Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
INTRO TO
AUTOMATION
TABLE OF CONTENT
No.
Title
Page
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Benefits of automation.
1.7
Examples of automation
1.8
Automated system
1.9
Sensor
1.10
Proc essor
11
1.11
Actuator
14
1.
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 1
MECHANIZATION
AUTOMATION
Manual Repetitive
Similar work done over and over again using physical strength with minimum or without
tools.
Ex: Loading and unloading of rice pack from padi field to truck.
Mechanization
Work is done by machine under direct supervision.
Ex: Filling machine fills rice into sacks, conveyor belt transfers the sacks to another man
to load it into a truck.
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 2
Automation
Work is done by machine intelligently with minimum or without human supervision.
Ex:
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 3
- Reliable: automation processes can sustain long hours but still maintain its desired
performance (consistent quality and durability).
- High repeatability: output from the automatic machine can be scheduled and control
accordingly.
- Safe: automated machines reduce and minimize human contact or interaction in
hazardous environment.
- A solution for labour shortage.
1.7 Examples of automation
- Industrial environment: conveyor system, pick and place system, ship control and
monitoring system (SCAMS), fire fighting system, CCTV and security alarm system, etc.
- Domestic environment: automatic door/gate, washing machine, smart house, etc.
- Commercial environment: building automation system (BAS), lifts and escalators,
automatic teller machine (ATM), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), etc.
- Public utilities: traffic lights, etc.
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 4
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 5
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 6
1.9 Sensor.
- Definition: Sensors are parts of a control system which is responsible for collecting and
preparing process status data and passing it to the processor.
- Functions:
The ability to control a process or machine is dependent on the ability to sense
what is happening.
Analogue signals: is a signal where various data are assigned point for point to a
continuous value range of the signal parameter. The data content can therefore
assume any desired value within certain limits.
Example: pressure gauge
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 7
Digital signals: used in control systems that have one or two possible levels or
conditions; therefore they are binary signals. We can represent this signal in
numerical form by assigning one of the levels a value of 1and the other a value of
0. i.e. the two values in a binary system.
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 8
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 9
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 10
1.10
Processor.
- Definition: the signal which are fed to the inputs from the signal generators (sensors)
are processed and fed to the outputs.
- Functions: signal processing is carried out in the processor by means of various basic
functions. The basic functions in the field of signal processing comprise of:
Logic function: AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND gates.
Timing function: is carried out by means of functional elements to delay, shorten
and expand signals.
Memory function: is carried out with functional element, e.g. double pilot valves
and self holding circuits (electrical/pneumatic).
- Type of signal processing:
Pneumatic signal processing
o Logic function
The pneumatic AND element is the two pressure valve. The pressure valve has
two inlets X and Y and one outlet A.
o Timing function
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 11
o Memory function
5/2 way directional control valve, air operated (double pilot valve.
o Timing function
Time relay (switch-on delay timing characteristic).
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 12
o Memory function
Dominating Reset
Dominating Set
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 13
1.11
Actuator.
- Definition: The signal from the processor are amplified if necessary and passed on to
the actuators. The desired actions are finally carried out in a process by the actuators.
These actions might for example, be the generation of movements, of works of the most
varied types (mechanical, electrical, thermal) or of reports of important process statues,
etc.
- The motion generated by the actuators might be:
Linear motion
o Ex: pneumatic cylinder
Rotary motion
o Ex: Electric motor
Generation of large forces
o Hydraulic cylinder
- Hydraulic is best suited for the generation of large forces. It may be used
to control machines such as hydraulic presses, lathes and grinders and is
commonly found in automation control systems.
- the generation of large forces involves the following energy conversion:
Handout
AZJ, MSH
Page 14