Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
modern
Indian
School
On
AlWakrah,
State of
Qatar
Biology Project
Effect Of Cannabis
The Human Body
20152016
By,
Kevin Joseph,
XII 'E'
Bonfaide Certificate
______________
_____________
Signature of Principal
Signature of Subject Teacher
School Seal:
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
________________
________________
Date:
Ackno
wledg
ment
would like to
express my sincere
gratitude to my Biology teacher, Mrs.
Soma Bhattacharjee and our Principal,
Mrs. Asna Nafees who gave me the
golden opportunity and valued support
to do a wonderful project on the topic
Effects of Cannabis on the human
body. I would also like to thank my
parents, who sacrificed their precious
time to help me complete the project in
the given time.
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CONT
ENTS
1.
Introduction
2.
Cannabinoids
and Cannabinoid receptors
3.
Biochemical mechanisms in the
brain
4.
Toxicity
5.
Psychoactive effects
6.
Somatic effects
7.
Neurological effects
8.
Cardiovascular effects
9.
Long term effects of Cannabis
10. Medicinal use of Cannabis
11. Bibliography
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INTRO
DUCTI
ON
Cannabis, also
known as
marijuana, and by
numerous other
names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant
intended for use as a psychoactive or drug and
as medicine. Pharmacologically, the principal
psychoactive constituent of Cannabis is
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); It is one of 483
known compounds in the plant, including at least
84 other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol
(CBD), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin
(THCV), and cannabigerol (CBG).
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Canna
biniod
s and
Canna
binoid
recep
tors
6 | Page
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Bioch
emica
l
mech
anism
s in
the
brain
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Toxici
ty
No fatal
overdoses with
cannabis
use have been
reported as
of 2010. THC, the
principal psychoactive constituent of the
cannabis plant, has an extremely low toxicity and
the amount that can enter the body through the
consumption of cannabis plants poses no threat
of death. The ratio of cannabis material required
to produce a fatal overdose to the amount
required to saturate cannabinoid receptors and
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Fig. The ratio of fatal dose to effective dose for various drugs.
Comparatively Cannabis (Marijuana) requires a small dose to be
effective and hence is really fatal.
When T
reaches
PSYCHOA
CTIVE
EFFECTS
Some of
effects of
increased
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Soma
tic
effect
s
The
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Neuro
logica
l
Effect
s
Cardi
ovasc
ular
Effect
s
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Longterm
effect
s of
canna
bis
Acute psychosis
Although there has been an
association noted between cases of
acute psychosis and long-term
cannabis use, the precise nature of
the relationship is controversial;
evidence suggests that cannabis use
may worsen psychotic symptoms
and increase the risk of relapse.
Chronic psychosis
According to one review, long term cannabis use
"increases the risk of psychosis in people with certain
genetic or environmental vulnerabilities", but does not
cause psychosis. Important predisposing factors include
genetic liability, childhood trauma and urban
upbringing.[7] A second review concluded that cannabis
use may cause permanent psychological disorders in
some users such as cognitive impairment, anxiety,
paranoia, and increased risks of psychosis. Key
predisposing variables include age of first exposure,
frequency of use, the potency of the cannabis used,
and individual susceptibility.
Schizophrenia
Among people with schizophrenia there is insufficient
evidence to determine whether cannabis use leads to
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Depressive disorder
Less attention has been given to the association
between cannabis use and depression, though
according to the Australian National Drug & Alcohol
Research Centre, it is possible this is because cannabis
users who have depression are less likely to access
treatment than those with psychosis.
Teenage cannabis users show no difference from the
general population in incidence of major depressive
disorder (MDD), but an association exists between early
exposure coupled with continued use into adult life and
increased incidence of MDD in adulthood. Among
cannabis users of all ages, there may be an increased
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Cancer
According to a 2013 literature review, marijuana could
be carcinogenic, but there are methodological
limitations in studies making it difficult to establish a
link between marijuana use and cancer risk. The
authors say that bladder cancer does seem to be linked
to habitual marijuana use, and that there may be a risk
for cancers of the head and neck among long-term
(more than 20 years) users. Gordon and colleagues
said, "there does appear to be an increased risk of
cancer (particularly head and neck, lung, and bladder
cancer) for those who use marijuana over a period of
time, although what length of time that this risk
increases is uncertain."
Respiratory effects
A 2013 literature review by Gordon and colleagues
concluded that inhaled marijuana is associated with
lung disease.
Of the various methods of cannabis consumption,
smoking is considered the most harmful; the inhalation
of smoke from organic materials can cause various
health problems (e.g., coughing
and sputum). Isoprenes help to modulate and slow
down reaction rates, contributing to the significantly
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An
Medic
overview
of
althe
use
of
Canna
bis
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HIV/AIDS
Evidence is lacking for both efficacy and safety of
cannabis and cannabinoids in treating patients with
HIV/AIDS or for anorexia associated with AIDS. As of
2013, current studies
suffer from effects of bias, small sample size, and lack
of long-term data.
Pain
Cannabis appears to be somewhat effective for the
treatment of chronic pain, including pain caused
by neuropathy and possibly that due
to fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. A 2009 review
states it was unclear if the benefits were greater than
the risks, while a 2011 review considered it generally
safe for this use. In palliative care the use appears safer
than that of opioids.
Multiple sclerosis
Studies of the efficacy of cannabis for treating multiple
sclerosis have produced varying results. The
combination of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and
cannabidiol (CBD) extracts give subjective relief of
spasticity, though objective post-treatment
assessments do not reveal significant changes.
Evidence also suggests that oral cannabis extract is
effective for reducing patient-centered measures of
spasticity. A trial of cannabis is deemed to be a
reasonable option if other treatments have not been
effective.
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1.
Biblio
graph
y
www.wikipedia.com
2.Pradeeps New Course Biology Class
12
3.
www.drugfreeworld.org
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