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where r is the distance of the point ( x, y ) from the point ( x1 , y1 ) .

Note : The coordinates of any point on the line at a distance r from the point A ( x1 , y1 ) can be taken as

( x1 + r cos ,

y1 + r sin )
or
( x1 r cos , y1 r sin ) and 0
REDUCTION OF THE GENERAL EQUATION TO DIFFERENT STANDARD FORMS
1.
Slope-intercept form : To reduce the equation Ax + By + C =
0 to the form =
y mx + c.
A
C
Given equation is Ax + By + C =
x
0 or y =
B
B
which is of the form =
y mx + c,
A
C
where m = and c = .
B
B
coefficient of x
A
Note : Slope of the line Ax + By + C =

=
.
0 is m =
coefficient of y
B
x y
2.
Intercept form : To reduce the equation Ax + By + C =
1.
0 to the form + =
a b
This reduction is possible only when C 0.
Given equation is Ax + By + C =
0
A
B
x
y
x y
x y =
1, where C 0 or
+
=
1, which is of the form
+ =
1,
C
C
C / A C / B
a b
C
C
where a = and b = .
A
B
3.
Normal form : To reduce the equation Ax + By + C =
p.
0 to the form x cos + y sin =
(1)
Given equation is Ax + By + C =
0 or Ax + By =
C
CASE 1. When C < 0, i.e. C > 0, dividing both sides of equation (1) by A2 + B 2 , we get
A
B
C
x+
y=

2
2
2
2
2
A +B
A +B
A + B2
which is of the form x cos + y sin =
p,
C
A
B
where cos =
and p =
=
, sin
A2 + B 2
A2 + B 2
A2 + B 2
CASE 2. When C > 0 i.e. C < 0 ; from (1) Ax By =
C
A
B
C
or
x
y=
2
2
2
2
2
A +B
A +B
A + B2
which is of the form x cos + y sin =
p,
C
A
B
where cos =
and p =
.

, sin =

A2 + B 2
A2 + B 2
A2 + B 2
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO INTERSECTING LINES
The angle between the lines=
y m1 x + c1 and=
y m2 x + c2 is given by
m m2
tan = 1
,
1 + m1m2

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provided no line is to x-axis and the acute angle is given by tan =

m1 m2
.
1 + m1m2

Note :
(a) If both the lines are to x-axis then the angle between them is 0.
(b) If any of the two lines is perpendicular to x-axis, then the slope of that line is infinite.
m
1 2
m1 m2
m1
1
Let m1 = . Then
tan
=
=
=
1
1 + m1m2
m2
+ m2
m1
or

90

where tan = m2

(c) The two lines are parallel if and only if m1 = m2 .

(d) The two lines are if and only if m1 m2 =
1.
CONDITION FOR TWO LINES TO BE COINCIDENT, PARALLEL, PERPENDICULAR OR
INTERSECTING
Two lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 =
0 are
a1 b1 c1
a1 b1 c1
(i) Coincident, if =
(ii) Parallel, if =
=
;
;
a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2
(iii) Perpendicular, if a1a2 + b1b2 =
0;
a
b
(iv) Intersecting, if 1 1 i.e. if they are neither co-incident nor parallel.
a2 b2
EQUATION OF A LINE PARALLEL TO A GIVEN LINE
The equation of a line parallel to a given line ax + by + c =
0 is ax + by + k =
0, where k is a constant.
Thus to write the equation of any line parallel to a given line, do not change the coefficient of x and y
and change the constant term only.
EQUATION OF A LINE PERPENDICULAR TO A GIVEN LINE
The equation of a line perpendicular to a given line ax + by + c =
0 is bx ay + k =
0, where k is a constant.
Thus to write the equation of any line perpendicular to a given line interchange the coefficients of x and y
then change the sign of any one of them and finally change the constant term.
POINT OF INTERSECTION OF TWO GIVEN LINES
Let the two given lines be a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 =
0.
Solving these two equations, the point of intersection of the given two lines is given by
b1c2 b2 c1 c1a2 c2 a1
,

.
a1b2 a2b1 a1b2 a2b1
INTERIOR ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE : To find the interior angles of a triangle arrange the slopes of the
sides in decreasing order i.e., m1 > m2 > m3 . Then apply
m2 m3
m3 m1
m1 m2
tan =
, tan
, tan
=
=
1 + m1m2
1 + m2 m3
1 + m3 m1
LINES THROUGH THE INTERSECTION OF TWO GIVEN LINES
The equation of any line passing through the point of intersection of the lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0
and a2 x + b2 y + c2 =
0,
0 is ( a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) + k ( a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) =

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where k is a parameter. The value of k can be obtained by using one more conditions which the required line
satisfies.
CONDITIONS OF CONCURRENCE
The family of given lines are said to be concurrent if they meet in a point.
WORKING RULE TO PROVE THAT THREE GIVEN LINES ARE CONCURRENT
1.
The three lines a1 x + b1 y=
+ c1 0, a2 x + b2 y=
+ c2 0, a3 x + b3 y + c3 =
0
l1
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if

a2
a3

b2
b3

l2

c2 = 0
c3

l3

The three lines=

P 0,=
Q 0 and R = 0 are concurrent if there exist constants l , m and n, not all zero at
the same time, such that lP + mQ + nR =
0.
This method is particularly useful in theoretical results.
POSITION OF TWO POINTS RELATIVE TO A LINE
Two points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) are on the same side or on opposite sides of the line ax + by + c =
0 according
2.

as the expressions ax1 + by1 + c and ax2 + by2 + c have same sign or opposite signs.
LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A POINT ON A LINE
The length of the perpendicular from the point ( , ) to the line ax + by + c =
0 is given by
p=

a + b + c
a 2 + b2

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES

The distance between two parallel lines ax + by + c1 =
0 is given by
0 and ax + by + c2 =
d=

c1 c2
a 2 + b2

( , )
p

ax + by + c =
0

.
d

Note : (a) The distance between two parallel lines can also be obtained by taking a suitable point (take y = 0
and find x or take x = 0 and find y ) on one straight line and then finding the length of the
perpendicular from this point to the second line.
(b) Area of a parallelogram or a rhombus, equations of whose sides are given, can be obtained by
using the following formula
D
C
p1 p2
Area
= =
p1 p2 cosec
sin
p1
M
where p=
distance
between
lines
and
DL
=
AB
CD
,
1
p2
p2
=
BM
= distance between lines AD and BC ,

A
= angle between adjacent sides AB and AD.
B
L
In the case of a rhombus, p1 = p2
p12
.
Area of rhombus =
sin

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1
d1d 2
2
where d1 and d 2 are the lengths of two diagonals of a rhombus.

