat you would do

or
imprudently,
by
yet moved
any thingrallily
write
to
common
report, I thought proper to
mutual affedlion,
you, and beg of you by our
that you would
to a declining
not
run
caufe,
"

"

*'

*'

*'

"

'^

"

'

did

whither

you
flood firm.
ry

to

our

calls :

''

for
profperoufly

*'

them

*'

ed the

chofe

to
to

"

"

*'

withdraw

from
yourfelf

have condemned
you

can

the

was

do

fome

fame, when
their councils)
adl of mine

nothingthat

could

and what I beg by

fenfibly,
that you would
of our
the rights
friendfhip,
do.
not
Laflly,what is more
agreeableto
of
character
the
and
an
honeft, quiet man,
good Citizen,than to retire from civil broils?
which
from
fome, who would
gladlyhave
done it, have been deterred by an apprehenfion of danger: but you, after a full teftimony
and trial of my
of my life,
will
friendfhip,
fafe or more
find nothingmore
than
reputable,
clear from all this contention
to. keepyourfelf
The 1 6th of Aprilon the road [i]."
affedl

'*

be

for
unfortunately
thoughtto have follow-

that
caufe, (fince

than which

''

mofl

us,

will you

nor

but

"

while it

you do not follow, where fortune

feem to have fucceded mofl
for all things

*'

you

go

injuyou will do the greatefl

and confult but ill for
friendfhip,

if
yourfelf,

''

fit to

For

''

think

not

me

more

"

"'

yi

Ad

Att.

X.

8.

Antonv

rULLIUS

of M

CICERO.
Csefar hk

alfo, whom

Ai^roUY

Italyin his abfence, wrote

and
purpofe,

the fame

on

to

him

27;
to

to

guardA.

Slfi^*

the fame

day.

Urb. 704.

Claudiu

Marcellus.
to ^' Cornelipeopleand Propraetor,

Antonius Tribun of the

^'

Emperor.

Cicero

"

**

*'
"

If I had

not

Lus

great elleem for you,

and

than

imagine,I
you
fhould not be concerned at the report which
when I take it to
is fpreadof you, efpecially
much

greater indeed

of the excefs of my afdilTemble,that even a report,

be but falfe. But

out

I cannot
fed:ion,
though falfe,makes

fome

believe that you

impreffionon

me.

crofs

*'

*'

the fea,when you have fuch a value for Dola^

bella,and your daughterTullia,that excel-

**
*'

cannot

lent woman,
to

*'
*'

*'

"

fo much

are

in truth your
dearer than to

whom

almofl
"*

and

are

to
preparing

valued

and
dignity
: yet
yourfelf

by us all,
honor

are

I did

not

think it the part of a friend not to be moved

by the difcourfe even of ill-defigning
men,
this with the greater inclination,
as
difficulton the
I take my part to be the more
occafioned rather
of our late coldnefs,
account

and

wrote

from you.
than any injury
my jealoufy,
that dy
For I defireyou to afTure yourfelf,
nobo-

by
4C

is dearer

*'

Caefar, and

*'

reckons

^'

friends.

*'
"*'

*'
*'

M.

than you, exceptingmy

alfo that C^efar
that I know
Cicero in the firftclafs of his

to

me

beg of you, my Cifree and unwill keep yourfelf

cero, that you
of that
the fidelity
determined, and defpife
that he might
who firftdid you an injury,
man
Wherefore

afterwards

do

you

kindnefs

*'

him, who, though he ihould

*'

which

^"

is

fee you

nor

not

flyfrom
love

you,
defire
will
to
always
impoffible,
yet
and fplendor.I have fent
in fafety

"

Calpurnius

^^^^^Crus.

A. Urb.

"

704.

to
Calpurnius

ff^*
"

and

"

L.CoRNELi-

LUS

Lentu-

'^

CrUS.

-!-

alfo

wrote

1^1

that

he

Pompey,

ri

ing all his

*'

*'
'^

*'
*'
*'

*'

*'
''

*'
*'

"

*'

"

*'

*'

hints in Cicero's

an-

work

run

away

fecond Letter,in

Cicero

to

calls it,lamentable
upon him by alarm*

fears.
Caelius

*'

inti-

fent him

he

pathetic,
or, as
ftrain[/], in hopesto

''

moft

the fame Tubus

on

aCLuallypreparmg

was

moft

"

him

to

i^yj.findino;by fome

iwer,

"

this,the

dignity[^]."

Caelius

to

with

^^^^
friends,that you might perceive
which I have for
^^c great concern
your life

C. Claudius

Marcellus.

you

^^ ^y

"

of the Life

TZ?^ History

276

Being

in

to

Cicero.

confternation
fhew

which

at

that you

Letter,
meditating

your

are
by
you
nothing but what is difmal, yet neither tell
me
diredlywhat it is,nor whollyhide it from
this to you.
wrote
I prefently
By all
me,
fortunes, Cicero, by your children,I
your
beg and befeech you, not to take any ftepinto your fafety
: for I call the gods and
jurious
and our friendfhip
that what
to witnefs,
men,
I have told, and forewarned you of, was
not

of my own,
but after I had
talked with Csefar,and underftood from him,
I in*
he refolved to a6t after his vidlory,
how
any

vain

conceit

I had learnt. If you

you of what
imagine that his condufl: will always be the
formed

fame, in difmiiTmghis enemies and offering

conditions,you are miftaken : he thinks and
even

talks of

nothingbut

what

is fierce and

much
of humor
out
away
\vith the Senate, and thoroughly
provokedby

fevere, and is gone

the

which
oppofition

he has

met

will

with, nor

fcriptammif^rabiliter ib.
[^] Ibid.
[/ ] M. Caeiii epiilolamx. 9.
"
there
"

of
*^

CICERO.

TULLIUS

M.

there be any

277

for mercy. Wherefore, if you

room

A. Urb.

704,

^p'i^'
yourfelf,
your onely fon, your houfe, your
if
if
dear
be
to
I,
"remaining hopes
you:
c. Claudius
have
the worthy man,
fon-in-law,
Marcellus.
any
your
fhould
defire
with
not
to L. Corn
weight
you
you,
**

*'
"

el

^'

overturn

"*

to

fortunes,and force

our

rehnquifhthat

to

us

caufe in which

our

impiouswifh

hate

or

fafety
againft

*'

confifts,
or

"

Laflly,refled on this,that you have

alreadygiven all the offence which you can
fo long behind ; and now
to
give,by flaying
declare againft
a Conqueror,whom
you would

*'
*'
*'

not

''

to

*'

"'
*'

"

*'
*'

*'

an

yours.

**

*^

entertain

to

offend,while his caufe

flyafter

dition

with whom

away,

not

to

that while

care,

run

join,while they were in conis the utmoft

refift,
folly. Take

would

you

thofe who

doubtful,and

was

afhamed

are

you

be not
beft.

know

yet wait at leaft till you

fuccede in Spain,v;hich,I now
you,

"

be

*'

hopes theymay

"

know

ours

foon

as

not

as

and

-,

Casfar
have

can

cannot

*'

difcover

"

has been informed

"'

told
lutation,

"

of you : I denied that I knew

any
the matter, but begged of him
to

"

"

"
"

be in

ac-

find

you

in

you

ftay.He

will

caufe, by my faith I
defperate
As to the thing,which you
out.
me
by your filence about it,Csefar

*'

to

we

Spain is loft,I

when

ceding to

*'

ap-

thither. What

comes

your view

what

how

tell you,

"

*^

to

not

of the beft Citizens,you

one
yourfelf,
too
haftyin determiningwhat is the
But
if I cannot
wholly prevailwith

prove

manner

me

of it ", and after the firftfawhat he had heard

prefently

the moft
carries

if he did not, I would

ever
you are, before I

run

away
to

came

pute this pointwith you

thingof
write

in

into

Spainj

you whereRome, to difto

hold

and
perfon,
"

to

to make
effedlual,

with him

me

"^

you

Lentu-

1-

A. Urb.
Cic.

704.

58.

"

L. Cornelius
Lentu-

Crvs.

by force.
again,that you

Coniider,Cicero,

even

do

ruin
utterly

"

again and

*'

both

"

into
throw yourfelf
ingly and willingly

"

culties,whence

"

yourfelf.But

"

better fort touch

"

infolence and

C. Claudius

Marcellus.

fail

you

Coff.

i^us

of the Life

The History

278

"

"'
*'

you fee no
if either the

diffi-

extricate
of the
reproaches
to

way

bear the

cannot

or

you
of
haughtinefs
you,

know-

not

certain fet of

advife you to chufe fome place

till thefe contefts be
from the war,
remote
if you do
over, which will foon be decided :
this,I fhall think that you have done wifely,
I would

men,

"

do

yours ; that you

and

you

not

you will not offend Caefar [g'].

was
Caelius's
advice,as well as his practice,
grounded upon a maxim, which he had before

*'

and

advanced

in

Letter

to

Cicero, that

in

public

carried on by civilmeit was

as
as long
dijfenficn^
ftde; hut when
thods^one oughtto take the honefter
and to judgethat the
it came
to arms^
thefironger%
[h}. Cicero was not of
heft'Which was the fafeft

opinion,but governed himfelf in this,as he

did, in all other cafes,by a contrary
generally
rule ; that where our dutyand our fafety
interfere^
whatever
adhere alwaysto what is rights
we JJ-jQuld
dangerwe incur hy it.
Curio
vifit
oftwo days
paid Cicero a friendly

his

about this time

of which

command

Their

him.

the
his way towards Sicily,
had committed
C^far
to

on

converfation turned

on

of the times, and the

miferies of the war, in which Curio
condition

and

without

k] Ep. fam.
lb\

lUud

any
8. 16.

; quinhomines
fugere

qyamdia

cernetur,

arbitror partem

non

fenfione domeftica

py
unhap-

impending
was

open,

of Csfar'5
in talking
referve,

te

the

in dif-

debeant,

civiliterline armis

honefliorem
ubi

caftra ventum
"

id melius

tutiusfit,

ad

fequi

bellum

"

fit,firmiorem :
ftatuere,
quod

Ep. fam.

8. 14.

views

7he History

28o
A. Urb.

704.

Cic, 58.

i^^

'

Claudius^

V.

fecure it from

would

was

^-^

'1

JUCoRNELi'

Pompey

^^

when
efpecially
2ifundofa facred kind,
;

h the laws for occajions

onely of the laft
fet a-part
-^
r
exigency,

Lentu-

violence

fi^e greateft
part of it

Marcellus.

us

of the Life

oj

late, and

go back
but Caefar

the

;i

tnvajion [/J.

niiftake,when

fent inftrudlions
and

fills to

rv
LraUtc

terror

fenfibie of

was

too

^"^s

the

or

fetch away

it

the Con-

to

thisfacred

trea-

then fo far advanced, that

was
fure:
it ", and Lentulus
they durft not venture
upon
JJoould
firft
coldlyfent him word, that he himfelf
march againfi
C^far into Picemim^ that theymight
with fafety[m]. Cagfar had none
he able to do it^
of thefe fcruples but as foon as he came
to
the door
of the Temple to
ordered
Rome,
-,

'*

broken

*'

be

*'

for his

open,
ufe

own

and

the

and

-,

Metellus,"
of his office,was
authority
the

"

Tribun

to

*'

"

in

*'

Puniq

^^

had

*'

day [;^]."

war

was

fo,

more

of

pornp

Emperor \

in

time

too

to

mam

attulit

adConfules,
venirent,pecuniam

iandiore

Ro-

asrario auferrent

of

wedges
of

even

con-

the

it

de
"

ut
ponful refcripfit,
prius

at

was

this

be

gone, and
inconvenient

the

Li^ors

and

of that

and
jealoufy

much

to

the taunts

ipfein
ut

an

of
fpoils

time

of

his Laurel, and

CaiTius

the

than

account

on

[/] Dio. p. 161.

C.
\ni'\

and

impatientto

expofedhim
public,as well as

mandata

im-

there

tempt
at-

Republic,as Pliny fays,

diflradion
the

found
coin

richer

now

which

the

the

for the

been

never

Cicero

the

killed

truftingto
fillyenough to

from

gold, referved
quered nations from

foHd

have

to

who

He

both

treafure,

menfe
*'

him.

hinder

be feized

to

money
had like

fiileof

the eyes of
and raillery

Picenum"

ad Att. 7.

21.

Nee
[z;]
ribiis

fuit aliis tempo-

Refpub. locupletior.

Plin. Hift. 33. 3.

CICERO.

of M.rULLIUS

281

[0]. He refolved to crofs the fea A. Urb. 704.

to Pompey;
^^'i^*
yet knowing all his motions to be
narrowlywatched, took painsto conceal his in- c. Claudius
from Antony, who
refided at Marcellus,
tention,efpecially
and kepta ftri6tL.Cornelithis time in his neighbourhood,
He
fent him word therefore by ^^ Lentueye upon him.
Caefar ;
no
Letter, that he had
defignagainft
his friendfhip,
that he remembered
and his

cf his

enemies

"

*'

Dolabella

^'

fon-in-law

*'

thoughts,he could
Pompey ; that his

that if he

have
eafily

had

other

been

with

for

chief reafon

retiring
^' was
to avoid the uneafinefs of appearingin
of his Lidors [/"].'*
with the formality
public
him
anfwer ^ which
a furly
But Antony wrote

*'

"

calls

Cicero

of it

Atticus,

to

Mandate^

Laconic

let him

to

and

fent

copy

fee^he fays,how iy"

drawn,

it was
rannically

fincere is your way of adling?for

he, who has a mind to ftand neuter. Hays at
home ; he, who
goes abroad feems to pafsa
How

"

*^
"

the

judgment on

*'

fide

one

the other.

or

But

"

it does

*'

C^far has
go abroad or not.
impofed this tafk upon me, not to fqfferany
it fignito
man
go out of Italy. Wherefore

''

*'

ther

man

belongto

not

*'

"

*'

on,

if I have

I would

to

me

no

have

[0] Accedit

write

rum,

pompa

I do

etiam molefta

liflorum

n^eo-

imperii
quo

nonienque
fed incurrit hasc

appellor.
"

noilra laurus

non

folum

fed jam etiam in

"2ulos,

Jas ma'evolorum
fam 2.16.
[/] Cum ego

approve

power

you
that favor of him :

hsc

determine,whe-

to

may

fies nothingfor

"

me

in

o-

vocu-

Ep.

to

your refoluti-

indulgeyou

to
not

Casfar,and
doubt

meminifie

afk

but you

nihil
fcripfiflem,
Czefaris

in it.

me

contra

rationes
me

cogitare
;
mei,
generi

meminifie

amicitiae,
potuiile
fentirem,efle cum
Pompeio, me
quia
autem,
fi aliter

lidoribus invitus curiaad Att.

abeffe velle
rem,

cum

"

fspiifimex.

lo.
(C

will

A. Urb.

704.

"'

^^ff^*

"

C. Claudius

Marcellus,
us

ELI-

LentuRU5.

fince you promifeto

it, efpecially

will obtain
retain

regardfor

friendlhip
[^]."
this Letter,Antony never
to
came

'

L. Corn

of the Life

7he History

282^

After
him, but

fent

our

excufe,that he

an

fee

ajhamedto

was

he took him to he angry with him,

do it^ hecaufe
givinghim to underfland at the fame time by
^^^^
'pj-ebal-jug^
motions

Letters

proof of

the

conteft for

decide, we

to

follicitous

to

the

give us

high efteem

fiorifhed

Cicero
a

orders to ohferve
his
hadfpecial

[r].

These

in

^^

and

credit in which

this Time

at

in Rome

Empire, which
a

man

to

when

force alone

fee the Chiefs

gain

mofl: fenfible

both

on

was

fides fo

their party, who

or talents for war

Ikillin arms
:
peculiar
but his name
the acquifition
and authority
was
which they fought^ fmce whatever was
the fate
of their arms,
the world, they knew, would
judge better of the caufe which Cicero efpoufed.
had

no

The

fame

Letters will confute iikewife in

great

of
opinion of his want
refolution in all cafes of difficulty,
fince no man
could fhew a greater than he did on the prefent
the importunities
of his
occafion,when againft
meafure

the

common

friends,and

he chofe

power,
'

all the
to

invitations of

fuccefsfuU

follow that caufe

thought the beft,though he

knew

which

he

it to be the

weakeft.
During
who
gave

had
a

Csefar's abfence in

nobody

free courfe

indulgedhimfelf
[q] AdAtt.

X,

to

to

controul

his natural

Spain,Antony,
him

at

home,

and
difpofition^

without referve in all the

ravit.

10.

lb.

x.

ex-

12.

de me
fibl
Antonius^
ad me mifit.fe
[r] Nominatim
dicit
deterritum
ad me non
Antonius,
imperatum
pudore
vixiec
tamen
me
venifle,quod me fibifuccen-^
ipfeadhuc
"

^erat,fed hoc Trebatio

nar-

fere putarct
"

ib,

x.

15.

cefs

it^

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS

A. Urb.
luxury. Cicero defcribing
704.
5^.
about Italy,
in travelling
his ufual equipage
fays, ^^^-

cefs of lewdnefs and

carries with him in an open Chaife the c.

Claudius
famed A6lrefs Cytheris
; his v/ife follows in a Marcellus.
he

*'
"
**

fccond, with feven other clofe Litters,full of

^'

his whores

and

boys.See by what

^Corneli-

bafe hands

^*

lusCrus,

fall;and doubt, if you can, whether Csfar, let him come

vanquifhedor vi6torious,

"

we

will

make

not

For my

return.

I will take
"

cruel work

boat

cannot

get

his

at
a

/hip,

myfelfout
tranfport

to

their reach

have had

conference with

amongft us

part, if I

but I fhall tell you

more

of

after I

Antony [i]." A-

Antony'sother extravagances, he had the

mong
infolence to appear fometimes in public,wilb his
in a Chariot drawn by Lions, Cicero
mftrefs
Cytheris
in a Letter to Atticus,tells
to this,
alluding
him jocofely,
that he need not be afraid
ofAntonyms
Lions [/] for thoughthe beafts were
fo fierce,
',

the mafter himfelf

Pliny
the

on

very tame.

was

fpeaksof this fad, as

if ^K
Roman
people
; as

LionSt Antonyintended

dejlgned
infult
the emblem of th"
a

give them

underjiandj
fierceji
fpirits
of them would be forcedto
fubmitto the yoke[u]: Plutarch alfo memions it 5
to

to

that the

but

[j]Hie

Cy therldem

tamen

ledlica aperta portat,

fecum

feptemprzeledlicaefunt
conjunftas

uxorem
alter^a

tem

amicarum,

vide quam

an

amicorum

turpileto

perea-

fcribam

cum

ib.

10.

"

x.

[/]Tu
homine

ilium convenero

Antonii leones per-

cave.
timelcas,

Nihil ell ilia?

Jucundius. Ib.

x,

13.

dubita,fi potes,quin
["] Jugo fubdidit eos,
jlle feu viftus,feu viftor reprimufqueRomae ad currum
caedem
fit.
fadurus
djerit,
junxitAntonius ; " quidem
dimicatum
fi civili bello cum
vel lintriculo,
Ego vero
in
eflet
Pharfalicis campis ;
navis non erit,
eripiamme ex
Sed plura non fine ollentoquodam temiftorumparricidio.
mus

Lentu-

"

porum

A.

Urb.
Cic.

704.

58.

Claudius

Marcellus.

but

both

of

though it is evident from this hint of

Pharfalia^
^^ given by Cicero, that it happenedlongbelore.

Cicero

Whilst

usLentu-

beratingon

LRUS,

hattle

placeit afterthe

of them

L. CoRNELi-

Lus

of the Life

Tf)e History

284

forn^ed

the

Formias, deliof his condudb, he

continued

meafures

at

feveral political
adapted to the
thefes's^

of the times, for the amufement

of his folitary
hours : " Whether a man
ought

circumftances

flayin his Country,when it was poflefled

by a Tyrant : whether one ought not by all
to
means
ranny,
attempt the diffblution of the Tywas
though the City on that account
expofedto the utmoft hazard : whether there
to

cc

*'

was

not

caufe

to

be

afraid of the

who

man

fhould diflblveit,lefthe fhould advance himfelfinto the other's place: whether we fhould

*'
"
cc

not

helpour country by the

whether

of peace,
it be the part of a
methods

cc

rather than

cc

Citizen

cc

his country is opprefled,

or to
for the fake of the common

"c
cc
cc
cc
cc

cc
*^

*'
*'

to

war

fit ftillin

neutral

place,while

run

all hazards

ther
whe:
liberty
one
oughtto bringa war upon his city,
and befiege
it, when in the hands of a Tyrant
whether a man,
not
:
approvingthe diffolution of a Tyranny by war,
ought not to
join himfeif however to the beft Citizens :
whether one ought to ad with his benefactors
and friends,
though they do not in his opinion take right
meafures for the publicinte-

who
reft: whether a man,
.*' fervices for his country, and

has

'^

porum,

fupramonftra
generofosfpiritusju-

mima

great

for that reafon

etiam illarum
Plin.

fuit,

lig- calamitatum
gum fubire illo prodigio
Hill. 8. 16.
nificante: nam
quod ita vectus eft cum

done

Cyth^ride,
'

*'

has

CICERO.

rULLIUS

of M,

285

treated,is ftillA. Urb. 704.

cruelly
^^^- S^himfelf to frefli dangersfor
bound to expofe
it,or may not be permittedat lail to take q q^
of himfelf and his family,
and give up Marcellus,
care
of power"
L. Corneliall political
to the men
matters
myfelf,
fayshe^ in thefe queilions, Lentuby exercifing

has

envied

been

and

'

"

^^

"

and

**

other, I relieve

"

xiety,and

"

examining
draw

them
my
out

From

the time of his

to

may

be

leavingthe City, ther

togethe Senate, there paffed

and

Pompey

Letters

more

^"^

[x]"

me

fingle
day

the

its prefent
an-

fomethingwhich

to

not

fide and

one

from

mind

of ufe
with

the

on

he did

in which

not

write

one

or

[^],the onelyfriend whom

fecret of his thoughts.From

Atticus

he trufted with the

thefe letters it appears, that the fumm

of AtRcus's advice to him agreed intirely
his
with

fentiments,that if Pompey remained

own

he

oughtto

and

joinwith him

and

to

as

fometimes

Cicero

what

was

Italy

behind^
ifnot^fhouldjiay
frefbaccidents might-produce[2].

expertwhat

This

in

hitherto followed

had

his future condu6b, though he feems

to be a little waveringand irrefolute,

ed
turnyet the refult of his deliberations conftantly
affection
His perfonal
in favor of Pompey.

for the

[x] In
tationibus
in

his ego

diflerens

partem,

animum

pamoleftiis

ri delibero. Ad
-u^^i^yi

"7"

[j] Hujus
lolum

quis

me

quin dem
ib. 8.

his

caufe,the

Alteram

tibi eodem

re-

die

hanc

epiftolamdidlavi, "
manu
mea
pridie dederam
longiorem ib. x. 3.
[z] Ego quidem tibi non
fim audlor, fi PorapeiusIta"

liam

Att. 9. 4.

""

turn

latine,abduco

grascetum

non

conful-

me

exercens,

utramque

rumper

of
preference

man,

ea

autem

cauia

relinquit,te quoque
enim perifummo
profugere,
epiftolae
culo
eft, ut ne
facies,
nee
Reipub pro-

dies intermittetur, deris ; cui quidem poftcrius

fi manferis
ad te liueras,led
poterisprodeiTe,
iz.

"

ib. 9.

10.

proaches

^Rus.

of

HisTOHY

7k

^^^6

the

Life
beganto

the better fort,who

cenfure
and above all,his gratitude
hi$ tardinefs,
for fawhich
receivedJ
had ever the greateft
weight
Q
with him, made him refolve at all adventures to
I^ARCELLus,

^. Urb.

704.

of
pr6aches

^^'^^'
Q^^y^ixjs'^ors

h. Corn
us

ELI-

Lentu-

,tus

Rus.

after him

and

thoughhe

with
was
difpleafed
of
the war, and without any hopes
j^ismanagement
^jr^^^ jiiccefs
[a]J thoughhe knew him before to
run

he

and
politician^

him^ he fays,
perceived
he could
to be no general yet with all his faults,
the thought of deferting
endure
not
him, nor
fo longbehind
himfelf for flaying
hardlyforgive
him j
For as in love, fayshe, any thingdirty
no

now

-,

*'

*'

miftrefs will ftifleit for the

fo the deformity
of Pompey's con*
prefent,
and indecent

dudl

put

of humor

out

me

with

him

but

love revives,and
bear his abfence, i^c, [i^]."

that he

now

in

cannot

is gone,

held

What

my

ftilla while

him

longerwas the
remonflrances
of his

of his family^and the

daughterTullia; who entreated him to wait onely
the ijfue
and urgedit as the
of the Spanifh
war^
advice ofAtticiis\c\ He
fond
was
paflionately
of this daughter
; and with great reafon -, for fhe
of fingular
with
a woman
was
accomplifhments,
tears

anlmi
\ti\Ingrati
horreo

"

Nee

ib. 9. 2, 5, 7."
hoc
mehercule

Heipub.caufa, quam
tus

cripien indecorse

puto, fed

deletam

facio

Sine

mirabimur

"

ib. x.

alicnant

ferre

"

nunc

deiide-

nunc

pofTum. Ib.

non

10.

9.

[c\ Sed

ad

cum

mea

me

Tullia fcribat,
ut quid
orans,
in Hifpaniageraturexpedem,
"

femperadfcribat

deri tibi
"

ib.

Lacrymae
terdum

2.

immundsc,

e-

amorc

mergitamor,

fpe conamur
quid accident

^J}\Sicut \v Toii

vertit ab
rium

"

nlla. Si melius

a^

nequis

dis, quibus ipfeafFecerat

ib. Q. 19.
Fortunas funtcoiTtmittenda
t"mnia.

deformitas
negligentiaeque
fundi-

me
putet ingratum in eum,
qui me levavit lis incommo-

illiusfugge

fie me

x.

idem

vi-

8.

meorum

me

in-

molliunt,precantium,

utde Hifpaniis
i^eJ]i){.o7i,
expedemus"

inlWse,

ib.

x.

"

9.

the

^he

188
A. Urb.
Cic.

Before

704.

58.

r"

rC.Claudius

have

-j.

what

Marcellus,
L. CoRNELi-

fented

lusCrus*

with him^ to confult

in comconference
'ir^'
meajuresthey oughtto take. Cicero conit,in hopesto find Servius in the fame

^^^

vsLentu-

his going off,Servius Sulpicius

fent
that he had a great defire
from Rome,

Jiitnword
to

of the Life

History

to

ixiind with

himfelf,and

have his company

to
for in anfwer to his mefTage,
he

Pompey's camp:
intimated

his

to

intention

of leaving
Italy
; and
if Servius was
in the fame refokition,
advifed
not
him to favehimfelf
the trouble of the journey^
though
he
had
to communicate^ he
if
any thingof moment
would wait for his coming [/]. But
at their
meeting he found him fo timorous and defponding, and fo full of fcruples
upon
every thing
which was
that inftead of prefling
him
propofed,
the fame

to

of

conceal

all the
he

with

condu6t

to
neceffary
"'

own

his

is alone

withj

*'

Marcellus^ who

''

Conful

defignfrom

own

fayshe,

men,

*'

himfelf,he found
whom

laments

him

I have

greater Coward

his

it

met

than

having

C.

been

and

urges Antony to hinder my

going, that he himfelf may flaywith a better

"

"

",

[^]."

grace

whom

Cato,
himfelf of
Sin

[f]
ni

Pompey had fent to pofTefs

Sicily,
thoughtfit to quitthat pofV,

autem

tibi homi-

videtur
prudentifiimo

efle,nos

tes, in quo

utile

propiusaccedam-

tamen

Ep. fam.
Rellat

1.

ut

difcedendum

in quo

deliberatio,
quod

quamur

-"

puv
idetur
reliqua

e^Q

in

"

confili-

difceflu,
qus loca fefi habes jam itatu"

quid tibi agendum pu-

conjuAc-

cum

meo^

labore itine-

ris*"ib. 4. 2.
[^] Servii eonfilio.nihil

in omni

Unum

4.

tern

tum,

tuum

difcedere,cujusjam einvitus audio, expeditur.Omnes

nomen

tiam

um

conftlium

hoc
fuperfedeas

coUoqui,quanquam

longiusetiam cogitabamab
urbe

turn

lit

non

fententia
C. Marcello

captiones
occurrunt.

cognovi

timidiorem, quern Conlulem

fuiile

poenitet qui
"

confirmafTe

Antonium
tur,

ut

me

ipfe,credo,
Att.

x.

etiam

dici-

impediret,
quo
honeftius."- Ad
"

15.

md

of
and

TULLIUS

M.

IJlandto Curio

the

yieldup

CICERO.
who

289

carine

Jike- ^-

^rb.704'

5 8.
fuperior ^'^much
fcandalized at Cato's p r, ?
force.
Cicero
was
condu6t, being perfuadedthat he might have Marcellus,
without
and that ^- Corneheld his pofleffion
difficulty,
would
have flocked to him, efpe-^^^s Lentuall honeft men
^^'*
ciallywhen Pcmpefs fleetwas fo near to fupport
hi?n : for if that had but once
appearedon the
coafl,and begun to ad, Curio himfelf as he

wife

feize it

to

part with

C^far's

on

'

would have run away the Jirft,I wijh^

GonfefTed,
faysCicero, that Cotta may hold out Sardi?iiaas it
will Cato's a5l
is faid he will : for iffo^ how hafe
appear \h\
In thefe Circumftances, while he was
paring
pre-

onely for
man

not

and

his voyage,
fair wind, he removed

thingsfor

all
a

waiting

from his C",

his Pompeian Villa

being fo commodious
to

would

help to
flight
[t]. Here
from

the

beyondNaples^which,
for an embarkment,
the fufpicion
of his intended
leffen
received

he

privatemefTage

Cohorts, which

Officers of three

to beg leave to
at Pompeii,
garrifon
in order to
the day following,
him

were

wait upon

in

deliver up
into his hands j but

their troops and the town

he fiipt
inftead of liflening
to the overture,
away
them j
the next morning before day to avoid feeing
fince fuch

[/^]Curio

force

vixit

mecum

greater could be of

or

"

"

utinam, quod aiunt,Cotta

fi Pompeius
Siciliae diffidens,

Sardiniam

navigarecoepilletib.

rumor.

"

Curio

7.

x.

tiPompeiiclaiTem

"

fedus

qui Siciliam tenere

" fi tenegotiopotuit,
boni

ad

a.

dum

eum

fe contulifTent,
Syracufis
profeaus eft

Vol.

a.

d. 8. Kal.

II.

O,

fi id
!

Catonem

Ell enlm
ib.

x.

16.

d.

fum

in

1 1 1 1

Id.

quss ad

Pompeianum
Ut

ibi erfcj-n,

navigandum o-

pus client,pararentur.

Ib.

Mali

U
.

"

fuerit,tur-

minuerim

ut

Cato

nuifTet,omnes

pem

teneat.

fuf[z] Ego
picionem profedionis,~-pror

fe de Simebat:
quas fi eflet,
cilia aXbiturum. Ib. x. 4.
nullo

fer-

no

vice

The History

apo
Urb.

A.

Cic.

704.

58.

Claudius

Marcelt-us.

L.CoR^ELIus

LEK-ra-

lusCrus.

vice there

he

of the Life

that It was
apprehenfive
onely as a trap tor him [/^].
defigned
Thus
purfuingat laft the refult of all his deand

liberations,and

was

the
preferring

confideration of

of his

duty to that
]Q^y Pompey

he embarked
folto
fafety,
of
though from the nature
; and
faw and declared,
the war,
he plainly
that it
contention
was
a
onely for rule ; yet he
thought Pompey the rao defter^honefierand
King of the tijoo ; and if he did not conjiijler
"

*'

*'

"

of the Roman
quer, that the very name
peobe
if he did, that
extinguifhed
piewould
; or

*'

*'

"

it

fbillbe after the

would

and pattern
and blood [/J."
cruelty
manner

Sylla,with much
thefe melancholyrciiedions he fet failon
With
the eleventhof June [m']^ ruiliing,
he tells
as
of

"

*"'

(C

ad villain venif-

[/t]Cum

eft ad me,

fem, ventiim

hcec
poftridie;
nius

'"

trium

turiones
quai

Cen-

Cohortium,
Pompeiisfant, me velle

no

Nin-

mecum

noiter,velle

eos

mihi

fe,

At ego
oppidum
villa
lutibi poitridie
ante
a
ut

cem,

enim

Quid

viderunt.

illl non

omnino

me

erat

longer than
he

tentare-

fuftuli ibid.

the calms

utroque eft.

qusfita ab

lb. 8.

1 1.

Regnandi contentio eft;in

qua

pulfuseft modeftior Rex

probior" integrior;cc
is, qui nifivincit,
nomen
populiRomani deleatur neceffe
"

lift: Hn

autcm

intended,

-y

about

was

[ad

which

he

the

the

Att.

x.

17.

(hews what
there

end

of

18.]

ftrange
this

at

was

time in the Roman

"

[/] Dominatio

Jun.Ep,

tempejiuoics
and
of the Equi?iox,
that fucceded
it
yet

igiturfufpi- confufion

Omnem

mun

cionem

ut

mentions

^ixjcather

May

inul "eri poterar,

Id.

III.

It is remarkable,
14. 7.
that among
the realons,
which detained Cicero in Italy

this

plures,
quo apparatu

d.

[;/;]

Sc fi-

"

7.

fam.

in tribus cohortibus ? quid 11

r

X.
a.

tradere.

exemploquevincet

more,

ib.

us

vincit,Svlla-

and

what

reformation

Kalendar;
necelhtyfor that
of it,which

far foon after

to

reduce the

of their months

courfe
which

of

der
or-

computation

to

the

regular

feafons from
ried
they had fo widelyvaSome

Cae-

eifeded, in

the

of the

commen-

tators.

M.

of
**
*'
*^

*'

CICERO.

rULLIUS

291

A. Urb. 704;
into voluntary
willingly
deftrudlion,and doing juft what cattel do
^^.^'^^'
driven by any force,runningafter thofe^
when
Claudius
kind ; for as the ox, fays he, fol-Marcellus.
of his own

knowingly

us,

and

herd, fo I follow the honeft, orL. Cornelileafl,who are called fo, though it be "^ Lentu-

the

*'

lows

'*

thofe

*'

to

at

certain ruin

As

[n]."

his brother

to

Quin-

^^^

his company
in
defiring
him to ftayin Italy
that be prejfed
this flight,
on
of his perfonal
and
to C^efar,
account
obligations

tus, he

the

fo far from

was

relation

would

born

had

he

be left behind

not

to
",

yet Quintus

declared,that he

but

he fjotdd
Brother, whitherfoever

ijoould followhis

rightwhich

think that party

lead, and

him

he

fhould

chufefor him \j)\.

Cicero

rence
abhorparticular
of the war, into which he was
entering,
was,
occafions
all
tate
imifee
to
to
afi^ecling
Pompey on
Sylla,and to hear him often faywith a fuperiorair, could Syllado fucha thing,and cannot
to make
I do it? as if determined
Sylla's
viflory
What

gave

the pattern of his own.

the fame circumftances

more

He

was

in which

in much

now

that

Conqueror

attending rlum.
[pro M. Marcel. 5.]
are
ftrangelyquid ergo a"turus es ? idem,
for the
account
to
quod pecudes,quse difpulfse
puzzled
fui generis
of them
one
difficulty
fequuntargreges.
; and
Ut
fic ego bothat
bos
ridiculoufly
armenta,
imagines,
nos
viros, auteos, qaicunque
by the Equinox^Cicero cowho
dicentur
means
boni, fequar,etiam
Antony,
vertly

tators, for want

this caufe,
to

ufed

to

make

of

his

days

fi ruent

and

nightsequal,by fleeping
much

as

he waked.

ad Att. 7. 7.
^focium

jusfortunse

"

fciens

\n\ Ego prudens

peftem ante oculos polltarn
turn
profedus.
[Ep.fam.
6. 6.]
ac

ad

Prudens

"

["?]Fratrem"

as

fciens tanquam
ad interitum ruerem
volunta"

cui

^'Ro. non

erat

magis etiam

:
quum
far irafcetur.

huae-

Cse-

Sed

impetrare
pofTum,
[ib.
9. I.]frater,quicquidmihl
id redum
fe putare
placeret,

non

aiebat. Ib.
2

ut

maneat.

9.6.
had

v^R^s.

7hc

292
A.Urb.

704.

had

^"^"^S-

by

^^^^^
Cl^audius

Marcellus.
L.CoRNELiLentu-

us
Lus

Rus.

the

the
fuftaining

-,

his arms,

and

Life

caule

treated

of the Se-

enemy by
poiTeffed
Italy;and as he flattered
himfelf with the fame good fortune,
fo he was
the fame kind of return, and threatenmeditating
to all his enemies.
Y\x\n and profcription
This
jj^g
fhocked Cicero, as we find from
fj^equently
many
of his Letters, to confider with what cruelty
and
nate

been

once

of

History

as

an

who

effufion of civilblood the fuccefs even

friends would

be attended
certainly

have

We

account

no

of the

of his

own

[f].
and

manner

cir-

of his voyage, or by what courfe he

fleered towards Dyrrachium ; for after his leaving
cumflances

Italy,all

his

great meafure

with
correfpondence

cut

it was

in

off, fo that from June, in

find an intermifTion of about

"which he failed,
we
nine months in the feries of his Letters,and not
than four of them written to Atticus durinomore
the

of the

continuance

war

[q].

He

arrived
with his fon^

in Pompey's camp
fafely
his brother^ and nephew^ committingthe fortunes
of the whole familyto the ifTue of that
caufe : and that he might make fome amends for
coming fo late, and gain the greater authority
with his party, he furnijhed
Pompey^ who was
in great want
of moneys with a largefumm out of
his own flock
forthe public
fervice
[r].

however

[r] Etfi egeo rebus omnibus, quod is quoque in anTiofi

Ita Syllaturit
animus
eft,quicum fumus,cui
ejus, guftiis
diu. [Att.9.
dedimus
" profcripturit
pecuniam
magnam
Cn:e.\xs Tio"iQi:
y..']
mutuam,
Syllani
opinantes
regni
nobis,

W
Qyai"
Sjlla
potiiity
ego

crebro

illud,

potero?

"

si- conftitutisrebus,earn rem

concupivit,
etiam
honore
fore.
utnon
[ib.
xi.
7.]
Kiyc:).
[ib. 3.]

fimilitudinem
t^cciaoi

nominatim
'
'

fed

effet
profcripllo

generatim
informata.

Ib. xi. 9*

[^]Vid. Ad

A.tt.xi, i, 2,

fi quas

habuimus

facultates,
Pompeio turn, cum id videbamur
fapienterfacere,
eas

detulimus.

Ib. 13.

But

But

TULLIUS

of

he

as

CICERO.

entered

the

into

295

with

war

rekic- A. Urb.
^^^-

704;
5^.

nothino; in it but what increafed his difsjuft

thing which n^- n
: he difliked every
Claudius
7^
to ^do \ jaw
t^ey had done, or dejigned
nothinggood Marcellus.
fo he

tance,

found

'

111

them
amongji

hut their

counlels would

,7

caufe
-,

them

ruin

that their

and

L. Corneli-

own

for all the chiefs of

^^

Lentu-

^^'

the party

fame and authe fuperior

to
trufting
of Pompey, and dazzled with the fplenthority
dor of the troops, which the Princes of the Eaft
had fent to their afTiftance,
aflured themfelves of

vidlory
; and,

without

charaifterof the

two

the
on
refledling

armies, would

thingbut

hear of

no-

Cicero's bufmefs therefore

It was
fighting.
this wild fpirit,
and
difcourage

to

different

to

reprefent the hazard of the war, the force of Casfar,

and the probability
of his beatingthem, if ever

theyventured
monftrances

battel with

him

and
flighted,

were

he

but all his

re-

himfelfreproached

cowardlyby the other Leaders:

thoughnothingafterwardshappenedto them, hit
what he had oftenforetold
\s\ This foon made
him repent of embarking
in a caufe
fo imprudently
and

timorous

as

and
(:ondu5ied\
himfelf

even

it added

blamed

to

his difcontent,
to find'

by Cato for comingto them

at

that neutral poft,

which might
deferting
of bringhave givenhim the better opportunity
ing
about an accommodation
[/].
fituation he declined all
In this difagreeable
employment, and findinghis counfils wholly
all ; and

[j] Quippe mihl

accidunt, nee
ullo
xi.

modo
4.

quae

aguntur,

quae

hil adverfi accidit

cente

[Ep. fam.

ego, quern

turn

me.

7.

praedi-

non
praeter nitiiit,

3.]ita-

non

lb. 6.

[/^ Cujus memeifa"lipoe-

probantur. [ib.

] nihil boni

caufam.
que

nee

culum

tarn

meum,

propter peripropter
quam

fortes illi vitia multa, qu^

viri,Domitii" Lentuli,timiveneram.
quo
dum efTe diccbant,"c. [ib.6. Plutai in Cic.

ibi offendi,

Ib. 7. 3."

2 1.

J quo quidem in bello,niU

3

(lighted*

'^*

^^^ History

294*
A.

Urb.
Cic.

nr

704.

