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German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology

Dr. rer. nat. Altangerel Lkhamsuren


Dipl.-Phys. Christina Seidler
Introduction to Basic Mathematics, Bachelors program
Winter term 2014/2015

Final exam
2014-12-27, 15:00 - 17:30 (120 minutes +30 minutes)
Eigenvalue problems, Differential and Integral calculus, series
For the whole midterm exam 46 points can be obtained.
To reach the high score you need 40 points;
the 6 extra points can be used to enhance your high score for the whole semester.
The respective points per exercise are given in front of the respective exercise.

Students name:

General topics
1. 1 point: Give an example of a sequence that is bounded, but divergent.
Solution 1. For instance: an = (1)n , n R
2. 2 points: Verify that the unit vectors
T

e1 , e2 , . . . , en R , ei = (ei1 , . . . , ein ) , eik

(
1 if k = i,
=
0 if k 6= i

are linearly independent.


Solution 2.
1 e1 + 2 e2 + 3 e3 + . . . + n en = (1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , n )T
!

= (0, 0, 0, . . . , 0)T
i = 0, i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n
3. 1.5 points: Explain, why the signum function defined by

if x > 0
1
sgn(x) = 0
if x = 0

1 if x < 0
is discontinuous at x = 0.
Solution 3.
lim sgn(x) = 1, lim sgn(x) = 1
x0

x0+

Since limx0+ sgn(x) 6= limx0 sgn(x) , limx0 sgn(x) does not exist. Therefor the
function is discontinuous at x = 1.
4. 2 points: For the piecewise defined function f whose graph is shown below, find
(a) limx2+ f (x)
(b) limx2 f (x)
(c) limx2 f (x)
Is the function continuos at x = 1, x = 0 and x = 2 ? Explain your answer!

Solution 4. (a) limx2+ f (x) = 2


(b) limx2 f (x) = 4
(c) limx2 f (x) does not exist
The function is not continuous at x = 1 (limx1+ f (x) 6= limx1 f (x)), continuous at x = 0 ((limx0+ f (x) = limx0 f (x) = f (x)) and not continuous at x = 2
(limx2 f (x) does not exist).
5. 1 point: Give an example of a function that is continuous, but not differentiable at a
given point x.
Solution 5. For instance: f (x) = |x| because
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (x) = 0

x0+

but
lim

x0+

x0

f (x + x) f (x)
f (x + x) f (x)
= 1 6= lim
= 1

x
x
x0
2

6. 1.5 points: Why is the series


Solution 6. The series
gent.

n=1

n=1

(1)n
n

(1)n
n

conditionally convergent?

is convergent, but

n=1 |

7. 2 points: Calculate the Maclaurin series coefficients cn =


function f (x) = ln(x + 1).
00
1
x+1 , f (x)

Solution 7. f (x) = ln(x+1) f (x) =

(1)n
n |

f (n) (0)
n! , n

1
n=1 n

= 1, 2, 3, . . . for the

000

1
= (x+1)
2 , f (x) =

0000
2
, f (x)
(x+1)3

6
(x+1)
3

f (n) (x) =

(1)n+1 (n 1)!
(x + 1)n

Therefor
cn =

f n (0)
(1)n+1 (n 1)!
(1)n+1
=
=
n!
(0 + 1)n n!
n

Linear algebra
1. 1.5 points: Show that the mapping T : R2 R2 defined by

T (x, y) =

x+y
y

is a linear transformation.




x1
x2
Solution 8. Let x~1 =
and x~2 =
be elements of R2 , R.
y1
y2

x1 + x2 + y1 + y2
y1 + y2

 

x1 + y1
x 2 + y2
=
+
y1
y2

 

x 1 + y1
x2 + y2
=
+
y1
y2


T (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) =

= T (x1 , y1 ) + T (x2 , y2 )
T (x, y) is linear.
2. 1.5+1.5 points: Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix

A=

5 3
1 3

Solution 9. (a) Eigenvalues:





