Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
CHAPTER 3
Fig. 3.2. Distribution of regional gravity stations on Sumatra and the adjacent islands. Inset: the gravity field of Simeulue, showing locations of the small exposures of
ophiolitic rocks.
occupy most of the width of the island (Fig. 3.1). Values below
60 mGal are associated with the Toba caldera and with an even
deeper low (or, rather, a deeper culmination of the same low)
that occurs farther north and extends as far as Lake Tawar (see
Figs 3.1 and 3.2). The junction between the two gravity
provinces (approximately along a line running NNW from
Bengkulu) does not correspond to any of the terrane boundaries
recognized in published accretion models of Sumatra (cf.
Pulunggono & Cameron 1984) or to those identified in Chapter
14, and may reflect entirely post-amalgamation processes. It is,
however, also possible that a major but hitherto unrecognized
suture is being recorded by the gravity field.
Ultramafics
Gabbro
GRAVITY FIELD
precise where the basins are of only small lateral extent and
are often not apparent on regional maps. The examples of the
Ombilin intermontane basin and the Bengkulu forearc basin are
discussed in more detail later in this chapter.
Eastern Sumatra
Away from the Barisan Mountains, gravity fields in the vast and
often swampy flatlands of eastern Sumatra are controlled by a
number of competing factors. The most obvious of these is
the subsurface presence in the region between the east coast of
Sumatra and the eastern margin of the South Sumatra Basin of
the roughly northsouth oriented Lampung Structural High
(Pulunggono & Cameron 1984). The high separates the South
19
20
CHAPTER 3
l0 ut
100; 457
102" 10'1,
103 I.
1 111'5
30
s
o
Hengkulu
70
4S
MASMAMBANG
,L0 L.1
411
4- 30'S
4
0
GRAVITY FIELD
21
%
0
()
50 km
ere,
8"E
41:
...
109
SO
EquatorN
22
CHAPTER 3
meal
50 -
3.40
100
Fig. 3.6. Interpretation of a gravity profile across the forearc basin and Sunda
Trench south of Nias, after Kieckhefer et al. (1981). White and black inverted
triangles show the locations of controls on depth provided by, respectively,
unreversed and reversed seismic refraction profiles. Densities on blocks in the
model are in Mg m 3. Unlabelled blocks are sediments or melange with densities
between 2.0 and 2.4 Mg m -/ . The differences between the calculated and
observed curves are too small to be apparent at the scale of the figure. Profile
location shown as a yellow line on Figure 3.1.
GRAVITY FIELD
part of the active margin of SE Asia lay in this area during the Late
Cretaceous and Palaeogene (e.g. Wilson & Moss 1999). From
southeastern Borneo the line of subduction then curved sharply
to pass through western Java and on to Sumatra. Subducted litho sphere associated with this phase of convergence can be expected
to have accumulated beneath Borneo and the Malacca Straits.
Moreover, many theories of the evolution of Borneo require
there to have been subduction beneath its northwestern margin
during the Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene, leading to the complete destruction of a `proto-South China Sea' and collision
between the Borneo block and attenuated continental crust rifted
from the South China margin (e.g. Milsom et al. 1997). The
extent of the long-wavelength gravity high suggests that it may
be recording effects from material subducted beneath Borneo
from the south, east and west (Milsom & Rocchi 1998).
In northwestern Sumatra, the margin of the long-wavelength
high curves to an almost northerly trend and peak values decrease
quite rapidly, suggesting that there is no significant deep subducted material beneath the Andaman Sea. This seems reasonable
since, although the plate boundary west of the Andaman and
Nicobar islands is marked by a (rather poorly defined) trench,
the local convergence vector is almost parallel to the trench axis.
Further light on the sources of the long wavelength gravity
anomalies has been provided by the improvements in, and
standardization of, seismic observatory instrumentation and the
dramatic increases in speed and memory of relatively cheap
computers. Thanks to these two developments it is now possible
to use observations of travel times for S and P waves from
remote earthquakes to model the variations of seismic wave
velocities in the mantle. This seismic tomography is providing
ever stronger evidence for the penetration of subducted lithosphere
through the discontinuity between the upper and lower mantle at
about 700 km, below which it is not seismogenic. Because
WadatiBenioff seismic zones marking the sites of subducted
lithosphere in the upper mantle are invariably associated with
23
Chapter 4
Pre-Tertiary stratigraphy
A. J. BARBER & M. J. CROW
It has proved very difficult to establish with certainty the stratigraphic relationships between the various rock units which
make up the exposed Pre-Tertiary basement of Sumatra. This is
due to the generally fault-bounded contacts between rock units
and the poor biostratigraphic control on their ages; over large
areas the rocks are apparently devoid of fossils. The varying
metamorphic grade of the basement units makes even lithological
correlations difficult. As a result, formations have generally been
defined locally. When these local units have been extrapolated
over broader areas they are found to include a wide variety of
lithological types, so that correlation with the original units
becomes more and more uncertain.
