Herbal medicine

Overview
What is herbal medicine?
Herbal medicine -- also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine -- refers to using a plant's seeds,
berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Herbalism has a long tradition of use
outside conventional medicine. It is becoming more mainstream as improvements in analysis and quality
control along with advances in clinical research show the value of herbal medicine in treating and
preventing disease.
What is the history of herbal medicine?
Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before recorded history. Ancient Chinese and
Egyptian papyrus writings describe medicinal uses for plants as early as 3,000 BC. Indigenous cultures
(such as African and Native American) used herbs in their healing rituals, while others developed
traditional medical systems (such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine) in which herbal
therapies were used. Researchers found that people in different parts of the world tended to use the
same or similar plants for the same purposes.
In the early 19th century, when chemical analysis first became available, scientists began to extract and
modify the active ingredients from plants. Later, chemists began making their own version of plant
compounds and, over time, the use of herbal medicines declined in favor of drugs. Almost one fourth of
pharmaceutical drugs are derived from botanicals.
Recently, the World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely on herbal
medicines for some part of their primary health care. In Germany, about 600 - 700 plant based medicines
are available and are prescribed by some 70% of German physicians. In the past 20 years in the United
States, public dissatisfaction with the cost of prescription medications, combined with an interest in
returning to natural or organic remedies, has led to an increase in herbal medicine use.
How do herbs work?
In many cases, scientists arent sure what specific ingredient in a particular herb works to treat a condition
or illness. Whole herbs contain many ingredients, and they may work together to produce a beneficial
effect. Many factors determine how effective an herb will be. For example, the type of environment
(climate, bugs, soil quality) in which a plant grew will affect it, as will how and when it was harvested and
processed.
How are herbs used?
The use of herbal supplements has increased dramatically over the past 30 years. Herbal supplements
are classified as dietary supplements by the U.S. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)
of 1994. That means herbal supplements -- unlike prescription drugs -- can be sold without being tested
to prove they are safe and effective. However, herbal supplements must be made according to good
manufacturing practices.
The most commonly used herbal supplements in the U.S. include echinacea (Echinacea purpurea and
related species), St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), garlic (Allium sativum),
saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), ginseng (Panax ginseng, or Asian ginseng; and Panax quinquefolius, or
American ginseng), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), chamomile
(Matricaria recutita), feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), ginger (Zingiber officinale), evening primrose
(Oenothera biennis), and milk thistle (Silybum marianum).
Often, herbs are used together because the combination is more effective. Health care providers must
take many factors into account when recommending herbs, including the species and variety of the plant,

the plant's habitat, how it was stored and processed, and whether or not there are contaminants
(including heavy metals and pesticides).
What is herbal medicine good for?
Herbal medicine is used to treat many conditions, such as allergies, asthma, eczema, premenstrual
syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, migraine, menopausal symptoms, chronic fatigue, irritable
bowel syndrome, and cancer, among others. It is best to take herbal supplements under the guidance of a
trained health care provider. For example, one study found that 90% of arthritic patients use alternative
therapies, such as herbal medicine. Since herbal medicines can potentially interact with prescription
medications, and may worsen certain medical conditions, be sure to consult with your doctor or
pharmacist before taking any herbs. Some common herbs and their uses are discussed below.

