Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
*Remember: Cuando usamos en las oraciones pasivas los pronombres (I, you,
she, he, it, we, they) tenemos que usar los Object Pronouns (me, you, her, him,
its, us, them)
Ejemplo: The door was painted by us (we)
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EXERCISES
I.
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
PAST CONTINUOUS
Se usa el pasado continuo (en ingls Past Continuous) para enfatizar que una
actividad estaba en progreso durante un perodo de tiempo. En la estructura de
la oracin afirmativa, se usa el pasado del verbo BE (WAS/ WERE) y el verbo
principal con la terminacin ING de la siguiente forma:
(+)Affirmative Sentence:
Subject + WAS / WERE + VERB+ING + complement .
For example:
(-)Negative Sentence:
Subject + WASN'T / WEREN'T + VERB+ING + complement .
For example:
?WH questions
WH + WAS/WERE + Subject + VERB+ING + complement
For example:
PAST SIMPLE
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Se usa el Pasado Simple (en ingls Simple Past) para hablar de eventos que
iniciaron y se terminaron en el pasado.
En la estructura de la oracin afirmativa, los verbos principales se conjugan de
forma directa. Los verbos regulares toman la terminacin ED, mientras que los
irregulares siguen su propia terminacin. La estructura gramatical es de la
siguiente forma:
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE (+)
SUBJECT + VERB (IN THE PAST TENSE) + COMPLEMENT
For example:
Regular Verb
Little Ron played soccer last saturday. /
Irregular Verb
Little Ron broke my vase yesterday.
Regular verbs
Irregular Verbs
Infinitive
like
play
cook
dance
watch
study
listen to
Infinitive
be
go
read
write
have
sing
see
Simple Past
liked
played
cooked
danced
watched
studied
listened to
Simple Past
was, were
went
read
wrote
had
sang
saw
For example:
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Yes, he did.
No, he didn't.
What did Little Ron play last saturday? -He played soccer.
Where did Little Ron play soccer last saturday? -He played soccer at the
park.
Simple Past Tense and Past Continuous Tense using When and While
While I was talking to you yesterday, little Ron broke my favorite vase.
I was talking to you yesterday, when little Ron broke my favorite vase.
-Did you see the new talk show on TV last night? -No, I didn't. I was
working at that time.
-Daddy, what were you doing when I called you yesterday? - I was
working on my computer
EXERCISES
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I.
II.
Come:
6.
Keep:
Live:
7.
Cry:
Have:
8.
See:
Answer:
9.
Stop:
Become
10
.
Drive:
11
.
12
.
13
.
14
.
15
.
Fly:
Write:
Study:
Read:
Go:
-We must clean the kitchen this weekend. - Yeah! We must. It is really
dirty.
Y se usa have to cuando alguien ms o una circunstancia externa hacen que
una accin sea necesaria.
I just remember that I have to see Lily right now. - Yeah, right! But after
washing up, man.
Recordemos que tambin se usa "must" para concluir que algo ha sucedido o
que algo es verdad.
-I need a mug. There aren't any in the cupboard. -Well, there must be
one in the sink,...but not a clean one.
Notemos que la forma negativa de "must" es: must not or mustn't y significa
prohibicin.
Para ver la forma negativa de have to, veamos lo siguiente:
PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE:
MUST /HAVE-HAS TO
PRESENT NEGATIVE: MUST NOT MUSTNT /DONT-DOESNT HAVE TO
b. Can-Could
Con can y could expresamos habilidad, posibilidad y permiso..
En trminos generales se usa can para el presente y could para el pasado
CAN
COULD
Present
Past
____________________
v
ability
possibility
permission
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Ability:
Permission: -Well, Jenny. You can start exercising now. -Thank you,
doctor.
-The doctor said I could start exercising. -Great! Let's meet
at the gym at 7.
-Certainly.
c. Should
Se puede decir que usamos should cuando nos referimos a:
PROBABILIDAD - OBLIGACION MORAL - CONSEJO (advice)
For example:
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EXERCISES
I.