5 3
5 3
A=
|1 A| =
1 3
1 3
3

is diver-


!
=0

2 8 + 15 3 = ( 6)( 2) = 0
1 = 2, 2 = 6
(b) Eigenvectors:
Eigenvector to the eigenvalue 1 = 2
5x1 + 3x2 = 2x1
x1 = x2 x =
x1 + 3x2 = 2x2

1
1


, R

Eigenvector to the eigenvalue 1 = 6


5x1 + 3x2 = 6x1
x1 = 3x2 x =
x1 + 3x2 = 6x2

3
1


, R

3. 0.5+2+2 points: Given the set of homogenous equations


1 3
x1
0
4 2

0
x2
0
=
8 2
x3
0
(a) Explain why there is a solution of this set of equations or not.
(b) How do the values for for this solution look like?

x1
(c) For each one, find the general solution x = x2 to the set.
x3
Solution 10. (a) There is a solution to the equation if det A = 0.
(b) Eigenvalues (2 points):




1 3

!
4 2
0 = 0


8 2
= 42 + 12 8 48
= 42 + 4 48
= 62 + 12
= ( + 4)( 3)
!

= 0
For = 3 or = 4 the system has non-trivial solutions!
(c) General eigenvectors:
Eigenvectors for = 4:

4x1 x2 + 3x3 = 0
1
4x1 + 2x2 + 0x3 = 0 x2 = 2x1 x = 2 , R
8x1 + 4x2 8x3 = 0
2x1 = x3
2
Eigenvectors for = 3:

3x1 x2 + 3x3 = 0
x1 = 3x3
3
4x1 + 2x2 + 0x3 = 0 x2 = 2x1
x = 6 , R
8x1 3x2 + 6x3 = 0
1
4

Differential calculus
1. 1.5 points: Find the limit
sin 3x
x0 ln(1 + 2x)
lim

Solution 11. Use rule of LHpital


sin 3x
3
0
3 cos 3x
=
= = lim
2
x0 ln(1 + 2x)
x0
0
2
1+2x)
lim

2. 2 points: Differentiate the following function with respect to the variable x:


r
y = ln

1 + tan x
1 tan x

Solution 12.
q

1+tan x
1
1
1tan x cos2 x (1tan x)+ cos2 x (1+tan x)

(1tan x)2

q 1

1
2

1 1tan x
2 1+tan x

2
cos2 x(1tan x)2

1
2
cos2 x(1 sin2 x )
cos x
1
cos(2x)

1+tan x
1tan x

3. 1.5+1.5+2+1.5 points: For the curve y = x ln(1 + x2 )


(a) locate all local maxima and minima of the curve.
(b) locate all points of inflection.
(c) determine the values of x for which the curve is increasing, decreasing, convex and
concave.
(d) sketch the curve.
Solution 13. (a) Local maxima and minima:
0

y (x) = 1

2x
x2 2x + 1
(x 1)2 !
=
=0
=
1 + x2
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x=1
x2 1
00
y (x) = 2 2
(x + 1)2

00

Because of y (1) = 0, x = 1 is NOT a local minimum or maximum!


(b) Points of inflection:
00

y (x) = 2

x2 1
2(x 1)(x + 1) !
=
=0
2
2
(x + 1)
(x2 + 1)2
x1 = 1, x2 = 1
5

000

y (x) = 4

x(x2 3)
000
000
y (1) = 1 < 0, y (1) = 1 > 0
2
3
(x + 1)

Therefor at xinf lec.1 = 1 and xinf lec.2 = 1 we find the inflection points:
Pinf l.1 = (1, 1 ln(2)) = (1, 1.69), Pinf l.2 = (1, 1 ln(2)) = (1, 0.31)
(c) increasing, decreasing, convex and concave:
2

y is increasing everywhere: y (x) = (x1)


> 0 x;
x2 +1
the function is convex on I = (; 1) (1; ) because
00

y (x) =

2(x 1)(x + 1)
> 0 x I
(x2 + 1)2

and concave on (1; 1) because of


00

y (x) =

2(x 1)(x + 1)
< 0 x (1; 1)
(x2 + 1)2

(d) Sketch:

Integral calculus
1. 2 points: Compute the indefinite integral
Z

x+1

dx
x x1

Solution 14. Integration by substitution:

dy
1
sub. y = x 1 dx
= 2x1
dx = 2 x 1
R

x+1

dx
x x1

y 2 +2
(y 2 +1)y

= 2 (1 +

2y dy

1
)
y 2 +1

dy

= 2(y + arctan y) + C

= 2( x 1 + arctan( x 1)) + C

2. 2 points: Evaluate the definite integral

x arctan(x)dx
0

Solution 15. Integration by parts after using substitution (exchange dx


R 3
0

x arctan(x)dx

1
2

=
part int.