Also, area of rhombus =

a1 x + b1 y + d1 =
0

(c) If the equation of sides of a parallelogram are as shown

then its area is given by
( c1 d1 )( c2 d 2 )
a1b2 a2b1

a2 x + b2 y + d 2 =
0

(d) If equation of sides of a parallelogram are

=
L1 0,=
L2 0,=
L3 0,=
L4 0 then L2 L3 L1 L4 =
0 represents the
diagonal BD. Again L1 L2 L3 L4 =
0 represents the diagonal AC .

a2 x + b2 y + c2 =
0

a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0

L2 = 0

L1 = 0

L3 = 0

L4 = 0

EQUATIONS OF STAIGHT LINES PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND MAKING A

GIVEN ANGLE WITH A GIVEN LINE
The equations of the straight lines which pass through a given point ( x1 , y1 ) and make a given angle with
m tan
( x x1 )
1 m tan
EQUATIONS OF THE BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES BETWEEN THE LINES
The equations of the bisectors of the angles between the lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 =
0 are given
by
a1 x + b1 y + c1
a x + b2 y + c2
= 2
.
a12 + b12
a22 + b22
TO FIND THE EQUATION OF THE BISECTOR OF THE ACUTE AND OBTUSE ANGLE
BETWEEN TWO LINES
(1)
Let the equations of the two lines be a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0

the given straight line =

=
y y1
y mx + c are

and

a2 x + b2 y + c2 =
0

(2)

where c1 > 0 and c2 > 0.

a x + b1 y + c1
a x + b2 y + c2
Then the equation 1
= + 2
2
2
a1 + b1
a22 + b22
is the equation of bisector containing origin.
a x + b1 y + c1
a x + b2 y + c2
Similarly, the equation 1
= 2
2
2
a1 + b1
a22 + b22
is the equation of bisector not containing origin.
Note : If a1a2 + b1b2 > 0, then the origin lies in obtuse angle i.e., the bisector containing origin is obtuse angle
bisector and if a1a2 + b1b2 < 0, then the origin lies in acute angle i.e., the bisector containing origin is acute
angle bisector.

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1.

IMAGE OF A POINT : The co-ordinate of image

( x2 , y2 )

( x1 , y1 )

of a given point ( x1 , y1 ) in the line ax + by + c =

0 are given
by
x2 x1 y2 y1 2 ( ax1 + by1 + c )
= =
a
b
a 2 + b2
2.

ax + by + c =
0

( x2 , y2 )

( x1 , y1 )

FOOT OF THE PERPENDICULAR : The co-ordinate of foot of perpendicular

( x2 , y2 ) of a given point ( x1 , y1 ) on the line ax + by + c =0 are given by
x2 x1 y2 y1 ( ax1 + by1 + c )
= =
a
b
a 2 + b2

STANDARD POINTS OF A TRIANGLE

Centroid of a Triangle
The point of intersection of the medians of the triangle is called the centroid of
the triangle. The centroid divides the medians in the ratio 2 : 1.

( x2 , y2 )
A ( x1 , y1 )
E
G

C ( x3 , y3 )

The coordinates of the centroid of a triangle with vertices ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) and

( x3 , y3 )

are
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
,

.
3
3

(i)
(ii)

B ( x2 , y2 )

If P is any point in the plane of the triangle ABC and G is the centroid then
PA2 + PB 2 + PC 2 = GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 +3PG 2
If G is the centroid of the triangle ABC , then

AB 2 + BC 2 + CA2= 3 GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2
Incentre of a Triangle
The point of intersection of the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle is
called the incentre of the triangle.
The coordinates of the incetre of a triangle with vertices ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) and

( x3 , y3 )

A ( x1 , y1 )

b
c
I

C ( x3 , y3 )

are

ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3

.
a+b+c ,
B ( x2 , y2 )
a + b + c

Ex-centres of a Triangle
A circle touches one side outside the triangle and the other two extended sides then circle
is known as excircle.
Let ABC be a triangle then there are three excircles, with three excentres I1 , I 2 , I 3
opposite to vertices A, B and C respectively. If the vertices of triangle are

A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) then

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I2

I3

B
I1

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ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3

I1 =
,
a + b + c
a + b + c
ax bx2 + cx3 ay1 by2 + cy3
I2 = 1
,
a b + c
a b+c
ax + bx2 cx3 ay1 + by2 cy3
I3 = 1
,
.
a + b c
a+bc
A ( x1 , y1 )

CIRCUMCENTRE
The circumcentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of the perpendicular
bisectors of the sides of a triangle. It is the centre of the circle which passes
through the vertices of the triangle and so its distance from the vertices of the
triangle is same and this distance is known as the circum-radius of the triangle.
If angles of triangle ABC i.e. A, B, C and vertices of triangle

A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are given, then circumcentre of the triangle

E
O

B
( x2 , y2 )

C ( x3 , y3 )

ABC is

x1 sin 2 A + x2 sin 2 B + x3 sin 2C y1 sin 2 A + y2 sin 2 B + y3 sin 2C

,

sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C

sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C

ORTHOCENTRE
The orthocentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of altitudes.
If angles of a ABC , i.e. A, B and C and vertices of triangle

A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are given, then orthocentre of ABC is

F

x1 tan A + x2 tan B + x3 tan C y1 tan A + y2 tan B + y3 tan C

,

tan A + tan B + tan C

tan A + tan B + tan C

Note :
(i) If H is the orthocentre of ABC then
orthocentre of AHB is C
orthocentre of BHC is A
orthocentre of AHC is B
(ii) If any two lines out of three lines i.e. AB, BC and CA are perpendicular, then
orthocentre is the point of intersection of two perpendicular lines i.e., in right
angled the right angled vertex is the orthocentre of and mid-point of
hypotneuse is circumcentre