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) has been used in traditional medicine to treat circulatory disorders and
enhance memory. Although not all studies agree, ginkgo may be especially effective in treating
dementia (including Alzheimer's disease) and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs). It
also shows promise for enhancing memory in older adults. Laboratory studies have shown that ginkgo
improves blood circulation by dilating blood vessels and reducing the stickiness of blood platelets. By
the same token, this means ginkgo may also increase the effect of some blood-thinning medications,
including aspirin. People taking blood-thinning medications should ask their doctor before using
ginkgo. People with a history of seizures and people with fertility issues should also use concern;
Speak with your physician.
Kava kava (Piper methysticum) is said to elevate mood, enhance wellbeing and contentment, and
produce a feeling of relaxation. Several studies show that kava may help treat anxiety, insomnia, and
related nervous disorders. However, there is serious concern that kava may cause liver damage. It's
not clear whether the kava itself caused liver damage in a few people, or whether it was taking kava in
combination with other drugs or herbs. It's also not clear whether kava is dangerous at previously
recommended doses, or only at higher doses. Some countries have taken kava off the market. It
remains available in the United States, but the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a
consumer advisory in March of 2002 regarding the "rare" but potential risk of liver failure associated
with kava containing products.
Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) is used by more than 2 million men in the United States for the
treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate
gland. Several studies suggest that the herb is effective for treating symptoms, including frequent
urination, having trouble starting or maintaining urination, and needing to urinate during the night. But
not all studies agree. At least one well-conducted study found that saw palmetto was no better than
placebo in relieving the signs and symptoms of BPH.
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is well known for its antidepressant effects. In general,
most studies have shown that St. John's wort may be an effective treatment for mild-to-moderate
depression, and has fewer side effects than most other prescription antidepressants. But the herb
interacts with a wide variety of medications, including birth control pills, and can potentially cause
unwanted side effects, so it is important to take it only under the guidance of a health care provider.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a popular alternative to commonly prescribed medications for
sleep problems because it is considered to be both safe and gentle. Some studies bear this out,
although not all have found valerian to be effective. Unlike many prescription sleeping pills, valerian
may have fewer side effects, such as morning drowsiness. However, Valerian does interact with some
medications, particularly psychiatric medications, so you should speak to your doctor to see if Valerian
is right for you.
Echinacea preparations (from Echinacea purpurea and other Echinacea species) may improve
the body's natural immunity. Echinacea is one of the most commonly used herbal products, but studies
are mixed as to whether it can help prevent or treat colds. A review of 14 clinical studies examining the
effect of echinacea on the incidence and duration of the common cold found that echinacea
supplements decreased the odds of getting a cold by 58%. It also shortened the duration of a cold by
1.4 days. Echinacea can interact with certain medications and may not be right for people with certain
conditions, for example people with autoimmune disorders or certain allergies. Speak with your
physician.

Buying standardized herbal supplements helps ensure you will get the right dose and the effects similar to
human clinical trials. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about which herbal supplements are best for your
health concerns.
Is there anything I should watch out for?
Used correctly, herbs can help treat a variety of conditions, and in some cases, may have fewer side
effects than some conventional medications. But because they are unregulated, herbal products are often
mislabeled and may contain additives and contaminants that arent listed on the label. Some herbs may
cause allergic reactions or interact with conventional drugs, and some are toxic if used improperly or at
high doses. Taking herbs on your own increases your risk, so it is important to consult with your doctor or
pharmacist before taking herbal medicines. Some examples of adverse reactions from certain popular
herbs are described below.

St. John's wort can cause your skin to be more sensitive to the sun's ultraviolet rays, and may
cause an allergic reaction, stomach upset, fatigue, and restlessness. Clinical studies have found that
St. John's wort also interferes with the effectiveness of many drugs, including the blood thinner
warfarin (Couamdin), protease inhibitors for HIV, birth control pills, certain asthma drugs, and many
other medications. In addition, St. John's wort should not be taken with prescribed antidepressant
medication. The FDA has issued a public health advisory concerning many of these interactions.

Kava kava has been linked to liver toxicity. Kava has been taken off the market in several
countries because of liver toxicity.

Valerian may cause sleepiness, and in some people it may even have the unexpected effect of
overstimulating instead of sedating.

Garlic, ginkgo, feverfew, and ginger, among other herbs, may increase the risk of bleeding.

Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) may increase the risk of seizures in people who have
seizure disorders and bleeding in people with bleeding disorders or who take blood-thinning
medications, such as warfarin (Coumadin).
Some herbal supplements, especially those imported from Asian countries, may contain high levels of
heavy metals, including lead, mercury, and cadmium. It is important to purchase herbal supplements from
reputable manufacturers to ensure quality. Many herbs can interact with prescription medications and
cause unwanted or dangerous reactions. For example, there is a high degree of herb/drug interaction
among patients who are under treatment for cancer. Be sure to consult your doctor before trying any
herbal products.
Who is using herbal medicine?
Nearly one-third of Americans use herbs. Unfortunately, a study in the New England Journal of
Medicine found that nearly 70% of people taking herbal medicines (most of whom were well educated and
had a higher-than-average income) were reluctant tell their doctors that they used complementary and
alternative medicine.
How is herbal medicine sold in stores?
The herbs available in most stores come in several different forms: teas, syrups, oils, liquid extracts,
tinctures, and dry extracts (pills or capsules). You can make teas from dried herbs left to soak for a few
minutes in hot water, or by boiling herbs in water and then straining the liquid. Syrups, made from
concentrated extracts and added to sweet-tasting preparations, are often used for sore throats and
coughs. Oils are extracted from plants and often used as rubs for massage, either by themselves or as
part of an ointment or cream. Tinctures and liquid extracts are made of active herbal ingredients dissolved
in a liquid (usually water, alcohol, or glycerol). Tinctures are typically a 1:5 or 1:10 concentration, meaning
that one part of the herb is prepared with 5 - 10 parts (by weight) of the liquid. Liquid extracts are more
concentrated than tinctures and are typically a 1:1 concentration. A dry extract form is the most
concentrated form of an herbal product (typically 2:1 - 8:1) and is sold as a tablet, capsule, or lozenge.

No organization or agency regulates the manufacture or certifies the labeling of herbal preparations. This
means you can't be sure that the amount of the herb contained in the bottle, or even from dose to dose, is
the same as what is stated on the label. Some herbal preparations are standardized, meaning that the
preparation is guaranteed to contain a specific amount of the active ingredients of the herb. However, it is
still important to ask companies making standardized herbal products about their product's guarantee. It
is important to talk to your doctor or an expert in herbal medicine about the recommended doses of any
herbal products.
Are there experts in herbal medicine?
Herbalists, chiropractors, naturopathic physicians, pharmacists, medical doctors, and practitioners of
Traditional Chinese Medicine all may use herbs to treat illness. Naturopathic physicians believe that the
body is continually striving for balance and that natural therapies can support this process. They are
trained in 4-year, postgraduate institutions that combine courses in conventional medical science (such as
pathology, microbiology, pharmacology, and surgery) with clinical training in herbal medicine,
homeopathy, nutrition, and lifestyle counseling.
How can I find a qualified herbalist in my area?
For additional information, or to locate an experienced herbalist in your area, contact the American
Herbalists Guild (AHG) at site at

www.americanherbalistguild.com

www.naturopathic.org

. To located a licensed naturopath in your area, call the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP) at .

What is the future of herbal medicine?

In some countries in Europe -- unlike the U.S. -- herbs are classified as drugs and are regulated. The
German Commission E, an expert medical panel, actively researches their safety and effectiveness.
While still not widely accepted, herbal medicine is being taught more in medical schools and pharmacy
schools. More health care providers are learning about the positive and potentially negative effects of
using herbal medicines to help treat health conditions. Some health care providers, including doctors and
pharmacists, are trained in herbal medicine. They can help people create treatment plans that use herbs,
conventional medications, and lifestyle changes to promote health.

