Seismic Design of WESWES-BRB and

G
Gusset
t Connections
C
ti
/ Pao-Chun Lin
Assistant Researcher
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
M.S. / Civil Engineering Department, National Taiwan University
Using WES
WES--BRBs for An Improved Seismic Resisting Performance of Buildings
Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch, New Zealand
Nov. 1212-14, 2013

Seismic design of BRBF

Design base shear force Vdesign
BRB axial force = 0.9P
0 9Py

0.9Py

0.9Py

Base shear
0.9Py

Vdesign

Story drift

Vdesign

Seismic design of BRBF

Design base shear force Vdesign
BRB axial force = 0.9P
0 9Py

Pmax

Max. base shear force Vmax

Max
BRB axial force = Pmax
The gusset plates are required to sustain the
BRB max. axial force Pmax

Pmax

Base shear

Vmax

Pmax

Vdesign

Story drift

Vmax

Brace On Demand

browser

Design requirement
space

strength stiffness

Design results
1.WES-BRB
1
WES-BRB
2.Gusset
3 Welding
3.Welding
4.DCR checks
http://bod.ncree.org.tw

User guide for BOD users

y
d t
n c
i
a a
m p
e a
D C
=
R
C
D

http://bod.ncree.org.tw

7 categories of limit state

Load and Resistance Factor
Design
p
for Structural Steel
Specification
Buildings (AISC 360-10)
Seismic Provision for Structural
Steel Buildings (AISC 341-10)
P.C. Lin, K.C. Tsai, K.J. Wang, Y.J. Yu, C.Y. Wei, A.C. Wu, C.Y. Tsai, C.H. Lin, J.C. Chen, A.H. Shellenberg, S.A.
Mahin C.W.
Mahin,
C W Roeder,
Roeder Seismic design and hybrid tests of a full-scale three-story buckling-restrained frame
using welded end connections and thin profile, Earthquake and Structural Dynamics, 2012, 41:1001-1020
P.C. Lin, K.C. Tsai, A.C. Wu and M.C. Chuang, Seismic design and test of gusset connections for bucklingrestrained braced frames, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2013, eqe. 2360

Outline

Introduction
S i i design
Seismic
d i off BRBF

Design
g of BRB and gusset
g
connection
WES-BRB component design
WESUniform force method ((UFM))
Generalized uniform force method (GUFM)
Frame action effects

Test and analysis on BRBF

Large--scale Test and FEM analysis
Large

Conclusions

DCR--1 / Steel casing buckling

DCR
Th
The steel
t l casing
i
mustt preventt
the BRB from flexural buckling.
Isc : moment of inertia
provided by steel
casing
i

Lsc

Demand: Pmax
Capacity: Pe

EIsc
2

2
Lsc

Axial F
Force (kN
N)

Ry h Py
Ry Py

Ry
h Py
Axial Displacement (mm)

DCR--2 / Joint region yielding

DCR
cross-Aj : joint section cross
sectional area

The BRB joint section

must sustain the
Pmax / maximum brace
tensile force and
remain elastic.

Demand: Pmax /
Capacity: FyRy Aj

0.90

(AISC 360
360-10,
10 D2)

DCR--3 / Joint region buckling

DCR
Th
The BRB jjoint
i t section
ti
off unrestrained
t i d length
l
th from
f
W.P.
WP
to the steel casing end must sustain the maximum
brace force and remain elastic.
elastic

Pmax
Demand: Pmax

0.90
2EIy

Capacity:

Lb

work point
(W.P.)
(W P )

min
,F R A
2 y y j
4 Lb

0.02Lc

(AISC 360-10
360 10, E1)

BRB end
end--to
to--gusset space requirements
8tc
BRB end
endd-to
to--gusset fillet
fill weld
ld llength
h Lw Tw 0.8
0.707Tw 0.6Fexx 4Lw Dj Pmax

Lw

Lv
Dj

Lh

0.75

Slab tick. ts (150mm)

BRB end clearance
requirements:
i
t
to slab:
slab: 50mm
to beam face:
face: 75mm
to column face:
face: 75mm
50mm clearances at the
gusset plate edges
Configure
g
the gusset
g
plate
p
length Lh and height Lv

DCR--4 / Gusset plate block shear failure

DCR
S
Select
l t appropriate
i t gussett plate
l t thickness
thi k
tg and
d Lw so
the gusset must sustain the maximum brace tensile
force and avoid the block shear failure.
failure

Demand: Pmax /
Capacity:
0.75
Pn 0.6Fu,g Anv Fu,g Ant

0.6
0 6Fy, g Agv Fu,g Ant

Lw
Dj

t g : gusset thickness

(AISC 360-10, J4)

shear area Agv Anv 2Lwtg

tensile area Agt Ant Dj tg

DCR--5 / Gusset plate yielding

DCR
Th
The gussett plate
l t mustt sustain
t i the
th maximum
i
brace
b
tensile force and remain elastic.