The spate of new data on the geology of Sumatra generated
by the systematic geological survey of the whole island has stimulated attempts at regional synthesis, e.g. Cameron et al. (1980) and
Pulunggono & Cameron (1984) in northern Sumatra and McCourt
et al. (1993) in southern Sumatra. These authors proposed a
stratigraphic scheme which distinguished a Carboniferous
Permian Tapanuli Group, a Permo-Triassic Peusangan Group
and a JurassicCretaceous Woyla Group (Fig. 4.1). This terminology is used in the present account, although it is strictly applicable
only to northern Sumatra where the units were defined.
Pre-Carboniferous basement
PRE-TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHY
Sediments and Volcanics
CENOZOIC
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
WOYLA
GROUP
TRIASSIC
PEUSANGA
PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS
GROUP
APANULI
GROUP
DEVONIAN
25
Volcanics -Bentaro
Reef limestones - Lamno
Serpentinites, pillow lavas,
cherts, greywackes Geumpang, Lam Minet
Sandstones and shales,
chertsKualu, Tuhur
Limestones - Situtup,
Batumilmil
Volcanics, sandstones,
limestones, shales - Palepat,
Silungkang, Mengkarang
Pangururan Bryozoan Bed
Tillites - Bohorok, Mentulu
Limestones - Alas, Kuantan
Sandstones and shales Kluet, Kuantan
? in boreholes
and
LOWER
PALAEOZOIC
PRECAMBRIAN
BASEMENT
Fig. 4.1. Pre-Tertiary stratigraphic units in Sumatra as proposed by the DMR/ BGS Northern Sumatra Project (Cameron et al. 1980) and used on the geological maps of
northern Sumatra published by GRDC. These units were extended to cover southern Sumatra by McCourt et at. (1993).
for which a Cretaceous age had been suggested (De Coster 1974) resembles the Silurian Kuala Lumpur Limestone in Malaya and may
therefore be of Silurian age. It has also been supposed that high grade metamorphic rocks in the western part of northern Sumatra within
the Alas and Kluet Formations, and the Ngaol Formation of Central Sumatra, which do not appear to be directly related to contact
metamorphic aureoles around intrusions, may represent outcrops of this Pre-Carboniferous crystalline basement, but nowhere has this
supposition been confirmed by fossil finds or by isotopic dating. Alternatively it has also been suggested that these high grade gneisses are
due to intrusion and synkinematic deformation of granites and associated sedimentary rocks in shear zones during the formation of active
magmatic arcs during Permian to Late Cretaceous times. This explanation has also been suggested for the Gunungkasih Metamorphic
Complex in the Bandarlampung area of southern Sumatra (Barber 2000). The high grade metamorphic rocks of Sumatra require
systematic investigation with these alternative possibilities in mind.
Sheet, about 65 km to the west of Medan (Cameron et al. 1982a) (Fig. 4.3). Good exposures of this formation occur for a distance
of 100 m in the river section at Bukit Lawang, near the Orang Utan Sanctuary and over 50 m in the Bekail River, some 7 km to the
south. No base is seen to the formation and downstream the mudstones are faulted either against the Permo-Triassic Batumilmil
Limestone Formation, or the Tertiary Bruksah and Bampo Formations. The Bohorok Formation has been mapped along the eastern side
of the Barisan Mountains from near Langsa in the north to Lake Toba in the south (Fig. 4.3). Even further south, comparable
lithologies correlated with the Bohorok Formation, are found in the Tigapuluh Mountains, between Rengat and Jambi and are
described below as the Tigapuluh Group, and similar rocks also occur in the Toboali District in the southern part of Bangka Island (Fig.
4.2).