58.

he could

deavoured
./r^TTTc

Marcellus.

gave

L. Corn

to

us

tus

ELI

LentuVRus.

his ufual way

of raillery,
and
difiuade by his authority,
en-

refumed
flighted,
what

not

make

to

ridiculous by his jefts.This

arterwards

occanon

to

Senate, to cenfure

the

in the

viour

of the Life

calamityof a

Antony,

in

his beha-

of
levity

the

civil war,

Ipeech

and

to

refle6t

onely^upon his fears,but the unfeafonablenefs

alfo of his jokes
anfwered, that
: to v/hich Cicero
though their camp indeed was full of care
the mod
and anxiety,
yet in circumfhances

^^^

^'

turbulent,there

*'

which

certain

were

who

all men,

of

moments

had

any

laxation,
re-

nity
huma-

gladto lay hold on : but

while Antony reproached
him both with deand jokingat the fame time, it was
a
jediipn
fure proofthat he had obferved a proper temper
and moderation
in them both ["].
them,

in

cc

were

[;^]Ipfefugiadhuc
eo
inunus
magis,quod
hil

omnc

ita ni-

c^ meis
ppteratagi,utmihi

rebus

aptum efiet. [Att. xi.

Quod autem idem mcefti-

4.]
tiam

jocum;

in

me

of Cicero's

Some

occafion

this

pre-

by different writers

When

Pcmpey put

mind

of his

him

in

to

was

courage,

And

eyes.

e-

defeat,when

them
exhorting
becaufe

there

in
fill left
fe^veneagles
Fompcys ca?"ip; you encourage
acr//,faid he, if njce njoere to
were

fight ivith jfackda^^vs.

By
late, the frequencyof thefe fplecan
cojue
faid he, "^l"he7^
he is faid to have
I find nothing netic jokes,
and
?
in readincfamong
provokedPompey fo far as tQ
you
tell him,
that you
/ "r^vifo
Pcmpey's aikinghim
upon

them

"

fo
coining

how

late

er

Nonnius

fayings

are

ven

cwn

their

and

therefore^
mightfee it

faid he, that you

af

hyCafar;

yoa

iisith your

ferved

ftrong
that'^Pompey

failed hither

16.

2.

of

Rome,

blockedup

fuifle

utroque
Phil.

at

Italy,and

ac"j

argumento

magno

nioderatum.

on

report

idem
reprehencit

m"am

ell,

ly arived from
informingthem

to

fare, ilically,
^vhcre
lan.K

Do labella

rwith your

he.
plied

nx:as

hisfon-in
;

he

is

Fath^r-in-laiv,re-

fo

perfonnew-

nvould go

o'ver

that you may

Macrob.

Vid.

to

the other fide,

beginto fear us
Saturn.

2.

Plufar.in Cicer.

Young

"

3.

The History

29$
A. Urb.
Cic.

58.

rV
Claudius
'

n
C

time he had

which
ine:
t"

to

go

o-athered

the

Italyabout

it convenient

found

Csfar

\dt

had

PoMPEY

704.

of

btates

and

^.

after him

durvaft fleet from

a
7

all the maritime

Xi.CoRNELi-

Empire^ without making any ufe of

Lentu

j-ys i.^v^'

Sardinia

^j]y^^^

blow

had

who

enemy

gj-j

the

dependenton

it to diftrefs

fleet at all : he fuffered Si-

fall into C^efar's hands, without

of Marthe important town

to

and

no

Marcellus.
U5

year before

Cities

Life

for its
long feige
affed:ion to his caufe : but his capital
error
was
the givingup Spain,and neglecting
to put him-

after havingendured
feilles,

felf at the head of the befl:army

a

that he

had,

in

and commodious
country devoted to his interefl:s,
ot his naval force : when
for the operations

heard of this refolution,

he thought
Cicero firfl:
it monjlrous
[a]; and in truth, the committing
that

to

war

his Lieutenants

the fuperior
againfl:

genius and afcendant of Csefar,was

the ruin of

his befl:troops and hopes at once.

Some
have been apt to wonder, why Cs'far,
of Italy,infl:ead of
after forcingPompey out

flingthe fea after him, when

cro

he

in

was

no

fliould leave him for the fpace

refifl:,
armies and fleetsat his leifure,
of a year to gather
and ftrengthen
himfelf,with allthe forces of the

condition

Eafl:.

to

But

Casfar had

good reafons for

what

that all the troops, which

did: he knew

could

from thofe countries,were

together
match for his that if he had purfuedhim
to Greece, and driven him out of it,as
reftly
be drawn

-,

tern

Caefare

in rebus
vidloria

noflro

acriorem

agendis,eodem

in

temperatiorem, aut
audifti?

aut
legiili

pp.

cia, Rhodo,
cludendos
"

fam.

8. 1^.
ha^c

claHis A-

lexandria,Colchis,Tyro,

Si-

ad

no

dihe

inter-

Italiaecommeatus

ad Att. 9. 9.
coinparatur
Nunciat ^^gyptum cogi"

"

tare;

[a] Omnis

"c.

he

Monflra
9.

Hifpanium abjeciile.
narrant"

ad 4^^-

1 1.

dpne, Cypro,Pamphylia,Ly'

h^d

of M.TULLIUS
done

had

of

out

into
probably

him

he fhould
Italy,
Spain,where of

defired the leaft to

by a
poflefTed

was

it

him

meet

have
all

driven

placeshe

and where

in all

Casfar's bufinefs therefore

was

297

fure refource,as long as it

firm and veteran
army ", which

had

Pompey

events

CICERO,

to

in
deftroy

the

firftplace,
or he could

exped:no fuccefs from the

and there was
no
war
opportunityof deftroying
*,
when
it fo favorably,
as
Pompey himfelf was at
fuch

diftance from

marching

his

back

find, as he faid,an
return
event

to

it.

with

This

fo much

army

without

General without

ayi

to
expedition
a

army

General^and
The

\h\

fhewed, that he judgedright; for within

fortydays from the firll fightof

Spain, he made himfelf mailer
Province \c\
the redu6lion

After
ated Dilator
and

the reafon of

was

by

of

Spain,he

then
by M. Lepidtis^

his Di^atorial

his enemy
in
of the whole

power

Prater

declared

was

at

ere-

A. Urb.

himfelf
p

Conful, with P. Servilius Ifauricus ; but he was

fooner invefted with this office,than he
no
marched

to

Brundifium, and embarked

on

P. Servilius

the Vatia

January, in order to find out Pompey. ''^^"s*

carryingabout in his perfonthe fupreme

Empire, added no fmall authority

his caufe, by making the Cities and States
to
cautious of ading againfl
abroad the more
him,
them
better
a
or
giving
pretence at leaft/^r
ing
opentheir gates to the Confulof Rome
cero
[d], Ciall this while defpairing
of any good from

dignityof

[]"] Ire

the

fe ad

exercltum

fine duce, " inde reveriurum

Sufine exercitu.
ad ducem
cton.

^^^'

c^saVii

fourth of
The

J. Caef. 34.

fr] Csf. Commeiit.

705.

Cic. 59.

Rome^

[dl

Illife daturos negare,

neque portas Coniuli prscclufuros.
Ca^C Comm.
1. 3.
590,

\. z.

the

Isau-

T^he History

298
A. Urb.

705. the war,

ufing all

been

had

^^^"59*

his friends
difpofe

C.

to

II.

P. Servilius

his

endeavours

to

peace, till Pompey forbad

of it in council,declaring,

farther mention
that he valued neither lifenor
country^for which
he muflbe indebted to defar^as the world mujltake

TuLi'us^^y

CiESAR

of the Life

VatiaIsau-^^^r^y^to be,fldould
he acceptany
'^^^'
["?].He was
circwnflances
prefent

conditionsin his
fenfible that he

a"inga contemptible
part, and

had

hitherto been

done

nothingequalto the great name

in the world ; and was
acquired

had

therefore,to retrieve his honour

down

he

determined

before he

laid

by the deflrudion of his adverin the attempt.

perifli
the blockade of Dyrrhachium,it

his arms,

fary,or

to

During
was

which

would
the

remove

draw
war

Dolabella,who
Cicero

in C^far's army,
that Pompey
and
offhis troops into his fhips^

notion

current

this

place. Upon
fome dijiant

to

with

was

Casfar,fent

Letter

to

Pompey's Camp, exhortinghim,

if Pompey fhould be driven from thefe
into

'^

that

*^

quarters, tofeek fome other country, he would

''

fitdown

*'

from

cc

*'

*'

the

war

that it was

own

and
fafety,

than

to

his
''

at Athens, or
quietly

others

be

any

time

friend

that he had

to

to

Cityremote
think of his

himfelf,rather
fatisfied
fully

now

and his engagements

duty,his friendfhip,

to

in the Rethat party, which he had efpoufed

: that there was
nothingleft,but to be,
public

where the

Republicitfelfnow

was,

rather than

in fermonem
Pom[e] Defperansvidloriam, ingrefTam
Sc loqui
primum cccpifuadere pacem,
peius interpellavit,
audlor
fueram
cujus
Temper
;
pluraprohibuit.Quid mihi,
ab ea
fententia inquit,
vita aut civitate
deinde cum
aut
valde
abhorreret.
beneficio Cseft,
Pompeius
quam
opus
faris habere videbor ? Cccf.
Ep. fam. 7. 3.

Vibullius

de Ca^raris

niandatis agere inftituit

;

Comm.

3.

596.

eum

''

by

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
*'

by followingthat

ancient

be in

to

one

299
at

none

A. Urb.

705.

readily
^^^
approve
P'
took
:"
but
the
this condud
war
a
quitec. Julius
[/]
and inllead o^ Pompefs runni?tg
different turn;
CjesarU.
{iw ay from Dyrrhachmn^ Casfar,by an
unexpedl-P-Servilius
"c

would

that C^far

and

all

*'

^^'^'^ Isau-

forced to retire the firft,

ed defeat before it, was
and leave to Pompey the credit of purfuing
him,
in

as

kind of

the

While

towards
flight
armies

Macedonia.
thus

employed,
Prstor
at
Rome,
to his
Caelius,now
trufting
power, and the fuccefs of his party, began to
feveral violent and odious laws,efpecially
publifh
on^
of all debts [^]. This raifed
for the cancelling
in the City,tillhe was
over-ruled
a great iiame
and
by the Conful
depofed from his magiftracy
and the Senate : but beingmade defpeServilius,
rate
by this affront,he recalled Milo from his
two

were

exil

C^efar

Marfeilles,whom

at

reflore

and

-,

in

with

concert

raife fome

which, after

in

You

*'

and weak

open

ing ?

*'

*'

fure

"'

with

"

are

to

we

[y]
ut, fi

your

troops; but

Illud autem

jam

te

to

peto,

ille evitaverit hoc

claflem,tu tuis rebus confu:

"

aliquandotibi potius

cuivis,fis amicus.
quam
tis fadlum eft jam a te

Savel

vel familiaritati; faofficio,

tisfadum

etiam

Pompey,

of his

ours

was

what

a
am

conver-

know
are

how

you

battel,which
not

dois

acquainted

have been

longufed
hungerwith

ei Reipub.quam tu

probabas.

Reliquum eft, ubi

Refpub.
quam

cero
Ci-

to

prpjedling,

do not

bear cold and

periculum,"c fe abdiderit in
las

here

waitingfor
againfl
you ? I

be

to

he

you

hard; and
fight

to

are

him, refolved

account

fayshe, and
afleep,

are

to

his laft Letter

the fervice which

fion, and
*'

an

refufed

in favor of

publiccommotion
this difpofition
he wrote

In

had

dum

quamur,

ibi

fimus

veterem

nunc

eft

potius,
illam fe-

fimus in nulla.

fam. g, 9.
[^J Cjef. Comment.

Ep.
3.

600.

"
partibas^

i, eafe.

The HisroKY

500
A. Urb. 705.

^c

ff

C.

Julius

C^sarII.
P. Servilius
Vatia
Ricus.

Isau-

"

to

of the Life

eafe [^]." But this difturbance,

which began
alarm all Italy,
foon ended by the death
was

of it, Milo and Cselius ; who

^^ ^^^ Authors
in their rafh attempt, beingdeftroyed
perilhed

they were endeavouring

by the foldiers,whom
to debauch.
They had both attached themfelves
the authority
^^ ^j^^ interefts and
of
^^j.y ^^j.|y
tunes
Cicero,and were qualified
by their parts and forto have made
in the Rea principal
public,
figure
if theyhad continued in thofe fentiments,
and adhered to his advice ; but their palTions,
and ambition got the afcendant ; and
pleafures,
througha factious and turbulent lifehurried them
this wretched

to

on

thoughtsof

All

fate.

beingnow laid afide,

Cicero's next advice to Pompey was, to draw the
into length,
war
to giveCicfar the
nor
ever
portunit
opof a battel. Pompey approved this
counfil,and purfuedit for fome time, till he
before
gained the advantageabove-mentioned
Dyrrhachium; which gave him fuch a confidence
in his

that from

far's,
*'

troops, and

own
"

this great

^'

pofeda

^'

buft

"

beaten

''

to

man

raw,

and
;

contempt of Cs-

new-raifed army,

veteran

Legions;

fays Cicero,
General

to
was

",

the mofl

opro-

fliamefully

and,with the lofs of his Camp, forced

fiyaway
mihi

fuch

this moment,
ceafed to be

alone

ih] Vos dormitis,nee

adhuc

peace

videmini

[i]."
haec

Pompeius valde abhorreret,

intelli- fuadere inftitui,

utbellum
"

hoc interdum

du-

probabat

pateamus,
gere, quam
fimus imbecilli
quid

ceret

illicfacitisr

fore,"fui{^etfortal^e,niflqu

nos

quam

"

pra^lium
expec-

tatis,quod firmilTimum

eft?

Sz

in

ea

fententia videbatur

militidam ex pugna coepiflet

busfuis confidere. Exeotem-

novi. Noiveftrascopiasnon
tri valde depugnare,
" facile pore vir ille fiimmus nuUus
Sc efurireconfueverint.
algere
Imperatorfait : villus turpiffam.
8.
fofime, amiffisetiam caftris,
Ep.
17,
ab ea fententia lus fugit.Ep. fam. 7. 3.
[/] Cum

Had

301

followed,Caefar

been

advice

Cicero's

Had

CICERO.

rVLLIUS

of M.

A. Urb.

705.

Pompey's ^ifi^*
from hirtiby
fleet would have cut ofi^allfupplies
q
i^^jy^
fubfift
for
him
it
not pofTible
to
was
fea and
longC/esar II.
of P. Servilius
in number
at land ; while an
fuperior
enemy,
him, and waft- VatiaIsauperpetually
haralling
troops, was
^^^^^'
ing the country : and the report every where
fpreadof his flyingfrom Dyrrhachium before a
vi6lorious army, which was
purfuinghim, made
been ruined

have
mufi: inevitably

for

',

every way the

peopleof the country more
his march

and the
difficult,

more

him :
fhyof afllfting
that he feemed to make,
tillthe defpicable
figure,
and aflfuraifed fuch an impatiencefor fighting,
of vidory in the Pompeian chiefs,
drew
as
rance
them to the fatal refolution of givinghim battel
at

There

Pharfalia.

to
fuggefted

had

this

to

in

unhappy ftep;

his

and the admonitions

omens^

his

by Cicero,

us

fmall influence

no

another motive

was

nature

of Diviners
The

have

to

to

which

Harufpices

fide,and flattered him

his

on

feems

determining
Pompey
fuperftitious
regardto

addicted.
ftrongly

was

all

were

which

likewife

with

ry
eve-

befides thofe
: and
profperous
the whole fraternity
of them
in his own
camp,
of
accounts
were
at Rome
fendinghim perpetual
and aufpicious
which they
the fortunate
Jignfficatiofts
had ohferved
in the entrailsof their vidims
{]{].

thingthat

was

"

But

after all,it muft needs be owned, that

had a very difficultpart to adl,and much

Pompey
of executingwhat
lefs liberty
than
had

been

[/^]Hoc
immortales
in GfcEciam

in all the other wars,

engaged.

In his

civili bello, Dii

!

qu^
Roma

nobis

qu:E

24,

proved,
ap-

which

he

etenini

Pompeio ?

illeadmodum

refponfa tis

Haiufpicam xniiTafunt

in

againftforeign

wars

difta

himfelf

he

movebatur.

extis "
De

often-

Div.

2.

enemies

A. Urb.

705.

Cic. 59.
C

of

Tbe History

201

Julius

enemies, his power

all his

mo-

will

his

own
be|.jQj^3 dependedon
; but in this,
^^^^^ feveral Kings and Princes of the Eafl, who

attended him

P. Servilius

Camp

almofl all the chief

Vatia

i-qi-s of

Rome;

'^'^"**

Life

and
abfolute,

was

C^sAR II.
Isau-

the

had

who

perfon,he
of

men

be taken, but
theywere under

no

in his

obtained umphs,
triIhare in all his counfils,

danger,no ftepihould

common

by

him

armies, and

expedleda

that in their

had with

and SenaMagiflrates
with himfelf,
equaldignity

commanded
and

and

in

their

advice

common

engagement

to

and

as

his caule, but

fo theywere
to
neceflarily
voluntary,
be humored, left throughdifguft
theyIhould dethefe were
all uneafyin their prefert it. Now
and longed to be at home in the
fent fituation,
ing
enjoymentof their eftatesand honors ; and havof victoryfrom the number
of
a confidence
of their Leader,
their troops, and the reputation
were
Pompey to the refolution
teizing
perpetually
of a battel ", charginghim with a defignto profor the fake of perpetuating
his autradt the war,
thority
callinghim another Agamemnon,
; and
rals
who was proudof holding
fo many Kingsand Geneunder his command [/]; till,being unable to
withftand their reproaches
any longer,he was
his judgedriven by a kind of fhame, and againft
ment,
of
decifive
adlion.
the
to
experiment a
fenfible of Pompey's difficulty,
C^SAR
was
the inthat he could not fupport
dignity
and perfuaded,
of Ihewinghimfelf afraid of fighting
; and
what

was

TMS'icLvrh^if.[llYioAi'Tr]

Milites otium, focli moambitum

ducihiAKo.} AycLiMy.vovAKcthii''
Principes
ram,
'Sa/.^nKiuv
cis
Flor.
1.
on
increpabant.
KdxZtv'i^
rav,
4.
J'id rov

ii^iTt)2.
'^oh.ifj.oyyip^^iv

htmiccvKoyt^ixcoVyy^kvi"
Tuv
J^wxs^ ctuTOJf.
App.p. 470.

Dio.

p.

185.

Plut.

in

Pomp.

from

'304
A. Urb.

Julius

cksARII.
P. Servilius
VatiaIsauRicus.

^l''^History

of the Life

do him any hurt,or carry any point

him ; fince that depended
the fkillof
on
againft
^"^ General.
By the helpof entrenchments he
his new
raifed foldiers a
knev/ how to make

705. the

Cic. 59.
C

"
-

to
field,

for C^efar's Veterans; but when he was

him on the open plain,
(jrawn to encounter
he
match

his
odds, by deferting
infuperable
foughtagainft
of caution,counfil,
proper arms^ as Cicero fays,
and authority,
in which he was fuperior,
and committing
and bodily
hisfateto /words
and/pears,
fir
ength^
him
in which his enemies far excelled
\n\.
Cicero
at the battel of Pharnot
was
prefent
leftbehind at Dyrrhachium
but was
much
falia,
of humor, as well as out of order : his difcontent
to fee allthings
goingwrong on that fide,
and contrary to his advice,had broughtupon him
ill habit of body, and weak Hate of health ;
an
which made him decline allpublic
command; but
out

he

Pompey
promifed

follow,and

continue with

foon as his health permitted

[o]; and
fent his fon in the mean
pledgeof his fmcerity,

him
a

to

as

as

alongwith him, who, thoughvery young,

and acquired
behaved himfelf gallantly,
great apand
the ja^
his
dexterity
ofriding throwing
by
plaufe
ry
and performing
"velin,
every other part of militaat the head of one
of the wings of
difcipline
while

["?]
Ipfefugiadhuc omne
eo
magis,quod nimunus,
confilio,auftorltate,hil ita poterat agi,ut mihi ".

\n\ Non lis rebus pugnabamus, quibusvaiere poterajnus,

caufa,quae

erant

in nobis fu-

meis

eiTet

rebus aptum

"

me

ex
qua.
periora
; fed lacertisSj yiri- conficit follicitudo,
infirmitas
fuimus.
fumma
coretiam
non
bus,quibuspares
Ep. fain. 4. 7.
poris;qua levata, ero cum
"
Dolebamquc pilis gla- eo, qui negotiumgerit,ell-

confiliisneque aucque in magna

toritatibusnoftrisdejurepub- xi, 4.
Kp.fam. 6,1.
licodirceptari'"

diis,non

i"^^
"

ad Att^

Horfcy
"

CICERO.

of M.rULLIUS

305-

Horfe^of which Pompey had given him the command [/"]. Cato ilaid behind alio in the Camp
which he commanded
with^at Dyrrhachium,
Labienus

Cohorts^ when

teen

of

news

brought them

A.Urb.

^^P'
q

upon which Cato ofCicero as the fuperiorin

dignity;and

to

his refufal of

upon

Juli^s

the c^sar.

Pompey's defeat ",

fered the command

^atia

it,as Plutarch

This

it.
prevented

not

fad: is

red
by Cicero, yet feems to be referfor Marcellus, where he fays,
to in his fpeech
that in the very war^ he had been a perpetual
afferhis
the hazard even
life[^],
tor of peace
to
of
not

mentioned

But

the wretched

all into fuch

from Pharfalia threw them

news

confternation,that theyprefently

themfelves feverally,
and difperfed
{hipping,
ferent
their hopesor inclinationsled them into the difprovincesof the Empire \r\ The great-

took
as

the war,
into Afric, the generalrendezvous
diredily
their fcattered forces \ whilft others, who

eft part who

went

of

determined

were

to exped
difpofed

were

Achaia

to

this the end

of the

the fame

[/"] Quo
te

cum

war

condud

as

Pompeius

to

alae alteri In
laudem

praefeciflet,
magnam

himfelf%and

to

in bello

tamen

things,

ed
fortune offered,retirrefolved to make
was

but Cicero

renew

the farther ilTue of

take fuch meafures

and

to

cum

mended
recom-

his friends : declar-

[q]Multa de pace dixi,"

etiam
ipfo bello,eadem
meipericulofenfi.
capitis

Pro Marcell. 5.
citu confequebare,
equitando, [r] Paucis fane
"

fummo

viro "

tolerando

exer-

militari la-

omni
jaculando,
bore

ab

atque

ea

cum
quidem tua laus pariter
Offic.
2.
Kepub. cecidit. De

ex

polldiePharfalica fugavenifTe

Labienum
tum

qui

exercitus

fubito

naves

fcendiftis. De

13.

Vol.

bus

11.

cum

interi-

nunciaviflet"

"

conperterriti

Divin.

i.

JI.

i*.Servilius

io enraged,that he
tells us, young Pompey was
drew his fword, and would have killedhim upon the

fpot^if Cato had

705.

32.

ing,

Isau-

The

3jO("
Urb.

/
.

705.

^r '"r^*
C.

TuLiiis

CiESAR

II.

P. Servilius
Vatia
**^^^*

Isau-

ing, that

they had

as

r^"/i

^'^^^^^5^^^
^^^^^

the

without
and

Conqueror,
the

[j]

Hunc

finemfeci;

integri

pares

match

no

hope

to

beat

for Cafar^ when

him^ whenjhat-

[j] : and fo after

about
eighteen months,

of

himfelf

about

been

Life

broken

^^^

campaign
ted

not

the

of

History

end

ego

of

non

landed

to

again

he
the

at

commit-

of

mercy

Brundifium

Odober.

belli

putavi,

nee

hefitation

miferablc

mihi
cum

fraftos
fam.

fuperioresfore.

7. 3.

fuifTemus,

SECT.

Ep.

TULLIUS

ofM,

CICERO.

SECT.

CICERO
began
he

to

VIII.

fooner returned

no

307

refled, that he

hallyin coming home,

before

to

Italy,than

had

the

been

war

A. Urb. 706.

too

^^^^^'
i^j^^^

de- q
the Caesar

was

termined, and without any invitation from

Dieof
that general
tator II.
licence,
Conqueror; and in a time
had

reafon

to

diers,if he ventured
Fafcesand Laurels
be

to

and

appear
to

yet

he had

ceived
re-

ledgement
people,and the acknowthe laws : he
of a power fuperior
to
condemned hmfelf therefore
afor not coiitinuing
till
broad, in fome convenient -place of retirement^
he had been fentfor^ or thingswere
better fettled
[/]. What
gave him the greater reafon to
that he received
repent of this Hep was, a meffage
Antony^ who governed all in Caefar's abfro'tn
with
fence, and with the fame churlifh fpirit,
before in Italy
which
have held him
he would
to drive
difpofed
againfthis will,feemed now
him out ofit : for he fent him the copy of a Letter
from Ccefar^in which Csefar fignified,that he
from

the Roman

*'

"

had

*'

Rome,

"

might

heard, that

[/]Ego

Metellus

fome

occafion

"

difturbance

incaute, iifTem : minus

fcribis," celerius quam

Ad Ate.
feci, "c.
cportuit,
ut

xi. 9.

loris

geret.

me

meae

which

wherefore

doaccepifTem

ipfum hoc
Brundifii

partes

omnes

Qaare voluntatis

at

were

appeared openly there,

and

vero

and

Cato

non

me

an-

jacere in

eft moleftum,

Propiusaccedere, ut fuades,

confilii
poenitebit,

quomodo fine liftoribub,

quos
? qui
pcenitct. In oppido aliquo populus dedit, pouum
mallem
mihi
adimi
incolumi
refediffe,
non
quoad arnunquam

cefTerer.Minus

fermonis fub-

pcfTunt. Ad
X

Anto-

publicwith bis ^^t

drop them, would
in

of that honor, which

diminution

the fol- ^*

infult from

apprehendfome

Att. xi. 6.
*'

he

^^'

The

5o8
A.

Urb.

of the Life

History

that
706." he flridlly
injoined,

Cic. 60.

fhould

none

be fuf-

licence
Italywithout a fpecial
^^^^ himfelf. Antony therefore defired CiTu^^'us
C
exeufe him, frnce he could not help
to
cero
cksAR Diebut Cicero fent
tatorll.
obeyingCsefar's commands:
fered

"c

to

to

come

"

"

"

M.

Anto-

Mag.
^lus
^
^

'

_L^ Lamia

ic

to

afifurehim, that Csefar had order

^^ Dolabella

tc

write

to

him

to

to

to

come

Italy

that he came
pleafed
; and
upon
of Dolabella's Letter :" fo that
the authority
to exclude
Antony in the Edi6l, which he publifhed
*'

as

foon

he

as

"

the
name

Cicero by
Pompeiansfrom Italy excepted
^

which

ftill to

added

fince all his defire

his mortification

be connived

;"

onely,
without being
or
dijlintacitly
perfonally
permitted,
from the reftof his party [u].
guijhed
But- he had feveral other grievancesof a doto

was

at

concurred alfo to make him

meftic kind, which
unhappy : his Brother Quintus,withhis Son, after

efcapefrom Pharfalia,followed Csefar into

Afia, to obtain their pardon from himinperfon.
reafon to be afraid of his
Quintus had particular
their

refentment, on
had

born

to

of the relation which

account

him,

Gaul, where

of

one

as

been

he had

he

his Lieutenants

by him with
would
great generofity fo that Cicero himfelf
him from goingover to Pompey^ but
have diffuaded
in this common
could net prevail
: yet
calamity,

in

treated

-,

Quintus,
more

upon

in order

to

make

refolved
eafily,
his Brother, and

cedere iim

ex

Italia de-

jufius? nam

ad

me

peace the
all the blame

own

throw

for that

de lido-

Sed quid ego

\_ii]

ribus, qui paene

to

his

purpofemade

palam, "c.
xit

Hum

ita,ut

me

Turn

nollem.

Poterat

nomine,

re

fe

multas

tonem

audiiTe,Ca-

Sc L. Metellum

Ji^jnveniiTe,Romce

in Itaut

ib.

ille edi-

" Laeexciperet

nominatim.

mifit Antonius
exemplum
Caefaris ad fe literamm ; in

quibus erat,

it

Quod fane
enim

fine

ipfaexcipi.O

graves oftenfiones !"

7.

eilent

the

of M.rULLIUS
the fubjedl
of all his Letters
to
friends^

rail at

him

in

CICERO.
A.
to Cafar*s
Speeches

and

the

manner

307

or,*
L.

Cicero

informed

that young
wards C^far, had read an
which he had preparedto

oration

Cicero

more

and

Nothings as
Jhoekingto him ;

hi?n

fays,ever
thoughhe had

diffidenceof Csfar's inclination,

and
to
labouring

was,

rather than

fmall

no

mies
ene-

many

him, by their

all the fenfe of this vocation

prowas
juft the reverie of

behaviour

theirs : and

having been informed, that C^farin

had charged
his Brother with
a certain converfation^
beingthe author of their goingaway to Pompey^ he
took occafion to write to him
in the following
terms

for my Brother, I am
for his fafety,
than my own
fent fituation dare not venture
As

"

**

him

to

you

beg that

will

you

done

any
offices and

all that I

lefs felicitous

not

but in my
preto recommend

pretendto, is, to

can

believe him

not

to

have

ever

thingtowards obftrucling
my good
affedion

to

you

but rather,that

Qiiintusmifit filium ^pfi enim illi putavi perfui deprecatorem,niciofum

fore, fi ejus hoc
etiam accufatorem mei
fcelus percrebuiiTet"
tantum
iolum

non

fed

"

neque

que

ubicundefiflet,

vero

eft omnia

in

dicla conferre.

me

ib. 9.

male-

Nihil

Quintum

filium

mihi

fibi oftendiiTe

incredibile

ac-

Caefarem

cidit,nihil

in his malis

tarn

acerbum.

ibid. 8.

unquam

tarn

"

apud

fet habiturus

Epiftolas
mihilegeruntple-trem
omnium
in me
probrorum

"

volumen

orationis,
quam
contra
"

Patris,confimiii

me

multa

ef-

poftea

fcelere

efTetlocutum.

ib.

Pa-

10.

r.as

D.cII.

'^^T'^"

'^^'
his EQ^,"'^^'
againft
happened

ill offices,
yet his greatleft his Brother and Nephew

for under

his

friends^

do him

lliould hurt themfelves

:
perfidy[:v]

^^-

his

to

fpeak to

Uncle.

concern

J ULIU3

of this from all quarters, c^sar

who was
fent before to- tator
Qiiintus,

was

and

*'

7 "6.

^p*^^'

mofiinhu-

inan,

eft

Urb.

"

he

The History

310
A.Urb,

706.""

^c'q^^'
"

"

Julius
Dic^

C^sAR

"

n.

"

^ ^M^'

"

tator

^^

"

Equit
"

of the Life

alwaysthe advifer of our union, and

the companion, not the leader of my voyage :
in all other refpeds,
wherefore
I leave it to
humanity,and
you to treat him, as your own
with you require
his friendfliip
5 but I entreat
that I may
manner,
y"^^' ^" ^^^ ^^^^ preffing
be the caufe of hurting
him with you on any
^^^
whatfoever [y]"
account

he

was

himfelf likewife

found

He

diftrefsfor

want

of mioney,

this time in fome

which in that feafoa
at

of

it was
publicdi(lra6lion,
very difficultto procure,
either by borrowingor felling
: the fumm,
which he advanced to Pompey had drained him :
and his wife, by her indulgence
and
to ftewards,

favorite fervants,had made

great v/afte of what
left at home : and inftead of favingany
was

thingfrom
into debt

their rents, had

fo that Atticus's

Fund

which

port

[2;].

The

condu61:of
to

him

Dolabella
who

was

farther

by the fidion of

all debts.

Laws

tification
mor-

tion
adop-

an

the tribunate

lifhed,to expunge
had

to

family,had obtained
plebeian
this year, and was
railing
great
diforders in Rome, by a law, which
into

and

he had

plungedhim deeply
purfewas the chief
trufl to for his prefent
fup-

tumults
he

pub-

of that kind

been often

tious
ambior
attemptedby defperate
but were
alwaysdetefted by the
magiftrates,
better fort,and particularly
by Cicero,who treats
them as pernicious
to the peace and profperity
of

[^']Cum
Ealbo
Csefarem
tarn

mihi

minorc

litterse a

mifTce

exiftimare, Quin-

Fratrem

lituum

nica

feStionhf aiiie,ficenim
ixy -ad
"

eilent,

Att. xi.

[%\ Velim

fitunde

nobis

fuppeditentur

fimitiis neceffarii.

Si quas

eas
habuimasfacultates,

id

Pom-

videba-

peio,turn, cum
facere,deculifcripTapicnter
fro-

12.

mur

mus.

lb, 13, 2, 22,

"c.

corilidcrei?
ut

Jiates^

A. Urb.

5-""-

vifit

Nius

II.
Anto-

Mag.

^^^^'

cc

"

"

*'

"

their meetins

him

abjedt
was
far, fayshe,
",
from taking that pleafure
which
I ought to
have done from the virtue,humanity, and piexcellent daughter,that I was
ceedingly
exety of an
fee
fo deferving
ture
Creaa
grievedto
in fuch an unhappy condition, not by her
fault : I faw no reabut wholly by my
own,
fon therefore for keeping her longerhere, in
affli"ion
this our common
to
: but was
willing
fortunes

fend

''

would
At

back

her

"

confent

"

her

in that

fo

mother

he received the
did

of Pom-

news

fuprifehim,

not

as

the Ihort reflection that he makes

As

to

fhe

as

Pompey's end, fayshe,

we

upon
had

never

about it : for the loft and defperate

any doubt
the minds
ftate of his affairs had fo poffefled
of all the Kings and ftates abroad, that whi-

*'

"

therfoever

^*

this would

'^

at
grieving

*'

tern

it ; for I knew

ad

mea

me

"

voluptatem

non

modo

rum

animos

capereexfmgularifiliadebui,
quocunque
fed etiam

ineredibili ium

do-

lere afFeftas, tale ingenium

in tarn mifera fortuna veriari.
ib. xi. 17.

J I,

Ep.

fam.

14.

of the

ejuscafum

non

enim

minem
tum

fuit :

tanta

occuparat, ut
veniffet,hoc pii-

futurum.

tarem

"

gravem

Att. xi. 6.
,

honeft,

rerum
defperatio
ejus,
Sc
populoRegum

omnium

cepi, quam

charadcr

nunquam

eiiim

eam

an

[^] De Pompeiiexitu mihi

dubium

Ego auprid
hamaex
v
irtute,
ipfius

be

to

true

ve-

Id. Jun.

nirate,pietate
non

him

[^]."

the fhort and

was

[/] Tullia
Flit

he went, I took it for grantedthat

be his fate : I cannot
however
help

and. worthy man

grave,

This

"

foon

as

it [^J."

to

Brundifium

find from
it :

"

to

pey's death, which

made

to
affliding

more

flate of their
"

for her

love

his great

but

paidher Father
thirteenth of June :

the

Brundiftum on

at

the
C^ffiSAR
Die- onely
M.

TuUia

In thefe circumftances

706.

Cic. 60.

tator

of the Life

7he History

312

Non

poflunv

dolere

integrum "

ho-

caf-

cognovi. Ad

CICERO,

of M.TULLIUS

313

heigh-A. Urb. 706.

cotened,as we fometimes find it,by the fhining
^^^*
p'
darker
the
of
deprelfed
lors
his eloquence
by
; nor
q j^lius
llrokes of his refentment.
Pompey had earlyac- c^sar Die*
II.
tator
ibe furnameofthe Greatsby that fort of mequired
^rit,which, from the conflitution of the Republic, ^^^^'
^^*
and fuccefs
made him Great
; a fame
neceffarily
Equit,
Rome
had ever
known
irvwar,
to what
fuperior
man

from

in the molt

feveral times

three

differentparts of

the

Aiia, Africa

doubled

extent,

as

dominion

the Rorran

", not

celebrated of her Generals.

triumphedat

the

him

knew
perfedlly

who

one

and

by

known

He

the three

over

world, Europe,

his vi6tories had

well
for

had

as

as

the

almoft
of

revenues

he declared

to

the

from the Mithridatic war,

people 01 his return
he had fmnd the lejfer
Afia the boundary^hut left
it the middle of their Empire. He was
about Jix
years older ihan C^far; and while C^far immerfed
with debts, and fufpedled
in pleafures,
opprefled
by all honeft men, was hardlyable to fhew his
head ; Pompey was
in the height of
florilhing
power and glory,and by the confent of all parties
of
head
the
the
This
at
placed
Republic.
the
feemed
that
ambition
his
was
to aim at,
poft
to

be the firftman

in Rome

Tyrantof his Country:

it in his power
of it without
at

to

have

for he
made

", the
more

Leader, not
than

once

the

had

himfelf the mafter

any rifk ; if his virtue,or his phlegm

leafthad not reftrained him : but he lived in a

of receiving
from the gift
perpetual
expe(5lation
of the people,
what he did not
to feize by
care
force; aid by fomentingthe diforders of the
of
City,hoped to drive them to the neceflity
hi.n Di6tator.
It is an obfervation of all
creating
the hiftoriar.s,
that while C^efar made
ference
difno
of power,
whether it was
or
conferred
who
who loved,or thofe
: whether ever
ufurped
thofe
feared

"^ke History

314

of the Life

fearedhim-, Pompey feemed to value none but

_^'
^^^'^7^^'
to have any defire
nor
to govern^
Co(r"*^^^^ ^^^ offered'^
^^^'"^^^^ ^^^ Z^^^ ^^^^ ^/ the governed. What
leiC, Julius
he employed in the
Die- fure he found from his wars,
C^sAR
tator II.
of eloLetters,and efpecially
ftudy of polite
"^^^^^^ ^^ "^ould have acquired
great
mufMa"ff^"^"C^? ^"^.
fame^ if his geniushad not drawn him to the mort
Equit.
gloryof arms : yet he pleadedfeveril
dazzling
in the defence of his frie;ids
caufes with applaufe,
and clients; and fome of them in conjundionwith
Cicero. His languagewas copiousand elerated;
his fentiments juft; his voice fweet ; hir adlion
noble, and full of dignity.But his tale.itswere

for arms,
than the gown:
for
though in both he obferved the fame difcipline,

better formed

perpetualmodefty,temperance,

outward

behaviour

and

gravityof

yet in the licence of camps,

His
and flriking.
rare
more
example was
and imprinting
perfon was extremelygracefull,
refped; yet with an air of referve and haughtinefs,which became the General better than the
rather than
His parts were
Citizen.
plaufible,
rather than penetratirg
; and his
great ; fpecious
chief inftru^
but narrow
view of politics
; for his
he had
of governingwas, diffmulation
ment
,- yet
not
alwaysthe art to conceal his real fentiments.
fo
As he was
a better foldier than a flatefman,
loft in the
what he gained in the Camp he ufually
ten
City; and though adored,when abroad, was ofthe

affronted and mortified

of
oppofition

at

home

tillthe imprudent

the Senate drove

him

to

that alliancewith CrafTus and C^far, whch proved

fatal both to himfelf and the Republic. He
in thefe two, not
the partners, but the
as
miniflers rather of his power 5 that by giving
fome fhare with him, he might make his
them
uncontroulable : he had no reafon
own
authority
took

to

CICERO.
of M. rULLIUS
that theycould ever
prove
apprehend,

vals

fince neither of them

chara6ter of that
above

them

in

rience

kind,

the laws
with

war,

their devotion :

his Ri- A. Urb. 706,

had

which

any credit or
alone could raife

^p*^"*
Ju^l/us

fame
fuperior

and expe- c^sar

Dicthe empireat tator II.

the militia

all this

31^

of
purelyhis

was

own

till^-

An

Casfar,and throwinginto his hands

cherifhing
^ ^|
the onelythingwhich he wanted, arms
and military
him
lad too flrong
command ; he made
at
for himfelf,and never
began to fear him, tillit
late : Cicero warmly difTuaded.both his
was
too
union, and his breach with C^far ; and after the
the thought of giving
rupture, as warmly flill,
lowed,
him battel: if any of thefe counfils had been folhis lifeand honor,
Ponipey had preferved

Republicits liberty.But he was urged

and attentito his fate by a natural fuperflition,
on
with which
he was
to thofe vain
auguries,
he had feen the
flattered by all the Harufpices
;
and Sylla,and obferved
fame temper in Marius
the happy effeftsof it : but theyafllimed it onely
he
of
of
out
policy, out
principle.They
their foldiers,
v/hen theyhad
ufed it to animate
of nghting; but
found a probableopportunity
all prudence and probability,
he againil
couraged
enwas
by it to fightto his own ruin. He faw
and the

all his miflakes

to

power

from
llight
he had
had

at

lalt,when

corre6l them
Pharfalia

and

was

it

forced

was

in
to

out

of his

"

his wretched
that
confefs,

too much to his hopes

cero
trufted
; and that Cijudgedbetter^and feenfartherinto things

than

he.

fent

The

refolution of

feekingrefugein
of this great
Egypt, finifhed the fad Cataflrophe
of the reigning
Prince had been
: the Father
man
at Rome,
highlyobligedto him for his protection
and refloration to his kingdom : and the Son had
confiderable fieet

to

his alTiflance in the

prefenc

by
To-

^^'

A. Urb.

706.prefeat
war

but

was
Cofr"*what gratitude

C.

of the Lip

The History

3i6

Julius

in this ruin of his

there

to

be

fortuned?

expeded from

Court, governedby Eunuchs and mercenary Greeks?

all whofe

turned, not on the honor of

politics
the King, but the eftablifhment of their own
to be eclipfed
likely
Niu^Ma'
by the
power; which was
^'
admiflion of Pompey.
How
happy had it been
Equit.
for him to have died in that ficknefs,
when all
and prayersforhis fafe^
Italywas puttingup vows
on
iy ? or if he had fallen by the chance of war
of Pharfalia,in the defence of his
the plains
he had
died Hill glorious,
Country'sliberty,
though unfortunate : but, as if he had been referved for an exampleof the inflability
of human
ed
Greatnefs,he, who a few days before commandand all the nohleft
of Rome,
Kingsand Confuls^
fentenced to die by a councilofflaves\ murwas
thered by a hafedefertor
naked and hcad; caft out
lefs on the Egyptianflrand ; and when the whole
earthyas Velleius fays, had fcarcebeen fufficien
for his victories could not finda fpot upon it at lafb
for a grave. His Body was burnt on the fhoar
by one of his freedmen,with the planksof an
old fifhing-boat
conveyedto
\ and his afhes being
Rome, were
privately
hy his wifeCordepofited
Tielia in a Vault of his Alhan Villa. The
tians
EgypC^sAR

Die-

utorll.

however

raifed

monument

him

to

on

the

which
of hrafs^
place,and adorned it with figures
beingdefaced afterwards by time, and buried alwas
fought out and remoftin fand and rubhifh^
ftored by the Emperor Hadrian
[/].