Pmax /

D
Demand:
d Pmax /
The yielding capacity of the
Whitmore section region on the
gusset plate is adopted as the
capacity..
capacity
(Whitmore RE, 1952)

Capacity:

Be

Fy,g Betg

0.90
0 90

(AISC 360-10, D2)

Fy,g: gusset plate material yield strength

DCR--6 / Gusset plate buckling

DCR
Th
The gussett plate
l t mustt sustain
t i the
th maximum
i
brace
b
force
f
and avoid gusset plate flexural buckling.

Pmax
Lr

Demand: Pmax

L1 L2 L3
3

Gusset buckling length

o

Th buckling
The
b kli
strength
t
th off the
th Whitmore
Whit
section region and the average of
critical length on the gusset plate is
adopted as the capacity.
capacity.
(Thornton WA, 1984)

L3
L1

C
Capacity:
i

Fcr ,g Betg

L2

Whitmore section region

0.90

Betg

0.658c2 F , 1.5
y, g c

Fcr ,g 0.877
0 877 F , 1.5
2 y, g c

(AISC 360-10, E1)

BRB axial force - Uniform Force Method (UFM)

(Thornton, 1991)
Adopted by AISC
Simple
Si
l and
d straightforward
i hf
d
Irregular or undesirable
gusset shape

gc
g

gc

Vgc Pmax

gb
gb

g ec g

tan

eb g
ec g

r
ec
H gc Pmax
r
eb
Vgb Pmax
r
g
H gb Pmax
r

BRB axial force - Generalized Uniform Force Method

(UFM)

(Muir, 2008)
Designers
g
can configure
g
the gusset in any shape
Compute
p
the gusset
g
interface forces according
to the gusset shape

Huc Pmax

max

Vub Pmax

Vuc
2

Huc
Vub
Hub
2

ec sin
eb
eb eb cos ec sin
eb

Hub Pmax cos Huc

b

Vuc Pmax sin Vub

Frame action effects

LLvv
Lh
Lh

L/2
L/2

inflection
point

Frame action effects

Joint
closes

VV
beam
beam
inflection
point

L/2
L/2

Frame action effects

Joint
opens

VV
beam
beam

L/2
L/2

inflection
point

Frame action effect - equivalent strut model

Lg N

S
Lh

Lh

p,beam

(Lee, 2002)
The equivalent strut axial force
represents the frame action force
Compute the Vbeam by assuming
Vb
the beam plastic hinges form at
inflection gusset tips

eam

point

L/2

(Kasai, et. al, 2008)

(Chou, et. al, 2011)

Lv
Lv

Lg

Vbeam
S

S
Lh

Lh

p,beam

Vbeam

inflection
point
L/2

2 Ry ,b M p,beam
L Lh

Vp,beam

d b LhVb 0.3
0 3L 0
0.18
18Lh
4Ib
d b Lh 0.3d b 0.18Lv
tg
d b LvVb 0.3L 0.18Lh
4Ib
d b Lh 0.3d b 0.18Lv
tg

Frame action effects - FEM analysis

BRB in tension
Beam--to
Beam
to--column joint closes
Gusset
G
t plate
l t iis compressed
d
Mp,beam
Mp,beam

Mp,beam
Mp,beam

von Mises stress (GPa)

Mp,beam
Gusset plate is tensioned
BRB in compression
Beam--to
Beam
to--column joint opens

The beam plastic hinges form at inter-story drift of 0.016 rad.

Combined effects: BRB + frame action effects

uc

c
c

uc

Joint opens

ub
ub
uc

Joint closes

b
c

uc

c
b

ub
ub

frame action forces + BRB axial force

equivalent strut model + UFM / GUFM
Gusset interface Vc =Vuc +N Hc =S - Huc
force demands Vb =N - Vub

Hb =Hub +S

DCR--7-1, DCRDCR
DCR-7-4 / Gusset interface strength
Th
The gussett strength
t
th mustt sustain
t i the
th combined
bi d von
Mises stress resulting from brace maximum axial force
and frame action
action.