The typical lithology of the Bohorok Formation is an unbedded `pebbly mudstone; a poorly sorted breccia or conglomerate composed
of angular to subangular rock fragments, generally 0.1-2.0 cm in size, but ranging up to 10 cm and even 75 80 cm in east Aceh,
and in the northeastern part of the Padangsidempuan Sheet (Aspden et al. 19826). The rock fragments are enclosed in a fine-grained
matrix of dark grey or dark brown siltstone or mudstone. Pebbles include vein quartz, slate, chlorite schist, phyllite, greenish calcsilicate
rocks, limestone, marble, quartzose arenites, quartzite, more rarely mica-schist and grani toid, sometimes with tourmaline, rare chert and
rhyolite. Single crystals of fresh microcline, forming small angular clasts, are conspicuous in thin sections (Cameron et al. 1982a). The
clasts in the pebbly mudstones clearly indicate a continental provenance. In the Berkail River, pebbly mudstone near the upper part of
the outcrop is interbedded with a few metres of light brown weathering, coarse to very coarse sandstone (Tiltman 1985). Cameron et
al. (1982a) report that sandstone blocks found as float within the Bohorok outcrop show graded beds and slump structures.
Towards the west the poorly sorted pebbly mudstone units become less common, the proportion and size of the clasts decreases,
and the Bohorok Formation is represented by conglomerates, sandstones, slates and rare limestone units, becoming indistinguishable from
the adjacent Kluet Formation or similar lithologies within the Alas Formation, so that the distinction between the units is arbitrary
(Cameron et al. 1980).
The Bohorok Formation has generally been affected by low, slate-grade, metamorphism. In the neighbourhood of igneous intrusions
argillaceous rocks, including the matrix of the pebbly mudstones, are converted to schists or hornfels, often containing cordierite and
tourmaline.
Sediments within the Bohorok Formation are apparently devoid of fossils. The only direct evidence of age comes from the Cucut No. 1
well (Fig. 4.4) where Koning & Darmono (1984) report an Early to Mid-Carboniferous microflora from the mud matrix of a `pebbly
mudstone'. However, a granite clast in the mudstone from the same well yielded a KAr age of 348 10 Ma (Visean, Early
Carboniferous) (Koning & Darmono 1984). This juxtaposition is highly improbable. It may be that both the palynomorphs and the pebble were
eroded from older units and derived into the Triassic Kualu Formation which occurs in the same area, or that the KAr age is
unreliable.
The pebbly mudstones of the Bohorok Formation have been interpreted as diamictites formed in a glacio-marine environment (Cameron et
al. 1980). Pebbly mudstones similar to those of the Bohorok Formation have been described form the Langkawi Islands and the
adjacent parts of the NW Malay Peninsula, Peninsular Thailand, Burma and southwest China. The occurrence of pebbly mudstones has
been used to identify the Sibumasu (Siam Burma, Malaya, Sumatra) Terrane, a crustal block which extends all the way from Sumatra to
southern China (Metcalfe 1984).
,
CHAPTER 4
96
9S
100'
102'
Phuket
Group
104
106
CARBONIFEROUS
Tapanuli Group
Bohorok Formation
Alas Formation
LA NG AW I 'De
Is' .ANDs
s-
HANDA ACEF1
Takengii
Kluet/Kuantan
Formation
Kubang
Pasu
Formation
"Quartzite Terrain"
LANGSA
MEDAN
TAPAKTUAN
Kreung
SIDI KA
I,At
3)
, -7
Bohorok
1A I fiN(.,
'16E-i
atapan
Rupat
11110Cue
ut-
PADARGSIDEMPUAN
OPusaka-1
Pavvan Member
IMPEKANBARUb
Tanjung PLJah
Member
0
0.
Lake
Singkarak
PADANG
Kdarimil
SOLQK Gorge
RENO
Tigapillie
HAN( ;lc \
MUARABUNGO
7-
7 7
1 )%
Duabcia,
MDllntaiuiw
Pern li
roue
Tararltam Formation
Toboall
PAT,FMBANG
4
Garba Mountains
c)
100
0
'16
200
300
98
400
500kri
i
100
Tarap Formation
KO TA A G U N
6
104
Gunungkasih
Cornptex
M-TANJUNG
KA RAN G
106c
I i
Fig. 4.2. Distribution of Carboniferous to ?Early Permian rocks in Sumatra from GRDC geological maps. Dense tones indicate outcrops, the filled circles indicate
Carboniferous rocks encountered in horeholes, paler tones indicate subcrop beneath Late Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Tertiary and Quaternary sediments and volcanics.
27
BANDA
96
"
97'
98'
99
\ M a j o r Fa u l t s
Recent Volcanoes
OKSEUMAWE
Permo-Triassic Intrusions
Uneun Unit
5'N
sow
Situtup
1
Formation
ook 1,4 -z.wr
Ujeuen
Formatio
n
Sembuang
Formation
on line
Tawar
Formatio
11::::perbajadi;\
"Granite
i6,1a Line
IN I IIMIG IN 1
- M O M -
Rere
b
SA
Simpang Kiri
Fossil local
Gneiss
Kaloi
Formatio
.4 .0.