[/] Hnjus

viri

faftigiamdem

tantis au6tibus fortuna

lit,ut primum

ex

extu-

Africa,ite-

Europa, tertio ex Afiatriumpharet

; " quot parex

tes

terrarum

Orbis funt,toti-

faceret

torise,[Veil.P.
ultimam

2.

40.]

Ut

ium
dixit, All-

ipfein condone
am

vic-

monumenta

"

provinciarum
redpatriae

mediam
accepifTe,
didilTe. Plin. H.

7. 26. Flor.
3-

S-]

of M. rULLIUS
On

the

CICERO.

317

Pompey's death, C^farwas A. Urb. 706.

"*
the fecondtime in his ahfence^
Coff.

of

news

^^'

declared Dilator

^"^

C.Julius
.C-"sAR Dic-

multo tator II.

pifTet,
quae ego ante
M. Antoeum
non
deferretur,
provideram pads, concorau6lor ef- nius
Magoccuparetur, cupi- dias,compofitionis

5.] Potentise

3.

ad

causa

ab

ut

quae honoris

"

eo

diflimus, [Veil. P.

2.

29.

fe

autem
178.] Meus
Cn. Pompeius,vir ad
aequalis

Dio. p.

fumma

omnia

vox

majo-

natus,

dicendi gloriamhabuif-

rem

fet, nifi

laudes

bellicas

ad
cupiditas

abilraxiflet.Erat oratione fatis amplus: rem

videbat : a6lio vero
bebat

"

in

ejusha-

in

vid. it.pro Balbo.

excellens, non

flos commendatur

aut

tatem
aut

magnum
fum-

motu

1,2.]Forea,

qua
fed
aetatis,

peio "
:

confilia

Repub.

de

li valuifTent,

quse

Multi

teftes,me

vir

ac

pasne

tur,

fentire "

tantum

valere

ut non
ingenio,

appareat quid
fam.
8. 1.] IIcupiat.[Ep.
le aluit,auxit, armavit

initio

cum

ne

Caefare,

divinus de

fenferit,fciunt, qui

Solet

aliud

"

monuifrePompeium,"poftea,
"c.
ne
fejungeret,
[Ep. fam.
6. 6.]Quid vero
ille
lingularis

Pharfalica

P.

loqui,neque

"

Antoni, " de Pom-

mea,

conftanti. [Veil.
dignitate
lUud
2.
OS
29.]
probum,
eximiae
ipfumque honorem
frontis. [Plin.Hill. 7. 12.]

ex

enim

diremifies !

nunquam

fuerunt

coifles,

nunquam

fe
conjungeret

fplendorem,
mam
[Brut.354.
dignitatem.
ma

Pompei, cum

2.
10.]
prudenter Refpub.ftaret.[Phil.

voce

"

multis. Utinam,
Caefare focie-

nota

ex

majorisgloris hsec

eum

ilia Equit.

deftiti: meaque

non

me

de

eum

fugaPaphum profecuti funt; nunquam

ab eo
mentio
de me
nili honorifica
"

cum

me

fe

vidifle

plusfateremeliora.
fperavifie

[ib.15.]Qui,

fi mortem

turn

in ampliffimis
fortuobiiffet,
nis occidiiTet;is propagati-

vitse quot,quantas, quam

one
illeGall ias ulterioris adjunc- incredibiles haulit ca'amitaille provincias
tor
tes ! [Tufc.difp.
i. 35.] In
propagator ; ille abfentis in omnibus
Pelufiaco littore,
imperiovi"

adjutor.
[ad Att.

8.

3.] alu-

Caefarem, eundem
repente timere cceperat. [ib.
8].
erat

liflimi
num,

Regis,confiliis fpadone
quid malis defit,

Sc

defertoris fui gladio

Septimii
Ego
[Flor.4. 2. 52.]
prsstermifi,
quanturn
facere, nitiquepotui, ^gyptum petere propofuit,
beneficlorum
quin Pompelum a Caefaris memor
quae in
Patrcm
conjunclione
avocarem
ejusPtolemsei, qui
idem ego, cum
turn
regnabat,contulerat
jam omnes
nihil

trucidatur.

"

"

opes
ni

" fuas "

populiRoma-

Pompeiusad Casfarem

de-

tuliiTet,
ea fentire
CCSferoque

"

nominis,
Princeps Romani
yEgypimperio,arbitrioque
ell-"
tii mancipii
jugulatus
in

^^^ History

3i8
A. Urb.

all the while

at

Brundi-

fituationwhollydifagreeable,
and worfe

him^ he fays,than

: for the air

punijhment
of the placebegan to affe^his healthyand to the
e of body[^] :
of mind added an illflat
uneafinefs

to

II.
Anto-

Nius

continued

Italy. Cicero

fium, in
'cl^sAR^Dic-

by vir-

in
poflgovernedall thingsabfolutely

of that

tue

Coff.

M.

Life

who
706.and M. Antonyhis Majlerofthe Horfe^

Cic. 60.

tator

the

of

Mag.

^^^'

to

yet

move

any

Rome

towards

nearer

without

leave
thoughtadvife-

not
Mafters, was
able ; nor did Antony encourage it; beingpleafed
rather,we may beheve,to fee him well mortified :
fo that he had no hopes of any eafe or comfort,

from

his

new

of Casfar's return ; which

expedlation
for
made his Hay in that placethe more
necefTary
of paying his earlycompliments
the opportunity
at landing.
to him
uneafmefs was,
But what gave him the greatefl
in what touched
him*
to be held flillin fufpence,
the moft nearly,the cafe of his own
fafety,
towards
him
for
and of Casfar's difpofition
:
though all Casfar's friends afllired him, not cnely
of pardon^but of all kind offavor yet he had
but in the

-,

received

intimation

no

himfelf,who

of kindnefs

fo embarrafTed

from

C^far

in

Egypt, that
and did not
he had no leifure to think of Italy,
write a Letter thitherfrom December
lb much
as
and out of gaiety,
to June : for as he had rafhly,
in

in illo viro

tantum

difcordante
ad

modo

was

fuerat deeffet ad
Veil. Pat.

2.

fe

Vicerunt.

cui

Jius "

terra

de-

Servatum

fortuna,

viftoriam

ut

481.

Juv,

Pompeio

dederat

Campania febres
"

vota
publica

multas urbes,

x.

283.

[gl Quodvis enim fupplicium levius eft hac permanfione.

Optandas. Sed

vidlo caput abilulit.

fepulturam.

54. vid. Dio. p.

186. it.Appian. 2.
Provida

fortuna ipIgitur
Urbis

Ad

"

Jam
tineo

qui

Att. xi. 18.

enim

corpore

vix fuf-

gravitatemhujus coeli,
mihi

dolore

"

laborem
ibid.

in
afftrt,

22.

as

^e

320
A. Urb.

History

706,than Antonyin Curio's, He

Cic. 60.

the

of

Life
equallyprodigal

was

and his

of his money,
^^ ^^^ ^^"'

modelly; and not onely

^^ ^^^^^ people's:
fo that CiC Ujlius
of his
to the infamous
alluding
effeminacy
Die- c^^o
C^sAR
life,calls him in one of his Letters,Mifs Curio.
tator II.
M. Anto"
the Father, by Cicero's advice,had
But when
Nius
Mag. obligedhim by his paternal
to quit
the
authority
of Antony\ he reformed his condudl,
familiarity
and adheringto the infbrudions and maxims of
Cicero, became the favorite of the City; the
and a warm
afLeader of the young
:
nobility
of the Senate, againft
fertor of the authority
the
power

After

of the Triumvirate.

death, upon

his firfttafte of

his Father's

publichonors, and

admiffion into the Senate, his ambition and thirft

of popularity
engaged him in fo immenfe a prodigality,
that to fupplythe magnificence
of his
he entertained the
with which
fhews^and plays
^
the

ing
of fellnecefiity
himfelf to Casfar ; having no revenue
as
left^
of his Citizens.
Pliny fays, hut from the difcord
For this he is confidered commonly by the old
and the Trumpet^
injlrument,
writers, as the chief
he juftly
it were., of the civil war
as
; in which

City,he

was

foon driven

fell the firftvidlim

to

yet after all his

debauch, fought and died with

Roman

which

if it had been

would

have merited

employedin a

luxuryand
courage truly
a

better fate,

better caufe

for upon

the lofs of the battel,and his beft troops,

being admonifhed by his friends to fave himfelf
he anfv/ered,that after
an
lofing
army,
by flight,
he
him
committed
heen
to
which had
by C^far^ could
nued
never
ffoewhis face to him again; and fo contikilled among
the laft
tillhe was
fighting,

of his foldiers [i\

CURIO

[z] Haud
814.

allurn

ta?ita

clvem

tulitindole P^otna. Lncan

4.

Una
,

CICERO.

of MTULLIUS

2^

7
happened before the battel of ^- U'"^^
while C^far was
Pharfalia,
engaged in Spain [k]:
coiT
hands
into
the
fell
Afric
which
means
intirely
by
q
Juliu;
the general
of the Pompeians ; and became
renCaesar
o
II.
tator
dezvous of all that party : hither Scipio,Cato,
^T ^'^
of their
and Labienus, conveyed the remains

Curio's

death

^^^^

fcattered troops from

Petreius likewife did
whole

Greece,

"^

Equit.

Spain", till on the

brought togetheragaina more

they had

from

Caefar's,and

SLYmy than

numerous

and

Afranius

as

in fuch

Vv^ere

to
with it into talk of coming over
as
high fpirits,
dria
from Alexanbefore Csfar could return
Italy,
given out, and
confidently
[/]. This was
and in that cafe,Cicero was
expectedat Rome
-,

familia

Una

continua

tres

qua

Curionem,

extiterunt.

tores

in

facem
fubjecit

"

Plin. H. 7.

^ad

Rojlratibi profunt

nunc

turhata-,
forumqiie
habult

Naturaiti
bilem

ad

admira-

dicendum.

Brut.

Vnde 'Tribunitiaplebeius
Jtgni-

fer arce
dabas

Anna

406.

^c.
populis,

Nemo

Lucan.

puer, empunquam
libidinis caufa, tarn fuit

tus

in domini

poteflate,
quam

tu

Curionis.

2.
[Philip.
18].
filiolaCurionis. [ad Att.

duce

4. 800.

At Curio, nunquam

amif-

fo exercitu,quern a
fidei fuae commiffum

Caefare

14.]
Vir

nobilis,eloquens,
aufortudax, fuas alienaeque
"

reverfurum, confirmat

pudiciti^piodigus
vel
cujusanimo, voluptatibus

Caef. Comm.

Sc

ns

"

opes ullae
fufficere
cupiditates

libidinibus,
neque
neque

poffent.[Veil.P. 248.]
Niii

meis

puer

olim fide-

ita

Bello

de Bell. Civ.

civili
"

non

alius majorem quain C. Cilrio

Vol.

II.

2.

ces
[/^]Jntejaces,
quam dlra duconfert^
Pharfalia
tibi
Spe^Mtdutnque bellum clti'

le negatum

ej}.
Lucan.

[/]
autem

que
at-

interficitur.
praelians

liffimis atque
amantifTimis
confiliis paruiiTes.
[Ep.fam,
2-

acce-

ejusconfpeftum

perat, fe in

I.

2.

ferie Ora-

AI.

in

P.
[Veil.

jam

li

autem

afrutun

ex

ib.

Africa

videntur.

Ad

Att. xi. 15.

fure

A. Urb.

706. fure

Cic. 60.
C.

Julius

CiESAR
M.

Die-

II.

tator

Anto^^

Equk

of

.The History

:t,i2

be treated

to

all

locked upon

men

fiibmitted to

his power

the

fide,

aMuallyin

rjQ^y^ ^Qf

",

it

their Camp

C^far
aB

not

enemies, who
declared law

was

all
confider

to

did

pardoned even

and

other

friendswho

as

him^
CLgainft

Life

defertor -, for while

as

the

enemies^who

as

[m] :

on

fo that Cicero

to wifh, either for himfelf,

or
nothingnow
in
the
firft
but
the Republic,
place,peace, of
which he had ftill
fome hopes[n] ; or elfe,that
like to
Csefar might conquer ; whofe vidtory
was

^^^

more

him

could he
reduced, where nothing
to him, hut what he had always
horred
abfervice

which

to

ten.iperateof the two : which

often lament the unhappy fituation

the

prove
makes

of an^

he

w^as

[(?]"
this

Under

vexation

attacked

was

the

at

of mind,
anxiety
to

tional
addi-

an

hear, that his reputation

to

Rome, for

Conqueror,or

into his power.

him

it was

fo haflily
to
fubmitting
himfelf
rather
at all
putdng

Some

condemned

him

for not
feverely
for not

Pompey ; fome more

following
going to Afric,as the greateft
part had done ;
with many
others,for fiot retiring
cf his party to
Achaia ; till they could fee the farther progrefs
of the war : as he was
fenfible
alwaysextremely
faid of him by honed
of what was
fo he
men,
begsof Atticus to be his advocate ; and gives
[;"]Te
bamus,

enim
nos

dicere audie-

omnes

adverfa-

fignificas,
cogisme
quod optandam vix

rios putare, nifi qui nc birciim

efTenc ; te omnes,
qui contra

Att. xi.

Pro LielTent,tuos.
6.
it.
ad
Att.
xi.
xi.
gar.
Eft
autem,
["]
unum,

intolerabliia ad

quod mihi
quidagi de

Tola uti'ia mihi

te non

nulla

fed

fit

oprandum, fi
pace point : quod
equidemhabeo in fpe:

quia tu

fperare
ell
"

19. it.12.
Mihi
omnia
cum
[0]

maxime, quod
fam

quae

veniiTe

me

ad

funt

dolorem,turn
in

eam

cau-

video,

ut ea

eiTevideantur,

femper nolui.

Ad

Att.

xi. 13.

leviter interdum

him

iilm fome

CICERO.

TULLIUS

of M,

323

might be urged in his A. Urb. yoS

defence.
As to the firflcharge,
for not follow- ^^^^^"
that Pompey's fate
ing Pompey^ he fays,
q ju^i^g
of
the omiffion
that ftep
would
extenuate
: Caesar
Dicatorir.
of the fecond, that though he knew
many
^* Antohis opinion,
brave men
to be in Afric,yet it was
"^^*
that the Republicneither could, nor ought to ^^^^^
be defended
by the helpof fo barbarous and
hints, which

"

*'

*'
"

''

*'

nation

"'

treacherous

"

indeed that he

"

Achaia, and

"

dition than

**

of them

"

''

ed

to

at

once

foner of
of

be in

to

thofe in

to

better

reflored

be

confined like

was

it tillCsefar arrived

continued

he

of his friends

in

[^].
uneafy flate,

contrived

Rome

at

this

own

priliberty

the

Brundifium^without

to

return-

their

to

con-

many

they

and whenever
he

:" whereas

While

third,he wifhes

himfelf,becaufe they were

from
ilirring

fome

them

owns

the

to

joinedhimfelf

had

together
;
would
Italy,

war

as

fend

to

dated the ninth of

name^
Ctcfar's
Februaryfrom Ale:Kandria^encouraginghim to lay
and expeB every
afideall gloomy apprehenfions^
from him : but it
thingthat was kind and friendly
and general^
that indrawn
in terms fo flight
was
it made
him
Itead of givinghim any fatisfadion,
afterwards to
onely fulped,what he perceived
be true, that it was
forgedby Balbus or OppiuSy
and adminifter
on
purpofe to raife his fpirits,
him

Letter

in

[/"] Dicebar debuIiTe cum

Exitus
Pompeio proficifci.
illiusminuit
termiffi
Sed

ex

ejusofficiipras-

reprehenfionem.
-"

omnibus

Africam

nonierim.

hoc

ufjs,non

fum

Achaia

funt.

le hoc

melius

nos,

quod

in

nihil

defideratur,quam

eft eorum,

extremum

"

li

in

cum
loco,
magis
quod in venerit, domum

judkio
"kz bar-

facis,

Haec

funt

perge,

mitigare"

uno

Italian*

flatim
tu

Ad
barisauxiliisfallacifiimsegenquam plurimis.
tis Rempub. defendendam"

qui in
ipii

habenr, quam
multi

"

nerint.

tamen

vc-

ut

probar*
Att. xi.

7.

fome

706.fome littlecomfort

A. Urb.

Cic. 60.

Coff.
.

tator

M.

without

^^^

11.
An

[^].

TO-

with

regard

rulent Letters

"

all who

to

ir

All his

accounts

the report of Caefar's

and his grantingpar-

him

to

exception

Die-

Mag.
Equit.
Nius

confirmed

however

him

to

clemency and moderation,

Julius

C'ESAR

cf the Life

77v History

3 24

r^

it; and

afked

himlelr, L^far Jent^intus

to

orders

Balbus^ with

to

them

Jhew

to

vi-

lifn^as a proof of his kindnefs and diflike of

Quintus's perfidy.But Cicero's prefent
defpondency,which interpreted
every thingby his fears,

fQ

fufpe3lC""farthe more^ for refujtng

muft needs
grace to none ; as if fuch a clemency
be affedted,and his revenge deferred
onelyto a
Ms
Brother's
convenient : and as
to
feafonmore
Letters^ he fancied,that C^far did not fend them
he condemned them^ but to make his
to Italy becaufe
notorious
condition the more
and abje5i
mifery
prefent
and defpicable
to every body [r].
tions,
mortificaafter a long feriesof perpetual
But
refrefhed at lafh by a very obliging
he was
him

made

from

Letter

C^far, who

confirmed

him

to

the

and
e and dignity^
enjoymentof his formerfiat
had him refumehis Fafeesand flile
of Emperor as
[.f].Caefar's mind was too great to lillen
'before
full

to

Iq] Ut

ilia

me

niepiftola
exi-

hil confoletur;

nam

eft et
fcripta
habet,
piciones

fufmagnas
efie ab
non

gue

illo

"

Ex

ad
quo

"

illud
intelligis,

de

Id. Feb. daris

v.

effet,etiam

(quod

inane

verum

eflet)non

verum

fi

effe.

Omnino

dicitur nemieft

negare : quod ipfum

fufpedum,notionem ejusdif-

ni

ferri.

ilHus

quo

tiora noftra mala

Ib.

Dib'gentermihi

fafcicu-

no-

effent, ib,
"

'mihi tandem

[^] Redditae
funt

Qui ad
teras

qui

litterae fatis li-

Csfare

Ep.

miltt,
fuilTem

Fam.
ex

me

Imperator

20.

uti

22.

berales.

Ib. 17.

[r]

mifiiTe,quafi
offenimprobitate

iftos videtur

deretur, fed credo,

Att. xi. 16.

litterisa. d.

lum reddidit Balbi tabellariui

"quod ne Caefar quidem ad

ut

14. 23.

^gypto
eflem

qui

in

toto

populiKomani

lit-

idem,

ipfe
imperio

cum

unus

efleti

CICERO.

of M.rULLIUS

325-

the tales of tbe Brother and

Nephew
ieems
(lead of approvingtheir treachery,
granted them their pardon on Cicero's
to

and
to

in- A. Urb.

^p"^^'

have

account,

706.

j^lius

fo thatQuintus, upon the c^sar

rather than their own;
DieII.
to tator
trial of Caefar's inclination,began prefently

change his
ther

(?"

and

note,

to

with
eongralulate

efteem for him

Caefar's affeclion and

Cicero

was

bis

Bro-^^-^^^^'
^^'
[/]. "^[^^

preparingto fend his Son to

to be upon his
was
fuppofed

now

upon C^far^ who

towards home ; but the uncertain accounts
journeyof his coming diverted him a while from that
wait

till Casfar himfelf

thought [u]",
and

relieved him

refidence

cxpedtedarrival
Tarentum

from
agreeably

very

Brundifium, by

at

in

the

preventedir,
his tedious

his {"jdden and

un-

Italy;where he landed
month of September; and

in

at
on

coming forward towards

Cicero fetout on footto meet him.
imagine,what we find indeed
may eafily

the firft notice of his

Rome,
We

difcomhis Letters,that he was

not
a little
pofedat the thoughtsof this interview, and the
indignityof offeringhimfelf to a Conqueror,
from

whom
againft

in the midft

he had been in arms,

licentious and infolent rabble : for though

he had reafon to exped a kind receptionfrom

of

he fays,
C^far, yet he hardlythoughthis life^
what was
worth begging
givenby a Mafier^
; fince
[,v].
mightalways he taken away again at pleafure

But

"3
efTe
quo

alterum

me
"

eft :
pafTus

concefibs fafces laurea-

tenui,quoad tenendos

tos

tavi.

[/]

Pro
Sed

pu-

I.igar.
3.
mihi

valde

gratulatur.Ad

tus

De
ceflu

17.
iliius Alexandria

nihil

contraque

QuinAtt. xi.

mitto,

ut

["] Ego

cum

Salluftio Ci-

ad Ccefarem

mittere

dif-

rumoris,

"

conftitueram, Ciib. 18.

Sed

quemquam

lutem

adhuc

opinio itaquenee

ceronem-"

[a-]

23.

^eronem

cogitabam. lb.

mihi

non

bonum

Unti

adducor,
ullam

fa-

fuifTe putare

The HisroKY

325

of the Life

meeting, he had no occafion to fay

below his dignity
: for
Qj. ^Q ^j^y thingthat was
and ran to
faw him^ than he alighted
C^r no fooner
embrace him-, and walked with him alone^converfal furlongs
forfever
]
[jy
ing'veryfamiliarly

A. Urb. 706.But
Cic. 60.
C

TuLius

Ci??,sAR DieII.

tator

their

at

^"

'^M

^'

^^*
tquit

this interview,Cicero followed Csefar

towards Rome
: he propofed
to be at Tufadum on
From

eighth
of October and wrote to his
wife to provide for his reception
there,with a
who deftgned
to make fome
largecompany offrieyids^
he came
after?
Jlaywith him [z]. From Tufculum
wards to the City, with a refolution to fpendhis
time in ftudyand retreat, tillthe Republic
Ihould
the feventh
or

reftored

be

fome

to

tolerable Hate

his peace again,as he writes

his old friends,his books, who

*'

made

^^

with

*'

out

"

precepts ;

*'

them,

*^

to

*'

with faithlefscompanions[^]."

of humour

as

with

but
Varro

C^far's

for

Varro,

to

had been

obeyingtheir
inftead of livingquietly
with
had done, committinghimfelf

the turbulent

On

him

having

"

not

counfils and hazards

of war,

P.
Rome, he appointed
Vatinius and
^, FufiusCalenus^ Confuls
for th^
three lajl
months of the year : this was
a very unpopular
return

ufe of his
hov/ever

to

new

v/hich

power,

he

nued
conti-

pra6tife
throughthe reft of his
thefe firftMagiftrates
of the State,
teign; creating
without any regardto the ancient forms, or recourfe to the people,and at any tirne of the
to

tare, ut earn
peterem ab illo
xi.
16.
r"ad Att.
ab hoc

Sed

dantur,

ut

ipfoquae
rurfus

Domino,

ejufdemfunt potcHate.lb.

quam

in urbem

diiTe cum
id elt,cum

venerim,

veteribus

libris noftris in

mihi, rein
gratiam ignofcunt
"

vocant

in confuetudinem

ftinam, teque, quod

20.

re-

amicis,

priin

ea

[j;]Plutar. in

Cic.

permanferis fapientiorem,

["z]
Ep. fam.

14.

quam

[a]

Scito enim
"

'

me

2Q.

me

pollea-Ep.fam.

dicunt fuiffe,"c.
9.

'

"

y^arj

^he

22S

of the Life

History

with M. Lepidus
himfelf Conful, together
737.clared
and gave the government
Cic. 6i.
of
for the year enfuing-,
^"^*
the Hither Gaul io M. Brutus ; of Greece^to Servius
had been in arms
the firftof whom
Sulpicius
;
SAR^III
C
him at Pharfaha -, and the fecond was
a
againft
Vi. ^MiLius
the
likewife
of
a
nd
liPiDus.
favorer
a great
Pompeiancaufe^

A.

Urb.

friend of Cicero, yet feems

in the w'ar \c\
African

The

part

no

held the v^hole

now

war

have taken

to

Empire

name
was
thoughtominous
fufpenfe
", Scipio's
and invincible on that ground : but w^hile the general
the
attention was
on
employed
expeclation
of fome decifive blow, Cicero, defpairing
of any
good from either fide,chofe to live retired,and
and whether in the City or the
of fight
out
;

in

Country, fhut himfelt up

as

often

he

cnely^ hut

his books; which,

hitherto been the diverjion

fays,had

become

no^u).

were

with

the

fupportof his

of

In this humor

fludyhe entered into

and correfpondence
of Letters
a clofe friendfliip
with M. Terentius Varro
a
friendfhip
equally
life[i].

-,

valued

on

both fides,and
by the mutual

learned works

to

at

each other

to Varro ;
^.eflions
Tongue^to Cicero.

Varro's

immortaliz
defire,

dedication

cf Cicero's Academic
the Lativ^
on
of Varro's treatife

Varro

",

wks

learned man
niofi

ofRome

of

Senator

both for birth and merit

firfldiilin6lion,
ed the

of theiF

and

the

efleem-

thoughnow

?.bove fourfcore years old, yet continued flill

ing
writbooks to his eighty
and ptiblifmng
-eighth
year [^].
of

Univeruty
who
name.

terar.

chufes
See
N^.

to

[^]

Cambridge,
conceal

Bibliothec.

Vlli.Lond.

his
Li-

1724.

vero

nunc

quibus

antea

de-

modopeiebamus,
etiarn faiatem. Ep.

fam.

9. 2.
[^] Nifi M.

4to.

[rj Brutum Gallic prsefe-rem

clt ; SulpiciumGra^cise. Ep. anno
is^m. 6, 6,

Icftationem

Vaironem

odogefimo

odlavo

"c.
prodidilTe,

fcivitas

Plin.

Hill. 6. 6.

He

CICERO.

of M.7ULLIUS

329

Pompey'sLieutenant in Spain,in the be- A. Urb. 7Q7.

but afterthe defeat of A^^^'t^'
ginningof the war;
retired
h
is
and
franius and Petreius quitted arms,
q Junius
fo
his
c
ircumflances
that
ftudies
C^sar
IIL
his
prefent
to
;

He

was

^milius
very different from thofe of Cicero ;M.
^^^^"^**
in all his Letters to him, bev/ails with great
not

were

who

the

freedom

ruin of the flate

utter

-,

in
live together

theyfhould

^'

that

^'

munication

"

fight,if not

of ftudies,and
the tongues of

''

if their

Mafters fhould

*'

towards

new

propofes,

and
a

avoid

flridlcomat

leaft the

yet fo, that

call for their help

men

the RepubHc, theyfhould run

fettling
and aflift,
not
with pleafure,
onelyas archito build it up againj
as mafons
tedls,but even
if nobody would
or
employ them, fhould

*'

*'

*'

read the beft forms of government ;

the learned ancients had done before

'^

write and

*'

and, as
them, ferve their Country, if not in the Seand
nate
Forum,
yet by their books and
ftudies,and by compofmg treatifesof morals

*'

*'

*'
*'

and laws
In

the
and
the

he

retreat

the

his bock

wrote

of Oratcrial

of

and diftributing
ordering
parts of an Oration fo, as to adaptthem in
beft manner
to their proper end, of moving
audience.
It was
written for
an
perfuading
inftrud:ion of his fon, now
about eighteen

Partitions
the

[/]."

this
,

or

old, but

years

draughtonlyof
been finifhed at

[/] Non

art

feems

to

have

been

the

rude

what

he intended,or not to have

leaft to his fatisfadlion; fince we

deefle ii quisad-

hibere

" fi minus
'rr-.h^i'iA?;

in

cu-

modo
ut
volet, non
etiam ut
Architeclos,verum
fabros,ad sedificandamRem-

ria atque in foro, at in litteris "

libris, ut dodliflimi

pub. " potiuslibenter

Rempub.
legibusqua"rere.

rere

tamen

ii

nemo

"

utetur

fcribere "

accur-

opera,

veteres

legers videntur.

feccrunt,
"

de

Ep,

navare

moribus
Mihi

fam.

9.

"

haec
2.

fiad

T'he Hi

330

of the Life

STORY

of it in any of his Letters,as of

all his other pieceswhich were
^"^"^'preparedfor the

A. Urb. 707, find

C.

Julius

Cjesar
M.

pi^DJlC.

XiEpjDus'

fruit of this leifare

Another

III.

^MiLius

mention

no

his Dia-

was

logueon famous Orators^called Brutus ;

j^e givesa fhort charadter of all,who had
rifhed either in Greece

in which

flo-

ever

Rome^ with any reputation

or

times : and as
down to his own
eloquence,
touches the principal
he generally
pointsof each

of

life,fo

man's

an

Epitome^as

an

The

conference

attentive reader may

find in it

it were,
of the Roman
Hiftory,
be held with Bruis fuppofed
tus
to

and Atttcus in Cicero'sgardenat Rome^ under

he always admired,
the Statue of Plato [g'\ whom
imitated in the manner
of his
and ufually
-,

and

Dialoguesj
him

from

in

this feems

the very form

have

to

of his double

copied

title", Brutus^

cffamousOrators taken from the fpeak*

in Plato's piece,called
and the fubje6l,
as
er
This work was
ed
intendPh^edon^or of the ScuL
book to the three^
a fourth
or
as
a fupplement^
the complete
he had before publilhed
which
on
But thoughit was
Orator,
preparedand finifh-r
timated
ed at this time, while Cato was
as it is inlivings
'^

or

in fome

from

parts of it,yet,

it appears
publictillthe
as

made
it was
not
preface,
after the death of
following,
the

his

year
Tullia.
As
cero

at

the

in debt

openingof the war

to C^far^fo we
now

had

that Cicero

fome
[^]

upon
Pompeian, which
Cum

jlUs,turn in

idem

found

we

meet

veral hints in his Letters of Casfar's

from
It arofe probably
to him.

D*
with fe-

ed
beingindebta

mortgage,

the confifcated eftate of

Casfar had

feized

Platonis Stataam
placuiflet
2^.
pratulo,
propter ^rr-^rut.
I

daughter

but

confedimus

of

of

331
in

foever it was, Cicero was

"
he faw but three ways,
:

kind

oF what

CICERO.

rULLIUS

M.

he

for his money

^'
it ;
of getting

painA. Urb. 707.

fays, ^p'^**

the eilate at Casby purchafing

q Ju"li'u
the
audion
on
an
or
far's
taking aiTignment
III.
c^sar
;
M.
for
half
with
the
^Emilius
; or compounding
purchafer
Lepidus.
Brokers or
Money-jobbersof thofe times 5

"

**
*'

thofe terms,
the money
on
The firfthe declares to be bafe, and that he
rather lofe his debt, than touch any
would

who

"

*'
*'

advance

would

the fecond

*^

thingconfifcated:

*'

zardous

*'

in fuch uncertain times

"

beft,but
He

now

whofe
to

-,

and that

nobodywould

"

the third he liked the

had

condudb

and

this drew

puttingaway
above

thoughthapay any thing

defires Atticus's advice upon it [i']."

his wifeTerentia^
at laft parted with

humor

him

he

wife, who

fome

him

upon

long been uneafy

had

cenfure

lived with

for

him

the faithfullpartner of his bed

of two
and the mother
Children^

thirty
years^

and fortunes

",

But fhe was

a woman
extremelydear to him.
of an imperiousand turbulent fpirit
; expenfive
affairs
in
triguing
inand negligent her private
; bufy and
of her
in the public
; and, in the height

hufband's power, feems to have had the chief hand

in the diflribution of all his favors. He had eafiin the vigorof health,
perverfenefs
flate of his fortunes ; but in a
and the florifhing
foured by a continual fuccefTion of
declininglife,

ly born

her

mortifications from

quietat

home

divorce

however

was

in which

nes

aut

was

habet

emtionem

her management
a

conditioab hafta;

) aut deleperderemale:
gationema mancipe,annua
"

of eafe and

want

longertolerable to
not
likelyto cure

illud,quod

[/^]Nomen
Caefare,tres

no

the

abroad,

die:
"

Vedteni

femifle.
12.

the

the difficulties,
involved

(quiserit,cui

aut

Att.

had

him

cred?:m

?)

condicionem,

Ki-sldiig\i\iv.
Ad

3.

him

The

332
A. Urb.

707.

Cic. 61.
Coff.

cks^R^
III
M.

^MiLius

X.EPIDUS.

him

for fhe had

which

all

was

^j^'gniade
^^

of the Life
brought him a great

History

be

to

fecond

the
repair

reftored

her

fortune*

parting:
in order
marriageneceflary,
to

at

illftate of his affairs and his friends

,

of both fexes were

for him : feveral

bufyin

a ik match
providing
partieswere
propofedto him,
others, a daughterof Pompey the

and
Great

among
for whom
:
but

he feems

have had

to

the

regardto
prudential

nation
incli-

an

times,and

the envy and ruin under which that familythen

lay,induced him probablyto drop it [t].What
handle to rally
him
gave his enemies the greater
his marrying a handfom
woman,
young
was,
o
f
named
to his
Publilia, an age difproportionate

him

to

Letter
his
*'
'*
*'
*'

the

^'
*'

*'

*'

but

fhe

was

this time

at

friend,who

as

venient
very conhe intimates in a

with
congratulated

him

your

givingme

joy, fayshe, for what

you wifh it : but I Ihould

have taken any nev/ flepin fuch wretched
not
I had not found my pritimes,if at my return

*'

*'

to

I have

vate

*^

marriage.

As

''

*'

to

Guardian

was

rich; circumftances

allied,and

well

on

he

whom

to

own,

done, 1

affairs in

know

no

better condition than thofe of

when

Republic. For

through the

wick-

ednefs of thofe,who, for my infinite kindnefs

conto
them, ought to have had the greateft

welfare,I found

eafe
or
fafety
intriguesand perfidywithin my
to fecure mywalls,I thoughtit necelTary
own
of new
alliances againil
the
felf by the fidelity
treacheryof the old ["].''

for my
from their

cern

no

Nihil
De Pompeii Magni fi- fcribis,puto nofti.
[/"]
vidi fcedius." ib. 12. li.
nihil me
lia ubi
refcripfi,
Alhoc tempore
[/-]Ep. fam. 4. 14.
cogitare.
teram

vero

illam, quam

tu

In

cafes

of divorce, when
there

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
Ci^SAR

Afric

from

returned vidorious

333
about A. Urb. 707.

July,by the way of Sardinia,where

^p'^'*
he fpentfome days: upon
which
Cicero faysq
Julius
in a Letter to Varro, he had never feenCjesar III.
plcafantly
that farm of his before^
which thoughone of the^- ^milius
^^pidus,
worftthat he has, he does not yet defpife
[/]. The
uncertain event
of the African
had kept the
War
Senate under fome referve ; but theynow
began
of
their
all
the
bounds
to
pufh
beyond
flattery
decency,and decreed more
extravagant honors
than were
to Csefar,
ever
givenbefore to man ;
which Cicero oft rallieswith great fpirit
ing
; and be-

the end of

determined

bear

no

about
treating

was

at

to

Naples^for

lation,
part in that fervileaduthe

purchafe
of a Houfe
flillfarther
retiring

pretence of

and oftener from Rome.

But his friends who
knew
his impatienceunder their prefent
fuband the free way of fpeaking,
which he
jedlion,
in ibme pain, left he
were
apt to indulge,
Ihould forfeitdie good graces of Cxfar and his
was

there where children,it was

the cuftom for each party to
make a fettlement by will on
their

offspring,
pro-

common

to
portionable

ellates : which

their feveral
is the

mean-

Atng of Cicero's preffing

ticus fo often in his Letters

and MeJ/'ala
luj},
for her thirds

Dio

Caffius

fourth, Vibius

gives

her

Rufus

who

Conful

in the reignof
Tiberius,and valued himfelf
for the pofrefTion
of
two
was

things,which had belonged

menof
to the two
the
greateft

of
put Terentia in mind
age before him, Cicero's ixife,
her
and
will,
and
snaking
chair,in n^jhicb
s
depoCo-far
to

it in
fiting
Att.

xi.

fafe hands.

21,

22,

24:

Ad

he

xii.

Hieron.

18."

Terentia is faid to have lired to the

ageofa// huyidredand
M. 8. 13.
[V'al.
years

three
Plin. H.
St.

48.] and
for her
fays,
Jerom
7,

took

hulband,Cicero'! emmy,

as

fecond

ixias

killed. Dio. p. 612,

Op. To. 4. par. 2.

p. 190Illud enim adhuc

\t\

dium

fuum

non

prce-

: nee
infpexit

ullum habet deterius,fed tacontemnit.

men
non
Ep.
fam. 9. 7.

S:d-

favorltes,

^^^ History

334
A. Urb.

M.

keennefs of
accommodate

C^sAR

Life

provoke them too far by the

his raillery
him to
[m]. They prefTed
to the times ; and to ufe more
himfelf

when
efpecial

Rome,

^Emilius

his dilcourle

caution

III.

Lepidus.

the

favorites,and

707.

Cic. 61.
^

of

-,

Csefar

the diftance and

interpret

ed,

as

proofof

and
was

to

reiide

which

at

more

there,who

retreat

his averfion

his anfwers

to

would

he affed*

him.

this occafion will Ihew

the real ftate of his fentiments and condudt towards
Casfar,as well as of Csefar's towards himj:
But

this fubje(5t
to Papirius
Pastus,he

on
writing
*'

*'
*'
'^
"

on

fays;

of opinion, I

that it will
perceive,
be allowed to m.e, as I thoughtit might
not
be, to quitthcfe affairs of the City: you tell
You

are

of Catulus, and thofe times ; but what

fimilitude have they to thefe ? I myfelfwas
me

of his

[/"]Some

on
jefls

adminiftration

Caefar's

are

fhew,
ftillpreferved
; which
reafon
had
friends
his
ethat

nough

to

admonifh

him

to

his

even

with

barians.

and
ftrangers
At

another

bar-

time,

beingdefired by a friend,in
a
publiccompany, to procurt

iox \ns {on the rank

of a

guard.
upon
Labeof Italy,he
had advanced
porate towns
ha^ve
celebrated
mimic
ador^
it,
Jhall
fayshe, ifyou
rius,a
but
at
:
the order of K?iights
Rome, but it njoill
to
pleafe,

be

more

Senator,in

of the

one

Cor-

Casfar

when

into the Theater,

the

place

on

ches,

the

from
ftept

he

admit

among

them.

take his

be

at
Pompeii. An.
difficult
acquaintancelikewife from

benEquejlrian

of

none

would

to

Stage

the

him
As

Laodicea, comingto pay his

to him, and
Knights refpedts
being
feat
bufmefs
to
a
had
afked, what
him
he was
to Rome,
brought
faid,

off therefore with

that he was
fenc upon an emmarching
to
Ca^far,to intercede
happening to pafs baffy
difgrace,
ivith him for the liberty
near
Cicero, / njoould make
of his
Cicero
which
Cicero
country ; upon
room
foryou here, fays
not
bench, ifnjoe ^Mere
on
our
replied,if you fuccede,you
he an Embajfador
alfo
alreadytoo much cro'vcded ; al- JJ^alL
for
Macrob.
Saturn.
us,
2.
lading to Caefar's filling
up
3.
Sueton. c. 76.
the
alfo with
the Senate

fcumm

of his creatures, and

*'

unwilling

A. Urb.

707,

^CP'

that I beginto fah^

gree of favor with C^far,
^^^ thoughreal love h
^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^
from falfe,
^^^
except in
eafilydiftinguifhed

"
"

'

"

C.

Julius

C^sAR

of the Life

The History

y^o

of
the cafe of danger,by which the fincerity
be tried,as of gold by fire for all
it may
to both
other marks
are
common
yet I have
that theyrealto perfuademe,
one

"

III.

M. ^MiLius

"

Lepidus.

cc

-,

-,

"

argument

ly love

*'

*'

me

theirs is

fuch, as puts them

diflemble

*'

tion

''

all power,

*^

unlefs that all

to

condition

becaufe both my

I fee

and

as

reafon

no

under

no

and

tempta-

has
for him, who
fear any thing;
to

thingsbecome of courfe uncerdeferted :

and right
once
are
tain,when juftice
be fure of any thing,that depends
we
can
nor
of another.
the will, not to fay the paflion
on
ofYet I have not in any inftance particularly
fended him, but behaved myfelfall alongwith

*'
''

''

*'
"

greateflmoderation

the

'^

-,

for

as

once

I took it

in
duty, to fpeakmy mind freely
fo
;
that City,which owed its freedom to me
fince that is loft,to fpeaknothingthat
now,
friends : but
may offend him, or his principal
if I would avoid all offence, of thingsfaid faI muft give
or
by way of raillery,
cetioufly
not
of wit ; which I would
up all reputation

*'

to

*'
"

*'
*'
"

"

be

my

do, if I could.