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D (circumcentre)
A

orthocentre

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Pair of Straight line

Pair of Straight Line
1.
SECOND DEGREE HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
A second degree homogenous equation is ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 =
0.... (1) will represent pair of straight lines
passing through origin if h 2 ab. In case of equality, lines will be identical.
If h 2 < ab, then (1) will represent the point origin only. Slopes of the lines given by (1) are given

h h 2 ab
2h
a
by m1 , m2 =
; m1 + m2 =

and m1m2 =
b
b
b
lines given by (1)
are y m=
=
m2 x. Angle between the lines given by (1) is given by
1 x and y
tan =

2 h 2 ab
. If a + b = 0, then lines given by (1) are perpendicular to each other.
a+b

Equations of the angle bisectors of the angles formed by (1) are given by
2.

x 2 y 2 xy
= .
a b
h

IDENTIFICATION OF CURVES
General equation of second degree is ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0 .... (1)
and

a h g
=
h b =
f abc + 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2 .
g f c

(i)
If 0 and h 2 > ab, then (1) represent intersecting lines.
=
(ii)
If 0 =
=
and h 2 ab, then (1) represents pair of parallel straight lines or coincident lines.
hf bg hg af
(iii)
If 0 and h 2 < ab, then (1) represent a point only which is given by
=
,
.
2
2
ab h ab h
Case II : If 0, then
(i) a = b and h = 0, then (1) is circle
(ii) h2 = ab, then (1) is parabola
(iii) h 2 < ab, then (1) is ellipse
(iv) h 2 > ab, then (1) is hyperbola.
3.
INFORMATION ABOUT PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
General equation of second degree is
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0 if abc + 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2 =
0
2
and h > ab, then (1) represents pair of intersecting lines. Formula for the slopes of the lines, sum and
product of the slopes, angles between the lines and condition for the perpendicularity of lines will
remain same as it was in case of second degree homogeneous equation.
hf bg
hg af
Let point of intersection of lines given by (1) be ( x1=
, y1 ) , then x1 =
and y1
.
2
ab h
ab h 2
4.
Equation of the angle bisectors of the angles formed by (1) are given by
Case I :

( x x1 ) ( y y1 )
2

a b

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( x x1 )( y y1 ) .
h

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5.

DISTANCE BETWEEN PAIR OF PARALLEL LINES

If abc + 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 =
ch 2 0 and=
h 2 ab, then (1) represents pair of parallel lines.
g 2 ac
f 2 bc
Distance between these pair of parallel
lines is 2= 2
=
a (a + b)
b (a + b)

6.

Join equation of pair of straight lines passing through origin and point of intersection of
f ( x, y ) ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0
(1)
and lx + my + n =
0
are given by

(2)

lx + my lx + my
ax + 2hxy + by + ( 2 gx + 2 fy )
0.
+ c
=
n
n

f ( x, y ) = 0

lx + my + n =
0

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Circle
CIRCLE
A circle is the locus of point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point is constant. The
fixed point is called the centre and the constant distance is called the radius of the circle.
STANDARD EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
2
2
1.
The equation of a circle with the centre at ( , ) and radius a, is ( x ) + ( y ) =
a2
2.
If the centre of the circle is at the origin and the radius is a, then the equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 =
a2.
GENERAL EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
The general equation of a circle is of the form x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
(1)
0,
Where g , f and c are constants.
The coordinates of the centre are ( g , f ) and radius =

g 2 + f 2 c.

CONDITIONS FOR GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE TO REPRESENT A CIRCLE

A general equation of second degree ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0 in x, y represents a circle if
2
2
1.
Coefficient of x = coefficient of y i.e. a = b,
2.
Coefficient of xy is zero i.e. h = 0.
Y

DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE EQUATION OF A CIRCLE

1.
Circle with centre at the point (h, k) and which touches the axis of x
Since the circle touches the x-axis, the radius of the circle = k .
2
2
k2
Equation of the circle is ( x h ) + ( y k ) =

C ( h, k )

or x 2 + y 2 2hx 2ky + h 2 =
0

2.

Circle with centre at the point (h, k) and which touches the axis of y
Since the circle touches the y-axis, the radius of the circle = h

h2
Equation of the circle is ( x h ) + ( y k ) =
2

or x 2 + y 2 2hx 2ky + k 2 =
0.
3.

( h, k )
X

Circle with radius a and which touches both the coordinate axes
Since the centre of the circle may be in any of the four quadrants,
therefore it will be any one of the four points ( a, a ) . Thus, there are
four circles of radius a touching both the coordinate axes, and their
2
2
equations are ( x a ) + ( y a ) =
a 2 or x 2 + y 2 2ax 2ay + a 2 =
0.

( a, a )

( a, a )
X

( a, a ) ( a, a )

CIRCLE ON A GIVEN DIAMETER

The equation of the circle drawn on the line segment joining two given points
0.
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) as diameter is ( x x1 )( x x2 ) + ( y y1 )( y y2 ) =
1
x + x y + y2
Its centre is 1 2 , 1
and radius is
2
2
2

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( x1 x2 ) + ( y1 y2 )
2

( x1 , y1 )

( x2 , y2 )

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INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A CIRCLE

Let S be a circle with centre C and radius a . Let l be any line in the plane of the circle and d be the
perpendicular distance from C to the line l , then
S
(a)

l intersects S in two distinct points iff d < a.

B
S

(b)

l intersects S in one and only one point iff d = a i.e. the line touches
the circle iff perpendicular distance from the centre to the line is equal
to the radius of the circle.

C
a=d
l

(c)

l does not intersect S iff d > a.

d
l

LENGTH OF THE INTERCEPT MADE BY A CIRCLE ON A LINE

If the line l meets the circle S with centre C and radius a in two distinct points A
and B and if d is the perpendicular distance of C from the line l , the length of the
intercept made by the circle on the =
line

=
AB 2 a 2 d 2 .