KUTACANE
Fossii
locaLity
TA
PAKTUAN
BoshOunrOgakwampu
___---- ---,. (0) Kualu
(Early
Fo r m a t i o n /
Gib .
\/
\ `4$1.<\< ""`r-
100km
97
ti
e, a
Tuffs
Batumilmil
198
NG
/ 99 '
,,---_____
Toba
28
CHAPTER 4
Fig. 4.4. Distribution of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic stratigraphic units in north central Sumatra from GRDC map sheets, showing rock types and
96'E
NAlas.
Lak
Formatie Toba
&VIKA N
99`' Toba.Tuffs -
101"
Pangaruran
ozoa
Major
Tob
Tuffs
1 W: ' ' ,
Sibaganding
:Limestone
MeTber .
21
Pakicat:
Kualu
Formation
PermoTriassic
Pangunjunga
n Member
tc
Intrusions
RANTAUPRAPAT
Formation
2)N
Recent
Volcanoes
Baru
SIBOL
cucut
50
Bohorok Fm
encountered
in borehole
100km
ADANGSIDEMPUAN
LATE PERMIAN-LATE TRIASSIC
(Peusangan Group)
MOM MN Mt
MN
I11
i
Lst
Mb
Kuanta
Format
PASARSIBUHAN
Lst
b
PASIRPENGARAYAN
CARBONIFEROUS-?EARLY PERMIAN
(Tapanuli Group)
4
Cm
Bohorok Formation
(Pebblymudstones)
Alas Formation
(limestones)
Kluet/Kuantan Formation
Limestone Member (Lst Mbr)
Pawan
Membe
NATAL
Silungkan
g
Muarasipongi
Rag,
w
Cubadak
Formatio
Telukkido
Formatio
Kuantan
Formation
LUB KSIKAPING
Tuhur
ormatio
n
/ / I \
critical fossil localities, as well as Late Permian to Triassic intrusives. Areas left blank are covered by Late Mesozoic to Quaternary sediments and voleanies.
Equator
98
Q
99
--- 100'
01'"
at Pangururan in the Sidikalang Quadrangle, fossiliferous, calcar eous, silty mudstones and limestones, with a rich shallow water
fauna are distinguished as the Pangururan Bryozoan Bed (Aldiss
et al. 1983) (Fig. 4.4). The limestones contain abundant shelly
debris, including brachiopods, fenestellid bryozoa and crinoid fragments and some pelecypods. Decalcified, fan-shaped fenestellids up
to 10 cm long are conspicuous on weathered bedding surfaces. The
PRE-TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHY
Equator
100'E
Again X:\\:\\
0
t.
- 1 T F uh r ur
iir'PAY
BUKIT
V AK
\T
I
N
Meninjau
29
103'
io mat oh
UFT
RENGAT
Tigapuluh
Mountains
1"s
Condong (volcanic)
Member
PADANG
Dihawah
Dlatas
JURASSIC
Major Faults
Recent
Volcanoes
Permo-Triassic
PERMO - TRIASSIC
Triassic
Permian with
Palepat
Formation
voloanies
Intrusions
.Tabir Formation
101'
Duabelas
%Mountains
Serpentinite
2"
Mengkarang
50
100km
103'
1
Fig. 4.5. Distribution of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic stratigraphie units in central Sumatra from GRDC map sheets, showing lithologies and critical localities as
well as Late Permian to Early Triassic intrusives. Areas left blank are covered by Late Mesozoic to Quaternary sediments and volcanics.
30
CHAPTER 4
Tigapuluh Group
Pre-Tertiary rocks form the Tigapuluh Mountains, isolated as
an inlier 70 km long and 40 km wide among the surrounding
Tertiary sediments, east of the Barisan Mountains to the south
of Rengat (Fig. 4.5). Three formations have been identified: the
Mentulu, Pengabuhan and the Gangsal formations, interpreted as
different facies of the Tigapuluh Group. The distribution of
these units are shown on the Rengat and Muarabungo Quadrangle
Sheets (Suwarna et al. 1991; Simandjuntak et al. 1991) (Fig. 4.6).
Deformation increases in intensity from NE to SW and in the
aureoles of TriassicJurassic granitic intrusions the sediments
are converted to spotted slates or hornfels.
Mentulu Formation. The Mentulu Formation, defined from out crops in the upper part of the Mentulu River, occupies large
areas in the northern and eastern parts of the Tigapuluh Mountains
(Fig. 4.6). The formation is characterized by pebbly mudstones,
similar to those of the Bohorok Formation of northern Sumatra.