*'

refufe

''

himfelf,he has

''

and

*'

have

*'

*'
*'

^'
"*
"
*'

as

to

very

But

as

to

C^efar

piercingjudgment^

1 take to
whom
your brother Servius,
been an excellent Critic,would readily

fay,this verfeis not Flautus^s^that verfe is ;

having formed his ears by great ufe, to diof difftileand manner
the peculiar
ftinguifh
has alfo Ca^far,I hear, who
readycoUeded Ibme volumes of Apophthegms,
for mine,
if any thing be brought to him
it : which he
rejefts
which is not fo,

ferent Poets

*^now

does the

prefently
becaufe
more
eafily,

his friends.
"live

"

"

*'

"

"

"

with
continually

Vivt almoil

"

"

''

"

me

337

and

in the A. Urb. 707;

^^^- ^^"

thing drops
any
varietyof difcourfe,when
J^
which they take to have fome hu- q
from me,
in it,theycarry it alwaysto him, QjI^akIU
or
fpirit
mor
the

with
are

other

of the

news

for fuch

Town,

M.

fo that if he hears any thing

he does not,
from other perfons,

his orders

for

your
regardit; I have no occafion therefore
example of iEnomaus, though aptlyapplied
from

Accius

for w^hat is the envy,

what is tliere in me
or

whick

fpeakof?
you
? but
envied
now

to

be

every
fuppofe there was
of
Phithing: it Ins been the confcant opinion
in my judgement,
the onely men
lolbphers,
who
have a rightnotion of .virtue,thai a Wije_
to anfiver
fci\than to keep,
has nothing
more
man
*^'
I take myof which
;
himjdffreefrom guilt

"

''

''

"

"

*'

felf

*'

caufe

"

were

'Vnot
"
"

be clear, on

to

I both

"

certain

^^

what

"

that is

*'

""

"

"

bufmefs

which

I take alfo

to

flrono;for
I

blamed, in

2;ood Citizen

peoplemay

IS

all

any thing
in power j
wife

report

man.
to

be

take it, or with

he may
fo
who now
thofe live v/ith me,
fmcerity
in my power
to
it is not
court

what

afTiduoufly
anfwer.

me,

comfort

confcioufnefs of my
'.'moderation of my
your

It

me.

be

cannot

be the part of

for the refc,what

how
faid by me,
or
As

"

*'

to

the part of
left,is not to

*'^

"

to

too

v/ere

I faw, that I had

did not
carry them,
contend
by force with

fayor do
the men
and rafhly
againir
foolifhly
now

be-

when

therefore,that

concerns

account

purfued thole mieafures,which

and
jufleft;
enough
llrength

it my
thofe, v/ho

double

the

think

^Emiliu*

^^1*^0^2.

befides of mine

"

CICERO.

TULLIUS

of M.

myfelftherefore

the

with

the

former condud:, and

;
prefent

fimilitudefrom Accius,

cafe of envy, but of fortune

Z
Vol. II.

fliall apply

and
not

the

onely to

which

I confider
"

as

The HIST

33^
A. Urb.
r

707.

(?"'

liQ-htand weak, and what ought

pelledby a firm and great mind, as

"
"

Tuuus

Ca:sar

M.

^M

LiPiDus.

III.
I Lius

"

"

rock.

For

fince the Greek

examples, how
dured Tyranniesat

when

*'

themfelves in fome

"

not

**

th6

of

their Cities

as

have

men

to

en-

and
orSyfacufe-,

meafure

free ;

lived

why

may
rank fo,

1 think it poffible
to maintain

neither

by

waves

enflaved, have

were

re-

Hiftoryis full

wifeft

Athens

he

to

as

"

of the Life

OT^Y

my
of any,

offend the mind

nor

hurt

^c. [0]*'
dignity?
havingheard, that Casfar was ^^/"^
to the folto divide fome lands in his neighbourhood
and
diets began to be afraid for his own
eftate,

*'

my own
PyETus

writes

to

Cicero, to know

tion would

extend

Are

*'

Balbus

"

will become

*'

*'

*'

*'

"
**

as

far that diftribuanfwers

Cicero

pleafantfellow,who

*'

not

which

to

how

a
you
has juftbeen

with

of thofe

towns

when

what
you, afk me
and their lands ?

if cither I knew

does

not

or

thing,I

if
do

at

any thing, that Balbus

any time I chance to know

not

know

it from

him

; nay,
if
love
it is your part rather,
to let
me,
you
know
what will become of me : for you
me
had it in your power
learnt it from
to have

any

either fober, or
for me,
my dear

lead

when

drunk.

*'

him,

*'

But

"

enquiringabout
four years, by
have alreadylived near
we
be called
clear gain, as it were
: if that can
gain, or this,life,to outlive the Republic:
fecondly,becaufe I myfelffeem to know what
will happen; for it will be, whatever pleafes
the ftrongeft
which mufl alwaysbe decided
;
by arms : it is our part therefore,to be con-

**"

*'

*'
"'

*'

"

''

*'

tent

as

at

Partus, I have done

becaufe
thofe things: firft,

with what is allowed

[0]Ep. fam.

to us

he who

cannot

9. 16.

1""

fubmit

of M,TVLLIVS
^*
"

*'
"
*'
^*

"

*'

fubmit

fields of Veias
far from Tufculum
:

this is not

^p*^^'

q Julius
I
whilft
it
enjoy
III.
may ",c^sar
M.
^milius
if
fhould
it
but
hap",

Lepidus.
otherwife,
yet fince,with all my courage
and philofophy,
I have thoughtit beft to live,
I cannot
but have an
affeclion for him, by

pen

**

has

**

he

"

ought

benefit I hold

that life:

who, if he

inclination to reflore the Republic^as

an
himfflf perhapsmay
all
defire,and we
has linked himfelf fo

with

wifh, yet he
others,that he has

what

he would.

procedetoo

'**
*'
"

to

But

the power

net

to

do

far ; for

waitingto you : be afTured however of

this,that not onelyI, who have no part in their
am

councils,but

"

know

what

*'

him,
know,

he

"'

death,A. Urb. 707.

meafuringthe

I
:
yet I fear nothing
wifli that I alwaysmay

whofe

"

^19

this,ought to have chofen

to

They are now

and Capen^

*'

*'

CICERO.

to

what

even

will
the

the Chief himfelf does

happen.
times

the times

We

are

not

flaves to

fo neither can
he
:
will require,
nor
we,

what he may intend,^c. [p]"

The
Chiefs of the defarianpart)\ who
courted Cicero fo much
Balat this time, were

*"

bus, Oppius, Matius, Panfa, Hirtius,Dolabella : theywere

all in the firft confidence with
Caefar,yet profeffed
the utmoft afFedion for Ci*
cero
; were
every mbrning at his levee,and perpetually
him
them
with
to
engaging
fup
\ and
the two
lail employed themfelves in a daily
exercife of declaming
kis
at
houfe^for the benefit
of his inftrudion ; of which he givesthe fol*

lowingaccount
"
"

"

in his familiar way

Pastus :
to
Hirtius and Dolabella are
my fcholars in fpeaking; my mafters in eating: for you have
heard,I guefs,hov/ they declame with me,
"

[/] Ep. fam.

Z

9. 17.
z

"'

fup
/

The

540
A.Urb.

707.

^r n-^'

"

"

"

lus

cksAR
M.

^^^^

^^"'''

"

''

III.
"

u^MiLius

Life

In another Letter

them."

fupwith

the

of

History

he

^^^^ Dionyfius,when

^^

tells

driven

Syracufe,turned fchool-mafler at Corinth, fo he, having loft his kingdom of the

to which
Forum, had now
opened a School
he merrilyinvites Psetus, with the offer of a
^^

^^^^

"

Lei^idus.

"

cufhion

himfelf,as his Ufli-

"

feat and

"

ferioufly,I
[^]." But to Varro more
inacquainted
you, fays he^ before,that I am

"

*'

fils: I fee

*''"

it is

no

the

not

honi^ and

to

And
prcved.^^

'*

rule:

now

comply with
onelyufe which

The

what

the times
he made

I do?

can

[r]."
of all this favor

himfelf from

fkreen

mity
calaany particular
in the generalmiferyof the times ; and

to

was,

fcrve thofe

to

"

muft

we

coun-

for
why I fliould not
fame thing,to bear what mufihe
approve what oughtnot to he ap'
again", I do not forbear to fup
reafon

thofe who

"with
*'

all,and afiiftat their

with them

timate

"

"

to

er

*'

"

next

unhappy

who

men,

driven

were

for their
their country and their families,
adherence to that caufe, which he himfelf had
from

efpoufed.Ca^far

meafures,and

in his

him

[a] Hirtium

to

enim

pud

te

magiftros pii-

audifib

"

Ut
cum

illos

a-

declamitare,meapud

me

lb.

dicitur ludum

ape-

amifTo
Tuifle,fic ego
regforenfi,ludum
no
quaft ha"

in

engage

infenfibly

fequetur.lb.

vinus

i8.

Oftentavit tibi,me
iflis
\r']
familiarem, " confiliis

efTe
eorum
cur

intereffe. Quod ego

nolira nihil video.
Non

enim

16.

to

aft idem, ferre li

quid
eft," probare,fi
Dionyfius Tyrannus, ferendum
eft.
Syracufispulfus efTet, quid probandum non

Corinthi

bere

attach him

hadifcipulos
:

cc^nitare.

cos

Dola-

"

ego

dicendi

bellam
beo, ccenandi

defirous indeed

was

cceperim
"

fella tibi eric

ludo, tanquam

Hypodi-

: earn
dafculo,proxiiha

lb. 6.
Non
nunc

delino

apud iftos,
qui
dominantur, coenitare.

("uid faciam
viendum

eft,

temporifer-

lb. 7,

pulto

of
to

M.TULLIUS

CICERO.

his interefls: but he would

eftablilhed
adminiflration,
cared

bear
the

on

be

to

341
part in

no

what theywere
inquire

fo that whenever

he entered

above
fignifies

into their

A.

Urb,

707.

^l^'^^'

his

with
acquainted

ever
country; nor
their affairs,
to
or

he

of

ruins

an

t^uus

doing: c^sar
counfils,M.

lir.

^miuus

^^pidus.

onelywhen
the cafe of fome exiled friend requiredit ; for
w^hofe fervice he fcrupled
no
painsof folliciting,'
and
C^far himfelf ; though heattendingeven
Wwas fometimes fhocked, as he complains,
by the
and the indignity
difficulty
of accefs^
of waitingin
*
Antichamher ", not
indeed through Csfar's
an
fault,who was
always ready to give him audiof his affairs,
the multiplicity
-, but from
by,
aence
whofe
hands all the favors of the Empire werein a Letter
to
difpenfed
[s~\. Thus
Ampius,
whofe
I have {oU
pardon he had procured,
licited your caufe,fayshe^ more
than
eagerly
'-'
: for
prelentfituation would v/ell juftify
my
as

Varro,

to

it was

"

"

"

"

"

*'
**

my

defu'e

to

fee you,

of my

condition

*'

thing that relates

''

"

*'
*'

"

"

''
"

my

conllant

love

for you, mod

cultivated on your
afliduoufly
weak
part, over-ruled all regardto the prefent

"

"

and

and

power
to

your

intereft.

return

and

Every
is
fafety

promifed,confirmed, fixed,and ratified: I

faw, knew, was
prefentat every ftep: for
by good luck, 1 have all Ccrfar's friends engaged to me
by an old acquaintanceand
him
to
: fo that next
friendfhip
they pay the
firft regardto me:
Panfa, Hirtius,Balbus,
Oppius, Matius, Poftum.ius,take all occafions
to give me
affedion.
proof of their fingular
If this had been foughtand procuredby me,
[ / ] Quod
volumus,

ft tard^us fit nia

magnis
quam
a quo
omcupationibus
ejus,

petunrur,

aditus ad

difficiliorcsiuerunt.

oc-

eum

Ep,

fam. 6. 13.

"I

fiiould

"

7J^

542
A. Vfk. 707.
Cic. 61.
C

^MiLiys
Xj^pipv5"

M.

reafon,as thingsnow

Hand,

"

I fhould have

t(

|.Q

*'

thing with the view of fervingthe times ; I

of long {landingwith them
had an intimacy
them on
all ; and never
foUiciting
gave over

cJsAK
III.

of the Life

History

"
"^

no

repent of my

but I have

pains:

done

no-

Panfa
the
I found
however
your behalf:
readied of them ail to ferve you, and oblige
but auhas not
me
onelyan intereft,
", who

""
*'
*'

with Casfar,
^c. [/].'*
thority

"'

But

while

friends,he

he

by the friends
always looked upon
their liberty
-, whofe
followed,would

carefTed

lefs followed, we

not

was

thus

was

of the
him

as

by

Caefar*s

may

gine,
ima-

Republic: thefe had

the chief Patron

of

counfils,if theyhad been

it ; and whofe
preferved
the only hopesthat were

have

authority
gave them
left,of recoveringit : fo that his houfe was as
and his levee as much croudmuch
frequented,
he fays,to
ed, as ever ; fincc peoplenow flocked^
fee a good Citizen^ as a fort of rarity[a]. la
of his
another Letter, giving a fhort account
way of life,he fays, Early in the morning,I
of many honeft men,
receive the compliments
thefe
but melancholyones
; as well as of
gay
indeed
a
Conquerors*, who fhew
very offici**
When
and affedlionate regardto me.
ous
*' thefe vifitsare
I Ihut myfelfup in my
over,
^*
Library,either to write or read : Here fome
of learning
alfo come
hear me,
a man
to
as
-,
"

*'

**

*'

*'

"'

becaufe

*'

they:

^^

of my

am

fome what

more

the reft of my time I

body : for I have now

learned than

giveto

the

bewailed

care

my

alfolebat,quod quafi^vem
fentienvidentur
bene
ros
bam,
\u\Cum
fit
dedimus amicorum
civem videre, abdo me
tern
; quae
in
Ijoc^tiaflii
BibJipthecam. lb. 7. 28.
frequentius,
quam

[/] lb. 6.

12.

falutationi

"i'

country

7'/??^
History

34+
A. Urb.

^c'ff other

effecflon

Cicero, than

make

to

him

no

think

of the natural
fpeak fometimes favorably
entertain fome
to
clemencyof their mafler
", and
hopes from it, that he would one day be perreflore the public
fuaded to
: but excluliberty
five of that hope, he never
mentions
his government
but as a real 'Tyy-anny
his
; or
perfon
other
in any
than as the oppreiTor
of his
ilile,
Country.
he gave a remarkable proofat this time
But
of his'beingno temporifer,
by writinga book in
v/ithin a few
of Cato\ which he publifhed
praife
^^^^

C. Julius
C^sAR
III.
M.

yet all that he could do, had

him:

eafy to

707.
*'

of the Life

^MiLius

Lepidus.

after Cato's

months

left

been

Guardian

He

feems

Cato's Son

to

as

to

have

he

was

alfo

to

this

and judgeteftimonyof Cato's friendlhip

ment
of him, might induce him the more
readi-

"lyto
matter
manner

death.

young

LucuUuSy Caters Nephew [jy] : and

It was
a
pay this honor to his memory.
fmall
of
however
in what
no
deliberation,
he oughtto treat the fubje6l
: his friend?

advifed him, not to be too

Mar in the detail of Cato's
of

and particuexplicit
tent
praifes
-, but to conhimfelf with a generalencomium, for fear
Casfar,by pufhingthe Argument too
irritating

far.
^'
'^
"
"

^^

"*
^'

In

Letter

Archimedean

to

Atticus, he calls this,

problem but

"

an

hit upon
fayshe^ that thofe friends of yours
any thing,
will read with pleafure,
with paor
even
-,

befides,if

cannot

I fnouid

drop the account

of Cato's Votes and Speechesin the Senate,
and of his political
condud
in the State,and
commendation
give a flight
onelyof his contience

"

flancyand

^'

than

this may

gravity,even

theywill care
[j']Ad

Att.

to

hear

13. 6.

but the

DeFinib.

be more,
man

can-

3.2.
^'

not

CICERO.
of M.TULLIUS
34^
he deferves, unlefs it be A. Urb. 707.
be praifed,
as
not
explaned,how he foretold all that ^^"^^'
particularly
he took arms
has happenedto us ; how
to q
Julius

*'
"

"

prevent its happening; and

partedwith lifec^sar III.

M. ^milius
rather than fee it happen [2;]."Thefe were
which he refolved to difplay
with all Lepidus.
the topics
j
the accounts
his force ; and from
given of the
it appears, that he had fpared
work by antiquity,
no
pains to adorn it, but extolled Catd's virtue
and chara5ler to. the files[a].
foon fpreadinto all hands \
book was
The
and Csfar, inftead of expreffing
any refentment,
with
it ; yet declarmuch
be
affeded to
ed,
pleafed

*"
''

anfwer it : and

that he would

while, drew

mean

up

Hirtius in the

littlepiecein the form

Cicero^ filled with objecStions

to
Cato's chara^ler,kit with highcompliments
cero
to Ci-

-ef a

Letter

to

himfelf which Cicero took care to make

public,and calls it a fpecimenof what C^far^s
alfo compofed
like to be [^]. Brutus
work was
the fame fubjedl
and publifhed
a pieceon
; as
well as another friend of Cicero,Fabius Gal',

"

[2;]Sed

de

Catone

k fafta
contenderit,

^9o~

eii. Non
ret,
CAiifxa.
a.^-^^iiJ.\)Siiov

afTequor

fcribam, quod

tui convivae

non

ut

modo

bcnter, fed etiam

irio

tiam

ii

e-

vicam
12

[" ]
quo

Lc.

vlde-

Ad
reliquerit.

4.
M.

Ciceronis

Catonem

ccelo

Tacit.

Ann.

libro,
jequavit,

4. 34.

fententiis ejus die-

tis, fi ab

[^] Qualis futura fit C^faris

lauvoluntate,
contra
vituperatio
dationcm meam
de Repub.
perfpexiex

omni

ccnfiliifque
qu"
habuit, recedam
velim

li-

aequo ani-

legerepoffint.Quin

Att.

ne

eo
libro,
'^iKc^ic^we

gravitatemconftanti-

me

quern

mifit, in quo

Hirtius ad
vicolligit

tia

maxiCatonis, fed cum

ejuslaudare, hoc ipSed
mis
fit.
fum
laudibus
meis.
vere
a..y.\i'7fj-"i
Itaque
-la.idari ille vir non
poteft,mifi librum ad Mufcam, ut
nifi haec ornata
fint, quod tuis librariis daret. Volo
amque

ille ea,

quae

nunc

futura vidcrit,"

funt,
ne

Sc

fierent

eum

12.

"c.
divulgari,

Ad

Att.

40. it. 41.

lus

of the Life

7^^ History

34"S

[c]: but thefe were

comparifonof Cicero's

707. lus
Cic. 61.

A. Urb.

^^^^
T^^Tus

i" which
cIesar'iii.

M.

^MiLius

Lepidus.

in his

miftakes

had

Cato

and

of the

account

been

Brutus

concerned

had

made

tranfadions,

efpecially

on

himfelf

of Cicero

even

Catiline'splot\ in which he had

the Jirft
part and meritsin derogation

in the debates

given him

but littleconfidercdin

Cesar's

anfwer

[d],
tillthe
publilhed
from Spain-, after

not

was

his return
year, upon
the defeat of Pompey's Sons,
next

It

was

labored

anfweringCicero's book paragraph

Cato with all the art
and accufing
by paragraph,
and forceof his Rhetoric^as if in a public
trial
of great
expreflions
beforeJudges["?]
; yet with
towards Cicero ; whom, for his virtues
refpeft
he comparedto Pericles and 'Theraand abilities,
menes
of Athens [/] : and in a Letter upon it to
fhewn
cero,
Balbus, which was
by his order to Cihe faid,that by the frequent
ro's
reading
ofCicebut afCatOy he was grown more
copious:,
ter
read Brutus's^thought
he had
even
himfelf
[^].
eloquent
inveftive

[c]
xnitte.

Catonem

Cupio

tuum

enim

mihi

his miflakes,
to copy
even
than
do
rather
to Cijuftice
legere.
occafion.
that
on
cero

Ep. fam. 7 24.

[^/]Catonem primum fententiam
fione

putat de animadver-

dixiiTe,quam

omnes

ante

dijcerantpraeter Caefa-

rem,

"c.

AdAtt.

12.

libro

"

quid

Caefar,quam

oratione,velut apud
refcripta
Tacit.
?
Judices refpondit
Ann.
4. 34. it. Quintil.
3.
7.

21.

From

this and

ticulars,which
in the
,

[^] Ciceronis
aliud Didator

fame

are

other parmention-

Letter,

we

[/]

Plutar. in Cic.

ed
: mul[g] Legi epiftolam
ta

de

meo

Catone, quo fae-

may obferve,that Salluft had

legendofe
pifiime

dicit copi-

probablytaken

his

ofiorem

Bruti Ca-

of

upon

the

debates

account

Cati-

from
lines Accomplices,
and
chofen
pMs
Cato,
life
of
Bru-

tone

fadlum;

le"lo,fe fibi vifum di-

fertum. Ad

Att. 13.

46.

Thes^

of M. rtlLLIUS
These

rival pieces
were

two

and had
}n Rome;
different parties and

CICERO.

347
celebrated A. Urb. 70^.

much

^q'^^^'

their feveral admirers, as

interefts difpofed
men,
toc.juiius

the author of each : and it C^sak

ill.
or
fubjedl
caufe of I^- ^milius
that theywere
the principal
is certain,,
^*'^ous.
and
cflablifhing
propagatingthat veneration,
of
has fince paid to the memory
which pofterity
favor the

For his

being thrown into controverfy,in that criticalperiodof the fate of Rome,

by the Patron of libertyon the one fide, and
of
of it on
the other, became
the oppreiTor
courfe a kind of Political tefito all fucceding

Cato.

ages

and

the

power.

name

perpetual
argument
and
friends of liberty,
a

if we

But

of

tween
difputebe-

the flatterers of

confider his charader

without

a great and
certainly
worthy
friend to truth, virtue,liberty
a
:
man
;
yet
meafuringall dutyby the abfurd rigorof
falfely
the Stoicalrule,he was
of
difappointed
generally
the end, which he fought by it, the happinefs
both of his privateand public
life. In his private

he
prejudice,

was

ble
fevere,morofe, inexoraall the fofter affections,
as
ral
natubani{hing

condudt, he
;

was

and as fuggefting
falfe
juflice,
motives of ailing,from favor, clemency,
and
the fame ;
affairshe was
: in public
compaffion
had but one
rule of policy
\ to adhere to what was
right
; without regardto times or circumftances,
enemies

or

even

to

to

force that could controul

him

for

inftead of

managing the power of the Great, fo

the ill,or extrad: any good from
as to mitigate
it,he was
urging it always to afts of violence
defiance; fo that,with the heft
by a perpetual
intentions in the worlds he often
did great harm to
the Reptihlic.
his general
This was
behaviour 5
fads explanedabove, it
yet from fome particular
of mind v/as not alappears, that his ftren^th

ways

7he History

^48
A. Urb.

707.

^^c
P
C. Julius
C^sAR
III.
M.

^MiLius

Lepidus.

of the Life

but had its weak

impregnable,
placesof
pride,ambition, and party zeal; which when
nianaged and flatteredto a certain point,would
betrayhim fometimes into meafures contrary to
rule of rightand truth. The laft
his ordinary
2"k. of his life was
and
to his nature
agreeable
he could no longer
: when
philofophy
he^ what he
had been ; or when the illsof life
overbalanced the
of his fedb,was
good',which, by the principles
he put an
end to his
a jiifi
caufe
for dyinglf]',
and refolution,
which
would
life,with a fpirit
make
one
imagine,that he was
glad to have
of dyingin his proper character.
found an occafion
ways

the whole, his life was

rather admirable,
than amiable \ fit to be praifed,
rather than imitated

On

\i\
foon

As

Cicero had

his Cato^ he
publifhed
his piececalled the Orator^ at the requeft
wrote
of Brutus \ containing
the plan or delineation of
what he himfelf efleemed the moft perfedl:
quence
eloof fpeaking.He calls it the
or
manner
fifthpart or book^ defignedto completethe argument

fame

as

of his Brutus^ and the other three^on the

fubje^. It was received with great approbation
had complimented
", and in a Letter to Lepta,who
him

it,he declares,that what-

upon

In

moriundl naftum
quo enlni plura ut caufam
fe tKe. gauderet. cum
funt,qusE fecundum naturam
vero
eft
in
viofficium
caufam
funt, hujus
juftam Deus ipfede-

[^]

"

ta

manere

funt

in

quo

autem

pluracontraria,

derit,ut

tunc

Socrati, nunc

fore videncur, hujus officium

De Fin.
eft e vita excedere.

Catoni,"c.Turc.Qu"ft.i.30
Catoni.--moriundumpotius,
Tyranni vultus adfpiquam

3. 18.

ciendusfuit. DeOiRc.

aut

Vetus

aut

eft enim

fis,qui fueris,non
velis vivere.

Ep.

ubi
efle

non
cur

fam. 7. 3.

[/] Cato fic abiite vita,

1.31.

Non
immaturus
deceffit:
vixit enim, quantum
debuit
vivere.
Marc.

Senec.

Confol.

ad

20.

ever

of

he
judgemejJi

ever

it all into that

on
reputation

He

thanks

to

all the

who

Marcellus

M.
;

in

the defeat of Pom-

from

who

to

Mitylenein Lefbos,
eafe and fatisfadion
that

philofophical
retreat,

from

it appears
art

and

how

and

forced

his Letters, was

him
to
authority
perfuade
the

tranfadied,we

the affair was

Cicero's
was

take

cero,
Ci-

benefit of that grace,

to obtain for him [/].
theyhad been laboring

return,

from

then

of it

account

Proconful

to

Serv.

of Greece

learn

may

Sulpicius,
Your

"
^

is better than

in this

*'

condition,fayshe,

"

that you dare venture

to write your
particular,
do that with fafecannot
even
grievances
; we
ty : not through any fault of the Conqueror,
than whom
moderate,
nothing can be more
which
in civil wars
is albut of victory
itfelf,
have had the advantageof
ways infolent : we
thing; in beingacquaintyou however in one
ed a littleIboner than you, with the pardon
of your collegue
Marcellus
rather indeed
: or
in feeinghow
affair palled
the whole
; for I
would have you believe,that from the begin-

''

"
"

"

*'

*'
*'
"

*'

"

["^]Ita

tres

erunt

de Ora-

fuadeo,

me

ours

quicquld habu-

erim
in dicendo, in
tore
: quin: quartus, Brutus
jr.dicii
Div.
De
iilum
Orator.
librum
i.
contuliffe.
2.
tus,
Ep.
Oratorem
meum
tantopere farn. 6. 18.
a

te

deo

Julius

vehementer
probari,
mihi,
;
qiiidemfic

gau-

[/] Ep. fam. 4.

7, 8, 9-

percc

nina:

III.

^milius

Lepidus.

ufe all his

But

C.

fpeechof c^sar.

fpokethat famous

707.

^^'^^'

rijkhis

of it [k].

the merit

Pharfalia,retired

as

which

to

Csefar,for the pardonof M.

himfelf

to

content

was

he lived with fo much

where

to

worky

this Marcus
at

to

and

had thrown A. Urb.

was

Senate.

pey

he
fpeaking^

in

349

grantedupon the interceflion of the

with
Cicero had a particular
friendfhip
familyof the Marcelli ; but efpecially

which

with

had

likewife

now

CICERO.

rULLIUS

M.

A. Urb.

707.

ningof thefe miferies,or ever fince the public

righthas been decided by arms, there has
nodiingbeen done befides this with any dignity. For Csefar himielf,after havingcomplainedof the morofenefs of Marcellus,for
in the ftrongell
^q i^g called it, and praifed
the equity and prudence of your conterms
declared beyond all our hopes,
du6t, prefently

"

^Cif*'

**

"

C.

JuLius

C^sAR

of f/jeLife

The History

3 fo

\U.

**

M. JEmilivs

"

Iepidus.

(c

*'

*'

received from
he could refufe nothingto the interthe man,
the Senate did
What
cefiion of the Senate.
by
this : upon the menticn of Marcellus
was
Pilo, his Brother Caius having thrown himoffence he had

that whatever

*'

*'
*'
*'
*'
"
''

*'

"

'*

felf at Caefar's feet,theyall role up, and

towards
manner
forward in a fupplicating
:

afked their opiwho were

all therefore,
had returned thanks to Cjebefore me,
Volcatius^ (for he declared,

when

*'

nions

"

far, excepting

*'

that he

*'

had

*'

*'

''

^'
*"'

*'

*'

*^

*'

**"

**

^*

**"

Cas-

in fhort,this day'swork appearedto me

that
fo decent, that I could not helpfancying
:
reviving
I faw the image of the old republic
far

**

*'

went

it,though he
Marcellus's place,)
I, as foon as

Would

been

in

not

have

done

called upon, changed my mind ; for I

had reiolved with my felf to obferve an eternal
filence,not through any lazinefs,but the lofs
was

Casfar*s greatnefs
former dignity
of my
-, but
of mind, and the laudable zeal of the Senate,
of my refolution. I gave thanks
got the better
and have
therefore to Casfar in a long fpeech,
myfelfby it,1 fear,on other occa-

deprived

fions, of that honed

quiet, which

was

times

my
but

unhappy
fmce I have hitherco avoided givinghim offence, and if I had always continued filent,
a
as
it perhaps,
have interpreted
he would
proot of my takingthe Republicto be ruined,

onely comtort

in

tliele

"

I Ihall

The

iiji
A. Urb.

707.
Cic. 61.

Roman

TuLius

C\t.sar III.
M. ^MiLius

Lepidus.

and

reafonable

no

fo free

that
ftrange^

the

Life
will think it

man

addrefs

an

all his power,

heightof

^^ ^^^
C

of

History

to

Conqueror,

iliould want

to

be

But
temperedv/ith fome few ilrokes of flattery.
the following
pafTagefrom the oration itfelfwill
the truth of what I am
faying.
juftify
to be the end
"If
this,fayshe, Casfar,was
ads, that after conquering
"of
your immortal
all your enemies, you fhould leave the Repub*'

*'
"

"

"

''

*'
*"'

is ; conlie in the condition,in which it now

fider,I befeech you, whether your divine virexcite rather an admiration of
not
would
tue
real glory: for glory is the ilthan
any

you,

luflrious fame of many

to

mains

*'

by

**

*'
"
''

"
"

",

you
and
debt

and fulfilledthe ends of

your country,
of living,
nature
you may
by a fatiety

your
then tell us,

*"*

more

"

mind,

^'

"
"

"*

if you

that
pleafe,

long enough: yet what

call long, of
can
really
fure is

"

eftabliflithe

to

"

**

one

Republicagain, that
in peace
of it yourfelf
may reap the benefit
you have paid this
profperity.When

for when

*'

there is
", to

you

*'

*'

part therefore flillreadt more

to be performed

This

of mankind.

race

''

''

friends,our

our

and great fervices either

country, or to the v/hoie

that end
to

to

know,

be
was

have lived

is it after all, that

which

once

there is

come,

we

end

an

all paftplea-

nothing,fmce no
expeded. Though your

be reckoned

of it is
I

is

you

never

as

content

thefe

with

has afnature
of life,which
fignedto us, but inflamed ahvayswidi an aris this innor
:
dent love of immortality
deed to be confidered as your life,which is
narrow

bounds

comprized in this body and breath ; but that,

that,1 fay,is your life,which is to florifh in
will
of all ages : which pofl:erity
the memory
itfelfpropagate. It is to
chcrilh,and eternity
"

this

"

*'

*'

TULLIUS

M,

of

CICERO.

this that you mufb attend

form yourfelf
muft
: which

already

admire,

to

this that you

", to

A. Urb.

*--"
,,
"

-r

"

that

It

may

hear

and

amazed

*'

provinces; the Rhine,

*'

your innumerable
infinite monuments,

*'

fplendidtriumphs:
ellablilhed again by

unlefs

"

will
counfils,your nam^e
will
have no certain
far and wide, yet
wander
where to fix itfelf There
feat or placeat lail,
will be alio amongil thofe, v/ho are
yet unthat
has
been
born, the fame controverfy,

"

"

"

tions

the

"

fomething defective in
thingabove all,if you

"

fkies

others

*'

''

certain a6t of wifdom.

*'

fore

fhould

and

that

find
one

extinguifli
to
by reftoring
liberty
not

there-

reverence

v/illpafsjudgement

Judges,who

thofe

to

Pay

with lefs parin ages to comie

^ and
tiality
perhapsthan we ", fince theywill neither

*'

you

upon

"

be biaifed

by

hatred

affection

by
or

to

envy

'

lation

'

the

to

you

yet it

you,

to
prefent,

and

ever
may
praifes.Various

obfcure

did

we

but in

''

caufe

"

tween

two

Vol.

II.

arms
were

the

you
a

have

no

re-

at
certainly

manner,

that

no

the lufter of your

incHnations of the

their

opinionswholly divided :
difFe-ronelyin fentiments and wifhes,

Citizens, and

''

were

prejudiced
thoughthis,as
nor

then

concerns

a6l in fuch

oblivion

nor

party,

or

falfely
imagine,fhould

fome

*'

ac-

of civil war,
be looked upthe one
may
your country : for
the eiTecSlof fate,but the other is the
as
on

*'

**

your

perhaps will

them

this flame

"

will extoll

fome

v/hen

us

to

your

indeed

and

amongil

"

M.

but

*'

wifdom

Julius

c^sar

iir

^milius

the Ocean, the Nile ; ^^epidus.

battles,incredible vidlories,

City be

this

"

roltenty will be
of your commands,

you.
read

"

to

ix

T^

"

prailem

707.

has many
things ^^^' 61.
Ccff.
fomethino- flijj,
^

wants

yet

3^3

alfo and
dubious

camps
and

the

celebrated Leaders
A

the merits of the

contention
m.any

be-

doubted
*'"

what

^^-'^History

3*5'4
A.Urb.

707.
C1C.61.

what

""

cc

gj^|..

JuLus

'"

C.

C.^sAR
M.

III.

iEMiLius

iEPiDus.

was

the

was

of the Life

befl

n^iany what
lawful,"c.

many what was-convenidecent j fome alfo what

was

[^]"

though Csfar took no ileptowards reftoringthe Republic,he employed himfelf this

in another work
fummer
of generalbenefit to
mankind % the reformation
commodating
of the Kalendar ", by acthe courfe
of the year^ to the exa5l courfe
of the Sun \ from which it had varied fo widely,
confufion in all their acoccafion a llrange
counts
to
as
But

of time.
year, from the whole inflitution
ofNuma, was lunar ", borrowed from the Greeks;
it confided of three hundred and
whom
amongfl:
them
added one more
to
fourdays: Numa
fifty
The

Roman

make

to

thought the
of
deficiency

odd, which

number

the whole

fortunate

miore

and

",

to

was

fillup

the

his year to the meafure of the folar

after the
courfe,inferted likewife or intercalated^
of the Greeks,

manner

an

month
extraordinary

days^every fecond year, and twenty

the twenty third and
three every fourth,between
twenty fourthday cf February[p] ; he committed
cf twenty

two

this month and the fuperintercalating

day,to the Collegeof Priefls ; who in
numerary
of time partlyby a negligent,
partlya
procefs
abufe of
but chiefly
fuperflitious,
by an arbitrary
their truil,ufed either to drop or infert them,
the

as

of

care

found

it was

their

mod

convenient

iPiake the
to
friends,

{/] Pro

M.

Marcell. 8, 9,

current

This
[/)]

was

ufuallycalled

Intercalaris,
though Plutarch

givesit the

donius, which
Roman

of Merce-

name
none

of

writers mention,

the

themfelves
year

or

longer

cept that Feflus

fpeaksof

days under

the title of

fome

10.

to

Mercedonias, becaufe
Merccs
men

upon

or
were

wages

the

of work-

commonly paid

them.

ex-

or

of MTULLIUS
or

fhorter

to

exert

CICERO.

355^

[{], Thus Cicero, when harafled by A. Urb. 707:

courfe of pleading,
a perpetual
prayed,that there ^3?'^^'
mightbe'no intercalation to lengthenhis fatigue
; q
Julius
and when Proconful
of Cilicia,
prefledAtticus C^sar
in.
all his

to
interefl,
prevent

tion within the year

and
government,

that it might not

retard

his

return

M. ^milius
any intercalahis l^^^^^us.

protrad
to Rome
[r].

the contrary, v/hen he could not

perfuade the Priefts to prolongthe year of his Tribunate

Curio,

on

made
that a pretence
by an Intercalation^
for abandoningthe Senate, and going over
to
Caefar \s\
This
licence of intercalating
introduced
the
confufion above-mentioned, in the computation

of their time
months

fo that the

from
tranfpofed

was

the winter months

Autumnal

put

to

into

all their

refolved

the
by abolifhing

the

Autumn,

tillC^far

this diforder

of

their flated feafons

carried back

into Summer

end

an

order

to

fource

of it, the ufe of intercalations; and inilead of the

Lunar to eftablifh the Solar year, adjulled
to the
exad meafure of the Sun's revolution in the Zodiac^
that,

or

to

to

the

period of time,

point,from

this,accordingto

which

fuppofedto be three
days^and fix hourSyfo he
[q]Quod
Numa,

cum

eft.

perlte

polleriorumPontifi-

negligentiadifTolutum
De
Leg. 2. 12. vid.

Cenforin.
Macrob.

[r]Nos
"

inftitutnm

die Nat.

de
Sat.

i.

c.

Ep, faiTV 7.

divided

the

it.

fortunas

primum

intercaUtur.

rat,

Ad

ne

illud

quseinter-

Att. 5.

9.

de in.ercalando

judiciorum
ut
quoridie

quidem.

"[jjLevifTirae
"

as

Jlxtyfive
days into

prsfuki atque prsmuni

13,

14.

ita deftinemur,
votafaciamusne

and

calecur

20i

turns
re-

of that age,

hundred

Per

it

and

ib, ut iimus annul

hie in multitudine

celebritate

it fet out

the Aftronomers

was

in which

enim, quia

non

cbtinue-

ad popnlum ^transfagit
loqui cccp^t,
Ep.

pro Carfare
fam. 8. 6.

Dio. p.

148.

2.

twelve

The

55"5
A.Urb.

707.
Cic. 61.

n
C

M.

twelve artificialmonths, and

-^MiLius

Lepidus.

io

Life

to

complete courfe,he ordered

7

the

fupplythe defihours, by which theyfell(hort

the fix

ciencyof

of the Sun's

JULIUS
Ctesar
III.

of

History

be intercalated

arter

tour

every

day

between

years,

the twenty third and tiventyfourthof February[/].

make
this new
Year begin,and proBut
to
he
regularly,

cede

was

forced

to

infert into the

extraordinary
months^ between
year, two
December
of thirty
and
the one
November
;
current

three^the other of thirty

four days\ befides the
month of twenty
ordinaryintercalary
which

fell into it of courfe

to fillup
ceflary

loft

to

which
of

the number

three

days^

all ne-

were

days,that

were

the old year, by the omifTion of intercalations^

and to replacethe months
in their proper

\ii\ All this was efFedled by the care

and fl^illof Sofigenes,
a celebrated Afironomer
of
C^far had broughtto Rome
for
Jlexandria^whom
Kalendar \Y2iS formed
that purpofe
: and
a new
[.r]
it by Flavius a Scribe^digefted
according
upon
feafons

to

the order of the Roman

manner

and the old

Feftivals,
of computingtheir daysby Kalends^Ides,
which

and authorized
publiflied
by the Dilator's Edi^^ not long after his return
the longeft,
from Afric. This year therefore was
o^ fifteen
known
that Rome
had ever
; confifting
fivedays^and is
months.^or four hundred and forty
called the lafi
[jy];becaufe it inof the confiifion

and Nones

was

tro

[/]

This

day

was

called

riis

nobis

ratio

temporum

its being a
from
BiJJ'extus,
of the
or
duplicate
repetition
Sixth of the Calends (j/^
March,
fell always on
the
which
24th; and hence ovs Interis flillcallcnlnr\ or Leap-year

congrueret, inter Novembrem

" Decembrem
menfem
adje-

ed

J. C?ef. 40.
[a-]Plin. Kill. N.

BiJJextile.
\u\ Quo

pollcnimex

autem

Kalendis

magis in
janua-

cit duos
nus

"

alios

xv.menfium

is anfuitque

confuetudine

calario,qui

ex

eum

inciderac.

annum

[j]

Inter-

cum

Suet.

18. 25.

Adnitente fibiM.

Fla-

vio

the

mencement

tinues in

C^sar
M.

"

and intereftwith

Csefar,in

in exil

now

was

been

in

in which

the

on

in the

African

confiderable

had

however

Brothers

two

Ligarius;

ing
of his hav-

account

born

he had

Casfar's fide

on

the caufe of

C^far,
againfl

arms

His

mand.
com-

always

being recommended

and

by Panfa, and warmly fupportedby Cicero, had

almoft prevailed
for his pardon; of which Cicero
account
givesthe following

in

Letter

rius
Liga-

to

himfelf
Cicero

I would

ploy my

*'

to

fingulosita

ad

detulit,ut

ordo

"

veniri facillime
vento,
raret

you

Diclatorem
in-

eorum

be

made
by a regulation
^j;?^/^ Gregory A. D. 1582.
oned

for it
that

eaque

confufionis ulcimus

of

ut

annus

in

quadragintait
quadringentos

tres

Sat.

I.

Macrobius

which

227.
this

makes

found

was

to

all

Church

caufcd

ac-

add-

ly

counts, ninetydays were

ed to the old year of 355.