To find the point of intersection of a line =

a 2 we need
y mx + c with a circle x 2 + y 2 =
to solve both the curves i.e. roots of equation x + ( mx + c ) =
a gives x coordinates
of the point of intersection. Now following cases arise :
(i) Discriminant > 0 two distinct and real points of intersection.
(ii) Discriminant= 0 coincident roots i.e. line is tangent to the circle.
(iii) Discriminant < 0 no real point of intersection.
TANGENT TO A CIRCLE AT A GIVEN POINT
1.
Equation of the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 =
a 2 at the point ( x1 , y1 ) on it is
2

xx1 + yy1 =
a2.

2.

Equation of the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =

0 at the point ( x1 , y1 ) on it is

xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c =
0.
3.

Equation of the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 =

a 2 at the point ( a cos , a sin ) on it is

[Parametric form of equation of tangent]

x cos + y sin =
a
Note : The equation of the tangent at the point ( x1 , y1 ) on the circle S = 0 is T = 0.
EQUATION OF THE TANGENT IN SLOPE FORM
The equation of a tangent of slope m to the circle x 2 + y 2 =
a 2 is y =mx a 1 + m 2 .

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l
B

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am
a
The coordinates of the point of contact are
,
2
1 + m2
1+ m
CONDITION OF TANGENCY

The straight line =

a 1 + m2 .
a 2 if c =
y mx + c will be a tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 =
Note : A line will touch a circle if and only if the length of the from the centre of the circle to the line
is equal to the radius of the circle.
NORMAL TO A CIRCLE AT A GIVEN POINT
The normal to a circle, at any point on the circle, is a straight line which is to the tangent to the circle at that
point and always passes through the centre of the circle.
1.
Equation of the normal to the circle x 2 + y 2 =
a 2 at the point ( x1 , y1 ) on it is
x
y
= .
x1 y1

2.

Equation of the normal to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =

0 at the point ( x1 , y1 ) on it is

x x1 y y1
=
.
x1 + g y1 + f
LENGTH OF TANGENTS
Let PQ and PR be two tangents drawn from

P ( x1 , y1 ) to the circle

Q
S1

x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =.
0 Then PQ = PR and the length of tangent drawn from
point P is given by

( x1 , y1 )

PQ = PR = x + y + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c =S1 .

PAIR OF TANGENTS
Form a given point P ( x1 , y1 ) two tangents PQ and PR can be drawn to the circle
2
1

2
1

S = x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 Their combined equation is SS1 = T 2 where S= 0 is

the equation of circle, T=0 is the equation of tangents at ( x1 , y1 ) and S1 is

P
x1 , y1 )
(
obtained by replacing x by x 1 and y by y 1 in S.
DIRECTOR CIRCLE
The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to a circle is called the
Director circle.
Let the circle be x 2 + y 2 =
a 2 . then equation of director circle is x 2 + y 2 =
2a 2 .Obviously
director circle is a concentric circle whose radius is
circle.
Director circle of circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0 is

P ( x1 , y1 )
90o

2 times the radius of the given

x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + 2c g 2 f 2 =
0
POWER OF A POINT WITH RESPECT TO A CIRCLE
Let P ( x1 , y1 ) be point and secant PAB, drawn.

The power of P ( x1 , y1 ) w.r.t.

S = x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
is equal to PA . PB, which is x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c
Power remains constant for the circle i.e. independent of A and B
2
square of the length of a tangent.

PA .=
PB PC . =
PD PT
=

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B
S=0

P
C

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[Power of a point P is positive, negative or zero according to position of P outside, inside or on the
circle respectively]
CHORD OF CONTACT OF TANGENTS
1.
Chord of contact: The chord joining the points of contact of the two tangents
to a conic drawn from a given point, outside it, is called the chord of contact
of tangents
2.

( x ', y ') P
A

( x1 , y1 )

Chord of
contact

Equation of chord of contact:

The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point ( x1 , y1 )
to the circle x 2 +=
y 2 a 2 is xx1 +=
yy1 a 2
Equation of chord of contact at

( x1 , y1 )

to the circle

( x ", y ")
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0 is

xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c =.
0 It is clear from above that the equation to the chord of contact
coincides with the equation of the tangent, if point ( x1 , y1 ) lies on the circle.
The length of chord of contact = 2 r 2 p 2 ; (p being length of perpendicular from centre of the chord)
Area of PQ is given by

3.

a ( x12 + y12 a 2 )

x12 + y12
Equation of the chord bisected at a given point:
The equation of the chord of the circle S x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =bisected
at the point
0
2
2
( x1 , y1 ) is given by T = S 1 . i.e., xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = x1 + y1 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c.

COMMON CHORD OF TWO CIRCLES

1.
Definition : The chord joining the points of intersection of two given circles is called their common
chord.
2.
Equation of common chord : The equation of the common chord of two circles
(i)
S1 x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 =
0
P
M
and

S 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 g 2 x + 2 f 2 y + c2 =
0

(ii)

3.

C2
S2 = 0

C1
S =0

is 2 x ( g1 g 2 ) + 2 y ( f1 f 2 ) + c1 c2 =
0 i.e., S1 S 2 =
0.

Length of the common chord=

: PQ 2=
( PM ) 2 C1P 2 C1M 2

Where C1 P = radius of the circle S1 = 0 and C1M = length of the perpendicular from the centre C1 to the
common chord PQ.
DIAMETER OF A CIRCLE
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords of a circle is called a
diameter of the circle.
The equation of the diameter bisecting parallel chords =
y mx + c ( c is a parameter) of
the circle x 2 + y 2 =
a 2 is x + my =
0.

Diameter
x + my =
0

B
O

P ( h, k )

=
y mx + c

POLE AND POLAR

If from a point P any straight line is drawn to meet the circle in Q and R and if tangents to the circle at Q and
R meet in T1 , then the locus of T1 is called the polar of P with respect to the circle.

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P
Q

Q
C

T1

T1

The point P is called the pole of its polar.

The polar of the point P ( x1 , y1 ) w.r.t. the circle S = 0 is given by T = 0.
i.e.

xx1 + yy1 + =a 2 for the circle x 2 + y 2 =

a 2 and

xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c =
0

for the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =

0.

