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In the example figure 1.6, sales fact table is connected to dimensions location,
product, time and organization. It shows that data can be sliced across all
dimensions and again it is possible for the data to be aggregated across
multiple dimensions. "Sales Dollar" in sales fact table can be calculated across
all dimensions independently or in a combined manner which is explained
below.
Snowflake Schema
A snowflake schema is a term that describes a star schema structure
normalized through the use of outrigger tables. i.e dimension table hierachies
are broken into simpler tables.
In Snowflake schema, the example diagram shown below has 4 dimension
tables, 4 lookup tables and 1 fact table. The reason is that
hierarchies(category, branch, state, and month) are being broken out of the
dimension tables(PRODUCT, ORGANIZATION, LOCATION, and TIME)
respectively and shown separately. In OLAP, this Snowflake schema approach
increases the number of joins and poor performance in retrieval of data. In few
organizations, they try to normalize the dimension tables to save space. Since
dimension tables hold less space, Snowflake schema approach may be
avoided.
Business Intelligence:
Business Intelligence is a technology based on customer and profit oriented
models that reduces operating costs and provide increased profitability by
improving productivity, sales, service and helps to make decision making
capabilities at no time. Business Intelligence Models are based on multi
dimensional analysis and key performance indicators (KPI) of an enterprise.
Business Intelligence applications that are based on Business Intelligence
Models are created by Business Intelligence software which provides the
aggregated details about suppliers, customers, internal activities, business to
business transactions to the managers or whoever needs it to take better
corporate decisions.
Features of Dashboard:
• Web based Interface: Managers can gain broad visibility into the
real-time key measurements of a business with the help of this multi-
window, intuitive and interactive interface.
• Role Based View: Executives can clearly track their
organization's overall performance against its goals.
• Reports: Configurable, user-level as well as management-level
reports.
• Charting and Graphing: Dashboards are better known for their
easy one-click charts and graphs that gives instant access to complex
solutions.
• Pre-defined Performance Metrics: All the Dashboards are built
with the common pre-defined metrics by default which eases the
business user in tracking the regular yet important performance
metrics.
ETL Process:
ETL, an acronym for 'Extraction, Transformation and Loading' is a collection
of processes associated with extracting the source data, transforming that
data and finally loading that data into a data warehouse. Before loading the
required into data warehouse, it should be transformed in order to meet the
needs of the data warehouse. This transformation involves several
processes like data cleansing, data profiling, data type conversion, validating
for referential integrity, performing aggregation if needed, denormalization
and normalization.
Data Warehouse:
Data Mart:
Data Mart is subject oriented, basically a sub-set of data warehouse, built for
the purpose of analyzing a particular line of business or department. It holds
the data specific to a particular subject area like sales, purchase etc. Data
marts can be of derived from a data warehouse or built for the sole purpose
of BI directly from the source and like data warehouse, data marts are also
constructed from dimensional data models.
Dimensional Modeling:
Dimensional Model comprises a fact table and many dimension tables and is
used for calculating summarized data. Since Business Intelligence reports
are used in measuring the facts(aggregates) across multiple dimensions,
dimensional data modeling is the prefered modeling technique in a BI
environment. A Fact table contains various measures or facts like sales
amount, loan amount etc., whereas a Dimension table describes the
particular entity like time, state etc., based on which the required facts are
measured
What is OLAP?
OLAP, an acronym for 'Online Analytical Processing' is a technique by which
the data sourced from a data warehouse or data mart is visualized and
summarized to provide perspective multidimensional view across multiple
dimensions. Generally OLAP refers to OLAP Tools(e.g Cognos, Business
Objects etc.,) that help to accomplish these tasks. Since data warehouse is
designed using a dimensional data model, data is represented in the form of
data cubes enabling us to aggregate facts, slice and dice across several
dimensions. OLAP tools provide options to drill-down the data from one
hierarchy to another hierarchy.
For example sales amount can be calculated for a particular year or it can be
drilled down to its next hierarchies like month, week, day etc. In the same
way, data can be rolled up for summarization from product to product group,
product group to product sub-class then from product sub-class to product
class. Thus with this cube structure, data can be viewed from multiple points
providing the data analysts, a greater insight into data.
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Materialized views
There are two other relevant parameters that may be set at either the system-
level via the INIT.ORA file, or the session-level via the ALTER SESSION
command.
o QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED
Unless the value of this parameter is set to TRUE, query rewrites will not take
place. The default value is FALSE.
ENFORCED - Queries will be rewritten using only constraints and rules that
are enforced and guaranteed by Oracle. There are mechanisms by which we
can tell Oracle about other inferred relationships, and this would allow for more
queries to be rewritten, but since Oracle does not enforce those relationships,
it would not make use of these facts at this level.
TRUSTED - Queries will be rewritten using the constraints that are enforced by
Oracle, as well as any relationships existing in the data that we have told
Oracle about, but are not enforced by the database.
1. CREATE SESSION
2. CREATE TABLE
3. CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
4. QUERY REWRITE