Vc
Lv

Demand:
Demand:
(beam)

Pmax

Vb

Lhtg

Hc

Hb
3

Lhtg

Demand:
Demand:
(column)

DCR--7-1
DCR
Vb
Lh

Hb

Capacity:

Fy,g

Hc

Lv tg

Vc
3

Lv tg
DCRDCR-7-4

1.00

DCR--7-2, DCRDCR
DCR-7-5 / Gusset interface strength
Th
The gussett strength
t
th mustt sustain
t i the
th maximum
i
normall
stress resulting from brace maximum axial force and
frame action
action, and avoid the tensile rupture failure.
failure

Pmax

Lv

Demand:
D
Demand
d:
(beam)

Demand:
D
Demand
d:
(column)

Vb
Lhtg

Hc

Hc
Lvtg

DCR--7-2
DCR
Vb
Lh

Fu, g : gusset material tensile rupture strength

DCRDCR-7-5

Capacity:

Fu,g

0.75

(AISC 360-10, J4)

DCR--7-3, DCRDCR
DCR-7-6 / Gusset interface strength
Th
The gussett strength
t
th mustt sustain
t i the
th maximum
i
shear
h
stress resulting from brace maximum axial force and
frame action
action, and avoid the shear rupture failure.
failure

Demand:
D
Demand
d:
(beam)

Pmax
Vc

Demand:
D
Demand
d:
(column)

Vc
Lvtg

Hb
Lhtg

Lv

DCR--7-3
DCR
Hb
Lh

DCRDCR-7-6

Capacity:

0.6Fu,g

0.75

(AISC 360-10, J4)

BRBF beam design

The beam must be designed
to sustain the axial force
resulting from the BRB.
BRB
The beam with suitable
flexural capacity (M
(Mp,beam
) can
b
reduce the force demands
from frame action effect.

Lv
Lv

Lg

Vbeam

S
Lh

Lh

p,beam

VV
b beam
inflection
point

L/2

2 Ry ,beam Mp,beam

L Lh

Vp,beam

Large--scale BRBF tests

Large
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300

300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300

3F disp.
displacement
roof
history

Test 1, hybrid test, PGA = 530 gal

roof
disp. history
3F displacement

Test 2, hybrid test, PGA = 530 gal

300
3F displacement
roof
disp. history
200
100
0
-100
-200
200 Test 3,
3 Cyclic loading test
-300
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920
earthquake time (sec)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.6

Story Sh
hear (kN)

groun
nd
acceleratiion (g)

Large-scale BRBF
Largehybrid tests

LA03 PGA = 0.53g

20

42

64

86

10 14
12
108 12
(time)
time (sec)

14 18
16
16

18
20

3000
LA03 (phase1)
LA03 (phase2)
2000 530gal
530gal
1000
0
-1000
-2000
2nd Story
2 Story
-3000
3000
LA03 (phase1)
LA03 (phase2)
2000 530gal
530gal
1000
0
-1000
Experiment
-2000
PISA3D
1 Story
1st Story
OpenSEES
-3000
0
2
-4 -2
0
2
4 -4 -2

20
22

nd

st

Inter-Story Drift (% rad.)

Gusset interface welding failures Fractured at Hybrid Test 2

inter--story drift: 0.038 rad.
inter

Fractured at Cyclic loading test

inter--story drift: 0.039 rad.
inter

Gusset plate edge stiffener - increase the out

out--of
of--plane stability

0.038 interinter-story drift

Reduce the stress concentration at gusset tips

(GPa)

FEM analytical results (von Mises stress)

360 mm
15 mm

without stiffener
1 5tg (22.5
1.5t
(22 5 mm))
2.5tg (37.5 mm)
3.5tg (52.5 mm)
4 5tg (67.5
4.5t
(67 5 mm)

250 mm

gusset thick. ((tg) =

g

0.38 0.39

(
(GPa)
)
0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43

Stiffener thick.
tsf = 15mm

0 38 0.39
0.38
0 39

04
0.4

0.41
0
41 0.42
0 42 0.43
0 43

Stiffener width wsf 1.5tg 2.5tg 3.5tg 4.5tg

Minimum required stiffener cross-sectional area 2.5tg x tg

DCR and design checks

1.