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Philippine Herbal Medicine

Approved Herbal Medicine By Philippine Department Of Health
Banaba Herb is a medicinal herb endorsed
by the Philippine Department of heath that
has meidicnal value for diabetes treatment
and weight loss

Philippine Traditional and Alternative Medicine

Traditional medicine has been practiced since ancient times in every culture
throughout the world and has been an integral part of human evolution and
development.
The evolution of Philippine traditional medicine is an interesting study that
is influenced by religion, mysticism, magic, superstition, folkloric herbalism
and western medicine.
Philippine's common traditional medicine practitioners include the following

hilot or manghihilot acts as a midwife, a chiropractor or massage

therapist to promote health and healing,
Tawas or mangtatawas, this practitioner uses alum, candles, smoke,
paper, eggs and other mediums to diagnose the cause of illness
associated by prayers and incanteations

albularyo, a general practitioner who uses a combination of healing

modalities that may include prayers, incantations, mysticism and
herbalism. Albularyos claim to draw healing powers from a
supernatural source (shamanism)

Medico, a general practitioner similar to an albularyo but integrates

western medicine to promote healing.

Faith healers, a practitioner who claims divine power bestowed by the

Holy Spirit or God. A patient is required to have faith and believe in
divine powers to effect healing

These traditional medical practitioners covers a wide spectrum of practices

and differs from one another. Even in this modern times where information
and advanced science has greatly progressed, traditional medicine still
enjoys a large following most especially in rural areas.
In recognition of the deep seated practice of traditional medicine as an
alternative modality for treating and preventing diseases in the Philippines,
the Department of Health (DOH) through its former Secretary Juan M.
Flavier launched theTraditional Medicine Program in 1992. This program
aims to promote an effective and safe use of traditional medicine,
Then President Fidel V. Ramos appreciated the importance of the
traditional medicine program and signed into law Republic Act 8423 (R.A.
8423), otherwise known as the Traditional and Alternative Medicine
Act (TAMA) of 1997. This gave rise to the creation of Philippine Institute of
Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC)which is tasked to
promote and advocates the use of traditional and alternative health care
modalities through scientific research and product development
Since then the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) through
its "Traditioinal Health Program"has endorsed 10 medicinal plants to be
used as herbal medicine in Philippines due to its health benefits.
The following are the 10 Medicinal Plants in the Philippines endorsed by
DOH:
1. Akapulko (Cassia alata) a medicinal plant called "ringworm bush or
schrub" and "acapulco" in English, this Philippine herbal medicine is
used to treat tinea infections, insect bites, ringworms, eczema,
scabies and itchiness.
2. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) Common names include "bitter
melon " or "bitter gourd " in English. This Philippine herbal medicine
has been found to be effective in the treatment of diabetes (diabetes
mellitus), hemofrhoids, coughs, burns and scalds, and being studied
for anti-cancer properties.
3. Bawang (Allium sativum) Common name in english is "Garlic". Bawang
is a used in Philippine herbal medicine to treat infection with
antibacterial, antiinflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-hypertensive
properties. It is widely used to reduce cholesterol level in blood.

4. Bayabas (Psidium guajava) - "Guava" in English. A Philippine herbal

medicine used as antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic,
antioxidant hepatoprotective, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, anti-cough, antidiabetic, and antigenotoxic in folkloric
medicine.
5. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) - known as "5-leaved chaste tree" in english
is used in Philippine herbal medicine to treat cough, colds and fever.
It is also used as a relief for asthma & pharyngitis, rheumatism,
dyspepsia, boils, and diarrhea.
6. Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.) - is a vine known as "Chinese
honey suckle". This Philippine herbal medicine is used to eliminate
intestinal parasites.
7. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)- English name: "Ngai camphor or
Blumea camphor" is a Philippine herbal medicine used to treatkidney
stones, wounds and cuts, rheumatism, anti-diarrhea, anti spasms,
colds and coughs and hypertension
8. Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.) - English :"Wild tea" is a
Philippine herbal medicine taken as tea to treat skin allergies
including eczema, scabies and itchiness wounds in child birth
9. Ulasimang Bato | Pansit-Pansitan(Peperomia pellucida) is a Phillipine
herbal medicine known for its effectivity in treating arthritis and gout.
10.
Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii) - commonly known as
Peppermint, is used in Philippine herbal medicine as analgesic to
relive body aches and pain due to rheumatism and gout. It is also used
to treat coughs, colds and insect bites
Types Of Herbal Medicine
Medicinal plants can be used by anyone, for example as part of a salad, an
herbal tea or supplement. Many herbalists, both professional and amateur,
often grow or wildcraft their own herbs. Making your own herbal medicine
preparation is not only fun, but can be cost-effective. In using the above
mentioned herbal medicines, some may require some degree of skill, you
have to use your own judgement if you decide to use one. Below is a list of
general ways on how to prepare your own herbal medicine. The list is not all
inclusive and you have to see individual articles for the herb you use so that
you will know how to prepare them.