[z]

This difference

old a?id

neuj

ftihwas

of

occafi-

ten

the

the

then

foleninly
Gregory, by

days

and

current

4th

the

accordingto

were

funk

the
the

on

all the feftivals of

fettled ; Pope
year to confift of 443 days,
faid
the
advice of
but he {hould have
445,

fince, according;

be

to

2\Jiof March

dies tenderetur. Macrob.

14. Dio.

fallen,
Equinox was
from
time
the
ten
days
the Council of Nice, when

t^ty back

fadum

re

havingbeen obferved,
computationof the

the

" inpoffet,
perfeve- Vernal

ftatus

certus

"

Ligarius.

aiTured,that I emv/hole pains,labor, care, fbudy,in

have

dies
fcriba,qui fcriptos

vio

^Emilius

after the affair of Marcellus, Cicero had

his eloquence
occafion of trying both

another

"

III.

Lepidus.

Soon

been

oia

fiile \%\

new

war,

that of the

any other variation,than

without

who

357

A. Urb. 707*
year, with the comJulian,or folar
of the enfuingJanuary; which con^Qq^^'
ufe to this day in all Chriftian Countries,c.
Julius

troduced

and

CICERO,

rULLlUS

M.

of

and

Aflronomers,
to

be entire-

thrown
year,

15th

out

of

between
of

Ofto-

ber.

"

procuring

A.

Urb.

707.
Cip. 61.
TuLius

C^ffiSAR III.
M.

iEMiLius

Lepidus,

cf

TJje History

55S

the

Lifo

procuringyour refloration : for as I have evier

afFedion for you, fo the fin\^^^ j-j^g
greatefl
^'
gularpiety and love of your Brothers, for
well as
as
''whom,
yourfelf,I have always

"

cc

the utmoft
efleem, never
fufferme
profeiTed
of my duty and fer^q negledl
any opportunity
But
what
vice to you.
I am
now
doing,or

"

cc

*'

you learn from their

Letters, rather than mine ^ but as to what I

have

"
"

I would

have

take

be

done,

"

hope, and

"

that 1 chufe

"

if any

*'

events,

to

to

acquaintyou

be timorous

man

certain

affair,

in your

myfelf: for
and dangerous

with

in great

fearingalways the v/orft,rather

than hoping the befl, I am
he ; and if this be
be free from it ;
a fault,confefs myfelfnot
to

"

"

and

the twenty feventh of November, when,

the defire of your Brothers, I had
been
at
earlywith Casfar,and gone through the trou-

"

yet

"

"

on

*'

ble and

*'

ence

"

thrown

''

what

of gettingaccefs
indignity

when

your

themfelves

Brothers
his

at

your caufe and

and

circumftances

came

"

Casfar's difcourfe,which was

but from his eyes and
rous,

"

''

audi-

relations had

feet,and

that your
perfuaded,
away
certain : which
I colle6led, not

"

and

I had faid,
I
required,
pardon was
onely from

ijiildand genelooks, and many

other fiofns,
which I could better obferve than
defcribe.
It is your part therefore,to behave

"

"

with
yourfelf

"

"

you

'*

''

''

*'

'^

'

have

firmnefs

and

and as
courage;
born the more
turbulent part prubear this calmer
(late of things

dently,to
I fhall continue
frillto take the
:
chearfuliy
fame pains in your affairs,
if there was
the
as
in them, and will heartily
greateit
difficulty
in your
behalf, as I have hitherto
fupplicatc
done, not onely Csfar
himfelf,but all his
"

friends.

The History

of the Life

have been in thofe

in
fentiments,

q6o
A. Urb.

707.

Cic.6u
C.

TuLi'us

C^sAR
M.

in.

^MiLius

Lepidus.

which

"

not

cc

j^g

"

while he is
or
y^^ ^^^^ y"^^^ fecret thoughts,
to you
pleadingfor another, what may occur
himfelf.
about
little he is
See, I fay,how
See with what a
afraid of you.
courage and

"

"

cc

to

himfelf

owns

have

to

been;

does

nor

he

of fpeakingyour generofity
and wifdom
gaiety
I will raife my voice to fuch a
infpireme.
peoplemay hear
pitch,that the v/hole Roman
After the war
nor
me.
was
onely begun,

"

"

''

"

C^far, but

"

in great meafure

when
finifhed,

I v^ent by choice
by no necefTity,
and judgment to joinmyfelfwith thofe,who
do
had taken arms
againlt
you. Before whom
I faythis ? why before him, who, though he

'*

driven

was

''

"

"

be true, yet reflored me

{ten
public,before he had even
it

knew

"

''

to

^'

wrote

''

the fame

^'

when

"

dominion

*'

other; and

*'

*'

as

to

from

me

he

the

was

of

the Re-

me

who

that I Ihould

be

alwaysbeen ;
onely Emperor within

and

Egypt,
I had

that

man,

to

fuffered

Rome,

to

me

the

be

the

hold my laurelled Fafces,as long

I thought them worth holding [i?].Do
to

"

call

then, Tubero,

you

*'

wicked

'^

has

never

for what

reafon ? fince that caufe

yet been called

call it

condud:
Ligarius's

by that

name

fome

"

indeed

''

fpeak more
feverely,
hope, ambition, hatred,
the word, ralhnefs ; but no
at
obflinacy
; or

"

*'

befides you,

man,

^'

For my

"

nuin

''

for

"

^'

midake,

wary

has
I

others fear ; thofe who

ever

called it wickednefs.

invent

proper and gefor our

name
calamity,I fhould take it
kind of fatality,
that had poiTefTed
the un-

part, were

minds

of

that
ilrange,

men

to

fo that

all human

none

counfils

can

think it

were

over-

["^]Pro Ligar.3.
^^

rulecj

CICERO.

M.TULLIUS

of

by a divine necelTity.Call
unhappy, though we
pleafe,
fo, under this Conqueror; but

ruled

''
''

you
be

"

of

"

"let

be

them

let them

*'

crime, of
on

died with

"

fuch

"

view

"

from
yourfelf

"

the
an

but

you

did

When

we

-,

guiltof

^^^^

charged

thole who

ever

hear any

? or what other
you, Casfar
than to defend
in the war,

?
injury
"

you
but

confidered it from

feceffion
a
war
a
not
as
firfb,
hoftile,but civil difienfion : where
-,

not

as

both

through
difference,
partlyof counfils,partlyof ina
good :
clinations,deviated from the common
almoil equal;
of the Leaders was
the dignity
though not perhaps of thofe that followed

fides wiflied well

''

"

"

"

"

them

"

"

was

the caufe

the

but

Republic:

yet

then dubious, fince there

was

fomethingwhich

either fide

"

to

now,

might

one

on

approve
needs
muft

that

be

thought the befb, which the Gods have faafter the experienceof your cle'^ vored
", and
with that victory,
^'
mency,who can be difpleafed
in
'^ in which
fell,who was not actually
man
no
Arms
[c]?"
ly
The
Speechwas foon made public,and greedibought by all : Atticus was extremelypleafed
with it, and very induflrious in recommendingit;
by Letter,
fo that Cicero fays merrilyto him
:
fold my
have
You
Ligarianfpeechfinely
I will make you
I write for the future,
whatever
and again, your authority,
the Publifher :
has made my littleoration famous :
I perceive,
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

*'

lb. 6.
"

for

707.

^p*^**
[u^hus

M.

angry

be

Urb.

fell", c^sar

thofe who
the

thingfrom
had

fpeaknot

let not

him.

"

"

be

never

can

ever
fury,of parricide,
of
Pompey, and on many

Cn.

then, if A-

us

ambitious; let them

obllinate

be

"

"

furvive, but

who

us

of

^6i

III.

^milius
DUS.

A. Urb. 707.
Cic. 61.

for Balbus

"c

theyare

T?Mus

^^^^

which
cJsAK^ll

M.

JEuiLivs

Lepidus.

the

Life

Oppius write me word, that

wonderfullytaken with it, and have
^^^l ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^" ^^^ fuccefs,

"

"

of

7)5^ History

36z

and

with, made Tubero afiiamed of the

figurethat hp made in it; fo that he appliedto
Cicero, to have fomethinginferted in his favor,
it met

mily^
of bis wife^and fome of his fa-

with the mention

who

the fpeech
was
himfelf,hecaufe

excufed

had he

nor

relations: but Cicero

Cicero'snear

were

mind, he fays,to make

^uhero^s condu^
LiGARius

got abroad:

any

for
apology

[^].
was

of

man

zeal
diftinguifhed

of his Country: which was

the
for the liberty
and of
reafon both of Cicero's painsto preferve,
After his reC^far*s averfenefs to reftore him.
turn
lived in great confidence
found him a fitperfonto bear
he

who

Csefar
confpiracy
againil
taken

the time

ill near

Brutus,

in

of

vifitto him,

but

with

Brutus,

part in the

happeningto

be

it's execution, when

beganto lament, that

hour \ Ligarius^
fickin a very unlucky
fallen
prefently
himfelf
upon his elbow and taking
raifing
Brutus by the hand^ replied:
Brutus^ tf
yet fiill^
I am
to do any thingworthy of yourfelf
you mean
Brutus's opinion
did he difappoint
well [/] : nor
he

was

of him, for we find him

the confpirators.

afterwards in the liltof

culam mififfe. lb. 19.

[//]Ligarianamprseclare
vendidifti. Pofthac quicquid
[f] Ad Ligarianamde uxdetibi praeconium
Tiiberonis," privigna,
ore
fcripfero,
Ad Att. 13. 12.
feram.
poffum jam addere,
neque
eft
enim
neres
video,
u
t
pervulgata,
Ligarianam,
prsclare audoritas
davit.

Balbus

"

commen-

enim ad me
Scripfit
Oppius, mirifice fe

probare,ob
ad

tua

Cffifarem

caufam

eamque
fe oratiunearn

volo defenque Tuberonem

Miriiice eft enim 9/dere.

Act^T/(^.

[/]

lb.

20.

Plutarch, in Brut,

In

'

of M.TULLIUS

CICERO.

363

called away
In the end of the year, Caefar was
In greathaft into Spainto oppofethe attempts

Pompey's Sons, who, by

of

father's name,

become

were

the credit of their

mafters

againof

all

of the
that Province, and with the remains
Labieniis,Varus, and the other
troops, which
had gathered
Chiefs,who efcaped,
up from Afric,
once

were

the

more

field with

in condition
him

where

to

try the fortune of

the great

danger,to

expofedfrom this laft effort of a

his cafe muft
broken party, ihews how defperate
have been, if Pompey himfelf,
with an
intire

which

and

he

veteran

was

army,

had firftmade

country for the fcene of the

Cicero

choice of this

war.

all this while

palTedhis time with lit-A. Urb. 708.

Cic. 62.
tie fatisfadion at home, being difappointed
of
J^"^the eafe and comfort, which he expedledfrom
his new
marriage: his children,as we may ima- c^sa^^^^
gine,while their own mother was Hving, would Didator III,
bear with a young mother in law in the M. ^milius
not
eafily
The Son efpecially
houfe with them.
was
pref-\f^^^^^'.
appointmentfettled for ^^' ^^^^^
fing to get a particular
his maintenance, and to have leave alfo to go to
ther
Spain,and make a Campaign under C^far whihis Coufin Quintus was already
ro
gone : Cice-,

did

not

; and endeavoured
approve this proje6b
from it ; reprefentto difluade him

by all means
draw a juft
ing to him that it would naturally
it enoughto
reproach
upon them^ for not thinking
theyfoughtagainft
quittheir former party unlefs
he
would not he pleafed
it too \ and that
to fee his
there than himfelf
Coufinmore
regarded
\ and promifingwithal,if he would confent to ftay,to make
him an ample and honorable allowance [^]. This
^

diverted

[^]

De

Hifpaniaduo

attuli

-,

primum idem, quod

tibi,
me

The History

364

of the Life

A. Urb. 708.divertedhim from the

Cic. 62.
defireof
fj.Qj3^
|-i^e

of Spain; though
thoughts
j^Q|.
removingfrom his Father,
houfe in the City,with a
^^^ taking
a feparate
C. TuLius
diflin6tfamilyof his own
; but Cicero thought
CiEsAR
Diftator III. it bell to fend him to Athens, in order to fpend
M. ^Emilius ^ fe^
and poyears in the ftudyof Philofophy,
^^^^Letters ; and to make the propofal
agreeable,
M^^^E^iiit
*

tbat would enable

offered him an appointment,
Nohihim to liveas fplendidly
as any of the Roman
who then refided
or
Acidinus^
there^
Bibidus^
lity,
Mejfala[h]. This fcheme was accepted,and
foon after executed ^ and young Cicero was fent
to Athens, with two
of his Father s Freedmen^L.
^ullius Montanus^ and TuUius Marcianus^ as the
Intendants and Counfellors of his general
conduft,
diredlion of his ftudieswas
while the particular
of the places
left to the principal
Philofophers
ripatetic
the chief of the Peand above all to Cratippus,

Sed; \f\.
and
In this uneafyftateboth of his private
he was
life,
opprefled
by a new and mod
public
the death of his beloved daughter
cruel affliction,
her divorce
Tullia; which happenedfoon after
and humor were
froirfDolabella
; whofe manners
been
to her. Cicero had long
difagreeable
intirely
whether
with himfelf and friends,
deliberating
Tulliafhould
not firji
fendthe divorcej but a pruvcreri vituperationem
:
quos Athenis futures audio,
fatis efTe fi hasc arma
non
majores fumptus faduros,
etiam
?
contraquod ex eis mercedU
reliquifiemus
quam
bus accipietur.
lb. 32.
ria ? deinde fore ut angerea fratre familiarita[/]L.Tullium Montanum
tur, cum

me

te

" omnia

Velim
mea

vinceretur.
gratia

magisliberalitate uti

quamfualibertate,

Ad Att. 12.7.
Praellabonee
[""]
ttec

nofti,quicum

Cicerone

pro-

fedlus eft.

lb. 52, 53.

Quanquam te, Marce

jam
Bibulum, tippum,"c.
annum

Acidinum,necMeffalam, it.2.

fib'.

audientem CraDe Off. 1. i.

2.

dential

of M.rULLlUS

CICERO.

Dolabella's power
of ufe to
was
Casiar, which

dential
with
cafe

and

regardto

feems

times

withheld

have

to

with

enough to part

him

him

intereftA.
in thefe

[k]. The

fended

TulUa, but did

not

care
a

-,

fmce

Cicero

Dldator

to

credit

ob-

to

had twice de-

the confent of both

^^'

for it gave no
rent
appathe
between
to
ro
Cicefriendlbip
interruption
and Dolabella,which
they carried on v/ith
ihew

the fame

fides

of

affection,and

of
profeflions

each other, as if the relation had

towards
refpedl

mil fubfifted.
died in childbed,at her hufband^s
confirms
the probability
which
of

TuLLiA

houfe\m\ \

their agreement in the divorce : it is certain at

lead,that fhe died in Rome ; where Cicero was
he fays,
detained^
by the expe^Iation
ofthe birth and
^

back again
firji
payment of her fortune
who was
then in Spain: fhe was
livered^
defrom 'Dolabella^
and fuppoas it was
thought^
very happily^
fedto be out of danger; when an unexpedledturn
to

receive the

in her cafe

put

an

end

to

of her Father
fiblegrief
[/f]Te
fera

ut

oro

de hac mi-

"

nunc

quidem

denunciare
tur, "

mitti, "c.

fuit difcidio

ipfevidetur

mihi igiplacet

"

tibi nuncium

idem

re-

Att. xi. 23.

Ad

vid. ib. 3.

hoc

tempore,

tatlo

Sc

quse conci-

We

multitudinls,
ignore.Si
iratuseft,
in
quiesta-

metuendus

ab ilia fortallenafcetur.
fara.
Ep.
14. 13.
[/]Cujus ego falutemduobus
capitisjudiciisfumma

men

defendi

contentione

fam

de nuncio reQuod Icripfi

mittendo, quje fit iftius vis

inexpref-

[;?].

cogites melius quidem

mihi
peffimis
"

her life,
to the

3.

Ep.

x.

[^m]Plutarch

[n]Me

Rom^

nino Tullice

meas

in Cic.
tenuit

partus

om;

fed
cum

'

J^^^^"tJ^
^^^

of an

HI.

^^- ^milius

him
in capital
caufes [/]
preferved
feems mofl probable,that the divorce
amicable kind ; and executed at lafl by

and

lb that it
was

t^"^'

wilHngc'^sar'^*

',

reverence

708.

v/as

break with Cicero, whofe friendfhip

was
and whom
him
to
gratitude
obhged him
ferve and

Urb.

^^^- ^2.

Dolabella,he

the fame with

was

365

'

A. Urb. 708.
Cic. 62.

of the Life

The History

366
We

have

of the ifTue of this birth,

account

no

writers confound

which

with that which

happened

Coff.
C.

Julius

delivered at the
three years before,when fhe was
of a puny male child : but
end of feven months

Didator III. whether

from

the

or the fecond time

firfl,
of her lyingin, it is evident,that fhe left a So?t
Lepidus.
who furvived her, and whom
ro
CiceMag. Equit. hy Dolabelky

M.

it was

^Emilius

mentions

ticus, by the
him

to

than

more

in his Letters to At-

once

of Lentulus

name

fee

the Child,and
vifit

:
["?]
defiring

due

taken

care

him what number offervants

of him, and to ajfign
he thought
proper \f\.
and thirty
about two
TuLLiA
was
years old

of her death

the time

at

which

been

and

by

the few

hints,

left of her chara6ler,appears to have

excellent and admirable woman
: fhe was

are
an

and
affedionately

mofl
Father

and

to

obfervant
pioufly

of her
the ufual graces of her fex,hav-

iV. B. Mr.

quemadmodum fpe-

ea

cum

taro, fatis firma fit,tenor

dum a Dolabellae promen,

himfelf

Bayle declares

to findAffurprized,

conitisFeed,

fo

ill

informedof

penfionem.

the hijlory
of Tullia,as to tell
death fhe
Pifo's
tiSf that after

18.

fwas

curatoribus
"

exigam primam
Ep. fam. 6.
Father's

\o'\The

names

tulus
Publius Cornelius Lenlall
Dolabella ; the two

were

beingfurnamcs

acquired
haps
per-

married to P. Lentulus
died in child-bed at his
^

and

there

are

t^vo

[/] Velim

cum
aliquando,

Lencommodum,
puerum vifas,eiquede

erit tuum
tulum

mancipiis,
quae
tur, attribuas"
28.

Quod

tibi videbi-

ad

Att.

Lentulum

valde gratuxn. lb. 30

ctiam 18.

12.

and

reft

at

but

on

Mr.

who

did

not

the fame

fays,
tarch
Plucount
ac-

the miftake will

on
Afconius,
Bayle himfelf,
from the
refleft,

lall,not

authorityof thofe Ancients,

that

Lentulus

Dolabelia's

See

was

one

by

names,

of

which

called indifferently,
as

was

invifis,woil
vid.

contained, he

confirms

he

"

fhort account,

three lies. But

or

by adoption, and diftinches

the different branguifliing
of the Cornelian famiiv.

in which

horfe:

by
Bayl.
as

TuUia,

not.

any

of the reft.

Didion.

Artie.

k.

ing

'^be History

^68
A, Urb. 708.
Cic. 62.

"

fometimes

"

refiit as

by
interrupted
well

C/"SAR^^^Atticus
M. ^MiLius
Lepidus.
g.

qui

handle
As

"

to

what

to

*'

credit and

*'

fhould

*'

''

''

to

"

to

you

me

or

Aftura

*'

read

fo much

*'

is

leiTen my

know

not

what

grief? who
took
refuge at

when

denied

ever

me

? I

me,

I have

as

from

went

fparks,who
able

not

are

ac-

who

come,

ever

v/here thofe gay

fault with

afraid,

are

Is it, that I fhould

that I
is impolTible
or
:

complain of

to

find

*'

I do

any man
did any one

was

"

*'

he

me.

lefs fo ?

had reafon

*'

com-

opprefTedwith

be

houfe,

your
cefs

the

which

to

grieffhould

my

that

not

ever

was

to

give people

write, that you

of

have

grieveP

not

bufinefs,and

authority
;

would

"

yet able

not

am

and

you

left the excefs of

men

tears, which

put him gently in

himfelf fo immoderateaffliciing

"

"

my

anfwer.
following

the

makes

Life

hurt his charader, and

cenfure his weaknefs :

j^^ j^^ would

a

the

quit this retirement,

to

with

friends

i-nind,that, by
.

him

himfelf

his

of

pany

but

I can,

as

urged

divert

III. and

Diaator

of

written

well,

how

to

even

nothingto the purpofe,yet it is of a kind

which no
body could write with a difordered
in my
gardensabout
I fpenta month
mind
"

Rome

**

I received all who

where

",

eafmefs

*'

the fame

*'

while I
ment,
and
in reading

*'

*'

are

me,

[r]In
omnium
in

mane

denfam
inde
dum

ante

"

more

as

mo-

employingmy whole time

writing,thofe, who are with
than
fatiguedwith their leifure,
careo

colloquio,
cumque
fylvam me abilruli
afperam,non'exeo
vefperam. Secunmihi

this very

am

hac folitudine

te, nihil

At

before.

with

came,

amicius

folitudine.
nis fermo
cum

cui

In

ea

eil

cum

mihi

om-

litteris;

fletus :
interpellat
quoad poiTum,
repugno
tamen

fed adhuc

pares

non

fumus.

lb. 15.
"

I with

of

TULLIUS

M.

I with my

"
"

not

pains. If

in fome

"

not

"

the feafon

369

aflcs,
why I

one

any

", becaufe

Rome

at

CICERO.

it is vacation

time

much

*'

the

''

part of the year.

"

body fhall find any thingamifs, either

"

looks

"

with

*'

thefe times, I have loft it indeed for ever

will never
part with my conftancyand

*'

Baise, chufes

at

When

difcourfe

or

which

to

that

in my

the

miferyof
;

but

firm*

^c. [jj."
fpeech,

very officious liketheir complimentsof condolence,

wife in

making
adminiftring
arguments

of comfort

to

him

himfelf,in the hurryof

the reil,Csfar

among

his affairs in

him a Letter on the

Spain, wrote
occafion,dated from Hifpalis^
ofApril\f\:
thelaft
Brutus wrote
a
nd
another,fo friendly affe5iionate^
that it greatly
moved him [?/]
alfo,one
: Lucceius

of the

moft

efteemed

of that

age, fcnt
him two \ the firflto condole, the fecond to exwith him for perfevering,
to cherifli an
poftulate
writers

ufelefs grief
[^]: but the

unmanly and
Letter of Ser.

pieceof

is thoughtto
Sulpicius
kind.
confoiatory

the
Ser.

"'
*'

was

ought to
[i] Ad
f/j

Att.

to M.
Sulpicius

be,
12.

to

":
ac-

datas prid.
cepiconfolatorias,
Ad Att.
Kal, Maii, Hifpali.
13.

20.

as

hear of the death

40.

Csefare litteras

be

following
mailer-

T. Cicero.

concerned,
exceedingly

indeed

of your

" amice, multas

prudenter

tamen

mihi

lacrimas

runt.

lb.

13.
Ep. fam. 5.13,

[a-]Vid.

attule*

12.

14.

["] Bruti litteras fcriptae

Vol, II.
B b

"

IIT.

be, in this ^-^milius

Rome, no- ^
Equit,

chearfulnefs,

feafon

to

or

to

come

to

Julius

his other friends were

All

and

as

ufed

we

nefs,either of mind

"

where

I am,

bear fo c^sar
eafily
he, who has Didator

"

company.
beft houfe

to

708.

S^^'^^*

why

fuitable

of my villa's,
more
becaufe I could not

A. Urb,

am

daughter

A. Urb.

daughterTullia

708. ""

Cic. 62.

cc

afflidion

"

^^i^h. you,

"

to

Julius

C^sAR

Diaator

of the Life

TbeHisroKY

370

III.

M. ^Emilius

"

which

to

common

what

you,

"

*'

^^

performedby

real fhare I take ia

of

confolait is

who
friends and relations,
and
grief,

with

overwhelmed

are

bufinefs

it my

and lamentable,as

^JQj^ ^g 1^^^ wretched

Ea^uit^^
Mas^

made

upon as an
If I had been

grief. Though that, kind

your

both.

have

I would

convince

us

I looked

cannot

en^

tafk without tears, and feem to

upon their
*'
rather themfelves,than to be
comfort
want
I re^'
in condition to adminifler it to others.
what
*'
folved therefore to write to you in iliort,
mind : not that
*'
occurred upon it to my own
not
that the fame thingswould
VI

"

ter

imagined,

*'

occur

alfo

to

*'

griefmight

*'

them.

but that the force of your

hinder your attention ta
pofTibly
you,

reafon is there

What

tlien

to

difturb

this melancholy
fo immoderatelyon
*:'yourfelf
fortune has already
*'
occafion ? confider how
it has deprivedus of what
how
treated us

*'

''

"

*'

*'

ought to

be

as

dear

to

as

us

children

our

After fo
honors.
country, credit, dignity,
miferabie a lofs as this,what addition can it
mifto lufFer one
make
to
our
grief,
poffibly
?

how

mind, after being

and
grow callous,

*'

fortune

*'

not
exercifed in fuch trials,
think every
thingelfe of inferior value ? but

"

*'

**

m.ore

or

can

fake that you grieve?

is it for your daughter's
as
refie6l,
yet how often muft you neceiiarilybe
do, that thofe cannot

frequently
*V I.rnyfelf
*'
*'

*'

"

*'

*'

''

hardlydealt v/ith,v/hofe lot it has

been in thefe times, without fufrering
any atFoi?
fiiftion,to exchange life for death.
circumftances that
what is there in our
prefent
could give her any great invitation to live ?
bufinefs ? what
what
hopes? v/hat profpe6t;
before her ? v/as it to pafsher
of comfort
days
faid

to

be

"

**
*'
**

*'

*'
"'

CICERO.

of M.rXJLLIUS
days in the married

folne young

ftate,with

-^- Urb.

dignity,might have^ j.^^^^^g

chofen what fon-in-Jaw you pleafedout of all C/esar
Dilator
IIT.
our
youth, to whofe fid^elity
you might fafely
^^
have trufted her,) was
it then for the fake of !^the

on

of your

account

^"^'^

L
"'
''
*'
*'
**
*'

clients ? but what

*'

was

*'

to

of all this,which
before it was
even
given

is there

taken away,
her P but it is an
not

children.

our

It is fo

fuffer,what

lofe

evil, you'llfay,to
;

yet it is much

now

endure.

greater
1

*'

to

"

thing,which has given

fm^all comfort, and m.ay helpalfo perno
me
haps to mitigateyour grief. On my return

"

*'

we

help mentioning

cannot

one

*'

from

*'^

the
Megara, I began to contem.plate
of the countries around me : ^gina"
profpe6t
behind, Megara before me ", Piraeeus on
was
the right
the left : all which
on
; Corinth
lie
famous
and
now
florifhing,
towns, once

*'
*'
''
*'

Afia,

as

*'

this

*'

within

*'

fret and

*'

happen

**

yet fo ihort, when

noble cities lie here

fight,I

could

to

to-

Why

wilt

view

Servius,
thyfelf,
born

how

do

think
v/e

upon

prefently

poor
of our

mortals

friends
ourfelves,if any
die, or to be killed,w^hofe life is

*'

art

but

not

myfelf,alas !
vex

in their ruins

buried

*'

*'

jSerina

wards

overturned, and

"*

failingfrom

was

*'

*'

EPI

ihe might have ^^-^ m^^

bearingchildren,whom
the pleafureto fee florifhing
afterwards, in
the enjoymentof their paternalfortunes, and
all the honors of the date,
to
gradually
rifing
and
ufing the liberty,to which they were
of their friends and
born, in the protection

*'

*'

738.

^q'^^^'

know,

(for you,

P
firir quality

of the

man

^Ji

man

tie confirmed

by

carcafTes of fo many
expofedbefore me in one
the

thou
and

remember,

Believe
this

then

not

me,

v/as

command
that
not

thou
a

: try
conternplatioa

B b

lit-

the

*Vforce,

DU

S
.

^Q\xiU
.

A. Urb.

C. TuLius
C.5;sAR
M.

force of

708. "

C1C.62.

Diaator

of the Life

57?^ History

37^

III.

^MiLius

it

therefore,if you

"'

and imagine the

yourfelf
;

"

^"^^

y^'-^^

^^^

when

^^^
^^
^y^^*
you confider how

"

home

"

greateftmen

cc

^i^^j- deflrudion

what
^ult pii*ej
Ti/^^^E
**

can

have

of the

"

who, if

'^

have
necelTarily

"

that

*'

But

*'

was

Hie had

the

think rather

*'

and

"'
'^

''
*'
"
"

"

''

"

''

*'
''

''

*^

not

died

died

once

what

-,

be

how

deprived

littlewoman
this

at

time, muft

few

condition

on

our

in the Em.-

to

one

years after,fmce
of her being born.

from
recall your mind
kind, to the confideration

'^

''

made

ihocked

fleetingbreath of

''

of

many

in all the Provinces

be lb much

you

nearer

come

latelyat
perilhed

has been

havock

"

pleafe,upon
fameprofpe6t.be-

reflectionsof this
of

becomes

yourfelf
; and
your character

dignity: that your daughter lived, as

as
long a.";
^ong as life was woi-th enjoying,
feen her Father
the Republic fl:ood ; had
Prastor, Conful, Augur ; been married to the
noblefb of our
youth -, had tailed every good
the Republic fell,then
in life-, and when
quittedit : what ground is there then, either
for you, or her, to complain of fortune on
that
? In fhort, do not
this account
forget,
are

you

Cicero

", one,

who

been ufed al-

has

and give advice to others ;

prefcribe
who preimitate thofe paultry
nor
Phyficians,
other people's
tend to cure
difeafes,
yet are
but fuggeft
their own-,
rather
able to cure
not
which you would
the fame leflTon,
to yourfelf
give in the fame cafe. There is no grieffo
to

ways

''

great,

"

viate

which
:

but

leneth

it woukl

of

time

will

not

be fhametull

alle-

in you
prevent it

to

for that time, and not to

by
**
if
there
be
wifdom
^tn^Q
:
btfides,
any
your
her
and
love
''in the dead, fuch was
pietyto
"

^'

wait

you

thac Hie mufl

be concerned

to

fee, hov/-

J
*"=

much

"
"

**
"

"

*'

"

much

Give
affli6t:
yourfelf.

you

made
fince fortune has now
Laflly,
ourfclves to
to accommodate
to us
it neceffary
our
prefentfituation ; do not give any one a

think, that

to

afhamed

write

"

feem

''

therefore but

"

We

"

nobly, Vv'ithgreat

"

{t\^\ let

"

with
verfity

"

to

will add

prudence; and
thingfarther,and

one

conclude.

feen you bear profperity

to yourhonor and applaufe

fometimes

have

bear adfee, that you can

fame moderation, and with-

now

us

the

thinkingit a greater burthen

ought to do : left in the number

than

out

other virtues,this
be wanting. As

to

laft be

at

one

"

the Province.
His

with

anfwer

what

cafe

was

Adieu

been

had

calm

the fame in effe6t

"

that his

examples,

for his
collecting

which

"

imitation,of

*'

children

"

in the ftate was

times, v/hen their dignity

*,' in

great meafure
but for me,

**

tune

''

thofe ornaments,

had

who

firmnefs

with

to

all

is the ftate of

"

men,

and

how

word,

he gave to all his friends ;

all the
different from
he

I under-

fjy]."

was
Sulpicius

to

thought to

more

here, and what

on

you

of all your

when
myfelf,

ftand that your mind is grown

compofed, I will fend you

thingsgo

*'

left 1 fiiould

more,

any

diftruft your

to

"

'

born

fince

",

the lofs of

compenfatetheir
fayshe^ after I had

which

Ep. fam.
\.y'\

you

own

they lived

in

able

misforloft all

enumerate,

and

4. 5.

B b 3

*^

-'^milius

j^i^^'^ljP

fo much

not

are

you

^'

daughter,as the ftate of the

vidory of certain perfons.I

your
times, and the

am

*'

^2-

Didator III.

beoccafion.

"

"

708.

your

bewaihng

*'

A- Urb.

to

t"^

*'

**

this therefore

the deceafed-,giveit to your friends j give it to

that it may have the benefit of (^
your country;
affiftance and advice,whenever there fhall C^sar

handle

*'

^y^^
^^^-

*'

*'

CICERO.

TULLIUS

of M.

whlcli

A.

Urb.

708. "f which

^rff^*
C

luLi'us

^ \i'2iyt
now

"

^"^^ ^^
iiiy

C^sAR

-^MiLius

cc

the utmoft

onelycomfort

loil the

-^^ ^^^^ ^^^"^ ^^ ^^^

^^^'

thoughts were

country
could

(jo-htof the Senate; took

tt

"

tnjth

induftryand

"

that all this v/as

was

I had

no

bear the

myfelf, as the cafe

loic all the iruit

fortunes:

"
.

have

to

was,

that

not

Lepidus.

pains,

Republic,
by ferving

diverted

not

friends or my
either my
inclination to the Forum

"

jDidiator III.

acquiredwith

I had

"

"

M.

cf the Life

^^'^ History

574

yet when
to

common

or

refledled,

and

you,

my

to

ma-

myfelf;and was for^

; I
cing myfelftherefore to bear it tolerably
had flillin Tullia, fomewhat
alwaysto recur
in whofe
''to, in which I could acquiefce
; and
fv/eet converfation I could drop all my cares
and troubles : but by this lafl cruel wound,
well

others,as

"

ny

to

as

^'
"

"

"

all the

*'

broken

cc

relieve the

''

cc

cannot

'"

"

in the

the

effeftupon

houfe

publicmy

him

can

ven,
dri-

am

the Forum

eafe

domeflic

at

my
one

public
[2]."

of his friends had but tle

litall the relief that he found,

readingand

from

fo I

I feel

but

houfe, as

my

remonftrances

The

home

at

remedy abroad

my

Republic

afI]i(5i:ion
which

well from

nor
grief,

was

any

neither

fmce

I found

what

by

home, find
as

the

uneafinefs,which

now,

(C

be healed, are
for as I then could
to

again afrefh :

out

me,

gave

feemicd

reft,which

"

in vyhich he
writing,

em.ployedhimfelf;

and

tinually
con-

did what

beforehim^ draw up a treatife

for himfelf from which he proof confolation
feffes to have received his greateft
comfort ;
time
at
a
Though he wrote it, he owns,
he*
when, in the opinionof the Philofophers,
Vian

had

ever

done

-,

"

"

"'

was

not

fo wife

as

[s:]Ep. fair.. 4.

he

ought to

6. it.add

12.
Att;.

have

been;

28.

^^but

7he

576
-A.Urb.

708.

Cic. 62.
C

C^sAR
Diaatorlll.
M.

^MiLius

Lepidus.
^'

of

History

the

Life

defignof this treatifewas, not onely

tQ relieve his own
mind, but to confecrate the
of Tullia to all pofterity
virtues and memory
;
did his fondnefs for her flop here; but
^or
efFeftual confuggeiledthe projed of a more
eredta templeto her^ and
fecration,hy building
an
jpigj^^j.-j^^Q ^ ^Qj.|.^jTj)Qiiy^It was
opiof
himfelf
the
which
he
nion
conPhilofophers,
circumftances
favored,and in his prefent
ftantly
indulged, that the fouls of men
particularly
of heavenlyextradion : and
that the
were
But

the

"

*'

*'

**

and chad,
body, returned
pure

theywere

*'

fruition and

**

ture

*'

",

**

*'
*'

**
"
**
*'

*'

the

fountain from

fubfift

grovelbelow in the dirt

thole inferior regions." He
that

wifdom

the

as

confecrated

the

which
the

in
eternally

of the Divine
participation
the impure and corrupt were

whilft

Naleft

darknefs

and

of

declares therefore,

of the antients had

deified many
excellent per*
fons of both fexes,whofe Temples were
then

and

remaining;the progeny of Cadmus; of Amphitryon; of Tyndarus ; fo he would perform

*^ the fame
*'

to

to

"

*'

their diflblution from

derived,to

*'

'^

at

honour

to

Tullia

who, if any

crea-

deferved it,was
of all the mod
worthy of it. I will do it therefore.Jayshe^

ture

had

ever

and confecrate thee, thou beft and moll learned of women,

admitted into the affemnow
blyof the Gods, to the regardand veneration
of all mortals

[c]."
In

\c\ Non

enim

omnibus

il-

cere

cocuerunt;

caftos

autem

arbitrati iuiu eli fapientes

undem
curfum in coelam paNam
vitiis " fceleritere.

inanimos, puros, integros,

bus contaminatos

quodam

tenebras,at^ue in

deprimiin
cceno

ja-

corruptos, bonis etiam fludiis

leni
atque artibus expolitos,
ac

facili

lapfa ad

I)eos,id eft, ad n"aturam

fui

fm^alem

of M.rULLIUS

CICERO.

^77

A. Urb. 708.
In his Letters to Atticus we find the flrongeft
^^^' ^2.
and impatience
of his refolution,
to fee
cxpreflions

defignexecuted
fayshe-, it is not

this
^'^

cc

if it be

it
"

I will have

"

divert

to
poffible

finifhed this

not

Temple, ^

from

me

fummer,

t^l^j^s

c^s^^

I fhall Didator HI.

myfelfclear of guilt I am more ^- ^m'lius

the execution of it,than Jjj^^^^p
bound
to
religioufly
'^jt
the performanceof his
to
was
ever
man
any
bric
vow
[i].'*He feems to have defigneda Fafettled
of great magnificence
-, for he had
the planwith his Archited, and contradled for
of that
Pillars of Chian marble, with a fculptor
not

think

Ifle;

where

"

"

**

*'
*'

the work

both

and

the

materials

of any in Greece
[e\.
him to a Temple^
One
reafon, that determined
he
rather than a Sepulchre^
v/as, that in the one
other he

"

Confolat.
Cum

bus

atque

"

ex

foe-

hominiefle

numero

in urbi-

eorum

nionem

Difp.1.

veneremur,

fapientise,
num,
quoinventis
"
turn
omingeniis
vitam
" inftitaturn
Icgibus
excultam conftitutamqueEgo
fii ullum

Quod

confecran-

animal

unquam
dum fuit,illud

fuit.
profedlo

36.]

erit
"

'vid. Tufc.

"

fierivolo,

erui

niii hac

eorum

habemus.

i.e.

Att. 12.

ne-

poteft.[Ad
Redeo

ad

Fa-

asftate abfolu-

fcelere

me

libera-

putabo. [ib.41.]

non

majore religione,

me

quifquam

quam

eo-

opi-

xi. 12, 30, 31.

[d~\Fanum
mihi

ad

mortalium

omnium

confecrabo. ib.

agrisauguflifTima
que
aflentia-

locatam,

ccstu

rum

"

mares

complures

templa

nem

"

vero

in Deorum

bus

tis

Ladtantio

ex

videamus,

rum

confined

was

Diis ipfis,
in
pervolare Fragm. probantibus

fimilem

minas

whereas in the
^expenfe,
by law to a certain fumm,

in the

Hmited

not

was

mur

efleemed

the moft

were

voti,obftridum
Dc
\_e']

Fano

fuit uliius

puto. Ib. 43.

illodico"

Amphitryonis neque de genere dubito,plaaut

Tyndari in cet enim mihi Cluatii. [ib.
progenies,
tollenda fama
caelum
fuit, 18.] Tu tamen
cum
Apella
Si

Cadmi,

huic

idem

candus
faciam

timam

aut

honos

eft.
;

teque

certe

Quod
omnium

di-

quidem
op-

Chio

confice

de

columnis,

[ib.19.] vid. Plin.

36. 5.

Hift. N.

6.

dOi^iffimamque,
apwhich

^e

378
A. Urb.

he could

708. which

Cic. 62.

fumm

j^g ^gjjg ^3^

^g

that he
t)ut a refolution,

Diaatorlir.

M.

alfo

Life
the

to

public: yet

j^Q^ ^|,g ^l^-g^ motive,

had taken, of making

^^g

cIesar

The

[/].
apotheofis

proper

the

excede, without the forfei-

not

of the fame

ture

Coff.

of

History

onely difficulty

ujEmILIUS

-yy^S

Lepidus.

Mag. Equit.
mihi venit

[y] Nunquam
in mentem,
in

turn

quo

^^tt^

monumentum

nefcio

quam

plusinfum-

quid,quod lege

conceditur, tantundem
t^o. :

pulodandum

quod

nifi ne-

moveret,

iiiagnopere
fcio quomodo,
taffe.

Nollem

mine

niii

ponon

dhoyco^for-

illud ullo

no-

honors

dead

r.crtah ; and
tkeir very Vuhlicans had decided that quefto

how

tells us,

tion in Basotia

lands

of

for when

the Immortal

e^:cepted

leafe, by the

laiv

c,v"?

their

cf the

Jors, they denied,

could be deemed

Fani

Gods

of

out

were

the

Cen-

that any
immor-

an

n.'Joohad

been a
cnce
appellari.talCady
fimi- man
the lands cf
[Att. 12. 35.] Sepulcri
; and fu made
litudinem effugere
non
tarn
JmpkiarausandTrophcnius
pay
the
nvith
the
iludeo,
taxes
legis
ftune
rejij.
propter pcrnain
maxime
ut
afTcquar[de Nat. Deor. 3. 19]. Yet
quam
in a political
a^^jio^'i.i'^aiv.
lb. 36.
view
he fomefad feems

This

confirm

of the book

the Author

what

to

Wifdom obferves on the

originof Idolatry; that it
was
owing to the fond atfecof

tion of
do

fcekingto

Parents,

honor

their deceafed

to

children.

times

recommends

ftup of
whom
to

mankind

had

advanced

to

of

inferior Gods,
it inculcated,in a manthe

ner

father^ fays dodrine

7he

wor-

thofe fons of men,

their eminent fervices

the rank
as

the

moft

the
fenfible,

of the Soul's hnmor-

ivith an
he, opprejjed
:
[de Leg. 2. xi.] And
unex*
tality
fmce
the mof
a
temple was
peSledgrieffor the fudden
antient nx;ay of doing honor
death of his child,aftermakhad
deing an imageof him, beganto to thofe dead, who
ferved
him
Hift.
it;
a
Gody
though
[Plin.
ly.^
nvorjhip as

he

but

nvas

dead many

certain ritesand
enjoined
ries to his

dents.

it

and

ants
fern)

[Wifd. xiv.

