CE470 Lecture 10 Bolts

Types of Fasteners, Properties

Slip-Critical and Bearing-Type
Connections
Methods of Tightening Bolts
Tension, Shear, and Bearing capacity of
bolts

Types of Fasteners
Rivets

Mild carbon steel, Fy = 28 38 ksi

Clamping force varied
Bad rivet? Difficult & expensive to remove
Required crew of 4 skilled workers

Types of Fasteners
Unfinished Bolts

Low-carbon steel, ASTM A307, Fu = 60 ksi

Machine, Common bolts
Least expensive
Typically used in light structures and
secondary members (small trusses, purlins,
girts etc.)

Types of Fasteners
High-Strength Bolts

started use in 1950s

less bolts required
More labor (washers)
Most economical

Parts of the Bolt Assembly

Grip

Washer

Washer
Face

Nut

Shank
Head

Thread

Length

Grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of the nut or washer

Sum of the thicknesses of all the parts being joined exclusive of washers

Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt

Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the bolt
Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

AISC Table 7-14

High-Strength Bolts

Standard dimensions
(F, H, W, thread length)

Thread length

A325

WASHER
goes under part youre
using to tighten bolt
(head or nut)

AISC Table 2-6

ASTM

Material

Fub

A325

Medium
carbon steel

105 - 120 ksi

Heat-treated
alloy steel

150 ksi

(Group A)
A490

(Group B)

Common Sizes

Buildings 3/4 and 7/8

Bridges 7/8 and 1

for 0.5 to
1 diameter

Markings
Material Specification

A325

Underline if Type 3 bolt

(weathering steel)

COR

Otherwise, Type 1 standard

(Type 2 discontinued)

Manufacturer
(initials or abbreviation;
hereCordova Bolt)

SLIP-CRITICAL

Bolts tightened to
specified tensile
stress

Friction-type used when slip resistance desired at service loads

(Joints subject to fatigue, bolts in combination with welds,
anytime deformation due to slip unacceptable for design)

Slip-Critical Joints

Slide courtesy
of David Ruby,
Ruby &
Associates

In a slip-critical joint the bolts must be fully pre-tensioned .

This force develops frictional resistance between the connected
elements
The frictional resistance allows the joint to withstand loading without
slipping into bearing, although the bolts must still be designed for
bearing
The slip critical joint faying surfaces may require preparation

BEARING TYPE

Contact or
bearing on
plate

Permitted to be snug-tight all plies in a joint are in firm contact

May be PRE-TENSIONED [AISC J1.10]

Bearing Joints

In a bearing joint the connected elements are assumed to slip into bearing
against the body of the bolt

If the joint is designed as a bearing joint, the load is transferred through

bearing whether the bolt is installed snug-tight or pretensioned
Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Bolt Installation
Turn-of-the-nut

Simplest method
1/3 to 1/2 turn, typically, beyond snug
tight

Calibrated wrench

Manual torque wrenches

Variation +/- 30%
Wrenches MUST be calibrated DAILY

Turn-of-Nut Method

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Turn-of-Nut Method
Installation Procedure:
Check bolts and nuts for rust and lubrication
Install nut and washer with markings up
Washer, if installed, must be under the turned element

Step 1
Tighten bolt to snug tight condition
having all faying surfaces in tight contact

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Turn-of-Nut Method
Step 2
Match-Mark bolt tip,
nut and base steel
(this procedure is not required
By RCSC specification)

Step 3
Rotate nut specified
Turn-of-Nut amount
Note: Bolt may be tightened by turning the bolt head
Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Turn-of-Nut Method

Step 4

Check for rotated Tolerance

For 1/3 turn, +/- 30 degrees
For 1/2 turn, +/- 30 degrees
For 2/3 turn, +/- 45 degrees

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Turn-of-Nut Method

The turn-of-nut method of

installation is reliable and
produces bolt pretensions that
are consistently above the
prescribed values.

