Singapore International Mathematical Olympiad

Training Problems
18 January 2003

1.

Let M be a point on the segment AB. Squares AM CD and M BEF are erected on
the same side of AB with F lying on M C. The circumcircles of AM CD and M BEF
meet at a second point N . Prove that N is the intersection of the lines AF and BC.

2.

Let DM be the diameter of the incircle of a triangle ABC where D is the point at
which the incircle touches the side AC. The extension of BM meets AC at K. Prove
that AK = CD.

3.

Tangents P A and P B are drawn from a point P outside a circle . A line through P
intersects AB at S and at Q and R. Prove that P S is the harmonic mean of P R
and P Q.

4.

(IMO 1981)Three circles of equal radius have a common point O and lie inside a given
triangle. Each circle touches a pair of sides of the triangle. Prove that the incenter
and the circumcenter of the triangle are collinear with the point O.

1.

Let M be a point on the segment AB. Squares AM CD and M BEF are erected on
the same side of AB with F lying on M C. The circumcircles of AM CD and M BEF
meet at a second point N . Prove that N is the intersection of the lines AF and BC.
Solution
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Let AF intersect BC at N 0 . We wish to show that N = N 0 . As 4AM F is congruent

to 4CM B, we have AN 0 C = 90 so that N 0 lies on the circle with AC as diameter.
That is N 0 lies on the circumcircle of AM CD. Similarly, N 0 lies on the circumcircle
of M BEF . Thus N = N 0 .

2.

Let DM be the diameter of the incircle of a triangle ABC where D is the point at
which the incircle touches the side AC. The extension of BM meets AC at K. Prove
that AK = CD.
Solution
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Consider a homothety centered at B carrying the incircle to the excircle. The diameter
M D of the incircle is mapped to the diameter M 0 D0 of the excircle. Since M D is
perpendicular to AC, M 0 D0 is also perpendicular to AC. Therefore M 0 must be the
point K. That is the excircle touches AC at K. Therefore, AK = (a + b c)/2 = CD.

3.

Tangents P A and P B are drawn from a point P outside a circle . A line through P
intersects AB at S and at Q and R. Prove that P S is the harmonic mean of P R
and P Q.
Solution Since 4AP Q is similar to 4RP A, we have P Q/P A = AQ/AR. Also
4BP Q is similar to 4RP B, we have P R/P B = RB/QB. Dividing the second
equation by the first equation and using the fact that P A = P B, we obtain P R/P Q =
(RB/AQ) (AR/QB) = (RS/AS) (AS/QS) = SR/SQ. This shows that the ratio
that S divides QR internally is the same as the ratio that P divides QR externally.
This determines the position of S on the segment QR.
A

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Thus
SR = QR

PR
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PR + PQ

SQ = QR

PQ
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PR + PQ

Also
P S = P R + RS = P R +

QR P R
(P Q P R) P R
2P R P Q
= PR +
=
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PR + PQ
PR + PQ
PR + PQ

That is P S is the harmonic mean of P R and P Q.

(Second Solution by Colin Tan) Let M be the midpoint of QR. Then to prove P S =
2P RP Q/(P R+P Q) is equivalent to prove that P S P M = P RP Q. Or equivalently,
P SP M = P B 2 , since P RP Q = P B 2 . Therefore, we have to show that P B is tangent
to the circumcircle of 4SM B. Let O be the centre of . Then O, M, P, B are concyclic
and OP is perpendicular to AB. Hence, P BA = P OB = SM B. Therefore, P B
is tangent to the circumcircle of 4SM B.

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(Third Solution) Applying Stewarts Theorem to 4AP B, we have

(AS + SB) P S 2 + (AS + SB) AS SB = AP 2 SB + BP 2 AS.
Since AP = BP , we may cancel the common factor (AS + SB), thus obtaining
P S 2 + AS SB AP 2 = 0.
Since AS SB = QS SR = (P Q P S)(P S P R) = (P Q + P R) P S P S 2 P Q P R
and P A2 = P Q P S, we have (P Q + P R) P S = 2P Q P R. Thus, P S is the harmonic
mean of P R and P Q.

4.

(IMO 1981)Three circles of equal radius have a common point O and lie inside a given
triangle. Each circle touches a pair of sides of the triangle. Prove that the incenter
and the circumcenter of the triangle are collinear with the point O.
Solution
A

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O
I

Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the centres of the circles inside 4ABC. As AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 are angle
bisectors, they meet at the incenter I of triangle ABC. I is also the incenter of the
triangle A0 B 0 C 0 . The circles are of the same radii. Thus A0 and B 0 are of equal distance
from AB so that AB is parallel to A0 B 0 . Similarly, BC is parallel to B 0 C 0 and A0 C 0 is
parallel to AC. That is 4ABC is similar to 4A0 B 0 C 0 . Consider a homothety centred
at I sending A0 to A, B 0 to B and C 0 to C. Thus the circumcentre O of 4A0 B 0 C 0
is mapped to the circumcentre C of 4ABC under this homothety. Therefore, I, C, O
are collinear.