Note :
(a) If the point P lies outside the circle, then the polar and the chord of contact of this point P are same
straight line.
(b) If the point P lies on the circle, then the polar and the tangent to the circle at P are same straight
line.
(c) The coordinates of the pole of the line lx + my + n =
0 with respect to the circle x 2 + y 2 =
a 2 are
a 2l
a2m

.
n
n
CONJUGATE POINTS
Two points are said to be conjugate points with respect to a circle if the polar of either passes through the other
CONJUGATE LINES
Two straight lines are said to be conjugate lines if the pole of either lies on the other.
Common tangents to two circles
Different cases of intersection of two circle :
2
2
Let the two circles be ( x x1 ) + ( y y1 ) =
(i)
r12
r22
( x x2 ) + ( y y2 ) =
With centres C1 ( x1 , y1 ) and C2 ( x2 , y2 )

and

Case I :

(ii)
and radii r 1 and r 2 respectively. Then following cases may arise :

When C1C2 > r1 + r2 i.e., the distance between the centres is greater than the sum of radii.
Direct common
tangents

r1
C1

r2
T

C2

Transverse common
tangents

In this case four common tangents can be drawn to the two circles, in which two are direct
common tangents and the other two are transverse common tangents.
The points P, T of intersection of direct common tangents and transverse common tangents
respectively, always lie on the line joining the centres of the two circles and divide it externally and
internally respectively in the ratio of their radii.

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C1 P r1
C T r1
=
=
( externally ) and 1
( internally ) Hence, the ordinates of P and T are
C2 P r2
C2T r2

rx r x r y r y
rx +r x ry +r y
P 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 and T 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 .
r1 r2
r1 + r2
r1 r2
r1 + r2

Case II :

When C1C2= r1 + r2 i.e., the distance between the centres is

equal to the sum of radii.
In this case two direct common tangents are real and distinct
while transverse tangents are coincident.

Direct common
tangents

C1

C2

Transverse common
Tangent

Direct common
Tangents

Case III : When C1C2 < r1 + r2 i.e., the distance between the centres is less than
sum of radii.
In this case two direct common tangents are real and distinct while
the transverse tangents are imaginary.

Case IV : When C1C2= r1 r2 , i.e., the distance between the centres is

equal to the difference of the radii.
In this case two tangents are real and coincident while the
other two tangents are imaginary.

Case V :

Tangent at the
Point of
contact

r2
C1

C2

C1

C2

r1

When C1C2 < r1 r2 , i.e., the distance between the centres is less than the
difference of the radii.
In this case, all the four common tangents are imaginary.

r2
C1

C2
r1

WORKING RULE TO FIND DIRECT COMMON TANGENTS

Step 1 : Find the coordinates of centres C1 , C2 and radii r1 , r2 of the two given circles.
Step 2 : Find the coordinates of the point, say P dividing C1C2 externally in the ratio r1 : r2 .
Let P ( h, k ) .

Step 3 :
Step 4 :
Step 5 :

Write the equation of any line through P ( h, k ) i.e. y k= m ( x h )

(1)

Find the two values of m, using the fact that the length of the perpendicular on (1) from the centre
C1 of one circle is equal to its radius r1.
Substituting these values of m in (1), the equation of the two direct common tangents can be
obtained.

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Note :
(a) The direct common tangents to two circles meet on the line joining centres C1 and C2 , and divide it
externally in the ratio of the radii.
(b) The transverse common tangents also meet on the line of centres C1 and C2 , and divide it internally
in the ratio of the radii.
WORKING RULE TO FIND TRANSVERSE COMMON TANGENTS
All the steps except the 2nd step are the same as above. Here in the second step the point R ( h, k ) will divide
C1C2 internally in the ratio r1 : r2 .

r1
r2
C1

C2

Note :
(a) When two circles are real and non-intersecting, 4 common tangents can be drawn.
(b) When two circles touch each other externally, 3 common tangents can be drawn to the circles.
(c) When two circles intersect each other at two real and distinct points, two common tangents can
be drawn to the circles.
(d) When two circle touch each other internally one common tangent can be drawn to the circles.
IMAGE OF THE CIRCLE BY THE LINE MIRROR
Let the circle be S x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0 and the line be L = lx + my + n = 0.
The radius of the image circle will be the same as that of the given circle.
lx + my + n =
0
Let the centre of the image circle be ( x1 , y1 ) .
Slope of C1C2 slope of line L = 1
and midpoint of C1C2 lies on lx + my + n =
0
x g
y1 f
l 1
+ m
2
2
Solving (1) and (2), we get

0
+n =

( x1 , y1 ) .

Required image circle will be

( x x1 ) + ( y y1 )=
2

(1)

(2)

C2 ( g , f )

C1 ( x1 , y1 )

Given circle

Image circle

g2 + f 2 c .
A

ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CIRCLES

The angle of intersection between two circles S = 0 and S = 0 is defined as the angle
between their tangents at their point of intersection.
If
S x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 =
0

S=0

r1
C1

S = 0

r2
C2
A

S x 2 + y 2 + 2 g 2 x + 2 f 2 y + c2 =
0
are two circles with radii r1 , r2 and d be the distance between their centres then the angle of intersection
between them is given by

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6.

Equation of the circles given in diagram is

0
( x x1 )( x x2 ) + ( y y1 )( y y2 ) cot {( x x1 )( y y2 ) ( x x2 )( y y1 )} =

( x2 , y2 )

( x1 , y1 )

RADICAL AXIS
The radical axis of two circles is the locus of a point which moves such that the lengths of the tangents drawn
from it to the two circles are equal.

