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Final exam
2014-12-27, 15:00 - 17:30 (120 minutes +30 minutes)
Eigenvalue problems, Differential and Integral calculus, series
For the whole midterm exam 46 points can be obtained.
To reach the high score you need 40 points;
the 6 extra points can be used to enhance your high score for the whole semester.
The respective points per exercise are given in front of the respective exercise.
Students name:
General topics
1. 1 point: Give an example of a sequence that is bounded, but divergent.
Solution 1. For instance: an = (1)n , n R
2. 2 points: Verify that the unit vectors
T
(
1 if k = i,
=
0 if k 6= i
= (0, 0, 0, . . . , 0)T
i = 0, i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n
3. 1.5 points: Explain, why the signum function defined by
if x > 0
1
sgn(x) = 0
if x = 0
1 if x < 0
is discontinuous at x = 0.
Solution 3.
lim sgn(x) = 1, lim sgn(x) = 1
x0
x0+
Since limx0+ sgn(x) 6= limx0 sgn(x) , limx0 sgn(x) does not exist. Therefor the
function is discontinuous at x = 1.
4. 2 points: For the piecewise defined function f whose graph is shown below, find
(a) limx2+ f (x)
(b) limx2 f (x)
(c) limx2 f (x)
Is the function continuos at x = 1, x = 0 and x = 2 ? Explain your answer!
x0+
but
lim
x0+
x0
f (x + x) f (x)
f (x + x) f (x)
= 1 6= lim
= 1
x
x
x0
2
n=1
n=1
(1)n
n
(1)n
n
conditionally convergent?
is convergent, but
n=1 |
(1)n
n |
f (n) (0)
n! , n
1
n=1 n
= 1, 2, 3, . . . for the
000
1
= (x+1)
2 , f (x) =
0000
2
, f (x)
(x+1)3
6
(x+1)
3
f (n) (x) =
(1)n+1 (n 1)!
(x + 1)n
Therefor
cn =
f n (0)
(1)n+1 (n 1)!
(1)n+1
=
=
n!
(0 + 1)n n!
n
Linear algebra
1. 1.5 points: Show that the mapping T : R2 R2 defined by
T (x, y) =
x+y
y
is a linear transformation.
x1
x2
Solution 8. Let x~1 =
and x~2 =
be elements of R2 , R.
y1
y2
x1 + x2 + y1 + y2
y1 + y2
x1 + y1
x 2 + y2
=
+
y1
y2
x 1 + y1
x2 + y2
=
+
y1
y2
T (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) =
= T (x1 , y1 ) + T (x2 , y2 )
T (x, y) is linear.
2. 1.5+1.5 points: Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix
A=
5 3
1 3
is diver-
!
=0
2 8 + 15 3 = ( 6)( 2) = 0
1 = 2, 2 = 6
(b) Eigenvectors:
Eigenvector to the eigenvalue 1 = 2
5x1 + 3x2 = 2x1
x1 = x2 x =
x1 + 3x2 = 2x2
1
1
, R
3
1
, R
1 3
x1
0
4 2
0
x2
0
=
8 2
x3
0
(a) Explain why there is a solution of this set of equations or not.
(b) How do the values for for this solution look like?
x1
(c) For each one, find the general solution x = x2 to the set.
x3
Solution 10. (a) There is a solution to the equation if det A = 0.
(b) Eigenvalues (2 points):
1 3
!
4 2
0 = 0
8 2
= 42 + 12 8 48
= 42 + 4 48
= 62 + 12
= ( + 4)( 3)
!
= 0
For = 3 or = 4 the system has non-trivial solutions!
(c) General eigenvectors:
Eigenvectors for = 4:
4x1 x2 + 3x3 = 0
1
4x1 + 2x2 + 0x3 = 0 x2 = 2x1 x = 2 , R
8x1 + 4x2 8x3 = 0
2x1 = x3
2
Eigenvectors for = 3:
3x1 x2 + 3x3 = 0
x1 = 3x3
3
4x1 + 2x2 + 0x3 = 0 x2 = 2x1
x = 6 , R
8x1 3x2 + 6x3 = 0
1
4
Differential calculus
1. 1.5 points: Find the limit
sin 3x
x0 ln(1 + 2x)
lim
1 + tan x
1 tan x
Solution 12.
q
1+tan x
1
1
1tan x cos2 x (1tan x)+ cos2 x (1+tan x)
(1tan x)2
q 1
1
2
1 1tan x
2 1+tan x
2
cos2 x(1tan x)2
1
2
cos2 x(1 sin2 x )
cos x
1
cos(2x)
1+tan x
1tan x
y (x) = 1
2x
x2 2x + 1
(x 1)2 !
=
=0
=
1 + x2
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x=1
x2 1
00
y (x) = 2 2
(x + 1)2
00
y (x) = 2
x2 1
2(x 1)(x + 1) !
=
=0
2
2
(x + 1)
(x2 + 1)2
x1 = 1, x2 = 1
5
000
y (x) = 4
x(x2 3)
000
000
y (1) = 1 < 0, y (1) = 1 > 0
2
3
(x + 1)
Therefor at xinf lec.1 = 1 and xinf lec.2 = 1 we find the inflection points:
Pinf l.1 = (1, 1 ln(2)) = (1, 1.69), Pinf l.2 = (1, 1 ln(2)) = (1, 0.31)
(c) increasing, decreasing, convex and concave:
2
y (x) =
2(x 1)(x + 1)
> 0 x I
(x2 + 1)2
y (x) =
2(x 1)(x + 1)
< 0 x (1; 1)
(x2 + 1)2
(d) Sketch:
Integral calculus
1. 2 points: Compute the indefinite integral
Z
x+1
dx
x x1
dy
1
sub. y = x 1 dx
= 2x1
dx = 2 x 1
R
x+1
dx
x x1
y 2 +2
(y 2 +1)y
= 2 (1 +
2y dy
1
)
y 2 +1
dy
= 2(y + arctan y) + C
= 2( x 1 + arctan( x 1)) + C
x arctan(x)dx
0
x arctan(x)dx
1
2
=
part int.
R3
0
dx2
2x )
1 arctan(x)dx2
[ x2 arctan x]0 3
3
2
1
2
R 3
1
2
R 3
0
x2
dx
1+x2
1
)dx
1+x2
3
1
2 [(x arctan x)]0
3
3
1
2
+
2
2 3
3
2
0
(1
1.23
Z
e
Solution 16.
R
e
1
x(ln x)3
1
dx
x (ln x)3
dx = limR
RR
= limR
RR
e
e
1
x(ln x)3
1
(ln x)3
dx
d(ln x)
= limR [ 2 ln12 x ]R
e
=
1
2
limR (1
1
)
2 ln2 R
1
2
Applications:
1. 4 points: The figure
shows the cross section of a circular tranformation inductor with a cross-shaped magnetic
core. The cross section A of the magnetic core (grey in the picture) should be as large
as possible.
How does one have to choose the dimensions, if the inductor has the radius r? State the
maximum area A as well as the angle .
Hint: Try to express a,b as functions of the angle .
Solution 18. The area is given by the big square shown above minus the gray shaded
small squares at the corners.
2
2
2
A(a, b) = a2 4( ab
2 ) = a (a b)
cos =
sin(2)
= tan(2) = 2 2 = arctan 2 = 63, 435 0 = 31, 72
cos(2)
00
Solution 19.
Vx =
R
0
x
dx
(1+x2 )2
= limR
RR
x
0 (1+x2 )2 dx
1
R
= limR [ 2(1+x
2 ) ]0
1
1
= limR [ 2(1+R
2) + 2 ]
= (0 + 21 ) =