15.]

the moft

as

of

memory

perpe-

and

prai-,

fesof

TuUia;

real

ing to

take the benefit of the

exalt his

daughterinto

Deity:

knew

abfurd, as he

be

it

method

But

to

to

conlidered

depeu- tuatingthe

thoughtafter all
it

he

myjie- effeftual

Cicero's

not

was

and

he

often declares,to ;^aydi'vine

popular
follow

the

and

was

will-

fuperlHtion,and
of
e^'^ample

Antients, who

had

aiid civilizedhuman

thofe

poliflied
life,by

conijpcrating

cf M.TULLIUS

CICERO.

379

placethat fuited his purpofe: his A. Urb. 70S,

to ptirchafecertain gardens
cr of
firflthoughtwas
s
q^^'
and
the
in
the c.
the 'Tiber which lyingnear
city,
Julius
draw
the
moft
to
re-C^sAR
a
view,
were
likely
public
I^""^atorIII.
he prefof
votaries
his
fort
to
new
Temple ;
^^'^^""^
for him ^t ?^'
fes Atticus therefore to buy them
any rate, without regardto his circumflances ; y[^" Equity
find

to

was

"

*'

*'

fell,or mortgage, or be conrather than be difaplittle,

would

he

^'

fmce

"

tent

"

and remote
: Groves
places,he fays^
pointed
were
proper onelyfor Deities of an eflablifhed name
and religion
; but for the Deification
of mortals, publicand open fituations v/ere

"

"

*'

live

to

on

(Irike the eyes,

to
neceffary,
notice of the people." But

*'

"

and

attradt the

found fo

he

ny
ma-

obilrudiions in all his attempts of purchafing,

that to fave trouble and expence, Atticus advifed
build

in one of his oizn lilla^sj to

lafi
he feemed
which
inclined, left the fummer
fhould pafswithout doing any thing: yet he was
which
of his villa's he fhould
irrefolute ftill,
chufe ; and
the
on
by rePiedling
difcouraged,
changeof maflers^to which all privateeftates
were
expofed,in a fucceiTion of ages ; which
and demight defeat the end of his building,
ing
ftroythe honor of his Temple ; by convertit to other ufes,or fuffering
it to fallinto
rums
[^].

him,

to

at

But

fuch
ccnfecrating
virtue
their

the

to

fellow Citizens,

Mongault.
1

patterns of

veneration

Not.

i.

of

Vid.

ad Att.

18.

2.

[^]
tio
omni

fant in infinita
illud

eft,

ineunda

nobis

quemadmodum

mutatione

ra-

in

nihil

dominorum,

qui innumerabiles

fieri poi-

"

"

re-

"
vedligalibus,

egeo

efTe pofTum.

contentus

Cogitointerdum
rim

"

poiTit.
Equidem jam

manere

parvo
Sed

potentate

quafi confecratum

hortos

quidem ob

maxime

trans

Tibe-

aliquosparare,

nihil

hanc
enim

caufain
video

quod

^he

380
A. Urb.

Cic. 62.

after all his

But

708.

'ofthe Life

History

zhouttKi^ ^rempkyit

Coil.

fince

find

eagernefsand follicitude
was
never
aduallybuilt by*

of it in any of
the ancient writers; which could not have been^
had ever
been
Diaator III. omitted, if a fabric fo memorable
that as his griefevaereded [hX It is likely,
M. -^MiLius
Lepidxjs.
porated,and his mind grew more calm, he beYam

',

we

mention

no

C^sAR^"^

Mag. Equit.

more
philofophically
g^j^ ^Q confider his proje6t
;
and to perceive the vanityof expecting
any laflwhich time iting gloryfrom fiich monuments,

felf,in the courfe of

few ages, mud

neceflarily

that as he made no
at leaft,
:
deltroy
iteptowards buildingit this fummer, fo Casfar's
death, which happened before the next, gave
frefh obflrudion to it, by the hurryof affairs,
in
it engaged him ; and thoughhe had not
which
of it, but contiHill whollydropt the thoughts
nued
and to fet apart a
make
to
preparation,
fund for it [f]
\ yet in the fhort and
bufyfcene
it is certain

quod

celebre effe pofTet.yet when

tarn

[ad Att.

12.

19 ] De hortis,

atque etiam te rogo.

[ib.22.] Ut fcepelocuti iu-

etiam

domino-

commutationes

mus,

the

to

away
this

it was

removed

Cicy,
in

it

three

in-

mouldered

days. But

onclythe hafiycon-

was

jeftureof fome

learned

of

that time, which, for want

reformido. [ib.36.]Cenmi
ib. 37,
of authorityto fupport
lebritatem require,
it,
[ /?"] Caslius Rhodiginus foon vaniihed of itfelf;for
no
was
tells us, that in the time of
ever
infcription
prothe

Sixtus

found

near

pian
Tonib
of

way,
of

4th,
Rome

up

gold, and

was

Ap-

whofe hair was

netv/ork of

which, from

infcription,
the

duced

was

in

was

be

the

the
over-againft
Cicero, the body

woman,

drefled

there
on

body

the

thought to

of Tullia.

by

fufFeredno

Appian
P.hod.

has

any fe.

was

on

the

vid. CjeI.

way

Ledlion.

antiq.1,

\.

24.

[/]Quod
rebus

from time
injury

tabam.

nor

mentioned, that I
of, by any other au-

pulchre of Cicero,

fo well preas to have

fpices,

intire,and

ferved

know

conlirm it^

thor; that there

c.

It

to

it been

ex

receptum

ad illud fanum

Ad

iftisfruftnofis

ell, id ego

fepofitum
puAtt. 15. 15.

of

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
of

remained

which
life,

him, he

to

3S1
had A. Urb. 708.

never

^l^'^^'
tJ'lius

leifureenough to carry it into execution.

fo fond of folitude,
that q
grown
become
all company
was
uneafy to him ; and C^sar
his friend Philippus,
the Father-in-law of Diaator III.
when
He

now

was

Odlavius, happenedto

his villa in that^'

to

come

^^ilius

he was
littledifturbed at jvhg'^Equ
not
a
neighbourhood,
of being teized with
it, from the apprehenfion
his vifits and he tellsAtticus, with fome plea',

fure, tbat he bad

called upon ^him cnelyto

fay a
end went
hack again to Rome^
jhortcomplhnent^

giving him

without

alfo

Pubiilia

v/rote

any

trcuhle

him

word,

and Brother intended

jhe would
her leave

he

woidd

and

Mother

but

"

not

in the moft

his

anfvver was,
to

ever

have them

earnefb

come

that

receive ny^
compaand left they

without

iliouid come
watch

terms

begged

than
indifpofed

more

was

that her

wife

wait

to

fhe

which

and fubmifTive

His

upon him^ and that

alongwith them^ if he would give

come
;

\k].

their

leave, he defires Atticus

motions^and give him notice^that

might contrive
peremptory

to

avoid

confirms

them

what

[/J.

he

denial fo

Plutarch

to

fays,trhat

in difgrace
with hiniyon account
wife Was now
of her carriagetowards his daughter^and for
at her death : a
crime, which^
feemingto rejoice
bis

tendernefs of

in the

adkuc

[k] Mihi
fuic hac

us

heri
lb.

enim
12.

multis
ut

heri

Romam

me

Philippus:

nam

ftatim
falutavit,

profedusell. lb. iS.

[/jPubiilia
fit,matrem

ego

paterer :

ad

fvi.^m

me

liceat,"

cum

Pub-

orat

ut

fibirefcribam
etiam gra-

vius ei^eaffeclum,quam
cum

illidixiflem,me

effe

velle, quare

hoc

tempore

fcrip- nire
ut

Te

verbis
lupplicibus

me
refcripfi,

veritus, non

eram

obturbavit

"

"

venturam,

me

fi

una,
:

16.

Quod
ut

nihil pri- Jilio ad

foljtudine,
quam

PhilippustoUat
vefperivenerat.

ne

vereor,

his afflidlion,
appearedto

earn

te

hoc

tuqa,

foium

nolle
ad
nunc

me

me
ve-

rogo

explores, lb. 32.

him

T^Be History

382
A. Urb.

C. Julius
CiESAR
Didator

To heinous, that

he

thoughtsof feeingher

any

more

him,

to

708. him

Cic. 62.

of the Life

inconvenient

^^^

to

could
;

not

bear the

and

thoughit

part with her for-

this time, yet he refolved to

III. divorce^as
a
proper facrifice to the
tune

at

Tulha
f:^^,'^'
Lepidus

honor

of

\ni\
likewife about this time took

Brui^us

Mag. Equit.

fend her

refo-

puttingaway his wife Claudia, for the

fake of takingPorcia, Bihulus's widow, and his
Uncle Cato's daughter. But he was
much
cenfured for this llep; fince Claudia had no llain
nobly born ; the Sifter
upon her charader ", was
of Appius Claudius \ and nearly
allied to Pomthough Cato's
pey ; fo that his Mother Servilia,
feems to have been averfe to the divorce,
Sifter,
in the intereft of Claudia, againft
and llrongly
Cicero's advice upon
that if
her Niece,
it was,
Bruins was
refohedupon the thing,he fhoulddo it
the beft way
to
out of hand, as
put an end to
people'stalking\ by fhewing,that it was not
done out of levity
or
to the times,
complaifance
but to take the daughterof Cato, whofe
name
was
now
highlypopular\n\: which Brutus foon
after compliedwith, and made Porcia his wife.
There
happened another accident this fumwhich
in the City",
raifed a great alarm
mer,
Casfar
the furprizing
death of Marcellus,whom
lution of

affair of Publi-

de Bruto

is

ferred
refrequently
to, though with lome
in his Letters ; and
obfcurity,
find Atticus employed by
we

confedlum

him

fciam.

This

lia'sdivorce

afterwards

the

Brother

time

and

back

the

to

with
adjuft

Publilius, the

manner

of

fortune.

Att. 13. 34, 47 : 16.

\n\ A te expeCto

paying
Vid.

ad

fi

Niclas

quanquam

putabac, fed

vortium

non

probari.
"

Att. 13. 9.
Brutus fi quid
"

di-

Ad

curabis ut

quidem quam
primum agendum puto, prselertim
lum

Cui

fi llatuit ; f.rmuncu-

enim

erit aut

2.

omnem

fedarit.

aut

lb.

reftinx-^
10.

quid
had

The VL

384
A. Urb.

^cr^*
Julius

cksAR

Diaatorlll.

M.

-^MiLius

inform

to

me

of the

^^^^'^^^ ^^ defire, that I would bring fome

I got fome
togetherimPhyficiansto him.

"

"

C.

fent him

Marcellus

708. " ^hat

of the Life

I ^roKY

"mediately, and
break of day:

away
but when I

"

ce

boy

Acidinus's

r^eus,

was

met

"

great

"

and

*'

on

"

death

"

forward
two

died

murthered

was

man

note

by

bafe villain ^

had fpared
very enemies
of his dignity,received his

account

hands

the

from

his

he, whom
the

Pi-

that
fignified,
day. Thus a

was

"

Marcellus

with

me

before
near

come

^^^"^ ^^^ mafter, in which it

M^ag^Equit.
^
little before
"

them

with

went

of

friend.

went

I found
his tent, where
of his freedmen, and a few of his flaves ;

all the

however

to

refl,they faid, were

fled,beingin

of their mailer's
the account
on
terrible fright,
forced to carry his body with
I was
murther.
into the City, in the fame litterin which
me

'"

"

"

and

"

I came,

"

provideda

*'

condition

*'

'*

*'

*^

*"

"

"'
"

"

own
my
funeral for him,

of

him

"

the Athenians

"

**

would

as

where

the

as
fplendid

allow.

I could

prevailwith the Athenians, to grant a

placeof burial for him within the City ; they
forbidden by their religion,
faid,that it was
:
been indulgedto any man
and had
never
but they readily
granted,what was the mofl:
-defirable in the next
place,to bury him in
their publicSchools,that I pleafed. I
any of
chofe a place therefore,the nobleft in the
Univerfe, the School of the Academy^where I
burnt

*'

Athens

fervants

not

*'

*'

by

and

have

fince

given orders, that

provide a Marble MoI

in the fame place. Thus
for him
nument
have faithfully
performedto him, both when
livingand dead, every duty, which our partrelation
nerfhipin office,and my particular
fhould

"

to

of MTULLIUS
*'

CICERO.

him

The

required.Adieu.
May from Athens [^]."
to

"

M.

Marcellus

which, for

thirtieth of A. Urb. 708*

^'^J^^of

head

the

was

385

family,
q

Julius

fucceflion of many ages, had madeC/ESAR

the firftfigure
in Rome, and was
himfelf adorn- r)i"ftatorIII.
a

ed with all the

virtues,that

fuflain that dignity,

which
noble anceftors. He
had

could

he

him
qualify

derived

formed

from

to

his

himfelf in

^'^^ilius
y^^^ Eault

for the Bar, where he foon

particularmanner
acquired great fame ; and, of all the Orators of
his time, feems to have approachedthe nearefl
in the chajradler of a complete
to Cicero himfelf^
of fpeaking
Speaker. His manner
was
elegant,
with
a
firong^and copious
of voice^
fweetnefs
\
and propriety
of action that addled a grace and lufthat he faid. He was
ier to every thing
a
conjlant
admirer and imitator of Cicero^of the fame principles
in peace and on the fame fide in war
; fo
that Cicero laments his abfence,as the lofs of a
^

companion and partner^

and

labors of life. Of
the

was

in their

the mod

all the

ftudies

common

he
Magiflrates,

fiercefl oppoferof Casfar's power,

and
adtive to reduce it : his highfpirit,
and

the ancient

gloryof his houfe, made him impatient

under
the thought of receiving
mafter ;
a
and when
the battle of Pharfalia feemed at laii
have impofedone
to
them.,he retired to
upon
Mitylene, the ufual refort of men of learning
;
there to fpendthe reft of his days in a ftudious
from arms,
and
the hurry of
retreat, remote
war

and

accept
Brutus

gave

an

determined

grace
paid him

from

any

account

happy under

neither

to

all the

11.

feek,

nor

Conqueror.

to

Here

vifir,and found him, as he

Cicero, as perfectly
eafyand

of the times,from
fuifery

[0]Ep.
Vol.

the

to

fam. 4.
c

the

12.

confcioufiefs

A. Urb.

yoS. confchuffiefs
of his

^r(T^*
C. Julius
Diftator III.

from

Lepidus.

Mag.Eqait.

furrounded

of huprincipal

condition

with the

'

of Greece, and ^ager

Philbfophers
of knowledge; fo that in departing
purfuit
he feemed^he faid,to
him towards
Italy,

Scholars and
in the

u^MiLius

as the
integrity^

^^^^

^^
^^f^

'^^^

cksAR
M.

of the Life

The History

^S6

^^^~ himfelfinto exiL rather than leavingMar-^

^^

jf
^^^^^^

9
in

it

[p],
killed him, was
of a family
fome of the publick
and
offices,

who

Magius,
which

",

had born

S"ueftor
[^]; and

himfelf been

had

tached
havingat-

himfelf to the fortunes of Marcel lus, and

and his exil,was
followed him throughthe wars
him

returningwith

now

to

Italy.Sulpicius
gives

caufe, that induced him to commit

this horrid fa6t: which, by the immediate

hint of any

no

death of

Magius,

could

known.
clearly

never

be

ullo

genere

Marcel[^] Mihi, Inquit,

laudis

prseftan-

pro Marcel, i
Noftri enim
lenfus,ut

Quid igitur tior ?

lus fatis eft notus.

"

?
de illo judicas
quod habiita eft, pace
turus
es fimilem tui
"

"

"

placet. Nam

vehementer

"

omiflis cxteris

didicit,"

(ludiisid

fefeque hoc

egitunum,

commentationiquotidianis
exercuit.

Ita-

bus acerrime
verbis "
que Sc ledis utitur

in

Temper,ficturn etiam in
bello congruebaht.lb. 6.
Qui hoc tempore ipfo"-in
communi

noftro "

fatali malo,

quaft

confoletur

fe

menconfcientiaoptimae

cum

tis,turn etiam ufurpationc

ac

fplendore renovatione doftrinas. Vidi

fit enim Mitylenis
vocis, dignitatemotus
nuper virum,
vidi
"
ut
illuftre,
dixi,
quod atque
planeviIpeciofum
dicitur ; omniaque fic fuppe- rum.
eum
antea
Itaquecum

"
;
frequentibus

ut

tunt,

ei nullam

deeiie virBrut,

oratoris putem.

tutem

367.

vide-

dodliffirim; turn vero nunc

ut intellexi,
viro, tibique

inftrucconfcrlp.amiciffimo Cratippo,
omni
imitamultovidetum
copia,
atque

Patrcs

d, -illo 2emulo
ftudiorum

me

optimarum

ibadio, aut

"

qulsenim

aut
illo aut nobilitate,
aut

qua-

meorum,

fi quodam focio
mite diftrafto"

tate,

in dicendo

mo

Dolebam,
tore

tui fimilem

co-

ell

bam
vid.

Senec.

Helv.

p. 79.

Brut. ibid,

Confolat.

[q] Vid. Pigh.Anna!.

probiartium

iimiliorem.

U.

ad
A.

691.

innocentia,aut
Cicero's

CICERO.

rULLlVS

M.

0f

387

70S.
^-'^J^^conjedurewas^ that Magius^ opprejjed
debts a nd apprehending
fome trouble on that
qct

Cicero's

^'

with

who

been urging Marcellus^

q

had

his return^

fcore at

of them^

his fponfor
for fome part

was

to

j^^i'^^

fur- C^sar

and by re- I^i"^ator III.

nifhhim with money to pay the whole
milius
ceivinga denial^was provoked to the madnefsof^^
his Patron [r]. Others afTigna different
killing
Eqiiit.
jviag.
and the impatience
reafon,as the rage ofjealoufy^
bf feeingothers more favoredby Marcellus^ than
himfelf[j].
-,

As

foon

the

as

reached

news

generalconflernation

hature

fufpicious
thoughtsv/ere
people's

all

of the times,
turned on Csfar,

if he

as

it -, and

contriver

the

and from

f)refently
of
the
y

it raifed

Rome,

from

were

the

fate of fo illuftriousa Citizen, every

to think himfelf in danger : Cicero

began
greatly

man
was

confider it, as the

prelude of fome greater evil to enfue ", and Athis concern
ticus fignifying
upon it, advifes him
fhocked

at

it, and

feemed

private-*
wretched

to

of himfelf,as being
care
particular
who ftood expofed
Senator left^
'theonely
confular
ed
to any envy
[/] But Csefar's friends foon clearindeed the fad itfelf
him of all fufpicion
; as
to be knov/n,
did, when the circumftances came
and
fixt the whole
guiltof it on the fury of
Magius.
to take

more

[r]Qnanquam nihil habeo

quod dubicem, nifi ipfiMagioquasfueritcaufa amentiae.
i'ro quo quidem etiam Sponfor Sunii

id fuit.

rum

non

erat.

cello
ut

fa-!tus ell.

Nimi-

Solvendo

Credo

eum

erat,

conliantius
Att, 13.

ab

eo

Val. Max.
9.
[/] Minime
ferre
graviter

fibi prsferri.

ii.

miror
ce

pluravereri periculi
genera,
hoc timeret, quod

Quis enim

Mar-

acciderat antea,
neque
videbatur nacura
ferre, ut

refpon-

cidere

poflet. Omnia

metuenda,

10.

aliquema[j] Indignatus
C

"

te

Marcello, "

enim

Sc ilium,
petiifTe
aliquid,

diflTe. Ad

micorum

"c.

Ad

nee
ac-

igitur
Att. 13.

10.

Therje

A.Urb.

of the Life

The History

388
There

708.

S^ (T^'

Impofnoife and figure

and pretending

this time

appearedat

bold

began to make a great

Tuu'us ^" Italy,by afTuming the name,
C
but appreMai'ius:
to be the Grand/onof Cuius
CiESAR
III. hending that Caefar would
foon put an end to
Diaator
M.iEMiMus
j^jgpretenfions,
and treat him as he deferved, he
m"' Eqiiit^^"^ ^ patheticLetter to Cicero, by fome young
tor, who

his claim and

juftify
the
againll
protediion
him by their re^
family; conjuring

fellows of his company,

to
defcent, and to implorehis
of

enemies

his

by the poem^ which he had formerlywritten

in praifeof Mariiis \ by the elcqtience
of L. Craffus^
brated^
celehe had likewife
his mother's Father^ whom
that he would undertake the defence
of his
caufe: Cicero anfwed him very gravely,that he
his Kinfman C^far^
could not want
a Patron^ when
fo eyxellent and generous a man^ was now the Majler
of all ; yet that he alfofhouldbe ready to favor
him [u]. But C^efar,at his return, knowing him
lation \

be

to

of

inflead

found

was

name

was

["]Heii

quidamUrbani,

"

manda-

me

litteras attulerunt,

verbis

C.

C.

F.

mecum

agere

nationem,
ciTet,per

qua;

eum

N.

Marium,

Crafli avi

derem
trono

fui,ut

ei futurum

fe defen-

nihil ei Parefcripfi
effe.
quoniam Cdcopus

"

Ionise

Marium

avum

ita fe

12.

Tepties

fibi vendi-

extulit,ut

co-

complures
collcmunicipiafplendida,
giaque fere omnia patronum
decreadoptarent coeterum
veteranorum

"

"

Ca;faris

to

e/Tct,viri
poteilas

gatus, "c,

optimi

Confulem

fciris,
propinqui ejus,omnis
"c

ut
ta-

me

ad Att.

[*"]HerophilusEquarius
mctiicus,

cando,

qu"n

"

49.

multis

per cogfecum
mihi

liberaliffimi;

hominis
men

C.

fcripfiflem,
per eloquentiam
L.

and

Brother

the

videbantur,ad

Mario,

true

prefumptive
came
Ariobarzanes, King of Cappadocia^

heir of

"

of

out

being, what he
be onely a Farrier^ whofe
to
Herophilus[.v].

Ariarathes

ta

Italy
", fmce
pretendedto be, he

cheat, banillied him

extra

Italiam

Val. Max.

rele-

9. 15.

of

rULLIUS

this year
with
lar friendfhip
to

Rome

ful,had, by

his Father

upon

thoughtproper
the

road, and

CICERO.

and

his

decree
fend

to

Cicero had

as

family,and,
of

fervant

invite him to his

A.
particu-

when

to

him

meet

hcufe:

but

he

on
was

venit.

ni hlius Romam

mere

modo

Caefare
luo

nam,

non

habet.

e-

quo
ubi
Om-

Seftius nolter paro-

ilino eum
chus

eft, pedem

nunc

ponat in

Vult,

aliquod

opinor,regnum

tudo

ell,invito

-^^^'^-lus
^^'

teras,

Ad

ut

Att.

[2]

apud me
13.26.

fomni,

quod quidem facile patior, mentem,

quodjnihifumquae, quo

cum

meo,

haberem.

magna

Nihil enim

lb. 26.

Nifi mihi

publicus occupavit:

beneficio

non
ert^,
die, quin

fcribam

Verumtamen
mo

diverietur.

Credibile

quantam
etiam noflibus.

per lit-

eum

veniflet in

hoc

icribere ifta nefcio

verterem

lb,

me

non

10,

fratribus illius necefli-

:
pradical

julius

Didatorlir.

-,

Ariobarza-

70S.

c^sar

alreadyengaged by Seftius,whofe office it then ^^"

Princes and Embafladors
to receive foreign
was,
which Cicero was not difat the pubHc expence
ftate of his domeftic
pleafedwith in the prefent
affairs : he comes,
fays he, / gi^ejs^to purchafe
a
fome kingdomof C^far^for he has not at prefeyit
footof land of his own \j\
whole
time during his folitude was
Cicero's
employed in readingand writing: this was the
dible,
bufinefs both of his days and nights: it is increhe fays,how much he wrote^ afid how little
into that way
and if he had not fallen
he flept
:
of
what to
his time, he fhould
not have known
fpznding
do with himfelf
[z]. His ftudies were
chiefly
which he had been fond of from
Philofophical,
his youth, and, after a long intermifiion,now
refum.ed with great order ; havingtaking
a refolution, to explainto his Countrymen in their own
language,whatever the Greeks had taught on
whether fpeculative
of Philofophy
or
every part
[j?]Ariarethes

Urb.

S^*^'^^*

Con-

Senate, conferred
ihe Regal7///f,he

of the

the honor

389

^q^^

of

^he History

2po

the

Life

*'
For being driven, as he tells us,
:
708. pradlical
62.
Cic.
^c
fj.Qj.j^
|.|^epublic adminiftration,he knew no
^011. 4c ^,^^y^^ efFedual of doinggood, as by inftrud-

A.Urb.

^^^ minds, and reforming

the morals of
i^"^g
the youth; which, in the licence of thofe

''

CiESAR

Didator
M.

III.

^MiLius

^^^E
^ui
^

"
"fc

times, wanted

"

^^^

'*

made

"

confufion of civil

**

fend it after my

*^

for me
impofTible
thingbetter,on

*'

*'
*^

every help to reflrain and corof the City,faysbe,

The calamity

them.

this tafk

to
necefTary

",

*'

the power

^'

of

hid,

*'

afted in fuch

*'

the man,

neither de-

it was
old way ", nor, when
I find any
to be idle,could

which

employ myfelf. My
pardon, or rather thank
to

the governm.ent

that when

fince in the

I could

arms,

Citizens therefore will

me

me

fallen into

was

perfon,I neither wholly

fingle
afflidled myfelfunnecefTarily
nor
;

nor

the times

or

feem

to

as

manner,

angry

yet flattered or
another fo, as to be
nor

*'

admired the fortune of

''

with
difpleafed

*'

from

"

and

**

times into the hands

*'

the many^ fometimes of one : as this

cafe of our own
Republic,fo when I

*'

Plato

privedof

''

felf

*'

mind

**

and

"

*^
^^

^^

and

For

own.

to

my

learnt

former

of

thefe turns
natural ^ fome-

are
a

few^

fometimes

poftin it, I

thefe ftudles,in order

from

had

that
Philofophy,

revolutions of dates

'^

**

my

at

the fenfe of

ferve my country
befl manner
that I was
to

our

at

of

was

the

was

dc-

betook

to

myrelieve my

miferies,

common

the fame time in the

able

for my

books

fuppliedthe placeof my votes in the Senate ;

and of my fpeeches
to the people; and I took
as
a fubilitute for my
up philofophy,
man^geof the ftate [^]."
ment
[a] I)ivin. 2.

2.

"

de Fin,

i.

j.

He

The

592
A. Urb.

708. one

C^sAR

Diaator
M.

chara5Iers

luLius

the

Life

called Catulus,the other Lucullus

^r (T^* iideringthat
C

of

History

of

the argument was

the fpeakerswho
-y

not
were

but

con-

to the
fuited
notparticu-

larlyremarkable for any ftudyof that fort,he

III. was
thinkingto changethem to Cato and Brutus :

iEMiLius^yl^gj^
Atticus

to him, that
happeningto fignify
ted in fome of
to be infer
y^ffo had exprejfed
a
dejire
his fcheme,
reformed
he prefently
his writings^
it into fourBooks, which he addreffand enlarged
ed to Varro ", takingupon himfelf the part ofPhi^
the principles
lo^ of defending
of Academy \ and
that of Antiochus \ of oppofing
to Varro
afTigning
and confuting
them-, and introducing
Atticus, as
of the difpute.He finifhed the
the moderator

jlepidus.

with

v/hole

great accuracy

fo

as

to

make

it a

ceived
worthy of Varro ; and if he was not deprefent
-love too
and felf
he fays,ly a partiality
there was
the fuh^
in fuch cafes,
on
common
nothing
je^lequalto it, even among the Greeks \e\ All
y

thefe four books, exceptingpart of the firft,

are
loft ', whilft the fecond book of the firftedition,
now
which

took fome

he

mains
repainsto fupprefs,
it'soriginal
Title of Lucullus.

ftillintire,under

likewife this year

publifhed

He

nobleft of his

works,

and

of the

one

the nobleft

fubjeft
his treatifecalled,
in Philofophy,
de Finihus,
or of
the chief
written in Arijlotle's
goodand illof man
on

-,

[e]Ergo illam 'A;tct/M^/-ab hpminibusnobiliffimisabXrW,in qua homines, nobiles lluli; tranftuli ad noftrum
illi quidam, fed nullo modo
fodalem, " ex duobus libris
nimis
lo- contuli in quatuor- libriquiacute
philologi,
Varronem
ad
tranfdem
ita exierunt
(nifime
quuntur,
"

feramus

"

Catulo

alibi reponemus.
13.

"
"

Lucullo
Ad

Att.

12.

Quod

ad

me

totam
fcripferas,

de

Varrone

A^ademiam

de^tAAviict

forte communis
in

tali genera

nc
cipit)
Graecos
apud
quidem quicut

quam

fimile.

lb. 13. vide

i;.ib, 16. 19.

manner

TULLIUS

M.

^f

CICERO.

393

[/] ", in which he explaned with great A. Urb. 708.

the feveral opinions
of
eleganceand perfpicuity,
r
^
all the ancient feds on that moft important
quef-c. Juiivi
he tells us, what is the Casar
tion. // is there inquired^
oughtto he I^"^ator III.
chiefend, to which all the views of life
"'^^^^^^*
in order to make it happy: or what ifis
referred,
j
the fupremegood,andfhuns
which nature purfues
as
j^ag. Equit.
work
confifls of
the worfiof ills [g']. The
as
the Epicureandoc*
five books : in the two
firft,

manner

fended
opened and difcufled ; beingdelargely
by Torquatus, and confuted by Cicero,
in a conference fuppofed
to be held in his Cuman
Villa, in the prefenceof Triarius, a young
with Torquatus to vifit
came
Gentleman, who
The
him.
next
two
explanethe do5lrine of the
Stoics,afierted by Cato, and oppofedby Cicero,
in a friendly
debate, upon their meeting accidentally

trine is

in Lucullus's

fifth conLibra7y. The

tains
the opinionsof the old Academy,or the Pe-ripateticks,
explanedby Pifo,in a third dialogue,
of
fuppofedto be held at Athens, in the prefence
Cicero, his Brother ^intus, Couftn Lucius,
and
Atticus,

Critics have

The

in this laft book

to

the

other

in

not

knowledge \h\

But

be

fome

propriety
im-

making Fiforefer

of which
dialogues,

two

fhare, and could

kind

obferved

prefumed to

he had

no

have

any
if any inaccuracy
of that
be really
found in this,or any other of his

[/] Q!?^

autem

his

tern-

vivendi, refleque faciendi

confilia referenda.
'Afgs-oJ'lA.6/.qj/
poribusfcripfi.
^orem

habent

"

ita confeci

quinque libros "arsp/Tihav"-'

quatur
ex

rebus

nature,

pt

Quid fefummum

expetendis; quidfu-

malorum.
giat ut extremum
[g] Turn id, quod his li- De Fin. 1.4.
bris quaeritur,
quid fit finis, [h] Vid. Praefat. Davis in
quid ulti- Lib. de finib.
quid extremum,

jb. 19.

mum,

quo

fmt

omnia

bene

works,

"r

The

qp^

History

of

the

Life

__

be excufed by thatmul70S. works, it may reafonably

Cic. 62.
which fcarce allowed him time
of affairs,
tiplicity
S^^' to write, much lefs to revife what he wrote : and

A.Urb.

cI^hK^^in
Diftator III.

dialoguesof lengthcompofed by piece-meal,

and in the fhort intervals of leifure,
it cannot

M. ^MiLius

feem

Lepidus.

to refume
artificial,

I" ag.

qui.

he fhould fometimes

that
ftrange

his proper

his
forget

character ; and

into a part, which

he had
inadvertently
He addreffed this work to
to another.
affigned
of the fame kind,
Brutus, in return for a prefent
which Brutus had fent to him a littlebefore,"a
treatife
upon virtue [t].
Not
long after he had finifhedthis work, he
another of equal gravity,called his
publifhed
in ^yq books alio,upon
^ufculanDifputations
in Philofophy,
different queftions
the
as
many
m^
of
important and ufeful to the happinefs
^^^^^

',

human

ihe

life. The

terrors

firftteaches us, how to contemn

of deathsand to look upon it as a hlef^

fing^rather than an evil : the fecond, to fupport

with a manlyfortitude
: the third,
pain and affii^iion
and uneafineffes
all our complaints
under
to appeafe
the fourth,to moderate all
the accidents of life
:
the fifth,
other pafjions
to evince the fufficien:
vur
happy.It was his cuftom,
xy ofvirtue to make man
of his leifure,
in the opportunities
to take fome
'

friends with him into the country

"of amufing themfelves with idle

where inftead

or feafts,
fports
ing
tendtheir diverfions were
whollyfpeculative
;
the underto improvethe mind, and enlarge
he now
days
fpentjfi;^
ftanding.In this manner
with his friends
at his Tufculan
Villa^in difcuffjng
the feveral queftions
juftmentioned : for after
torical
employingthe mornings in declamingand rheexercifes,
theyufed to retire in the after-

[/]De Fimb,

i.

j.

noon

CICEtCo.

of M. rtlLLl'US

^9^

called the Academywhich A.'Urb.yofe.

Gallery,
of Philofophical
^^"^:,^'2.
he had builtfor the purpofe
conS^^'x
of the Greeks,
ferences: where,afterthe manner
p
he held a School^
zs
theycalledit,and invited cJsar
that theyDiaator III.
the company
to call for attyflibjeft,
^
'^milius
which being
defired to hear explaned;
propofed
became ^^.^''ly^accordingly
by fortieof the audience,
of that day's
debate. ^^' ^^^*
immediatelythe afguriie'iit
into

noon

Thefe five conferences or dia]o;?ues

he coiiedted
in the 'Very
afterwards into writing,
words ''arid
in which they
and publilhed
manner
really
paffed^
them under the titleof \{\sTufctilan
Difputtittons^
of the Villa,m which theywefe
from the name
'

held [kl
He

.^

wi^o^e'alib
In tKe^
a little
jKfec^,

^f^^

FuneralEncomium, in praife
of Porcia \ theftjier
Cfeof CatOyand wifeof Domitius Ahenobarhus^
far'smortal enemy ; which fhews how littlehe
ilill
the times. Varro and
to court
was
difpofed
Lollius attempted
the fame fubje6t
; zw^Ciceto
Atticusto fendhim their compofitions
biit
:
defires
loft: thoughCicero took
allthe three are now
the painsto revife and corred: his ; and fent
of it.afterwards to Domitius the Sen,'and
copies
Brutus,theNephewof that Porcia [/].
"

'[^] In Tufculano,cum
Fatfientcomplures
mecum

narrantes

fed eifexponimus,

dem

fere verbis ut adum

puta'umque eft. lb.

miliares
ponere jubeoam,
de quo qujsaudire vellet; ad
3. 3.
"

id

aut

ledens

aut

ambulans

[/] Laudafionem

difputabam.Itaquedicrum
"quinqueScholas, ut

Grxci

in totidem libros
appellant,

contuli. Tufc.

Itaquecum
didlionioperam

portmeridiem
defcendimus

Difp.I.

ante

4.
meridiem

"

'

dif2.'

3.

Porciae

tibi niifi corredtam : ac eo

li forte aut
ut
properavi
;
Domido
filioaut Bruto mitteretur, h^c mitteretur. Id
fitibi erit commoduin,
mag-

dedillemus
nopere cures velim; " velim
'\nAcadeni'am M. Varronis,Lolliique
mitin qua diipu-tas laudationem.
Ad
Att,

Utionem habitam

"

non

quafi 13. 48.it.ib. 37.

C^SAR

7he

3p6
A. Urb. 708.

History

of

Life

all this while

Continued

Ci"ESAR

the

in

Spain,

^c'^^'

of Pompeyy and providingfor

^^^ future peace and fettlementof the Province
;
whence he paidCicero the complimentof fend-

the Sons
purfuing

C.

Julius

C^sAR

Didator

III.

M. -^MiLius

Mag

Equit.

ing him

of his fuccefs with his

account

an

alfo gave him

and flight
^f ^^^ ^^/^^/
of the two

hand,

Hirtius

earlyintelligenc

Brothers \ which
for thoughhe was

to him,
difagreeable

was

not

not

much

and

no
good from it on
expefted
which he had conceived
opinion,

the

own

concerned about the

of the war,
either fide,yet

event

of the fierce-

nefs and violence of the young Pompeys,efpeciall

of the elder of thtm^ Cnaeus, engaged his wifhes
rather for Caefar. In a Letter to Atticus, Hirtius,

fayshe, wrote

me

fey had withdrawn

hither

Spain;

whither

word, that

from Corduha
himfelf

and that Cn^us

nor

in truth do I

indeed feems

to

have been the

of all the

: as
Republicans

into the

know

fled,I
[m] : and

too was

not

Sextus Pom-

care

fentiment

common

Caflius

this

ing
himfelf,writ-

the fame

declares flill
fubje6t,
more
fays he, if I
May I perifh,
explicitely
;
be not follicitousabout the event
of things
in
Spain; and would rather keepour old and cleCicero

to

on

"

*'

*'

mafler, than try a new

know what a foolCnasus

and

cruel

**

ment

**

You

*'

fora virtue : how he has alwaysthought,

cruelty
that we
laughedat him -, I am atraid lefthe
fhould take it into his head to repay our jokes

**

**
*'

Hirtius ad

fcrip-clementem

me

he tabs

with the fword ["]."

in his ruftic manner

[w]

is ; how

one.

dominum

habe-

" crudelem
Sex. Pompeium Corduba
novum
fit.
re, quam
in
"
Scis,Cnaeus
exiffe,
fugiffe Hifpa- experiri.
quam

citerior.'m ;

niam

Cnasum

fit fatuus; fcis quomodo

cru-

virtutem
delitatem
nefcio quo, neque eputet ;
fugifle
fe Tempera nobis
Ad Att. 12. 37.
nim euro.
fcis,qu^
["] Peream, nifi follicitus derifum putet.

fum

ac

ma|o

veterem

ac

Young

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS

297

A. Urb. 7of.
Quintus Cicero, who made the camhis
^q^^^'
paign along with C^far, thinkingto pleafe

Young

and

company,
to

abufe

in his

account

"

"*
*'
"

his fortunes the better q

juL,ug
play over his old game, c^sar

beganto
his uncle againin

them,

among

and

make

to

of it

to

all places.
Cicero, Diaator

Atticus, fays, there is

"

lep^us''

has been
but that Hirtius
nothing new,
j^
with
in
our
Nephew
quarrelling my defence,
Quintus, who takes all occafions of faying
and efpecially
at pubevery thingbad of me,

*"

lie feafts;

*'

falls

next

and when

he

his Father

upon

done

has
:

he

is

with

|"

me,

thought to

faynothing fo credible,as that we are both irreconcilableto Cafar\ that defarJhould truft
beware of me : this
neither of us ; and even
would be terrible ; did I not fee,that our King
left [o]"
that I have no fpirit
is perfuaded
Atticus
derate
was
always endeavouringto mounder the prefentgoCicero's impatience
vernment,
and perfuading
him, to comply more
to
rejedbthe
chearfuUywith the times; nor
fo forwardly
offered
of C^efar,which was
friendfhip
to him
: and
complaints
upon his frequent
of
his
tion,
condiand indignity
of the flavery
prefent
he took occafion to obferve,that Cicero
could not but own
to be true, that ifto pay a particular
the mark
to a man^
was
court and obfervance
rather
in power feemed
to be Jlaves
thofe
of flavery^

"
"

*'

"

*'

Vere#f, ne

nos

ruftice gla- ^atrem

nihil

ab

autem

eo

^\Qyt\\\.aLv\iu.v)i,\^iSJi".
Ep. tam^-:;
fam.

15. 19.
fane

[0] Novi
Hirtium
mo

bus

pro
eum

roeque

nihil,niii

Quinto acerri-

cum

omnilitigaffe
;

me

locis
in

facere,maxi-

conviviis

niulta de me,

turn

cum

-Ti5-"y?did, qua^
alieniffimos nos efTc a Csefare ;
fidem nobis habendam
non
effe ;

me

vero

cavendum.

mV, nifi viderem

(^ojiipoi'

Regem,
bere

"

Ad

me

animi

fcirc

nihil ha-

Att. 13.37.

redir" ad
f

III.

'

j^^

^he History
of the Life
598
he to tkem [^]. Witli the fame view
^vUrb.708. to"km th^ri
him, among his other works^
^^"^2.^g^^si^ipwprefTing
to be addrqfed
to Csefar:
^^ think of foniething
C
lu
3

Cicero
hij;;

CiESAR

had

this tafk

to
appetite

no

he faw

difEcuitit;
would
be to perfortti
it without
JVi/^MiLiys l^'ljening
and defcendlhg
his chara(5ter,
to flattery;
how
Bji^torlll.

yi^i;'
Lepid^s.
beingurged
.m*

T^.^-^ drew
"

up

it aifo

to

Letter, which

othet

by

he
friends,

communicated

was

to

Balbus, for their judgementupon it,

|d[i;rtius'an4.