P ( x1 , y1 )

P ( x1 , y1 )

B
A
C1
S1 = 0

B
A
C1

C2

C2

S2 = 0

The equation of the radical axis of the two circle is S 1 S 2 = 0 i.e.,

2 x ( g1 g 2 ) + 2 y ( f1 f 2 ) + c1 c2 =
0,
which is a straight line.
PROPERTIES OF RADICAL AXIS
1. The radical axis and common chord are identical for two intersecting circles.
2. The radical axis of two circles is perpendicular to the line joining their centres.
3. Radical centre : The radical axis of three circles taken in pairs meet at a point, called the radical centre of
the circles. Coordinates of radical centre can be found by solving the equations
S=
S=
S=
0.
1
2
3
4. The radical centre of three circle described on the sides of a triangle as diameters is the orthocentre of the
triangle.
5. If two circles cut a third circle orthogonally, then the radical axis of the two circles pass through the centre
of the third circle.
6. The radical axis of the two circles will bisect their common tangents.
RADICAL CENTRE
L
The radical axes of three circles, taken in pairs, meet in a point, which is called their
radical centre. Let the three circles be
S1 = 0
S2 = 0
S1 = 0 (i), S 2 = 0 (ii) and S3 = 0 (iii)
A
Let the straight lines i.e., AL and AM meet in A.
The equation of any straight line passing through A is
0, where is any constant.
( S1 S2 ) + ( S3 S1 ) =
N
M
S3 = 0
For = 1, this equation becomes S 2 S3 =
0, which is, equation of AN.
Thus the third radical axis also passes through the point where the straight lines AL and AM meet.
In the above figure A is the radical centre.

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PROPERTIES OF RADICAL CENTRE

Co-axial system of circles
A system (or a family) of circles, every pair of which have the same radical axis, are called co-axial circles.
1.

2.

The equation of a system of co-axial circles, when the equation of the

radical axis and of one circle of the system are
P lx + my + n= 0, S x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c= 0
respectively, is S + P =
0 ( is an arbitrary constant).

S + P =
0

S + P =
0
S + P =
0

S=0
P=0

The equation of a co-axial system of circles, where the equation of any two circles of the system are
S1 x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 =
0 and S 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 g 2 x + 2 f 2 y + c2 =
0
0 or S 2 + 1 ( S1 S2 ) =
0
respectively, is S1 + ( S1 S 2 ) =

S 2 0, ( 1)
Other form S1 + =

S1 + S 2 =
0
S1 = 0

S 2 + ( S1 S 2 ) =
0

S1 + ( S1 + S 2 ) =
0
S1 + ( S1 S 2 ) =
0

S2 = 0

S1 = 0

S2 = 0

S1S2 = 0

The equation of a system of co-axial circles in the simplest form is x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c =

0, where g is a
variable and c is a constant.
LIMITING POINTS
Limiting points of a system of co-axial circles are the centres of the point circles belonging to the family
(Circles whose radii are zero are called point circles).
Let the circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c =
(i)
0
where g is a variable and c is a constant.
3.

Centre and the radius of (i) are ( g , 0 ) and

(g

c respectively. Let

Thus we get the two limiting points of the given co-axial system as

g 2 c =0 g = c

c , 0 and c , 0

Clearly the above limiting points are real and distinct, real and coincident or imaginary according as
c > , = , < 0.

TIPS & TRICKS

Length of an external common tangent and internal common tangent to two circles is given by length of
external common tangent

and length of internal common tangent

Lex =

d 2 ( r1 r2 )

Lin =

d 2 ( r1 + r2 )

[Applicable only when d > ( r1 + r2 ) ]

where d is the distance between the centres of two circles i.e., C1C2 = d and r 1 and r 2 are the radii of two
circles.

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( r1 r2 )

Lex
B

r2

r2
C

r1 + r2

r1
A

Lin
r2

Lin

Nine-point circle : The circle through the midpoints of the sides of a triangle passes through the feet of the
altitudes and the midpoints of the lines joining the orthocentre to the vertices. This circle is called the nine-point
circle of the triangle.
Note :
(a) The radius of the nine point circle is half the radius of the circumcircle of the triangle ABC
(b) Centre is midpoint of the line segment joining orthocenter and circumcentre.
A

A
F

B
E

P
B
E

C
H

Q
B

R
A

R
A

L
A

Simsons line : The feet L, M , N of the perpendicular on the sides BC , CA, AB of any
ABC from any point X on the circumcircle of the triangle are collinear. The line
LMN is called the Simsons line or the pedal line of the point X with respect to ABC.

X
M
B

If H is the orthocentre of ABC and AH produced meets BC at D and the

circumcircle of ABC at P, then HD = DP.

H E
B

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Conic Section
CONIC SECTION
A conic section or the conic is the locus of a point which
Z
moves in a plane is such a way that its distance from a fixed
P ( x, y )
point bears a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed straight
M
line.
PS
The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is called
=e
PM
the directrix of the conic. The constant ratio is called the
eccentricity of the conic and is denoted by e.
If e = 1 , the conic is called Parabola.
S
Z
If e < 1 , the conic is called Ellipse.
If e > 1 , the conic is called Hyperbola.
If e = 0 , the conic is called Circle.
If e , the conic is called pair of straight lines.
IMPORTANT TERMS
AXIS
The straight line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix of the conic is known as its axis.
VERTEX
A point of intersection of a conic with its axis is known as a vertex of the conic.
CENTRE
The point which bisects every chord of the conic passing through it, is called the centre of the conic.
FOCAL CHORD
A chord passing through the focus is known as focal chord of the conic.
LATUS RECTUM
The focal chord which is perpendicular to the axis is known as latus rectum of the conic.
DOUBLE ORDINATE
A chord of the conic which is perpendicular to the axis is called the double ordinate of the conic.
GENERAL EQUATION
The general equation of second degree ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0 represents
1.
a pair of straight lines if =0 where =
abc + 2 fgh af 2 bg 2 ch 2
or

a
= h
g

h
b
f

g
f ,
c

2.
a circle if 0 , a = b and h = 0 ,
3.
a parabola if 0 and h 2 = ab ,
4.
an ellipse if 0 and h 2 < ab and
5.
a hyperbola if 0 and h 2 > ab .
Equation of tangent to the conic at P ( x1 , y1 )

( xy1 + x1 y ) + byy

0
1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c =
2
0
( ax1 + hy1 + g ) + ( y y1 )( hx1 + by1 + f ) =

(i)

ax x1 + 2h

or

( x x1 )

(ii)

The equation of normal at the point ( x1 , y1 ) to the conic ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =

0 is

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x x1
y y1
=
ax1 + hy1 + g hx1 + by1 + f

Note :
To find the equation of tangent at P ( x1 , y1 ) to the conic
We use the following steps :
We replace the terms containing
(i)
x 2 and y 2 by x x1 and y y1 respectively
xy +x y
xy by 1 1
2

x + x1
y + y1
(iii)
x and y by
and

2
2

ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0 (*)

(ii)

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respectively in equation (*)

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Distance of a point P ( x1 , y1 ) from focus of the parabola y 2 = 4ax is = a + x1

EQUATION OF A CHORD
1.
The equation of chord joining the points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) on the

P ( x1 , y1 )

parabola y 2 = 4ax is

y ( y1 + y2 ) = 4ax + y1 y2

2.