R3
0

dx2
2x )

1 arctan(x)dx2

[ x2 arctan x]0 3

3
2

1
2

R 3

1
2

R 3
0

x2
dx
1+x2

1
)dx
1+x2

3
1
2 [(x arctan x)]0

3
3
1
2
+

2
2 3
3
2
0

(1

1.23

3. 2 points: Investigate the convergence or divergence of the improper integral

Z
e

Solution 16.

R
e

1
x(ln x)3

1
dx
x (ln x)3

dx = limR

RR

= limR

RR

e
e

1
x(ln x)3
1
(ln x)3

dx
d(ln x)

= limR [ 2 ln12 x ]R
e
=

1
2

limR (1

1
)
2 ln2 R

4. 1+1+2 points: Given the curves y1 = x2 + 4x and y2 = x + 4.


(a) Sketch their graphs on the same axes.
(b) Determine the coordinates of the points of intersections.
(c) Calculate the area enclosed by the curves.
Solution 17. (a) Sketch:

1
2

(b) Points of intersection:


x2 + 4x = x + 4 x2 + 3x 4 = 0 (x + 4)(x 1) = 0 x1 = 4, x2 = 1
(c) Area enclosed by curves:
Z 1
1
1
125
(x + 4 x2 4x)dx = [ x2 + 4x x3 2x2 ]14 =
S=
2
3
6
4

Applications:
1. 4 points: The figure

shows the cross section of a circular tranformation inductor with a cross-shaped magnetic
core. The cross section A of the magnetic core (grey in the picture) should be as large
as possible.
How does one have to choose the dimensions, if the inductor has the radius r? State the
maximum area A as well as the angle .
Hint: Try to express a,b as functions of the angle .
Solution 18. The area is given by the big square shown above minus the gray shaded
small squares at the corners.

2
2
2
A(a, b) = a2 4( ab
2 ) = a (a b)

= a2 (a2 2ab + b2 ) = 2ab b2


8

a and b can be expressed by r and :


a/2
a = 2r cos
r
b/2
sin =
b = 2r sin
r

cos =

Hence for the area we get


A(r, ) = 2 (2r cos ) (2r sin ) (2r sin )2
= 4r2 (2 sin cos sin2 ) = 4r2 (sin(2) sin2 )
Now we determine the maximum in the interval 0 < 45 :
0

A (r, ) = 4r2 (2 cos(2) 2 sin cos ) = 4r2 (2 cos(2) sin(2))


00

A (r, ) = 8r2 (2 sin(2) + cos(2))


0

From A = 0 it follows that


4r2 (2 cos(2) sin(2)) = 0 2 cos(2) sin(2) = 0 sin(2) = 2 cos(2)

sin(2)
= tan(2) = 2 2 = arctan 2 = 63, 435 0 = 31, 72
cos(2)
00

A (r, 31, 72 ) < 0 local maximum


With = 31, 72 the cross section A of the magnetic core becomes:
A(r, 31, 72 ) = 4r2 (sin(63, 435 ) sin2 (31, 72 )) = 2, 472r2
Comparing the calculated area to the area A(r, 45 ) = 2r2 shows, that the calculated cross
section not only is a local but even an absolute maximum!
2. 2 points: Determine
the volume of the body of revolution that is given by rotating the

curve y = 1+xx2 around the x-axis.

Solution 19.
Vx =

R
0

x
dx
(1+x2 )2

= limR

RR

x
0 (1+x2 )2 dx

1
R
= limR [ 2(1+x
2 ) ]0
1
1
= limR [ 2(1+R
2) + 2 ]

= (0 + 21 ) =

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