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cinemas
days
boys
trees
pictures
people
children
teeth
men
women
mice
sheep
B. Countable Nouns
Para los sustantivos contables utilizamos las siguientes expresiones
Example:
How many cars are there in the parking lot? -There are 5 cars.
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"FEW"
--I
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EXERCISES
HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY
I. In some of these sentences much and many is incorrect.
Correct where necessary
a. We didnt spend many money
___________________________
b. Sue drinks tea
___________________________
c. Tom has much friends
___________________________
d. Richard and Anna dont go out much
___________________________
e. There are many kids in the yard
___________________________
f. I havent seen Dan much recently
___________________________
g. I have many things to do today
___________________________
II. Pick one of the words below and complete the sentences using a
few and a little
sugar money friends furniture people time toys
a. We have a ____________________________to finish writing the report
b. I had ________________________________so I only bought 2 pairs of
shoes
c. I invited ______________________________to my birthday party
d. Add _________________________________to the cake
e. I saw ________________________________people on the streets
f. There are ____________________________on the shelf
g. We bought ___________________________for the living room
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III. Complete the sentences using much, many, a few, a little (one word
only)
a. She is very popular. She has ___________________friends
b. Let's go for a coffee, we have __________________before we the train
leaves
c. _________________________people drive too fast
d. I went to the beach _________________________ago
e. She spoke _________________________________English
f. We didnt watch ____________________________T.V. last night
g. We only have _______________________________money to spend
today
SOME AND ANY
I. Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence
a. There isn't some / any sugar in the pot
b. Could you buy any / some cheese for the lasagna?
c. Sorry Mike, I dont have any / some money now
d. Would you like some / any orange juice?
e. I dont need any / some help
f. There are some / any kids playing in the yard
g. It was a beautiful day, but I didnt see some / any one in the park
II. Complete each sentence with some or any
a. I need ___________new shoes
b. She didnt read ___________book this summer
c. Celia and Miguel wrote __________letters to their friends in Argentina
d. Could you lend me 10 dollars? Sorry, but I don't have _________ now
e. Diego picked _________flowers for his girlfriend
f. I want to make a cake, but there isn't ___________flour
g. What are you doing tonight? I'm inviting __________friends for dinner
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a. Do you have?
c. We didn't buy...
f. Is there?
g. Tonight, Im going out with
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ZERO CONDITIONAL
Zero Conditional es usado para referirnos al efecto (negativo o positivo) de
una causa (accin, evento, estado).
Generalmente, zero conditional posee ambos verbos en presente simple
Ejemplo:
If you are tired, take a rest
(Si ests cansado, toma un descanso)
Zero Conditional al igual que el resto de los condicionales, requiere del if
conditional (si condicional) y ste puede ir tanto al principio de la oracin como
en el medio de sta.
Ejemplos
If It is raining, take an umbrella with you
(Si est lloviendo, lleva un paraguas contigo)
Take an umbrella with you if it is raining
(Lleva un paraguas contigo si est lloviendo)
Zero Conditional es usado de la siguiente manera:
(Affirmative Sentences): If + Verb (Simple Present) + Verb (Simple Present)
Ejemplo
If you feel sick, take an aspirin
(Si te sientes enfermo, tmate una aspirina)
(Negative Sentences): If + (Dont / Doesnt / Isnt / Arent) + Verb + (Dont /
Doesnt / Isnt / Arent) + Verb
Ejemplo
If you arent sure, ask the teacher
(Si no ests seguro, pregntale al profesor)
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EXERCISES
I. Match the sentences in column A with those in column B
A
2. Go to the doctor if
3. If its raining
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FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL es usado para referirnos a causas (acciones, eventos y
estados) en el presente que tienen consecuencias y/o efectos (positivos o
negativos) en el futuro
Ejemplos
If you dont study, you will not pass the course
(Si t no estudias, no pasars de curso)
You will need a visa if you travel abroad
(T necesitars una visa si viajas a otro pas)
I will go to the party if you invite me
(Yo ir a la fiesta si t me invitas)
Generalmente, First Conditional posee un verbo en presente simple (la causa)
mientras que el efecto o consecuencia se expresa con el verbo en futuro (will +
verbo)
Ejemplo
If you travel around, you will need a visa
(Simple Present)
(Future)
First Conditional es usado de la siguiente manera:
(Affirmative Sentences): If + Verb (Simple Present) + Will + Verb
Ejemplo
If you study, you will pass the exam
(Negative Sentences): If + (dont / doesnt / isnt / arent) + Will + (not) + Verb
Ejemplo
If I dont study, you will not pass the exam
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EXERCISES
I. Re-write the following sentences and put them in the correct order
Example
you / will / exam / the/ pass / if / study / you
If you study, you will pass the exam
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1. I will study if
4. It will rain if
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PRESENT PERFECT
Qu es el Presente Perfecto?