The mudstones are interbedded with greywacke sandstones
and shales, the latter generally occurring as slates, or as hornfels
adjacent to granite contacts. The mudstone matrix contains irregu larly distributed angular to rounded clasts of granite, silicified
basalt, vein quartz, slate, quartzite and feldspar. The clasts are
generally of pebble size, up to a few centimetres, but may reach
30 cm in diameter. The pebbly mudstone is usually deformed,
with the matrix altered to slate, and the clasts flattened and
elongated within the cleavage planes. Cordierite is commonly
developed where the pebbly mudstones have been converted to
spotted slates or hornfels within metamorphic aureoles.
The interbedded greywacke sandstones are massive, dense, grey
sandstones, sometimes conglomeratic, containing folded quartz
veins. The sandstones are poorly sorted and also contain irregu larly distributed clasts, of the same rock types as those found in
the mudstones. The conglomerates are polymict and are composed
of sub-angular to rounded clasts. Finer sandstone units show
parallel lamination and may he poorly graded. Shale or claystone
units are well bedded and parallel laminated and contain scattered
matrix-supported fragments of quartz and feldspar. Some of
the sandstone units are tuffaceous and andesitic and basaltic
tuffs distinguish the Condong Member in Bukit Condong and
Gunung Endalang (Fig. 4.6).
The pebbly mudstones of the Mentulu Formation, like those
in the Bohorok Formation in northern Sumatra are considered to
be of glacio-marine origin, and the lithology of the clasts indicates
a continental provenance.
Pengabuhan Formation. The Pengabuhan Formation occurs in the
PRE-TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHY
31
Fig. 4.6. Distribution of stratigraphic units in the Tigapuluh Hills (after Suwarna et al. 1991; Simandjuntak et al. 1991). Areas left blank are covered by Tertiary to Recent
10215'E
103'00'
45'
to Renga
TIGAPULUH
MOUNTAINS
45'
45'
c
o
-4-- 20km
Inliers of
Gangsal
Formation
in Limau Hill
as
Triassic-Jurassic
Granites
TIGAPULUH GROUP
4/
')) Kentang
e ezi,
Gunun
Endalan
1"00's
Mentulu Formation
(pebbly mudstones)
Pengabuhan Formation
Gangsal Formation
0 ,z
C
A
1"00'
Bukit'
.
K:2
p.D
. ' . . .rp
ondong
spy&P
.
" "u1Mentulu
" Formation.
Pengabuhan . . .
0
Formation -
4,
"
10
15
20km
to Jambi
15'
15'
30'
45
15'
103'00'
sediments.
32
CHAPTER 4
104'0D'
ii!,atur
Qs Quaternary Sediments
Qv
415'
QuaternarWolcanics
Pliocene
Qv
Late Miocene
y
S.
Qv
S o
V
S P
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
v
V
V
V
Y
V
V
Y
Y.
V .
S .
V
V
Y.
V S .
V
V
V
V .
Y
VV
Oligo-Miocene
Eocene
V S .
M A RTA P U R A i
S .
V
V
V
' V
Qv
V V V V
1 , ,
V V
Y V
V
V V
V
.
' ,
. . . V V . . .
,
0, 0.
."
V V V Y
1.
.uunung
Faults
Garb
e
N. N.
4.4:4X+
N
Nt+4.44x
4'30'
e
,
' ^1 . N
s
0
10
15
20km
Fig. 4.7.
GRDC
with the
Pemali
Group, Ban
yka Island
Ca rboni fe rous --Pe rmi a n roc ks of t he Pe ma l i
Group oc c ur on Bangka Island where they are imbricated with
the Triassic Tempilang Sandstones (Ko 1986) (Fig. 4.2). The
Pemali Group occurs in eastwest trending, fault-bounded
outcrops throughout the island. Rock types include isoclinally
folded pyritic shales a n d l i m e s t o ne s, t he l a t t er c on ta in in g
P er mi a n fus ul i n i d s (De Roever 1951), volcanics and bedded
cherts, with radiolaria, laminated mudstones and pebbly
mudstones. According to the description by Ko (1986) the
pebbl y mudstones from the Toboali District in the southern part
of the island resemble very closely those already described from
the Bohorok and Mentulu formations, above, and contain clasts
with a similar range of sizes and lithologies, although
previously these same outcrops were described by De Roever
(1951) as arkosic conglomerate.
Interpretation
Tarap Formation
(metamorphosed ?
Garba Mountains, South Sumatra. after
The Metamorphosed Palaeozoics arc correlated
Formations are correlated with the Jurassic-
below).