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Proof Load = yield stress x tensile stress area

= approx. 70 80% of tensile capacity
Pretension = 70% of tensile capacity

Bolt Tension

55K

40K

10K
Snug

Pretension 39K
= Proof Load
for A325

A325
7/8 diameter

1/3
to
1/2

~1-3/4

3/4 to 1
Turns from Snug

Calibrated Wrench Method

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Calibrated Wrench Method

Portable bolt-tension calibration
-convert tool output to bolttension
-Torque-Control Wrenches
-Conventional Impact Wrenches
-Turn-of-Nut Method

Skidmore-Wilhelm Calibrator
Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Bolt Installation
Alternative-design bolts

Twist-off or Tension-control bolts

Special wrench required
Spline designed to twist off at required
level of torque / tension

Spline
ANIMATION http://www.tcbolts.co.uk/2_installation.html

Direct Tension Indicator Bolts

ASTM F1852-08 Twist-Off Bolts

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Direct Tension Indicator Bolts

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Bolt Installation
Direct Tension Indicators (DTIs)

Direct Tension Indicator Washers

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Direct Tension Indicator Washers

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

TENSION FAILURE

SHEAR FAILURE

Deformation /
elongation of bolt
hole

Shear rupture /
splitting of plate

BEARING FAILURE

Bolted Joint Failure Modes

Bearing
Yield

Bearing
Fracture

Bearing
Fracture

Bearing
Yield

Bolts in bearing joints are designed to meet two limit states:

1. Yielding, which is an inelastic deformation (above left)
2. Fracture, which is a failure of the joint (above left)
The material the bolt bears against is also subject to yielding or fracture
if it is undersized for the load (above right)

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Resistance Factor

Rn Pu

0.75

Use this for :

-- tension capacity
-- shear capacity
-- bearing resistance

AISC J3.6 & Table J3.2

Tensile Strength

Rn FnAb

Nominal,
unthreaded cross
section (in2)

Fn Ft 0.75F

b
u

Tensile stress
capacity

AISC J3.6 & Table J3.2

Shear Strength

Rn FvAb

Rn muAb m(0.563F ) Ab
b
u

Number of shear
planes

m=1
P/2 P/2

Shear Strength
P/2

P/2
P/4 P/4
m=2

P/4 P/4

Shear Strength

Rn muAb m(0.563F ) Ab
b
u

Connection length effect = 0.9

shear factor (from tests) = 0.625
0.9 x 0.625 = 0.563

Shear Strength (threads included)

A325X
(threads excluded
from shear plane)

A325N
(threads included
in shear plane)

Rn muAb m(0.450F ) Ab
b
u

0.563 x 0.8 = 0.45

Threads in the Shear Plane

The shear plane is the

plane between two or
more pieces of steel.

The threads of a HS bolt

may or may not be
assumed to be included in
the shear plane; however,
based on the fixed length
of thread, it is highly
unlikely.

The bolt capacity is

greater with the threads
excluded from the shear
plane

The most commonly used

bolt is an ASTM A325 3/4
HS bolt with the threads
assumed to be included in
the shear plane

Threads Included In The Shear Plane

Threads Excluded From The Shear Plane

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Bearing Limit State

Le

Rn = 2 t [Le- d/2] p
if Le = 2-2/3 d

Rn = 3.0Fud t

Can use similar derivation for Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu on next slide

AISC J3.10

Design Bearing Resistance

Deformation IS a design consideration
(do not want hole elongation > inch)

Lc Lc

Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu
Clear distance (in)

AISC J3.10

Design Bearing Resistance

Plate / angle tensile
stress (ksi)
Plate / angle thickness (in)
Bolt diameter (in)

Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu

Design Bearing Resistance, contd

Deformation is NOT a design consideration
(can tolerate hole elongation > inch)

Rn 1.5LctFu 3.0dtFu

Design Resistance

Rn ( boltgroup) Rn (individual)

Rn (individual) min Rn ( shear), Rn ( bearing)

See User Note, AISC J3.10 [16.1-128]

AISC J3.3

Minimum Spacing

2
s 2 dbolt
3
3dbolt preferred

AISC Table J3.4

Minimum Edge Distances

Bolt
Diameter
3/4

Min. Edge
Distance
1

7/8

1-1/8

1-1/4

Le

1.5dbolt
preferred

AISC J3.5

Maximum Edge Distances

Le 12t
Le 6"