El Presente Perfecto es usado para referirnos a una accin, evento o estado
que comenz en un punto inespecfico en el pasado y que continua hasta el
presente o bien ha finalizado recientemente.
Ejemplo
I have lived in Santiago for 20 years
(Yo he vivido en Santiago por 20 aos)
En simples palabras, yo ha vivido hace 20 aos en Santiago. Sin embargo, no
se menciona desde cuando exactamente. Adems, la oracin indica que hata el
momento, "yo" sigue viviendo en la misma ciudad.
Uso del Presente Perfecto
Formamos el Presente Perfecto con:
El verbo "Have" que acta como verbo auxiliar
Have: I, You, We, They
Has : He, She, It
Ejemplo
I have just done my homework
She has already finished her report
Mientras que el Verbo Principal debe estar en su forma Participia (3era
columna de de la lista de verbos irregulares y -ed para aquellos que son
regulares)
Ejemplo
I have just done my homework
(Yo he terminado mi tarea recin)
Affirmative Sentences:
Have / has + Past Participle form
Ejemplo: We have gone to the beach two times this month
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Negative Sentences:
Ejemplo: We havent gone to the beach this month
Questions:
Ejemplo: Have you gone to the beach this month? Yes, I have // No, I havent
Uso de Just, Already, Yet, Since, and For
1. Just : Recin / Recientemente / un momento atrs
Ejemplo: They have just left the classroom (ellos han dejado la sala de
clases hace un momento atrs)
2. already: Antes de lo esperado
Ejemplo: Rose has already her homework (Rose ya ha terminado su tarea
antes de lo esperado)
3. Yet: Todavac (slo en oraciones negativas a interrogativas)
Ejemplo: Daisy and Tom haven't arrived yet (Daisy y Tom no han llegado
todava)
4: Since: Desde (lo usamos para indicar una fecha especfica)
Ejemplo: I have lived in Santiago since March, 1998 (Yo he vivido en
Santiago desde Marzo de 1998)
4. For: Desde (lo usamos para indicar un periodo de tiempo general)
Ejemplo: I have lived in Santiago for 15 years (Yo he vivido en Santiago por
15 aos) Ntese que no se mencionan fechas especficas como en la oracin
anterior
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EXERCISES
I. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in
parentheses
a. I have _____________(write) a letter to my friend in Colombia
b. She has _________________(do) the shopping today
c. We havent ______________(pay) the electric bills yet
d. Tom has _________________(study) mathematica all day long
e. Is Isabel here? "No, she has just ________________(leave)
f. The flight has already _____________________(arrive)
g. Dan hasn't ________________(go) to bed yet
II. Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence
a. Richard has / have gone to the supermarket this morning
b. Anne haven't / hasn't written the paper yet
c. The teachers have / has worked hard all this year
d. Charlie has / have bought a new car this month
e. The kids havent / hasnt cleaned up the bedroom
f. Have / has you seen Gloria these days? No, I havent / hasnt
g. We have / has taken a lot of pictures today
III. Complete these sentences using just, already, yet, since and for
a. The mailman hasn't come ____________
b. I have ____________spoken to your sister
c. Has Mario bought a car? No, He hasnt _______________
d. Rita has worked in the company _______________April 2000
e. They have __________________eaten breakfast
f. Sarah has ___________________got out of the hospital
g. My parents have been married _________________30 years
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