BRB component
DCR--1 / steel casing buckling
DCR
DCR--2 / joint
DCR
j i t region
i yielding
i ldi
DCR--3 / joint region buckling
DCR

2.

BRB end
end--to
to--gusset connection
DCR--4 / gusset plate block shear failure
DCR
DCR--5 / gussett plate
DCR
l t yielding
i ldi
DCR--6 / gusset plate buckling
DCR

3.

Gusset-to
Gussetto--beam and column interfaces
DCR--7-1 / gusset
DCR
gusset--to
to--beam von Mises yield criterion
DCR--7-2 / gusset
DCR
gusset--to
to--beam tensile fracture
DCR--7-3 / gusset
DCR
gusset--to
to--beam shear fracture
DCR--7-4 / gusset
DCR
gusset--to
to--column von Mises yield criterion
DCR--7-5 / gusset
DCR
gusset--to
to--column tensile fracture
DCR--7-6 / gusset
DCR
gusset--toto-column shear fracture

Design checks of diagonal BRBF

7 Categories of limit state

DCR-7-1 upper
DCR 7 2 upper
DCR-7-2
Gusset to beam, tensile rupture
DCR-7-3 upper

Gusset to beam, von Mises yield criterion

DCR-6 upper
Gusset plate buckling

Gusset to beam, shear rupture

DCR-2

Joint region yielding

g
sin
a
c
el
S te

DCR-7-1 lower
DCR-7-2
lower
Gusset to beam, tensile rupture
DCR-7-3
lower
Gusset to beam, shear rupture

Gusset to beam,, von Mises yyield criterion

ing
ckl
u
b

DCR-6
lower
Gusset pplate bucklingg

Diagonal configuration - 21 DCRs

Design checks of chevron BRBF

7 Categories of limit state
DCR-3
left
upper
Joint region
g bucklingg
DCR-5
left upper
Gusset plate yielding

DCR-3 right upper

J i t region
Joint
gi buckling
b kli g
DCR-5
right upper
Gusset plate yielding
DCR-4 right

DCR-4 left

Gusset plate block shear failure

lin
ck
bu

bu
ing
ca
s

g
sin
ca
g

St
ee
l

l
ee
St

ck
lin

Gusset plate block shear failure

right
lower
DCR-5
left lower DCR-5Gusset
Gusset plate yielding
plate yielding

DCR-3
left lower
Joint region buckling

DCR-3
right lower
Joint region buckling

Chevron configuration - 33 DCRs

Brace On Demand

browser

Design requirement
space

strength stiffness

Design results
1.WES-BRB
1
WES-BRB
2.Gusset
3 Welding
3.Welding
4.DCR checks
http://bod.ncree.org.tw

User guide for BOD users

y
d t
n c
i
a a
m p
e a
D C
=
R
C
D

http://bod.ncree.org.tw

7 categories of limit state

Load and Resistance Factor
Design
p
for Structural Steel
Specification
Buildings (AISC 360-10)
Seismic Provision for Structural
Steel Buildings (AISC 341-10)
P.C. Lin, K.C. Tsai, K.J. Wang, Y.J. Yu, C.Y. Wei, A.C. Wu, C.Y. Tsai, C.H. Lin, J.C. Chen, A.H. Shellenberg, S.A.
Mahin C.W.
Mahin,
C W Roeder,
Roeder Seismic design and hybrid tests of a full-scale three-story buckling-restrained frame
using welded end connections and thin profile, Earthquake and Structural Dynamics, 2012, 41:1001-1020
P.C. Lin, K.C. Tsai, A.C. Wu and M.C. Chuang, Seismic design and test of gusset connections for bucklingrestrained braced frames, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2013, eqe. 2360

Conclusions
1.

The effects of BRB axial force and frame action

must be considered to compute the demands for
BRB component and gusset plate design.

2
2.

The GUFM and the equivalent strut model are

adopted for BRB axial force and the frame action
effects.
effects

3.

The BRBF tests and FEM analysis showed the

proposed method can be used to evaluate the
gusset interface forces.

4.

The beam with suitable flexural capacity is

suggested since it lowers the frame action force
demands on gusset plate design.

Thanks for your attention