\yhetherit was

fubjedfeems
the
rcftpring
and

to

proper

to

had

Casfar.

Th^

h^ve "been fbme advice, about

peace and hbertyof the RepubHc;

difluade

from

him

finifhed*the

the
iettling

to

to

he intended for
"!/hich
he

be fent

the Parthian

war^

his ne^^texpedition,
till
more' heceflary
work
of

ftate of

home

thingsat
fzys,i?ut what

there was

in it, he
might come from
"nothing
with
drawn
however
the lefi
of Citizens, It was
rp rquch freedom, that though Atticus feemed
pieafed
with it, yet the other two durfl not ad*
were
yife the fendingit, unlefs fome paffages
Cicero fo
altered and foftned -, which difgufled
puch, that he refolved not to write at all; and
whep Atticus was flillurging him to be more
in two
he anfwered with great fpirit
complaifant,
qr three Letters [^].
Etfi mehercule,
magis mihi
intelligis,

(^]

uttu

ifti Ifti axite

ferviunt,fi obfervare fervire

eft.

Ad

"

civi

tempora,
nes

legerenc.Tu

id curabis.

Sed

nifi

igitur
plane

da

non

eft.

Ad

Att. 12.51.

Pe

niftopti- fe, nifi conftitutisrebus, non

iturum in Parthos, idem
fed ita optimi,ut
ego
ilia
in
f\iadebam
epiftola
quibusparere om-

x^uodnihil eft in
jni

eo

vlfum, ut

ad Caefarem,
Epiftola
;t4x.p//.it.
Atque id ipfum,
magis, .quodiftiaiunt ilium fcribere,

jnittivideo tibi placere mil\\ quidem hoc idem maxi-

placuit,"

efTe

iis placere,
mittenintelliges

Att. 13. 49.

[^] Epiftolamad C^efarem

jne

fcis ita nobis

ea

Sed
'sroA/'l/Ko/
pracipiunt.

,ib.13. 31.
""

As

of the Life

The History

400

though I wifli it did ; for I fhould then

^ColT^*^^" ^^^^ ^ ought to be ; but I can think of
As to thofe exhortanothingto write upon.
C. Julius
C^sAR
tions, addrefled to Alexander, by the eloquent
A. Urb.

7b8. cc ^^^
*'
"

*'

Diaator III.

the learned of that time, you fee

pointstheyturn : theyare addrefled to

and

cc

Lep^us^^'^^
*'

of
inflamed with the thirfl:
to
to be advifed how
firing

*'

Mag. Equit.

on

what

youth,

glory,and de-

true

it. On an
acquire
be
words can
never
occaflon of fuch dignity,
?
wanting", but what can I do on my fubjed

*'
"

"

I had

*'

Yet

"

block

*'

but

*'

it,

**
*'

"

*'
**
*'
"

*'
*'

faint refemblance
fome
there were

fome

becaufe
a

little better

*'

with

"

at my
difgufted

writings

not

thin at what I write : in a word, let him do

I
wiiat he pleafes for that problem,which
and thoughtfo diflicult,
to
-,

propofed

once

in what

**

ne

*'

tie effedt of

*'

tLan I

*'

done

with Romulus, will be pleafed

fl:ile
of my Letters ? It is
the moderate

*'

"

fee

we

in

Temple

better that he be

"

thingshinted

what

than

image :

an

procefllons
fame

*'

of

of the

out

at all fornot
difliked : I am
every day, it was
had the Letter gone, take my
ry for it ; for
for it,I fliould have had caufe to reword
fee that very fcholar
pent. For do you not
of Arifl:otle,
a youth of the greatefl:
parts,and
to be callafter he came
the greatefl;
modefl:y,
ed a King, grow
proud, cruel,extravagant ?
ranked in the
Do you imagine,that this man,
of the Gods, and inflirined in the

"

"

it were,

fcratched,as

y^u
u"

way
and in

was

you,

jJoall
manage him^

before afraid of it

no

more

of this \

[i]Ad

[j].""I

in another

with

over

wifli more,
truth, I now
his refentment,be it what

therefore,
fayshe,

have

is

to

feel

it will,

beg of

Letter, let

but fliew ourfelves

Att. 13. 28.

"at

of M.TULLIUS

CICERO.

leaft

"

at

"

treat

halffree, by
[/]."

ing on

the

the

ftudies

and

on

the

free courfe

filence and

our

re-

A. Urb.

helprefled:-

cannot

barrafled in the choice of

for fear of

all :

to write upon;
fubje6l
offending,
chufing not to wTite

and it was

the fame

power, which, from

this beginning,
debafed the purityboth
gradually
of the Roman
wit and language,from the perfection
at

of

to
elegance,

find in the

we

which

had advanced

Cicero

that ftate of rudenefs and

them, to
which

barbarifm,

of the lower
produdiions

Empire.
This

the

was

Casfar and

Cicero

Casfar's part

Casfar

was

ftate of thingsbetween
prefent
;

have

of coldnefs and referve

determined

been

of kindnefs

all the marks

fomewhat

on

Cicero's.

on

part with

to

never

power, and took the more

make Cicero eafyunder
to
to

his

pains,for that reafon,

it : he

afraid of

feems
him

indeed
;

of

not

his

his life; but

engagingin any attempt againft
left by his infinuations,
his railleries,
and his au*
he fhould excite others to fome a6t of
thority,
defired
viplence: but what he more
efpecially
and wanted, was
from him fome public
to draw
to be recommended
teftimonyof his approbation
; and
to the favor of pofterity.
by his writings

[/] Obfecro, abjiciamus mus

ifta;"

"
quod aflequemur

femiliberi faltem fi- cendo,

Vol.. II,

julius

fataleffe"s
of arbitrary
pozver, upon c^sar
and compofitions
of men
of genius,Didator IIT.
that it necellarily
reftraint,
layson the ^'^milius
of good fenfe and truth among
men.
^\^^^v^'-^

It had yet fcarce flievvn itfelfin Rome,

when
we
fee one of the greateft
well
the
as
as
men,
greatwhich
eft wits
that Republic ever
bred, emand

708.

Ck.^2.

this littlefa6l,one

From

401

"

latendo

"

ta-

ib. 31.

Cicero

7?^ History

4^2
A.

rb.

"

the other

on

^!^^^' taken towards

luLi'us^^^- iT^o^^ ^^^

Di

ator

ylwiLius

more

was
publicliberty

which

condition,on

"^^^^ Cai^far,
^-^^P
Mae'^q^uit
or

him

',

fince

affront to his formiCr

an

did badgeof fervitude

he found
Thus
**
*'

''

onely

from

and
dignity,

books

oblige

after,was

but

therefore

fplen-

were

his

for while he converfed with them,

himfclf eafy,and fancied himfelf free.

onelycomfort

in

Letter

mifcryof

the

favors could

receive them

to

the

he could entertain any friendthink and fpeakof him with

: without
that,no
refpedl

any

Republic,

reafon every day to defpair

of
indifferentto every thingelfe :

refloration of

III. the

hand, perceiving
no
ftep

the eftablifhment of the

ftillmore

it,grew

C^sAR
M.

Cicero

708.

of the Life

the

Caffius,touchingupon
What
is betimes,he adds,
to

"

? Why,
then, you'llfay,of Philofophy

come

is troubleyours is in the kitchen ; but mine

fome to me : for I am^ afhamed to live a flavej

feignmyfelftherefore to be doingfomething ^\^t^that 1 m.ay not hear the reproach

of Plato [//]."
Caefar's ftay in Spain,Antony fet
During
forv/ard from. Italy,to pay his complimentsto
"

and

*'

*'

him

there, or

in his

made

in all hafte

dued

Rome.

and

but when

journey,he
obligedhim to

This

raifed

efpecially
among

in cool blood

"

half of the

to

the road

leaft on

at

a new

he had
met

with

turn

back

alarm in

the

Pompeians,
fubv/ere
afraid,that Csefar,having now
all oppofition,
was
refolved,after the example
of former Conquerors,to take his revenge

city",

who

him

tov/ards home

return

about

meet

which
difpatches,

fome
the

to

on

ail his adverfaries j and had

fent

["] Ubi igitiir,

inquies,c'o me alias res agere, ne
? I'ua quidem in
Platonis audiam.
convicium
Plnloiophia
eil.
molciia
Puculina; mea
Ep. id,xr".,
15. 18.
(deteniiu fervire. Itaoue "3.I

Antony^

of

Antony back,

as

403

inftrument
properefl

the

orders

Ibme

"cute

CICERO.

M.TULLIUS

of that fort.

to

ex-

A.

hinifelf

Cicero

Urb.

^]^

708.

^--

and vv^as much

lutms
furprizfufpicion,
q
and
ed at Antony'sfuddenreturn-^ tillBalbus
Op- Caesar
Didator III.
by fending
piusealed him of his apprehenfions,
^^"ljus
him an account
: which, J^ofit [x']
of the true reafon
uneafmefs
at hft -aLI^v^'
no
^ave
contrary to expecfation,
had

the fame

".

to

but

boay,

any

Antony himleif.

to

Antony

the
bought
at
neighbourhood, with all their rich furniture,
au^ion^ foon after his return from i^gypt j
Ccefar^s

had

Pompey'sHoufes in Rome

but

to
trufting

account

Caefar,and

to

the

advancinghim to
of being obliged to
dreamt
never
them ; but C?efar,beingdifgufled
by the
in
of his debauches, and extravagancies
he

part, which
his power,
pay for

his intereft with

and

and
Italy,

born

had

refolved

in

fnev/ himfelf the Ible maf-

to

fuffer any contradidlion to his will, fent

orders to L. Piancus, the Pr^tor,
peremptory
ter,

nor

of Antony, or
payment
ing
accordlevythe money upon his fureties,
of their bond.
This
the
the tenor
was

require immediate

to

t\^c to
to

quick return, to prevent that difhim, and find fome

falling
upon
grace from
of complyingV\^ithCj"far's commands
: it
means
provoked him however to fuch a degree,that in
the heightof his refenrment,he is faid to have
entered into a defignof takingaway Qefar's
life
;
of which Caefar himfelf complainedopenlyin the
Senate [^y].
caufe of his

D
aliorum
ex
[x] Heri cum
littens cognoviilemde Antonii

adveiULi,admirarus

nihil efle in

Ad

fum
Ate.

18,

'2.

De

ad

tuis.

me

Balbus quoque

The

ne
idquetibi placui.Te,
perillis egi gratias,

turbarer.
"

ib. 19.
de pecu[_y]Appellatuses

nia,

Antonio
cum

quam

pro

domo,

pro

hortis,
pro fectione debebas."

" ad
Oppio coiifcripht,

te

S: ad

tuos
prasdes

milites

404
A. Urb.

708.

The

being ended in Spain,by the death

of SextuSyCaefar
Pompey^ and the flight

war

^/ Cn^us
^c'ff^*

anfwer

TuLi'usfinifhed his

C.

which

Cjesar
Diaator
M.

^M

III.
I LI us

of the Life

The History

"

CatOyin two hooks^

fent immediately
in order to
to Rome,

he

pubhfhed.This

be

of

Letter

him,

with
civility,
piece", and to

which

I^ag.Eqait. gj.gat
that

gave Cicero

to

j^ent

EPiDus.

Cicero'j

to

in his turn,
This
tion.

upon
Letter

to

return

he had

communicated

was

*'

forgot,fayshe,

*'

wrote

"

*'

you
how

Csefar

fufped,that

to

again to

account

to
not
was

for the reafon,which

afliamed to let you fee,

otherwife,than

truth, I

if 1

*^

to

him

*'

to

an

''

of his

**

together
-, and
him ", and yet fo, that
out
flattering
with more
read nothing,I believe,
fure [z]."

*'
''
"'

equal", for

books,

two

were

tremely
ex-

forwarded it diredly

well I could flatter : for in

no

in

of it to Atticus,
fend you a copy of what

In Cicero's

Csfar.

him

declared them.felves

with it, and

pleafed
to

treated

likev/ife
pay his compliments
of the compofithe elegance

and Oppius, who

Balbus

laft the arguthanks for the

at

as

have
really

wrote

writing
good opinion

was

I told you, when

w^
therefore
both
withwrote
as

he will

pleaC^SAR

2. 29.]
[Phil.

litesiTiifit
Idcirco urbem

no"5tur-

terrore

deferretur

ad

Dolabellam

fed

ejusexemplum mifi ad
Balbum
"
Oppium, fcripii,

Italiam

no,

niiiltorum

die-

pevtarbaftine L. que ad eos, ut turn deferri

ad Dolabellam
venderet
tuos
juberuntmeas
prascles
fi
[ib.31.] Quin his ipfis litteras, exemplum protemporibusdomi Casfaris ptr- baffent ; ita mihi refcripfcr^
fe legifTe
icaiior ab ifto miffas,depre- runt, nihil unquam
metu

rum

"

Plancus
"

ea.
flhenfus dicebatur eife cum
De quo Cajfar in Sena-

aperte

tu,

in

te

Casfarem

Att. 13. 50.

quam

mifi

tibi mittere ; nee

turn
id fuit quod fufpicaris,
ut me

gitme

"

[z]

Ad

Ad

invehens, epiftolam,
ejusexemplum fu-

ib. 29.
de
Confcripfi

eft
quellus
bris

melius.

his li-

Csfari, ejus
epiilolam

tai
puderet

"

nee

m"hercul|j^

fcripJT

ofM,

TULLIUS
returned

C^SAR

September
;
fulfhip4he

CICERO.
about

Rome

to

40^

the end

himfelf of the
diverting

when

conferred

it

^. Fabius

on

Urb.
"?/A.
^^^-

Con-

Maximus.

r\

^^*

it

C. Trebomus^ for the three remaining months of Maximvs

C. Trebothe year \a\. His firftcare, after his arrival,
was
and

to

entertain the

which

Rome

the

Citywith

had

ever

feen

mojlfplendid
triumph^^'^s.
but the

people,in-

applaudingit, as he exfullen and filent ; confidering

it,
pefted,were
themfelves ", purit really
as
was, a triumph over
and the dechafed by the lofs of their liberty,
ilead of

admiring and

llru6lion of

the beft and

noblefl:families of the

given the fame proof

of their difcontent at the Circenfian
games ; where
defar'sftatue^by a decree of the Senate, was
carried in the frocejfion^
along with thofeof the
of their ufual acclamations
Gods : for theygave none
the favorite
to
Deities^as they pafled,
left
be thought
to givethem to C^far, Attitheyfhould

Republic.They

had before

of it

Cicero, who

faysin
anfwer to him, I'our Letter was
agreeable^
though
the
the fhew was fo fad
peoplehowever behaved
the Goddefs
Vi^owho would not clapeven
bravely^
[^]. C^far
ry^ for the fakeoffo bad a neighbour
for the unpopularity
amends
however
make
to
of his triumph,and to put the peopleinto good
humor, entertained the whole City foon after
fubflantial than fhews ; two.
with fomething
more
cus

fent

an

account

to

'

"

aliter ac fi -Trpof
^iaov nos noviffimos menfes. Suet.
fcripfi,
Bene
'(^mwv quae fcriberem.
J. Casf. 76.
illis
enim exiftimo de
libris,
[^] Suaves tuas litteras f
ut tibi coram.
populum
Itaque fcrip- etfi acerba pompa
"
fi " cfc"toAA;t"uTfiy^, tamen
vero
quod proppraeclarum,
malum
exillimem
vicinum, ne
ter
tarn
iic,ut nihil eum
Ad
ledurum
libentius. lb. 51.
Viiftoriaequidemplodicur.
"

["] Utroque
Confules

anno

binos

fubltituit
fibiin

Att. 13.44.

ter-

piihlic

708.

TJje History

406
A. Urb. 70S.
Cic. 6i.
Coir.

Q^Fabius
Maxtmus,
C.

Trebo-

of the Life
plentyof the mofi efteemed

puMic dinners^with
and coftly
wines.,of Chios and Falerniim \c\
after Csefar's triumph,the Conful
Soon
Fahitts.,
in Spain, was
of his Lieutenants
allowed to
one
triumphtoo, for the redudlion of fome parts of
that province, which

MUS.

had revolted

of Caefar's made

Fabius's

contemptible
", for

his

Towns^ which

always

were

but the magnificence

triumphappear
of the conquered

models

part of the Ihew,

being made onelyof woody when Csefar's were of

Silver or Ivory Chryfippusmerrilycalled them,
the cafes
of C^far's^owns \d\
onely
refided generally
in the Country, and
CiCERO
himfelf wholly from
the Senate [^]:
withdrew
but on Csfar's approachtowards Rome, Lepidus
him by repeated
Letters,to come
began to prefs
and givethem his afTiflance ; alluring
him, that
both he and C^far would take it very kindly
of him.
fervice
He
could not guefs,for what particular
they wanted him, except the dedicationoffomeTen^the prefence
of three Augurswas
neto which
fie.,
cefTary[/].But whatever it was, as his friends had
long been urging the fame advice,and perfuading
^

Caefar
"
r f ] Quid ncn
Diclator triumphi fui coena
vini Falerni amphoras, Chii
cados in convivia diftribuit?
idem

in

pho

Chium

dit.

3.

Falernum

lane

non
rem

Hifpanienfitrium"

Dio. 234.
his
[^] Cum

Ep.

"

[/]

de-

Plin. Hill. 14. 15.

ut

temporibus

in fenatum

fam,

Ecce

13. ']'].

tibi,orat

veniam.

dus,
Lepi-

Opinor

nil habere

gures

ventita-

Au-

Tem-

ad

AdjecitpollHilpanienfemplum efrandum. Ad Att. 1 3.

viftoriam duo prandia. Suliteton.
Lepidus ad me heri
38.
Ut
iriifit.
teras
cum
Chryfippus,
\d'\
Rogat magno"

in

triumphoCsefaris

eborea

oppidaellent tranilata,"
dies
nea,

poll

Maximi
paucosFabii
thecas

efTe

Ca^faris dixit.

ligoppidorum

ut

pere

fim Kalend.in

fibi "

rne

"

ter

gratum

Senatu,

Caefari vehemen.-

effe fadurum

"

ib. 47.

Quintil 6.
him

^he

408

of

History

the

Life

708. ro fo manifeftly
expofedthe malice of the accufer,
Cic. 62.
of the accufed, that C^efar,
and the innocence

A. Urb.

CofT,

Q^Fabius
Maximus,
C. TreboMIUS.

beingdetermined

acquit,yet afliamed ta
condemn
him, chofe the expedientof referving
his fentence to farther deliberation,
tillhe fhould
into the Eafl, and
inform himfelf
go in perfon
of the whole affair upon
the fpot. Cicero fays,
that Deiotarus, neither prefentnor
ahfent^could
obtam any favor or equity
ever
frofnC^far: and
that as oft as he pleaded
for him^ which he was
alwaysreadyto do^ he could never perfimde
Cafar^to
think any thing
he
that
reafonahle^
ajked
forhim \h\
He fent a copy of his oration to the King; and,
at Dolabella's
requeft,
gave another likewife to
him : excufmg it, as a trifling
and
performance,
I had a mind^
hardly worth tranfcribing
; but
fayshe, to make a flight
prefentto my oldfriend
and hofi^ofcoarfe
fluffindeed^
yet fuch as his preto me
are
[/'].
fentsufually
little
Some
time after this trial,Csefar,
to fhew
his confidence in Cicero,invited himfelf to fpend
a
day with him, at his houfe in the country;
and chofe the third dayof the Saturrialia for his vifit; a feafon alwaysdedicated to mirdi and feafting among friends and relations [^].Cicero gives
\_h~\Quis

not

to

enim

caufam
"
ut
tenuem
cuiquam legas,
inimicitior,quam
inopeiH,nee fcriptione
magCajfar ?
a quo
nee
pnefens, no opere dignam. Sed ego
Rex
abfens
Deiotarus
veteri "
amico munee
hofpiti
quidquam sequi boni impe- nufculum mittere volui leviille niinquam,
femtravit
denfe, crafTo filo,cujufmodi
taro,
abfenti alFui Deiofolent ^^q munera.
ipfius
per enim
Ep.
fani.
quicquam fibi, quod
9. 12.
Deiotaro

"

"

after
ae[ k ] This Fertival,
pro illo poftularemus,
dixit
vlderi.
Ca^far's
of
reformation
the
Philip.
quufli

nos

2.

Kalendar, began on the 17th

December, and laded three

37-

[/]Oratiunculum

otaro, of
pro Dei-

requirebas
quam
tibi mifi. Quam
velim

days.Macrob.

Saturn,

i.

x.

fic

Atticus

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS

409

of the entertain- A. Urb. 70?.

followingaccount
^^^' ^^"
between them :
the day pafied
and how
this gueft,
fayshe, v/hom I fo much dread- ^ p^^^j

Atticus the
ment,

**

ed ! yet I had no reafon to repent of him : for Maximus

with his reception.
When
C. Trebohe was well pleafed

*'

*'

he

"

^'^u*eveningbefore,on the eighteenth,

the houfe was
fo
neighbourPhilip's,

the

came

^^ to

my

that there
crouded with foldiers,

*'

*'
*'

for Csefar

were

*'

'*
"'

fmall

no

me

*'

fup in

left empty
to
about two thoufand of them

room

painfor the

"

there

which

gave
but Barba

day :
he alTignedme

next

Caffius relieved me ", for

a
guard,and made the reft encam.p in the field:
houfe was
clear. On the ninefo that my
tillone
teenth,he ftaid at Philip's

"

fcarce

was

noon

but faw

guefs,with

**

*'

the fhore

*^

on

fettling
accounts,

nobody", was
Balbus

took

then

bathed after two

Mamurra

[/]
-,

at

in the after-

walk

on

heard the verfes

which he never
changed
;

Cicero's In this fhort account

a Rowas
[/] Mamurra
man
Knight,and General of of it : but it muft be rememin Gaul;
bered, that their villa'svver"
the Artillery
to Ctefar
where he raifed an immenfe
adjoiningto each other on
is faid

fortune, and
been
who

the

firflman

his
incrufied

marble, and

made

have

to

in Rome,

the Formian

jeta;

houfeluith

came

all his pil-

he

of

out

took

coail

near

that when

fo

CaCsefar

at
Philip's

walk

one,

the fhore

on

of folidmarble. [Plin. for about an hour, and then

feentered into Cicero's ; where
Hift. 36. 6.] He
was

lars

with
verelylaflied,together

Casfar himfelf,lor
ceiTive

luxury,and

his

ex-

in-

more

famous
vices, by Catullus;
whofe verfes are Hill extant,
and the fame probablythat
here refers to,
ing firllread to C:Efar

Cicero

houfe.
The

as

at

not

readilyunderftand
and

manner

bath

him,

Catullus's verfes

-,

duced

by Cicero,

would

not

able

good

to

have

fome of his

his

attended

the

preparedfor
bathinghe heard

was

and in

be-

Vid. Catull. 27, 55.

reader
perhapswill

time

the

no.t

pro-

for

that

been agree-

manners,

but

by

friends,who

own

him, and who

knew

his defire to fee every

that

him,

of Cffifar'5 in

thing,
publidiedagainil

was
as

well

as

his eafine"s

it.
or
flighting
forgiving

from Philifshoufeto
fajji?ig
*'

countenance

7he

410
A. Urb.

708. "

Cic. 62.
O

"c

"

was

table.

^^ ^^^ ^"^ drank

MAxmlTs! full \m\

"

the

'

rubbed, anointed,fat down

Having taken a vomit juflbefore,

countenance
^.Q

of the Life

History

and was
freely,
Supper was good and

very chearwell ferved :

C. Trebo3iius.

difcourfe

"^

But

our

''

For

taftand

C4

Befides Casfar's

at

table,as

eat,

we

(tillexcell'd our
feafoning

table,his

friends

providedfor in three other

*'

there

was

his flaves

fully
plenti-

were
rooms

nor

his freedmen

thingwantingto

any

[;/].

meat

''

of lower rank, and

*'

treated. In a word, I acelegantly

quittedmyfelf like a man : yet he is not a
would
one
fay at parting,
gueft to whom
again,as you return : once
pray call upon me

"

"

fort

but

the better

were

"

"

[w]

The

cf

cuftom

taking

immediately bea 'vomit both

fore and after meals, which
Cicero

done

have

Csefar

mentions

different

on

to

occa-

fions,[proDeiot.7.]was vewith the Romans,

ry common
ufed

and

by

them

as

an

in-

both of their luxu-

llrument

ry, and of their health :

fuomity faysSeneca, that
a7td

eat,

may
'vomit.

eat

more

Hclo.

9. J
before

evacuation

eating,they
to

that

ad
[Confol.

this

By

eat

they
they
theymay

were

from

plentifully
; and

repletion.Thus

Vitellius,who

was

12.

the

famous

is /aid to hanje preglutton,

n)0'
fewed his lifeby conjiayit
he
while
all
deftroyed
mitSy
his companions,who did not

ufe.thefame cautions

[Sue-

Dio.

effeftual for

the
ftrengthening

that it
conftitution,

the

was

regimen of all the

Athletae, or the profeffed
conftant

Wrefller

trained

s,

public fhews,
make

them

more

for

in

the

order
robuft.

to

So

that Caefar's vomitingbefore

dinner
ment

was

to

ed

fort of

refolntion

pafs the

to

to

and

eat

with him.
freely
is a citation from

\n] This
Lucilius,of

an

Hexameter

verfe, with part of

which

compli-

Cicero,as it intimat-

and
day chearfully,

prepared drink

themfelves preby err?ptying

fentlyafter it, preventedany
hurt

65.734.]And
prafticewas
thoughtfo

ton.

is

not

fecond,

diftinguifhed

the text, in the editions

of Cicero's Letters.
from

fed bene coBo et

"onditofermone bo?Wy ^ Ji
libenter.
quteris
''

is

of M.'TULLIUS

411

A. Urb. 708.
bufinefs,
on
pointsof literature: in fhort,he ^p'/^^*
many
with his entertainment,
and paf- Fabi'us
delighted
q

*'

is enough :

**

but

*'

CICERO.

was

had

we

not

word

on

day agreeably.He talked of fpend-Maximus,

ing one day at Puteoli ", another at Baise : thus C. Treboof my
him ",^^^^"
fee the manner
receiving
you
fomewhat
troublefome indeed, but not uneafy
I fhould fbayhere a littlelonger,and
to me.
then to Tufculum.
As he pafTed
by Dolabelclofe by his
la's villa, his troops marched
horfe's fide,on the rightand left", which was
done no where elfe. I had this from Nicias [0].^'
On
the lafl of December, when
the Conful
J'rebonius was
abroad, his CollegueQ. Fabius
his death beingdeclared in
died fuddenly
; and
the morning, C. Caninius Rebilus was
named by

*'

fed the

*^

*'
"

*'
*'

"

"

*'

Casfar
whofe

the vacancy
at
one
office was
to continue
that

the afternoon

in

to

onelythroughthe

re-

This

wanton
day.
mainingpart of
tion
profanaof the fovereign
dignityof the Empire raifed a general
in the City; and a Conindignation
fulate fo ridiculous gave birth to much
raillery,
and many
which
tranfmitted
are
to us
jokes
by
the ancients [/"]; of which Cicero,who was
the
chief author of them, givesus the following
fpe-

cimen, in his

Cicero
**

no

come

"

ther

''

names

'*

is

to

us,

where
myfelf,
nor

advife

but

want

or

to

defire you to
flyfome whi-

hear neither the

may
the acls of thefe fons of Pelops. It

how
incredible,

{0] Ad Att.
[ p] Mac.ob.

Curius.

to

longereither
home

*'

of the fadt.

account

own

13.

meanly I

think

of

myfelf,

C2.

Saturn,

2.

3.

Dio.

p.

236.
''

for

^^^

-412
A. Urb.

Cic. 62.
Coff.

"'

768.

ft
"

C. TreboNius"

"

at thefe tranfadlionS. You

beingprefent
of what was comhad furely
an
earlyforefight
jj^gQj^^ when you ran away from this place:

though
things,yet
them.

*"

field,when

*'

"

*'

*'
*'

*'

it be vexatious
that

It is

"t

**

at

well, that you

Conful, who

**

morning.

at

one

to

was

I would

afternoon,declared

**

dined

*'

new

govern tillone the next

have you to know
there-

fore, that whilfl Caninius

**

in the

not

morning, as they
eledlion of Quasftors,

*'

*'

were

fee

to

feven in the

in the

**

*'

of fuch

to
an
proceeding
whom
the Chair of Q^ Maximus,
theycalled
fet in it's place: but, his
Conful [^],was
it was
death beingimmediately
reproclamed,
moved -, and Casfar,though he had taken the
aufpicesfor an affembly of the Tribes,
of the Centuries ;
chaligedit to an affembly

and,

'*

hear

to

tolerable than

more

is

were

*'

*'

Life

for

S'.^tf/Ty/
for
"

the

of

History

Conful, nobody

was

crime committed in
and that there was
no
fo wonderfully
for he was
his Confuljhip^
vigilant^ that throughhis whole adminiftration he
never

fo

diculous
you
from

much
to

Jlept.Thefe thingsfeem

as

who

you,

abfent,but

were

reft ?

For

**

fame

*'

if I had

kind
not

there
",

are

I could

taken

refugein

[^j Cicero would not allow

Confulof three 7nonths
fo irregularly
chofen, to be
called a Co;//"/ nor
properly
themielves acdid the people
knowledgehim : for,as Suetonius tells us, [in J. Csef.
80.]when upon Fabius's ena

tell you

numberlefs

which

fads
have

never

trance

were

hardlyrefrain

fee them, you would

if I fhould
What
tears.

to

*'

ri-

the

of the

born,

the port of Philo-

into the

Theater, his

to cullom,
Officers,
according

and
proclamedhis prefence,
ordered

the

"vjay for the

people to make
the whole
Conful',

affemblycried
Conful.

out, he is

"
.

tj"

%hy"

**
*'

CICERO.
of M, rULLIUS
fophy,with our friend Atticus,the companion
partner of my

and

had

C^SAR

who

41;

"c. [r]"
ftudies,

fo many

and

creatures

expedledthe honor

of the

dependents,
Confuljhip

of their fervices,
that
all in the regular
to obHge them
itwas
impoffible
forced to contrive the
way, fo that he was
dient
expeit
into
of fplitting
as
and
it,
were,
parcels,
it for a few months^ or weeks^ or even
conferring

him,

from

the

the reward

it happenedto fuit his convenience

days^as
as

as

thingitfelfwas

any real power,

it was

now

but

name,

of littlemoment

and

without
for what

granted; fince the fhorteil gave the

and a man
with the longeft,
fame privilege
once
after the rank and
declared Conful, enjoyed
ever
character of a confular Senator [/].
it

term

was

openingof the new year Csefar en-. A. Urb. yo^

Cic. 63.
in partnerfhip
tered into his fifth
with
Confulfhip^
M. Antony : he had promifedit all alongto Do9^^^
q
labella,but, contrary to expedation,took it at C^sar^
y.
contrived by Antony,M. Antolaft to himfelf. This was
of Dolabella,as a rival inCasfar's^'^s.
who, jealous
fomewhat
to his dif^
favor, had been fuggefting
advantage,and laboringto create a diifHdenceof
On

him

the

in Casfar; which

feems

to

have

been

the

ground of what is mentioned above, defar^s

when he pafjed
himfelf
fo particularly^
bf
guarding
toiiched with
his Villa. Polabell4 was
fenfibly
full of indignation
this affront, and came
to the
Senate ; where, not daringto vent his fpleen
on
with a fevere
Casfar,he entertained the aflembly
Antony, which drew on many
fpeech againft
warm

to

and angry words between them ; tillCasfar,

end the difpute,
to refign
t;heConpromifed

[r]Ep. fam.

7. 30.

[j]Yi^- ^ip* P*

240.

fulJhip

The Hist

414

7"59- fulfhip
to
^'^^^'^
Cic.

63.

thian

war

Coff.

C,

C^SAR.
M.

V.

Anto-

whenever

ihe Par-

to

but

that by bis auAntonyprotefted^

thority
he
would
that
Augur^
difturh
ele5lion^
itJhouldhe attempted
[/]; and declared,

any

with

debauch

atter/iptto

an

went

that the groundof his

fcruple,
rel
quarDolabella was, for havingcaughthim in

without

"ius.

Dolabella,before he
:

as

Julius

of tbe Life

onY

his

wife Antonia^ the

daughterof his Uncle \ though that was thought

color his divorce
to be a calumny, contrived
to
with her, and his late marriagewith Fulvia, the
of Clodius

widow
C^SAR

\u\
in the

heightof all his glory,

Florus
and ^dreffed^
as
fays,in all his trappings^
like a vi5iim defiined
to facrifice
ceived
[.v]. He had rewas

from

the Senate

both
could

with
proceffion

carried in
the

endeavoured

the

to

theyto give; and

pride,and to try, as
their adulation would
Caefar

of the

out

it were,

reach

oftendif-

ceretur,

Dolabellam

Confu-

efle

efTe juliurum hie bonus

38.

ditum

eo

^^^

dixit,ut

comitia

tiare
rum

"

id que
pofTet,

vi-

fe faftu-

alTeveravit. Phil.

2,

32.
fenatu
[/^]Frequcntilfimo
hanc

tibi eife

caufam

cum

bella
Dola-

odii ditere

quod

he

was

ab

eo

iluprum

his

length
ad:uforori "
oblatum

Phil.
coniperifi'es.

[;f]Quae omnia,

fe facerdotio prae-

vel impedire vel

aufpiciis

receive,

what

to

tuai

to

com-

but in

gaietyof

when

fus es,

uxori
priufquam proficif-

"

of this

forward

fet, fe

Augur

his Statue

ofreafon[2];

more

was

than

lem

Gods

reftrain the excels

fmce Caefar

Cum
\t'\

one

within the hounds

piaifance,
vain

flattery
his Image
Prieft
;

his
of the months called after
Di^atorfhip\^y\ Cicero
perpetual

Kings\

and

name^

divine, which

Temple^Altar

the mofi: extravagant honors,

and

human

invent

among

now

2.

velut in-

fulae,in

deilinatam

vidimam

con2;ercbantur.1.

4.

2.

92.

[j;]Flor.
Ca;f.

morti

ibid. Sueton.

J.

76.

\%\ Piutar.h.

in Caif.

au-

ally

The Hi

4i6
A. Urb.

of the Life

^roKY

the

offer
of a RegalDiadem^ and attemptedto put
^^ ^pon his head \ at the fightof which
z, general
^Coff^*
the whole Forum
till upon Cse^^^^^ ijfuedfrom
C. Juuus
refufal of it,the peopleloudly
iar's flight
C^sAR
V.
teftiM. Antofied their joy, ly an
Jbout, Antony
univerfal
Nius.
however ordered it to be entered in the
public
709.

-^

ad:s, that by the command

of the people^he had

the Kinglyname
and power to Cafar^ and
offered
that defarwould not accept it [b'].
this affair of the

While

alarmed the

and

rullus and

KinglyTitle amufed

of the Tribuns, Ma-

city,two

Caefetius,were

adive
particularly

in

difcouraging
every flepand attempt towards it:
they took offthe Diadem^ which certain perfons
had privately
put upon Csfar'j Statue in the Roftra^ and

committed

fufpededto

thofe

have done

Others for

prifon, who

to

it ; and

were

puniflied
publicly

in the fireetshy
daring
the name
of King ; declaring,that Cafar himfelf
and abhorred that title. This provoked
refufed
Casfar beyond his ufual temper, and command
of

falutehim

to

himfelf; fo that he accufed

them

to

the

fenate,

defign raifea fedition

him, byperagainjl
the
that he really
to be a King ;
fuading City,
offered
but when the affemblywas
going to pafsthe feof

to

vereft fentence upon

thm from
depofing
SJ}]Sedebat

legatuus,
natus

toga pur-

fellam

"

ad

diadema

oilendis

foro

diade-

fitin Faftis ad

Antonium

expelling

C.
Lupercalia,

po-

detuliffe,

uti noluifle.

tu
2.
gemitus toto
34.] Quod ab eo
ma
imponebas cum
pulfum
plangore
erat, ut non
ille
cum
populi,
plaufureji- videretur. Veil. P.
ciebat
at enim adfcribi juf"

perpetuo

Confulem

pulijulTuregnum
Ca^farem

with

content

Csfari, DiAatori
M.

core-

adfcendis,accedis

was

their Magifiracy^
and

in Roftris col-

amiftus

in fella aurea,

purea,

them, he

[Phil,
ita

re-

offenfus
2.

56.

"

thm

TULLIUS

of M.
them

CICERO.

417

which

from the Senate [c]:

convinced
peo- A. Urb. 709.
^^^- 63,
of his real fondnefs for a
name,

pieflillthe more,
that he pretended
to defpife.
^^^"
p
for
He
all
had now
his
prepared things
expe- c^sar^v^
dition againft
the Parthians
had fent his legions
M. Anto,

before him

into Macedonia

fettledthe fucceflion^'^s,

of all the

for two
Magiftrates
appointedDolabella to take

years to
his own

Conful

of the

and

Panfa, for confuls of the

C.

current

year

-,

named

Brutus, and Cn. Plancus, for the

but before his

Hirtius

A.
next

and

D.

following
year:

refolved

he
departure,

\d'\
",
place,as

come

to

have

the

Regal'Title conferred
who

him
by the Senate,
upon
fenfible of his power, and obfetoo
his will,to deny him any thing: and

were

quious to
make

to

it the

at
palatable

more

the fame time

to

the

he caufed a report to be indufbrioufly

people,
propagatedthroughthe city,of ancient prophecies
that the Parthians
hooks
found in the Sibylline
could not
be conquered^
but by a King^ on
the
of which, Cotta^ one of the Guardia?2s of
ftrengrh
^

to
thofebooks^was
meetingsto decree

Cicero
it

was

move

the

the

Senate^at their next

title of

king to him [^].

fpeakingafterwards of this defign,fays,
that fame forgedtefiimonies
would
expelled

he

produced^to floew^that he^ whom we had felt

be called alfoby that
in reality
to be a King^fhculd
gain
if zve would be fafe: hut let us make a barname^
with the keepers
of thofeOracleSy that they
h'ingany thingout of them^ rather than a King
-,

["r]Sueton.
Di.i. p. 245.
496. Vcli. P.

[c/]Etiamne
Tribunos
quos

J. C2"(, 79.
App. 1. 2. p.

niam

68.

2.

Confules

in
plebis

ille voluit ?

"

bicnnium,
Ad

Att.

Q^ilndecimvirum
;

utquo-

libris faralibus continePartlios

recur,

non

nifi

Re-

ge pofle vinci, Crefar Rex

appellaretur.Sueton. c. 79.

Dio. p. 247.

14. 6.

[e]Proximo
Vol..

L. Cottam

fententiamd.tturum

II.

aiuem

Senatu,

which

The

4i8
A. Urb.
Cic.

709.

63.

of

History

tiohlchneither the Gods

againat

Coff.

nor

the

Life

will

men

endure

ever

[/].

Rome

have expedted,
after all
naturally
cIsakV.the fatiguesand dangersthrough which Csefar
had made his way to Empire, that he would have
M. An
of a declining
chofen to fpend the remainder
Nius.
life in the quietenjoymentof all the honors and
which
abfolute power,
and
a
mand
compleafures,
would

Q^^

TO-

of the

world

could

beftow

but

in

the

midft of all this

ftillto
glory,he was a ftranger
difafFe6i:edto
eafe : he faw the peoplegenerally
under his government
him, and impatient
; and
of his
though amufed a while with the fplendor
fhews and triumphs,yet regretting
in
feverely
cool blood the price,that they had paid for
them ", the lofs of their liberty,
with the Jives
of the beft and nobleft of

their fellow Citizens.

expeditiontherefore againflthe Parthians

feems to have been a political
ing
pretext for removhimfelf from the Murmurs
of the City; and
dious
leaving to his Minillers the exercife of an invipower, and the tafk of taming the fpirits
of the populace
felf
; v/hilfthe, by employing himfrefh laurels in the Eaft, and exin gathering
tending
the bounds, and retrieving
the honor of
the Empire, againflits moft dreaded enemy,
reconcile them
that
to
a reign,
mightgradually
was
gentleand clement at home, fuccefsfulland
abroad.
glorious
his impatience
But
to be a King defeated all
This

"

tiftibus agamus,

nu[/] Quorum Interpres

falla qusdam hominum
per

tama

didiurus in Senatu

tabatur,

eum,

quern

re

potius ex

puvera

regem
mas

"

Regem,
cum

li

Divin.

quidvis

libris,quam

proferant,
quern

pofthac nee

habtbamus, appellan- mines

rt-gem
dum
elle
quoque
lalvi e/i"cvellemu"-

illis

ut

efle
2.

Dii

nee

Rolio-

patientur.De

54.

An-

his

CICERO.

of M.rULLIUS

419

accelerated his fate ; and

pufhedA. Urb. 7^
his life, ^^!r^'
the nobles,who had confpired
againft
on
the immediate execution of their plot; that
to
q tJ^lius
they might fave themfelves the fhame of beingc^sar V.
in an adt, which they heartily
M. Antoforced to concur
^*"^*
detefted [gl : and the Two Brutus's in particular,
his

and
proje"ls,

of whofe

the honor

houfe

founded

was

in the

of KinglyGovernment^ could not but

extirpation
confider it as a perfonal
to
infamy,and a difgrace

their very name,

to

fuffer the reflorationof it.

gaged
Jtxtyperfonsfaid to be enin this confpiracy
[b]; the greateft
part of
rank
of the Senatorian
but M. Brutus,

There

them

above

were

-,

and C. Caflius

were

the chief in credit and authority

the firftcontrivers and

of the whole

movers

defign.
Junius Brutus

M.

years old

",

of the

about

was

moft

and

one

forty

illuftriousfamilyof the

Republic", derivinghis

and

name

defcent in

diredt line from that firflConful, L. Brutus,who

man
Tarquin, and gave freedom to the Roexpelled

people[/]. Having

loft his Father when

very

[g] Quae

it,which feem
conjuratisgainft
deftinata neplaufible.Yet
very

caufa

fuit maturandi

gotia,ne affentirinecefle efDio

fet. Suet. J.Csef. 80.