Herbal Teas
There are two methods of making herbal teas, infusion and decoction.
Infusion is steeping lighter parts of the plant (leaves, flowers, light stems) in
boiled water for several minutes. Decoction is boiling tougher parts, such as
roots or bark for a longer period of time. Herbal teas are often used as a
home remedy, and as an alternative to tea and coffee.
As a general rule unless recommended by a herbalist, Prepare 1 teaspoon of
dried herb for every 1 cup of water. Let it steep in boiling water for 10 to 20
minutes. Strain the herbs out and drink 3 to 4 times a day.
Herbal Tinctures
Steeping a medicinal plant in alcohol extracts the alcohol-soluble principles
into a liquid form that can be stored for long periods. Herbalists may mix
several herbal tinctures to form an individualized prescription for each
patient. Plant tinctures are also the basis for many homeopathic medicines.
To prepare your herbal tincture you will need:
8 ounces of finely cut dried herbs,
1 large glass jar that can hold 4 cups of liquid
2 cups of vodka
Instructions:
Put the dried herb into a large, glass jar and pour in equal amount of liquid,
making sure the herbs are completely covered (this is very important). Store
the jar in a cool, dark place for at least two weeks, preferably 4. Make sure
to shake the mixture every day. When ready to use, filter the mixture using
a cheesecloth bag, coffee filter, or fine cloth, capturing the tincture liquid
below in another container. Store the tincture in clean, dark glass
containers, out of the sun. If stored properly the tincture will be preserved
for two or more years. Vinegar tinctures should be refrigerated.
Note: A drop of tincture is equal to 1 tsp of herb juice.
For Vinegar Tinctures, use 1 ounce of herb per 5 ounces of vinegar.

Fluid Extracts
Fluid extracts are stronger than herbal tinctures, and can be made with
alcohol or glycerin.
Herbal Poultices
Poultices are a solid, vegetable fat based mixture used externally. They have
the shortest life span of any herbal remedy and must be made fresh for
every use.
Powdered Herbs And Tablets
Herbs that are dried and (sometimes) certain parts are separated out then
diced to powder fine consistency. Powered matter can then be compressed
or put in an empty pill coating to form a tablet
Herbal Creams And Ointments
An ointment usually is mixed with beeswax (or something similar) to make it
more applicable to outside the body, such as on a cut or scrape.
Essential Oils
Extraction of volatile liquid plant materials and other aromatic compounds
from plants gives essential oils. These plant oils may be used internally in
some forms of herbal medicine as well as in aromatherapy and generally for
their perfume, although their medicinal use as a natural treatment
(alternative medicine) has proved highly efficacious in the treatment of
headache and muscle pain, joint pain and certain skin diseases
Herbal Supplements
Herbal supplements tend to be commercial products in tablet or capsule
form manufactured and marketed by the health food industry for sale in
retail outlets to the general public, although there are some types that are
sold only to healthcare practitioners for prescription. Herbal supplements
are often standardized to contain stated levels of active phytochemicals.
Some herbalists may not agree with the standardization of active
ingredients, preferring instead to use the whole plant.

HERBAL MEDICINE