The equation of chord joining P ( at12 , 2at1 ) and Q ( at22 , 2at2 ) is

y ( t1 + t2 ) = 2 ( x + at1t2 )

Q ( x2 , y2 )

P at12 , 2at1

CONDITION FOR THE CHORD TO BE A FOCAL CHORD

The chord joining ( at12 , 2at1 ) and ( at22 , 2at2 ) passes through focus

Focal chord

if t1t2 = 1 .

Q at22 , 2at2

LENGTH OF FOCAL CHORD

The length of focal chord joining P at12 , 2at1 and Q at22 , 2at2 is

PQ
= a ( t2 t1 ) .
2

CONDITION OF TANGENCY AND POINT OF CONTACT

a
The line =
and the coordinates of the point of contact are
y mx + c touches the parabola y 2 = 4ax if c =
m
a 2a
2,
.
m m
EQUATION OF TANGENT IN DIFFERENT FORMS
1.
POINT FORM
The equation of the tangent to the parabola y 2 = 4ax at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is
2.

3.

=
yy1 2a ( x + x1 ) .
PARAMETRIC FORM
The equation of the tangent to the parabola y 2 = 4ax at the point ( at 2 , 2at ) is
ty= x + at 2 .
SLOPE FORM
The equation of tangent to parabola y 2 = 4ax in terms of slope m is
a
=
y mx + .
m
a 2a
The coordinates of the point of contact are 2 ,
.
m m

POINT OF INTESECTION OF TANGENTS

The point of intersection of tangents drawn at two different points
P ( at12 , 2at1 ) and Q ( at22 , 2at2 ) on the parabola y 2 = 4ax is
R ( at1t2 , a ( t1 + t2 ) ) .

( at , 2at )
2
1

( at t , a ( t
1 2

+ t2 ) )

Q
Y

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( at , 2at )
2
2

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EQUATION OF TANGENT IN DIFFERENT FORMS

1.

Point form: The equation of the tangent to the ellipse

x2 y 2
1 at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is
+
=
a 2 b2

xx1 yy1
+
=
1
a 2 b2

2.

Slope form: If the line =

y mx + c touches the ellipse

x2 y 2
+ = 1 then c 2= a 2 m 2 + b 2 .
a 2 b2

Hence, the straight line y =

mx
a 2 m 2 + b 2 always represents the tangent to the ellipse.

3.

Parametric form : The equation of tangent at any point ( a cos , b sin ) is

( x1 , y1 ) P

x
y
cos + sin =
1.
a
b
Equation of normal in different forms

1.

2.

x2 y2
Point form: The equation of the normal at ( x1 , y1 ) to the ellipse 2 + 2 =
1 is
a
b
a 2 x b2 y

=a 2 b 2 .
x1
y1
Parametric form : The equation of the normal to the ellipse

x2 y 2
+
=
1 at ( a cos , b sin ) is
a 2 b2

ax sec by cosec =
a 2 b2 .
3.

x2 y 2
Slope form : If m is the slope of the normal to the ellipse 2 + 2 =
1 , then the equation of normal is
a
b
m a 2 b2
=
y mx
.
a 2 + b2 m2

AUXILIARY CIRCLE
The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as diameter is called an
x2 y 2
auxiliary circle of the ellipse. If 2 + 2 =
1 is an ellipse then its auxiliary
a
b
circle is x 2 + y 2 =.
a2

P(x, y)

C M

x2
y2
+ 2 =
1
2
a
b

Y
ECCENTRIC ANGLE OF A POINT
x2 y 2
Let P be any point on the ellipse 2 + 2 =
1 . Draw PM perpendicular from P on the major axis of the ellipse
a
b
and produce MP to meet the auxiliary circle in Q. Join CQ. The angle XCQ =
is called the eccentric angle
of the point P on the ellipse.
Note that the angle XCP is not the eccentric angle of point P.
EQUATION OF PAIR OF TANGENTS
The combined equation of pair of tangents PA and PB is given by SS 1 =T2
x2 y 2
xx yy
x2 y 2
where
S 2 + 2 1,
S1 12 + 12 1,
T 21 + 21 1
a
b
a
b
a
b

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Equation of polar : Equation of polar of the point ( x1 , y1 ) with respect to ellipse

x2 y 2
1 is given by
+
=
a 2 b2

xx1 yy1
+
=
1 , i.e., T = 0 .
a 2 b2
PROPERTIES OF POLE AND POLAR
1.
If the polar of P ( x1 , y1 ) passes through Q ( x2 , y2 ) , then the polar of Q ( x2 , y2 ) passes through P ( x1 , y1 )
and such points are said to be conjugate points.
2.
If the pole of a line l1 x + m1 y + n1 =
0 lies on the another line l2 x + m2 y + n2 =
0 , then the pole of the
second line will be on the first and such lines are said to be conjugate lines.
3.
Pole of a given line is same as point of intersection of tangents at its extremities.

DIAMETER OF THE ELLIPSE

Definition : A line through the center of an ellipse is called a diameter of
the ellipse.
The equation of the diameter bisecting the chords =
y mx + c of slope m of
the ellipse

=
y mx + c
X'

X
b 2
y= 2 x
am

x2 y 2
+
=
1
a 2 b2

x2 y 2
b2
+
=
1
is
y
=

x, which is passing through (0, 0)

a 2 b2
a2m

Y'
Y

Conjugate diameter : Two diameter of an ellipse are said to be

conjugate diameter if each bisects all chords parallel to the other. The
coordinates of the four extremities of two conjugate diameters are
P ( a cos , b sin ) ; P ' ( a cos , b sin ) ,
Q ( a sin , b cos ) ; Q ' ( a sin , b cos )
If y m=
=
m2 x be two conjugate diameters of an ellipse, then
1 x and y
b 2
m1m2 = 2 .
a

A
P
90

P
B

1.