Brutus

lallyallowed
mentions

cero

p. 247.
eftin
[^]Confpiratum

lived, it was

lie

eum

to

to

while
univer-

him.

Ci-

it in his

and
fpeeches,

be

pub-

other writ-

C. Cafings,as a fa6l,that nobody

Sexaginta
amplius,
Decimo
Bru"
doubted; and often fpeaks
fio,
Marcoque
of the Image of old Brutus^
to principibus
confpirationis.
Marcus
which
6uet. 18.
kept in his
of the ancient
houfe among thofe of his An[/] Some
a

writers

call in

this
queftion

of Brutus^s defcent

ceftors

and

Atticus, who

curious in
peculiarly
of Haof the Roman
Dionyiius
antiquities
particularly
moft
the
drew
licarnafTus,
judici-milies,
up Brutus's
account

ous

was

and criticalof them, who

for him
nealogy

fevcralarguments aalledges

his

fage-

and deduced

fucceffion from
2

the

that old

Kero^

A.Urb.
Cic.

709.

63.

^"^

cJsTrV
M.

An

wiiiTs.

TO-

the

of

History
7'/""f

^2o

Life

trained with great care

by
very young, he was
letters,
his uncle Cato, in all the fludies of polite
and unof eloquenceand Philofophy,
efpecially
of fuch a Tutor, imbibed a
"^^^ ^^^^ difcipline
had

and virtue.
He
love for liberty
and
cellent parts, and equal induftry,

warm

earlyfame

an

at

the bar

he

where

ex-

acquired
pleadedfe-

efveral caufes of great importance, and was

teemed the moft eloquentand learned of all the
of fpeakHis manner
of his age.
young nobles

judicious,
corred, elegant,
yet wanting

ing was

in
which is required
copioufnefs,
his
But Philofophy
was
Orator.
a confummate
favorite ftudy, in which, though he profefTed

that force and

himfelf of the

fed of the old Ac

moderate

more

a-

of temper,
prideand gravity
of the Stoic ; and to
he affeded the feverity
wholly
imitate his uncle Cato *, to which he was
unequal-, for he was of a mild, mercifull,and
averfe to every thing
difpofition
;
compaflionate
often forced by the tendernefs of
cruel -, and was
of his principles.
his nature
to confute the rigor
While his mother lived in the greatefl
familiarity
attached
to the
with Caefar,he was
conftantly

"demyy
yet from

Hero,

certain

in ad ircflline

father

fon.

to

vit. Att, 18.

Corn.
Tufcul.

born

war,

in the Con-

of L. Cornelius Cinna
fulfhip
and

A. U.
futes
bein?

have

his

loH

He

Hi.

to

Cn.

Carbo,
Fapirias

66S. which
the

commonly

he Ccvfars

his

believed

Jhi, fince

he

to

was

but iitueen years younger than

famiCsefar himfelf: whole
with
liarity

his mothtr

not

was

tillCaefar had

married

very young,

Cornelia,
when

and

tenderlyloved; and
oration
funeral

confully

vulgarftoryof

was

tillma-

after Brutus

firll wife
he

whom

fuppofed

commenced,

Nep. ny years
Difp. born; or

I.

4_.

be

through vslia, cannot

all the intermediate ages from

he made

he

always
whofe
when

^i^fior,and conlequentlythirtyyears old. Vid.

Sueton. J. Csf.
c
1,6, 50.
he

was

it. Brut. p. 343^. 447. " Ccr-

radi

nates,

Ser-

oppofite

of

oppofite
party,
ty

CICERO.

M.rULLlUS
and firm

he

whom

he followed

aded

and

hated,

the intereflsof liber- ^-

to

for the fake of which

of
purfuit

the

fatal

him

to

of the

Chiefs,went

to

and

out

him

M.

prefrom

^^^^'

likelyto prove

was

Cato,
the

renew

c^]^\,J^^

Pharfalia,
Caesar

draw

to

caufe, that

fo that when

find

to

the reft

with
war

in

Afric,^

and his moby Csefar's generofity

his arms,
and return.
tlier'sprayers, to laydown
to
to Italy. Csefar endeavoured
obligehim by

he

was

induced

all the honours, which his power could beilow :

but the indignity
,of receivingfrom a Mafter,
what he ought to have received from a free peothan any honors
more
plcjfhocked him much
the ruin, in which he faw his
could oblige
; and
friends involved by Casfar's ufurped dominion,
which no favors could coirgave him a dilguil,
penfate.He obferved therefore a diflance and
Hiare
to no
referve throughCasfar's reign; afpired
of his confidence, or pare in his counfils,and by
the uncourtly
vehemence, with which he detended the rightsof King Deiotarus, convinced Caebe obliged,where he
far, that he could never

did

not

find himfeif free.

He

cultivated

all the

with Cicero, v/hofe

the flrifefi:friendOiip
the
averle
he knew, were
to
utterly
principles,
while

meafures of the times

fation, he ufed
the

unhappy

to

-,

and

in whole

mingle his

ftate

of

the

free

conver-

on
complaints
Republic, and the
ovvqi

fallen ", till

it w\as
hands, into which
by thefe conferences,and confirmed by
ed
difcontent ot all the honed, he formthe general

wretched
animated

the bold

his Country by
defignof freeing

Mile's

the

ed
pubHclydefend2i6z of killing
Ciodius^ by a maxim,

deflrucftion of Csfar.

He

'

had

^^rb-^og.

^^'^^'

Pompey,

fide,with

battel of

being; deHrous

that

on

zeal. At the
diftinguifhed
orders
Csefar gave particular
lerve Brutus

421.

wliich

Anto-

V.

T^he History

422
A. Urb.
Cic.
c

709.

63.
lus

C-esarV.
M.
Nius.

Anto-

which he maintained

of the Life
be

to

true,
univerfally

that

who live in defiance

of the laws^ and cannot
thofe,
to a trials
^^ brought
oughtto he taken offwithout a
The
cafe was
triaL
to Casfar in a
applicable
much
higherdegree than to Clodius ; whofe
had placedhim
above the reach of the
power
law, and left no v/ay of piinifliing
him, but by
This therefore was
Brutus's mo*
an
affaffmation.
tive ; and Antony did him the juftice
to fay,
the onelyone
that he was
who
of the confpiracy^
entered into it out ofprinciple
from
; that the reji^
he
t
he
alon^
malice^
rofeup againft man,
private
the 'Tyrant
againfl
[^].
C. Cassius

lefs honorable

family,not
zealous

likewife from

defcended

was

or

lefs

ancient,nor

for the

than Brutus's
publicliberty,
whofe Anceflor, Sp. Caflius, after a triumph
is faid to have been conof three confulihips,
demned,
and put to death, by his own
Father,
for aiming at a dominion.
He Ihewed a remarkable
and
inllance,when a boy, of his highfpirit
love of liberty;
for he gave SylWs Son, Faufius^
the ear, for bragging
a box on
among his fchooU
;

ita"
[X] Natura admirabilis,
[Brut.15.]turn Brutus
doleo
illiusconfilio
"
"
dodlrina,
exquifita
|" fmgu- que
induftria.
Cum
in
enim
laris
tuavocepopulumRom.carere
"

caufis verfatus efles

maximis

"[Brut. 26.]

quo

magis

tu-

tamdiu.
dolendum

Quod
eft,

cum

turn

per fe
multo

ad quos
Brute, judiciumprobo, magis confideranti,
ifta non
id eft,ex 'vetere
tranflata fmt, fed nequi eorum,
feefcip quo padp devenerint.
academia, philofophorum
urn,

tarn

fecutus

doftrina

es,

quorum

in

diffepraeceptis

"

[Brut.269.
'Aaa' 'Avledvi\i
yi kol}'sroA.-

?^ovi dic^aai Aiyo/j^fCo^

cum
conjungitur
fAovov
fuavitate
"
s^/94j-0a/Kct/V"*copia. olfo/7oBp"Tof
incum
f/,'srf"oetyJ^ivja.rn
[Brut.2 1 9.] Nam
ha,iJL'^f)oTi
ambularem
in Xyfto M. ad
itcthZ th?
kai
ru
^ctivofjXvM
me
Brutus, ut confueverat, 'zzrpa
J*"yf"vid. Plut. in Brut,
T. Pomponio venerat
cum
p. 997. it.App. p. 498.

rendi

ratio

dicendi

"

"

fellows^

Cic.

63.

Tu"VusSifter of

C*^.sAR
V.
^

^Q

..

^^y*-

Antn-

the

Life

peace too, by going over

married
j^^j^^jj.|^ j^js fleet. He
Tertia, the
make

709. befl to

A. Urb.

of

57?^ YLisTOT^Y

4^4

Brutus

his

own

and

in temper
though differing

was
ftridlyunited with
phiiofophy,
and the conttant
and poHtics
friendiliip
",

and

him

in

partner

ed
brave, witty,learnfierce,and cruel ; fo that
yet paffionate,
^
amiable friend^he the more
the more
Brutus was
He

of all his counfils.

dangerous
enemy

was

his

in

later years

deferted

he

to Epicurus;
the Stoics,and became
convert
a
natural and reawhofe doftrine he thought more

fonabie

conftantly
maintaining,that

found onelyin
;

while

to he
mafier recommended^ was
the habitual pra^fice
and
of juflice

he

himfeif
profelTed

Epicurean,he lived like

in pleafures,
temperate
drinker through life. He
early to the obfervance
Nobles did, who
young
laudable in view : this

by
war,

conformityof
and

plea-

their

fure^ which
virtue

the

Stoic

in

therefore

diet, and

water-

himfeif very
of Cicero; as
all the
attached

had

thinggreat or
confirmed
was
friendfhip
any

their fentiments

in Csefar's

moderate

was

-,

an

in the

civil

reign", during which,

feve"

pafTedbetween them, written with a

which
is to be found
freedom and familiarity,
In
onely in the moft intimate correfpondence.
thefe letters,
though Cicero rallieshis Epicurifm,
and change of principles,
yet he allows him to
tegrity
honor and inhave a6ted alwayswith the greatefl:
and pleafantly
fays,that he fhouldbeginte
;
think that fecito have more nerves^ than he imaginedy

ral Letters

had embraced
JinceCafjitis

it. The

feveral frivolous reafons of

of his

C^efar
killing

old writers

difguft,
as

afTign

the motives

that

defar took a number of

Lions from hirn^which he had provided
for a pub-i^
lie fljew; that he woidd not give him the ConfuU

Jtjip
; thai

he gave BruSus the

more

honorable Free-

of M.TULLIUS

CICERO.
him.

to
in preference
tor/hip

look

farther for the

need

we

motive, than

true

: for his
principles

and

temper

But

425

nature

A. Urb.

not

^if'^3-

his

to

fingu-q

was

larlyimpetuous and violent; impatientof conof fubjedlion

and
much
more
tradiction,
; and

709.

]vhivi

c^esar
M.

V.

Anto-

^*"^*
fond of glory,virtue,liberty
: it was
pafTionately
that Casfar apprehendedhis
from thefe qualities,
tony
danger: and when admonifhed to beware of Anand Dolabella, ufed to fay,that it was
not

whom
he had caufe
and the jovial^
the gay^ the curled^
the pale^and the lean ;
to fear^but the thcughtfuU

and

meaningBrutus

Caffius
[/].
The

[/] C.
lia natus,

Caffius in
quae
led

fami-

ea

modo

non

do-

ko'^a A'Tra^dL^Kiva

Xa,i"retpoi

W X-^f^^^Aavv]vK'ov]ct,ij^]S''

"i\{jTu^ kajupotentiam ^iiv V7r(i"^v,vcti.f0

quidam cujufquamferre po- rov ci;Gy^^6oi^v'7ro\"piCii
y/oya

minatum,

ne

[Phil.2. II.] Quern u"^ctpfit/^j-,

'Trctpci'^hzovji
yVsf
0;/
bi primum magiftratu
hJ'iinetabiit, kv V"un S'vvct^zvoflA
damnatumque conflat. Sunt 7^"c7ctj'"f.
[App. 2. 483. it.
qui patrem aflorem ejusfup- Dio. I. 42. 188. Sueton. J.
ferant. Eum
cognita Csef. 63.] C. Caffius finehis
plicii
tuit.

"

domi

caufa verberaiTe

ac

ne-

calTe,
peculiumquefiliiCereri

clariffimisviris hanc
Cilicia

ad

rem

oftium

in

fluminis

confecravifle.

[Ltv. 2. 41.] CydniconfeciiTetjiiilleadeam

Cujus filium, Faulium, C. ripam,quam conftituerat,non

Caffius

in
condifcipulumfuum
fchola,profcriptionem
paterlaudantem
nam
colapho
"

[Val.
percuffit.
vid. Plutar.

in

Max.

i.

3.

Brut.] Reli-

ad

contrariam

fet.

appulif-

naves

2.
11.]
[Phil.

Brutum

amicum

les,inimicum
Caffium.

quibus

habere

magis

mal-

tiraeres

iiJ'o[Vell.P.2.72.]
Sc drctfoL^lcii'virtute,

viiv vero,
quiaslegionumC. Caffius
Kct\o)
QuaellorconfervavitjSyriamra
juftitia,
parari,"
"
queadeoinpopuHRomanipo- verum
probabileeft.Ipfe
teftate retinuit,
enim
uc tranfgrejTos
Epicurus dicit. mc
"

"

in

eum

Parthos, felicirerum

gr/V ^cf'keog
dtviv

7"

Kct\coi

Kett

fugaretac funderet. S'otct'.co';,

^Tw, [Ep. fam. 15,
Caffius
tota vita aquam
[Vell.Pat.2.46.it.Phil.xi.i4.]
19.]
o'JS'i i^yov
bibit. [Senec.547.] QuaniTz^oy Yiynucci

eventu

;tsc/pcL'^sr"9"t/*
quicum loquor? cum
TyT(^"if
5;'ctvT:,piy
quam
fortiffimo viro ; qui pouno
//.rtAAof,?)Xdci:ryjy rov r^ohiforum
flea
attigifti,
^iKa"TcLJovi7ri7or^]fuviC"Ao(jLYiquam
nihU

'

'The History

42^
A. Urb.

709.

The

in

next

^if*^3'
though very
C.

Cjesar

M.

An

TO-

were

N^us.

^y

Y{im

them

in

Caflius

character,

C. Trebonius

they

been

in

all his

wars

fo that when

Caefar

mand
Spain,he left them to comBrutus by fea^ Trethe ftege
of Mar fellies^
themhonhis by land \ in which
they acquitted
and
felves with the greateft
courage and ability,
of furreduced that ftrongplaceto the neceflity
of the
was
renderingat difcretion. Decimus
fame familywith his namefake, Marcus
; and
that infpired
an
of a name,
Casfar,as if jealous
folicitous to
averfion to Kings, was
particularly
gain them both to his intereft", and feemed to

marched

"

Brutus, and

and

Brutus

devoted to Casfar ; and

conftantly
favored,advanced,and entrufted
Angularly

had both

V.

to
authority

different from

Decimus

^^^^

Julius

of the Life

have

firft into

fucceded

to

his wifli in Decimus

and
his friendfliip,

who

for-

all
accepted
wardlyembraced
his favors ", beingnamed
by him to the command,
of the foh
Gauk and to the Confuljhip
cf Cifdpine
heir even
of his eftate^
lowing
year^ and the fecond
in failure
of the firft.He feems to have had no
nor
charadter of virtue, or patriotifm,
peculiar
with Cicero, before the ad
any correfpondence
inftead of exC^far ; fo that people,
of killing
at his doing
pedtingit from him, were furprized
and
brave, generous, magnificent,
it ; yet he was
in the enjoymentof
lived with great fplendor,
band
immenfe fortune \ for he kepta numerous
an
cf Gladiators^at his own expence, for the diverfion of the City', and after Casfar's death, fpent
founds of his own
about four hundred thoufand

plenifTimum[Ep. fam. 15. 16.] DlfFerenIn ifta do confulatum Caffium offendignitatis.

amplifiimaj
ne
metuo
plus derat. [Veil.P. 2. 56. it.
ipfactifkaii
Plut. in Brut. App. 408.]
nervorum
fit,quam
ego putarim, li mode earn tu probas,

nihil feciftinifi

TTioney,

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
an
maintaining

in

money,

^17

Antoagainft

army

^' Urb.

^Coff^*

[m].

ny

had

Trebonius

whollya

was

new

boaft

family

to

no

and

man,

the creature

of, but^ JuliJs

of Cas- c'^sar
V.

far's power, who produced him throughall the M- Antohonors of the State,to his late confulfhip
of three ^^^^'
months

Antony calls him Son of a Buffoon

;
but Cicero, of a fpkndidKnight
he
:
was
a man
of parts, prudence, integrity,
humanity: was
converfant alfo in the poHterarts, and had a
culiar
pe:

turn

to

wit and humor

death, he publilhed
a
which

he

had

volume

for, after Csfar's

of Cicero^s fayingSy

taken

pains to colledt ; upon

which Cicero compliments him, for havingexand giventhem
planedthem with great elegance,
a frefh force and beauty,
ner
by his humorous manof introducing
then". As the Hiflorians
have not fuggeiled
any reafon that fhould move
either him

or

Decimus

to the refolution of

killins

whom

theywere infinitely
obliged: fo
we
it,as Cicero does, to
may reafonably
irhpute
a
of foul, and fuperior
love of their
greatnefs
country, which made them preferthe liberty
of
Rome to the friendfhip
rather
of any man ; and chufe
to he the dejlroyers^
than the partners of a
tyranny\n\
a

man,

to

The

etiam confi- Vid. Casf. Comm.

de Bell,
M
Adjeflis
liariis coedis, familiariflimis civil.1. z.Plut. inBrut. App

omnium,

"

ejusin fummum
gium, D.

fortuna

partium

p. 497, 518. Dio.l. 44. 247.

evedtis fafti- "c. D. Brutus
Caefaris
cum
"

Bruto " C. Trebo-

primus

omnium

amicorum

clari nominis vinio, aliifque

interfedorfuit. Veil,
fuiiTet,

lis.

P.

que

[Veil.P. 2. 56.] Plurefpercurforumin tutoribus

filii nominavit : Decimum

Brutum etiam in fecundis he-

redibus.

709.

Ca;f.
[Sueton.

2. 64.
["] Scuras filium appellat
Antonius.
Quafi vero igno-

tus

nobis

fuerit

fplendidus

83.] EquesRomanusTreboniipater

The IriiSTOKY

428
A. Urb.

^!J-^3men^
C.

Julius

C^sAR

M.

Anto-

"^^us,

V.

were
confpirators
^^vtly
young

reft of the

The

709.

of the Ltfe

blood, eager

of noble

to

revenge

the ruin

^^ ^^^^^ fortunes and families", partly

menohfcure^
the public["?]
; yet whofe
fidelity
had been appro^^ed
Brutus
and
by

and unknown

to

and

courage
Caflius.
It

agreed by them all in council

their defignin the Senate^ which was

to execute

fumnioned
March

was

meet

to

theyknew

circumftance, which
to

be

even

PompefsSenate
to

was

be

be made

would

plaud
ap-

if there was
allift,

even

[^] ; and there was a

peculiarly
encouragedthem,,
ominous
that it happened
Houfe^in v/hich their attempt

occafion,in the doing

to

fifteenth of

or

that the Senate

done, and

it when

and feemed

the Ides^

on

it

-,

Casfar would conlethe foot of Pompey'sStatue^ as ^

;

and where

quentlyfall at
[^].
juftfacritice to the manes of that great man
for
granted,that tjie City
They took it alfo
their fide,yet for their
be generally
would
on
D. Brutus gave orders,to arm
greater fecurity,
his Gladiators that morningsas iffor feme public
JheWy that they might be ready,on the firit noter.

nii

"

16] Qui libertatem populi

[Phil.
13. 10.] Trebounius amicitise pr^confilium, ingenium, Romani
innocentiam,

humanitatem,

magnitudinemanimi
tria liberanda

[Phil.xi.
mihi

in

pa-

quisignorat?

4.]liber

ille,
quern
habet
mififti,
quantam
amoris

declarationem

tui ?

pofuit,depulforquedominaefTe matus, quam

particeps
luit.

Phil.

[0]

In

tot

11.

2.

hominibus,par-

tim

obfcuris,partim adolefPhil. 2. 11.

centibus,"c.

Keti
(iii?.iv]^h',ii
ciifTcoy
[p'j
primum, quod tibifacetum
videtur quicquid ego dixi, f^n 'Sj-fouccOc^er,'Ztrpc9v
on
(TWiTrtPs-lcIJ^onv
aliis
fortaffe
item :
non
quod
roiifyzvy
ijXvkv.App. 499.
deinde, quod ilia,five fac eta
funt, five fic fiunt narrante
[ql Poflquam Senatus idibus Martiis in Pompeii cute venuiliffima.
Quin etiam

antequam
fus omnis
"c.

ad

me

pasne

Ep. fam.

veniatur,ri- riam
confumitur, pus

15.

21.

it.

12.

ediftus
$c

eft,facile

locum

tem-

piietulerunt.

[Sueton.80.]

tice.

tice to fecure the

429

of the Senate, and de- A.Urb. 709.

fudden violence -, and Pom^!5-^3-

avenues

from

fend them

CICERO.

rULLIUS

M,

of

any

fey'sTheai^r^ which

adjoinedto bis Senate-houfe^

^
q
for
the
exercife of the c.^sar V.
place
beingthe propereft
all fufpicion,
that might M. AntoGladiators, would cover
The onelydelibera- ^^^^*
otherwife arife from them.
tion that perplexed
them, and on which they
much
divided, was whether theyfhould not
were
and Lepidus^
with C".-efar
kill Antony alfo-,
together
\
the
ambitious
of
more
the
Antony \
efpecially
the more
and
ger
likelyto create frefh dantwo,
t

the Commonwealth.

to

Caflius,with

of the company,
was
but the two Brutus^s

him

and

over
iinally

-ruled it :

v/armly for killing

as
warmly oppofed,
theyalledged, that
was
would
neceffary,
"

blood, than
difgracetheir caufe, and draw upon them

"

to

"

fhed

more

"

Patriots, but

''

fo much

"

felves

to

on

cruelty;and

of

"imputation

of

actingnot
Pompey;

the Partifans of

as

free the

City,as

an
as

not

revenge themget the dominion

to

their enemies, and

of it into their hands."

jority
ma-

But what

weighed with
that Antothem the mofr, was
ny
a vain perfuafion,
be tradlable,
and eafily
would
reconciled,as
foon as the affair was over
: but this lenity
proved
their work imperfect,
their ruin : and by leaving

*'

defeated allthe benefit of it ;

as

find Cicero afterwards

we

them in his Letters [r].

reproaching
m.entioned by the HifloMany
are
prodigies
rians to have given warning of C^far's death [j]:
which
having been fe##" forgedby fome, and
often

[rj
2.

Plutar.

in

502.

Dio.

499.

veilcn

Quam

cherrimas
Martiis
arum

Q:z(.

^^pp.

fam.

24^.

2.7.

247,
Illas

ad

Idibus

epulas

me

invitaffes.

pul-

Reliqui-

nihil haberemus.

Ep.

x.

28.

[jj Sed
des

"c.
ell:,

Brut.

futura,cae-

Caifari

evidentlbus

nunciata

4. ad

12,

deprodigiis
Sueton.

8i.

T'luc.in vit.
ere

du loud V

"The History

430

of

the

Life

received by others,were
706.creduloufly
copied,as.
ftrike
the imagination
6^. ufual, by all,to
of their

A. Urb.
Cic.
C

TuLius

cksARV.
M.

Anto-

^'^'s*

readers,and raifean awful

attention to

event,

an

the Gods were

to bei nterefted.
fuppofed
Cicero has related one of the moft remarkable of
them ; " that as Csefar was
bea little
facrificing
ii^which

*'

fore his

death,with great pomp

''

robes and
in his triumphal

"

tim, which

''

without

'^

fhocked

fplendor,

goldenchair^the

fat Ox, was

found
and when Csefar feemed

was

heart

and

vic-

be

to
to

be

the Harufpex,admoit,Spurinna,
nilhed him to beware, left througha failure
fhould be cut off,fmce the
his life
in counfiU

*'

"

at

the feat and

fource of them both.

day he facrificedagain,in hopesto

*'

heart

*'

The

*'

find the entrails more

was

next

*'

of

*^

which

"

omens

bullock

the

propitious
", but the liver
appearedto want its head^

reckoned

was

alfo among

the direfull

[^]." Thefe fadls,though ridiculed

Divin.

[/]De

1.

52.

2.

NaturaMs,

whollyunphithoughtit
that the
imagine,
as

16. Thefe cafes of vidlims

^without a
found fometimes

who
lofophical,

heart or li'ver,
gave rife to a
curious queftion
among thofe
believed the reality
of
who

Deitycould

asthe
thiskind of ^/'i;/"^^/o",

abfurd

to

either

annihilate,

create
or
; either reduce any
thingto nothing,or form
of nothing.
any thingout

Stoics generally
did, how to
for the caufe of fo
account

What

feems

a phaenomenon.The
ftrange

reallyhappened,they

the moft prothat

if the fadls
bable,is,
were

folution was,
that contrived by Csefar's friends,
common
the Gods made fuch changes and the heart conveyed
away
in the moto
inftantaneoufly,
by fome artifice,
give
ment

of

by anfacrificing,

them

better

pretence of

their admonitions,
nihilating
enforcing
condition of the entrails fo, and putting
Caefar upon his
them
which
to make
as
correfpond guardagainfldangers,
or

alteringthe

with the circumftances of the

and the admoniSacrificer,

they intended to
tgive. [De Div. ibid.] But
tion which
his

was

laughedat by

they really apprehended,

from quitedifferentreafons,
than the pretended
denunciations of the Gods.

the

hf

^^^

1^2
A. Urb.
Cic.

709.

63.

Coff.

of

History

the

Life

and two hmidred thoufandjives

hoiita million^
[j],
civil
the
add
the
if
to
wars
and
we
account,
they
much
coil the Republic
could not
lefs,in the
valuable blood of it's beft Citizens :
^ove

cJs^A^V
M.

An

courfe of
perpetual

yet
fadion,ivio-

througha
he had made
his way at
lence, rapine,flaughter,
laft to Empire, he did not enjoythe quietpofTeffion of it above jivemonths [z].
when

TO-

Nius.

every great and noble

that could exalt human
nature, and give
quality,
to excel!
the afcendant in fociety
; formed
a man
He

was

endowed

with

in counfil ;
: provident
in peace, as well as war
what he had refearlefs in a6tion \ and executing
yond
be: generous
folved with an amazing celerity

meafure
-,

and

to

to his enemies
placable
fcarce
eloquence,
learning,

his friends

for parts,

His orations were

admired
inferior to any man.
found togewhich are feldom
for two
ther,
qualities
ranks
him
Cicero
ayid
a"
:
firength elegance
bred :
ever
orators, that Rome
greateft
fays,that he /pokewith the fame
Quintillian
forcewith which he fought; and if he had devoted
have been the onely
man
to the har^ would
himfelf
he a mafter
Cicero, Nor was
of rivalling
capable
onely of the politerarts; but converfant alfo
the

mong
and

with the mofb

ing
abfirufe and criticalpart of learnother works

whiciriie

publifliCicero^on the Analogy

fpeakingand writing

and

among
addreflcd two

*,

books to
ed,
the art of
or
of language^
corre(Siy
\a\. He was a moft

of

liberal Patron

wit

[z]Neque illitanto viro"

plufquam quinque menlium
ab eo
quies contigit
Ha occilapraeliis
quod principalis
Pat.
Veil.
2.
56.
itaelie conteilus eft iple,beilorum civilium ftragemnon
["j It was in the dedicaprodendo.Plin, tlift.7. 25. tion of this pieceto Citero,
"
[j] Undecies centena
milnonagintaduohoh-inum

"

"

that

of M,

rULLIUS

CICERO.

karning,wherefoever

wit and

theywere

would
of his love of thofe talents,
ly pardon thofe,who had employed them

and

out

himfelf

his

fleafure
; which
excefs :
greateft
;

found

which

to

he

A- Urb.

againft
q
fuch

V?

c^sar

draiD
he

praifes
from the M. Anto^''^^'
had been afperfed.

ambition

indulgedin

their

and
turns

love
to

of

the

alwayspredominant
yet the firftwas
he could eafily
facrifice all the

even
fecond,and draw pleafure
from toils and dangers,
when theyminiflred to..
his glory. For
he thoughtTyranny^ as Cicero
had frequentof Goddejfes
fays,the greateft
ly
", and
in his mouth
which exa verfe of Euripides,
prefledthe image of his foul, that ifrightand
lated
to be violated^
ever
were
juflice
theywere to be viothe chief
This was
for the fakeof reigniitg.
end and purpofeof his lite: the fcheme that he
had formed from his earlyyouthj fo that,as Cato
and
trulydeclared of him, he came with fobriety
meditation to the fubverfion
of the Republic, He
ufed to fay,that there were
two
thingsneceffary^
and money \
to acquire
and to fupport
power \ foldiers
which
each other :
yet depended mutuallyon
with money
therefore he providedfoldiers-, and

charms

709.

^'^"^3j{"lius

readi-

judging,that by making
rightly

he fmuld
friends,
from which
fame fountain^
His capital
paflionswere
men

433

of the

with

foldiers extorted

the moft
and

toes

that

Caefar

of all men
was
: and
money
both frienda
rapaciousin plundering,

fparingneither Prince nor State^

who
nor
nor
were
even
'Temple^
privateperfons^
known
to
pofTefs
any fhare of treafure. His
have made
\\m\
great abilities would neceflarily
of the firftCitizens of Rome
but difdaining
one
;
",

paid

him

the

it nvr.s moj-e
of all triu?npbsias
hounds of
the
extend
to
Pliny glorious
of
his
than
the Ro?nan ncity
mentions,
of their
havingacEi?tt"ire. Hill N. 7. 30.
to that
quireda laurel,
fuperior
the
Vol.
II.
F f

compliment,

which

A.

Urb.

709.

C1G.63.

M.

V.

Anto-

^iius.

the

fubjed,he

^^\\ j^g j^a^ md.dchimM^

Tutius

Ctesar

of

condition

the

Life

could

never

Monarch.

In

reft,

a6ling

P^^^' ^^^ ^^^^^^ prudence feemed to fail

if the height,
he was
to which
mounted,

^^^^ ^^^

of

^^^^ History

434*

him

", as

had

turned

his

him

head, and made

giddy : for,
I^ya vain oftentation of his power, he deftroyed
of it ; and as men
fhorten Hfc, by
the ftabiUty
livingtoo faft,fo by an intemperanceof reigning,
he broughthis reignto a violent end [^].
It was
a
comm.on
queftionafter his death,
and
propofedas a problem by Livy, whether it
was
of ferviceto the Republic that he had ever
.

Cjefare

["5]De
judico

latine

gantiffime"
"

teris,"
"

fludio
cutus

fere

loqui ele-

id

mukis

"

iis

lit-

recondi-

quidem
fummoque
exquiiitis,

ell:confediligtntia
-~-[Brut.370.]C. vero
ac

Caefar fi foro
alius

non

ipfeita

ilium omnium

"

Oratorum

tis

Sc

noftris

x.
[Quintil.
appareat.
C. Caefar, in libris,quos

etiam

ad

de

in

per grajcos verfus de Phseniflis

habebat

"

maximis

gratia

Violandiun

eji:

aliis rehus pie-

colas.

tatejn

[Offic.
3. 21.]

1.] Cato dixit, C. Ca^farem

Analogia
[A.Gell.19, 8.]
confcripfit"
Qu'n

[Ad Att. 7.
%e/i/ rvfctuvU'ct.
in ore
fem11.] ipfeautem

nandi

nominaretur, tanvis eft,id acumen,

ta in eo
ea
ut ilium eodem
concitatio,
animo
dixifle,quo bellavit,

Ciceronem

6.
"^V
(xiy'iTnu l-

6.] tPjJ/^iav

contra

Ciceronem

M,

fit

vacafTet, Namji 'violajtdunt

ejiJus, reg'

tantum

ex

laudes fuas,e quo

telligit
leviter afperfus.
[Ep. fam.

oc-

cupationibuscum

ad

teip-

fyim, inquit,de

ratione

la-

tine

evertendam
brium
8.

ad

rempublicam,foI.
[Quintil.

accefTiffe.

2.] Abftinentiam

neque

in

in

Imperilsneque
Magiftratibus prasftitit
in Gallia fana,templaqueDeumdonis referta expilavit
urbes diruit,
:
"

loquendi accuratiflime
ob praedamquam
defcripferit[Brut.370. vid. faspius
it.
Sueton.
in
evidentiffimis
Caefare
lidlum
56.]
rapihaec funt, mitis, clemenfque nis, ac Sacrilegiis
belonera
civilium
fuftinuit.
lorum
natura
accedit,qaod mirif,ce ingeniisexcellentibus, [Sueton.c. 54. vid. it. Dip"
quale tuum
eft,deledatur
p. 208.]
"

"

"

"

"

"

^odem fonte fe haufturum

in-

hen

CICERO.

of M.TULLIUS
^een lorn

did
qiieftion

The

[c].

435'

turn

noc

on

the A. Urb. 709.

^^^^^^*
fimplemerit of his a6ts,for that would bear no
of
them; c. Julius
difpute,but on the accidental effedb
V,
their producingthe fettlementunder Augullus,c^sar
the

the benefits of that government

confequenceof his Tyranny.

who

treats

and

which

M-

was

Suetonius,^^^'^"

the characters of the Csefars with

that

freedom, which the happy reigns,in which he

lived, indulged,upon balancingthe exacl fumm
of his virtues and vices declares him, on the
^

whole, to

which
killed[ti]
have been juftly
;
been

have

to

wifeft and
time when

the

generalfenfc

of the

appears

beft,the

the moil difmterefted in Rome,

committed*
the fa6t was

at

the

which feemed to admit any

onelyqueftion
mitted
difpute,
was, whether it ought to have been comthe leaders in it [f]:
by thofe,who were
The

their lives

owed

of whom

fome

to

Csefar

",

and

with honors, to
encreaie the popularodium

by him

loaded

others had been

that helpedto
j
degree,
the
moil
who
cherilliD. Brutus,
was
particularly
ed by him of them
all,and left
by his will, the
fecondHeir of his Eftate [/]. For, of the 'Twa
not
Brutus' s^ it was
Marcus, as it is commonly
imagined,but Decimus, who was the favorite^
and whofe part in the confpiracy
peopletha
furprized
moft[^]. But this circumilance ferved onelyfor a
for aggradifferent handle to the differentparties,

[""]Vid. Senec.

766.
tamen
[rt'J
Praigravant

Quxll.
tera

1. 5. 18. p.

76.
de
[^] Difputari

folet,an
D"

debuerit

Juliovitam,

"

eum

[^]

jure

rum

Etli eil enim

Bruto

commune

accipere
occi-

eo

erant

rem

illam dicebanc

x.
debuiffe^Philip,

tamen

il, qui id

doiebant, qud minus

turn

Brut6-

faftumd-laud is

focietas a^qua, Decimo

iratiores

earn

20.

[/] Appian. 2. 518*

cas-

Sueton.

M.

judicaret.Se-

de Benef. 1. 2.

nee.

tadla, didaque ejus,ut

" abufus dominatione

csfus
exiftimetur.
c

dendum

Natur.

Anto-

fac-

ab
fieri

7.

vating

A. Urb.
Cic.

709.

63.

of the Life

^he History

43'S

C^far^S

vating either their crime, or their merit.

for
chargedthem with hafe ingratitude^
and abufingthe power
their Benefadlor,
Tu^i/ius
killing
C
he had
which
given to the deftrud:ion of the
V.
C^sAR
M. Antogiver. The other fide gave a contrary turn to
NILS.

friends

\i .^ extolled the greater virtue of the

men,

for

being diverted by private confiderations,

benefit : Cicero takes
from doingan ad: of public
it alwaysin this view, and fays, That the Reindebted to them, for
publicwas the more
the common
good, to the friendpreferring
whatfoever; that as to the
fhip of any man
the
kindnefs of givingthem their lives,it was
kindnefs onely of a Robber, who
had firfl
done
the greater wrong,
them
by ufurping
not

"

*'

*'

''

*'

*'

"'

the power

*'

*'

iiain of

any

""

have

never

take

to

it :

that,if there

had

been

in the a6l, theycould

ingratitude
acquiredfo much gloryby it j and

indeed
though he wondered
for doing it, rather than ever
'"they would have done it;

'"

at

fome

of them

imagined,that

*'

yet

he

admired

for

being regardlefs
of favors,
that theymight fhew their regardto
their Country [/:?]."
Panfa
S o iM E of Crefar's friend?,
particularly
and Hirtius,advifed him alwaysto keep a flanding guard of PrjEtorian Troops, for the defence
of his perfon
that a power acquired
hy
; alledging,
he maintained hyarms
"ir,ns rnuft
: but his
necejfarily
them

"*'

fo much

the more,

*'

''

[h] Quod
iicium

""

e(l aliad bene-

latronum,

nifi lit

lis fe
poflint,
vitam, quibusnon adcmerint ? quod fi effet beii qui ilneficium, nunquam

commemorare

dediile

lum
^ant

interfectrunt,
a

fervati, tantum
"

gloriamconiecuti.

e-

quo

efient

Phil.

2.

3,

etiam
Quo
majorem ei
Rcfpub. gratiam debet, qui

pbpuliRomani udenius amicitice praepofuit,

qu-am
pulforquedominatus

iibertatem

admiefle maluit
particeps
ratasfumobeamcaufamjqu-Gd
"

immemor
mor

beneticiorum,

patrisfuiffec.
"

ib.

common

me11.

CICERO.

ofM. TULLIUS

437

by A.

that he had rather die once

anfwer was,
than Uve
treachery^

common

Urb.

709,

alwaysin fearof
[?*].He
^p'^^*
the liberty
of
ufed to laugh at Syllafor reftoring
q^ JumJs
in
and
of
to
the Republic-,
him,c^sARV.
fay
contempt
that he did not know his letters[^]. But, as a ju- M. Antous.
dicious writer has obferved,Syllahad learnt ^
than he ; which
better Grammar
taughthim to reand his government together
: where^
fign his guards^
the
the one^ yet retaining
"as Cdefar^
by difmiJjUng
in politics
other committed a dangerous
folecifm
[/];
the popularodium, and confor he flrengthened
his
his own^danger,while he weakened
fequently
it

*'

defence.

good laws duringhis admiall tendingto enforce the publickdifniftration,

of former laws.
and extend the penalties
cipline,
feveral

made

He

The

moft

ot them

as well
confiderable,

as

the moft ulefull

hold any Province

Fratorfhould
than two
than one year^ nor a Conful
more
more
[m].
This was
that had been often
a regulation,
wifhed
for^ as Cicero fays,in the befi
oftimes ", and what
of the ableft Dilators of the Republichad
one
declared to be it'schief fecurity,
not to fuffer
great
and arbitrary
commands to be of longduration ^ but
to limit them
at
leajtin titne^
if it was not conthat

was,

[/] Laudandum
tia confilium

Hirtii

no

experien-

eft Panfse

atque

minoris impoten-

[k"]Nee

propalam edebat

tine voces

qui iemper pra^dixe- Syllam

nefcifTe

Csefari,ut principatum Diclaturam

armis
qua^fitum armis teneton.
77.

ranc

Ille

ret.

quam
2.

mori
diftitans,

timeri malle.

fe

Vel. P.

57.

tis

fubire femel confefTum

efie,quam

Sueton.

c.

cavere

fa-

femper.

Vid.

Suedepofuerit.

Sir H.

Savile's

DifTertat.de Militia Rom.

the end

Infidias undiqueimminentes

[/]

"

"

litteras,qui

at

of his tranflation of

Tacitus,

\_m]Phil.

r.

8.

Sueton.

J.

Ca^i".42, 43,

26,

ranient

The

438
UVb.

A.

709.

^if*^3"
C.

M.
NIUS.

Anto-

V.

the

his

them

to

pofleflionfrom

own

of

habit

and

prevent

himfelf

he

the

not

way,
the, laws, but

of

law,

what

doing

prolongation
and

fubvert

to

Cafar

readied

the

contempt

this

by

the

Life

["].

power

commands,
was

power

in

that

by experience,

Kingdoms
infpire a

them

limit

to

traordinary

Junius

cJesar

venient

the

of

History

had

done,

the

attempts

ex-

ruling
onely to
a

man

fore
there-

from

man

and

/^

of

hoped

other

any

thefe

give

to

he

knew

fecure

to

of all futurcf

invaders.

["] Quas
lior,

lex

melibr,

Repub.

etiam

optima

{"aepius flagitata, quam

Prxtoriae
provincise
quam
quam

neve

annum,

biennium

obtinerentur

^'he End

"

uti-

ne

iijiam
diara

plus

poris

of the SECOND

modus

imponeretur,

quibus juris imponi

fet.

max-

efie, fi magna
imperfa
effent,
"]temnon

plus

1.8,

"

ait, ejus cufto-

autem,

diuturna

confulares
Phil.

Mamercus^milius

Liv.

1.

4.

VOLUME.

24.

non

pof-

"