Properties of diameters :
(i) The tangents at the extremity of any diameter is parallel to the chords it bisects or parallel to the
conjugate diameter ,
(ii) The tangents at the ends of any chord meet on the diameter which bisects the chord.

2.

Properties of conjugate diameters :

(i) The eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of conjugate
diameters of an ellipse differ by a right angle,
i.e.,

(ii)

= .

( a cos ', b sin ') D

A'

The sum of the squares of any two conjugate semidiameters of an

ellipse is constant and equal to the sum of the squares of the semi
axes of the ellipse i.e.,
CP2+CD2 = a2 + b2.

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P ( a cos , b sin )

P'
D

D'
P ( a cos , b sin )

S C S
D
P

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6.
7.
8.
9.

If the normal at any point P meets the major and minor axes in G and g and CD is the perpendicular
upon the normal, then PD PG =
b 2 and PD Pg =
a2.
Tangents at the ends of any chord meet on the diameter which bisects the chord.
The sum of distances of any point P on the ellipse from the focus S and S is 2a i.e. PS + PS =
2a
The ratio of y-coordinates of corresponding points on ellipse and Auxiliary circle = b : a

10.

The Harmonic mean of focal radii of any focal chord is equal to semi-latus rectum =

11.

If , , , be the eccentric angles of the four concyclic points on an ellipse then

+ + =
+ 2n , n I .
If eccentric angles of feet P, Q, R, S of these normals be , , , then
+ + + = ( 2n + 1) , n I

12.
13.

b2
.
a

The necessary and sufficient condition for the normals at three , , points on the ellipse to be

0.
concurrent if sin ( + ) + sin ( + ) + sin ( + ) =

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5.

Equation of the tangents in different forms

(i) Point form: The equation of tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) to the hyperbola
=
xy c 2 is xy1 + =
yx1 2c 2 or

x y
+= 2.
x1 y1

c
Parametric form: The equation of the tangents at ct , to the hyperbola
t
x
xy = c 2 is + yt = 2c x + t 2 y = 2ct
t
c
On replacing x 1 by ct and y1 by in the equation of the tangents at ( x1 , y1 )
t
x
i.e. =
xy1 + yx1 2c 2 we get
=
+ yt 2c .
t
2ct t
2c
Point of intersection of tangents at t 1 and t 2 is 1 2 ,
.
t
+
t
t
+
t
1 2 1 2
Equation of the normal in different forms:
(i) Point form: The equation of the normal at ( x1 , y1 ) to the hyperbola xy =c 2 is xx1 yy1 =x12 y12 .

(ii)

6.

c
(ii) Parametric form: The equation of the normal at ct , to the hyperbola
t
2
3
4
=
xy c is xt yt ct =
+c 0
This equation is a fourth degree in t. So, in general four normals can be drawn from a point to the
hyperbola xy = c 2 , and point of intersection of normals at t1 and t2 is

} {

c t1t2 ( t12 + t1t2 + t22 ) + 1 c t13t23 + ( t12 + t1t2 + t22 )

.
,

t1t2 ( t1 + t2 )
t1t2 ( t1 + t2 )

1
c
c

(iii) If the normal at P ct , cuts the rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2 at Q ct , then t = 3 .

t
t
t

7.
Equation of diameter of rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2 is y + mx =
0 ( m is the slope of the chord joining
two points lies on the rectangular hyperbola)
Two diameters y + m1 x =
0 and y + m2 x =
0 are conjugate diameter if m1 + m2 =
0.
2
2
2
2
PROPERTIES OF HYPERBOLA x / a y / b = 1
1.
If PN be the ordinate of a point P on the hyperbola and the tangent at P meets the transverse axis in T,
then ON .OT = a 2 , O being the origin.
2.
If PM be drawn perpendiculars to the conjugate axis from a point p on the hyperbola and the tangent at P
meets the conjugate axis in T, then OM .OT = b 2 ; O , being the origin.
3.
If the normal at P on the hyperbola meets the transverse axis in G, then SG = eSP ; S being a foci and e
the eccentricity of the hyperbola.
4.
The tangent and normal at any point of a hyperbola bisect the angle between the focal radii to that point.
5.
The locus of the feet of the perpendiculars from the foci on a tangent to a hyperbola is the auxiliary circle.
6.
The product of the length of the perpendicular drawn from foci on any tangent to hyperbola is
b2 .

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7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.

x2 y 2

=
1 perpendicular are drawn to the asymptotes then product is
a 2 b2
a 2b 2
a2
and
for
rectangular
hyperbola
=
a 2 + b2
2
If a circle cuts the rectangular hyperbola xy = 1 in ( xr , yr ) (four points) r = 1, 2, 3, 4 then
From any point on the hyperbola

1
= y=
1.
1 y2 y3 y4
x1 x2 x3 x4
A rectangular hyperbola with centre at C is cut by any circle of radius R in four points L, M, N, P then the
value of CL2 + CM 2 + CN 2 + CP 2 =
4R2 .
If a triangle is inscribed in a rectangular hyperbola then the orthocenter of triangle lies on the rectangular
hyperbola.
The portion of tangent intercepted between the asymptotes at any point of the hyperbola is bisected by the
point of contact.
Whenever any circle and any hyperbola cut each other at four points the mean position of these four
points is the mid point of the line segment joining centre of hyperbola and centre of circle.
b2
The harmonic mean of focal radi for any focal chord =
a
Tangent drawn at the ends of any focal chord meet on the directrix.
x2 y 2
Local of point of intersection two perpendicular tangents to the hyperbola 2 2 =
1 is a circle called
a
b
director circle whose equation is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 b 2
and if a < b then there is no real point from where we can draw two perpendicular tangents to the
hyperbola.
The portion of tangent between point of contact and the point where it cuts the directrix subtend 90
angle at the focus.

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