Acoustic Treatment of The Studios (Repaired)

Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Boulevard, Ermita Manila
College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department
AM BROADCAST DESIGN
Submitted to:
Engr. Luna A. Dela Cruz
Submitted by:
Rolando Y. Morante, Jr.

BS ECE 5C
05-207-066
2nd Semester, S.Y. 2009-2010
Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Boulevard, Ermita Manila
College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department
February 27, 2010
Engr. Luna A. Dela Cruz

ECE Faculty
This University
Sir:
I am pleasured to present the design entitled "AM Broadcast System design" in compliance for the
requirements as a partial fulfillment of the course ECE 15L (Broadcast Engineering and Acoustics,
Laboratory). The study on AM Broadcast System will underscore its fundamentals and applications.
This covers the development of an AM Broadcasting Station from studio onto the transmitter to be located
at Tagbilaran City, Bohol.
Very truly yours,
Rolando Y. Morante, Jr.

BS ECE 5C
CHAPTER II
Preface
AM radio broadcasting involves the modification of the amplitude of audio frequency signal
received from the microphone. The audio frequency signal and carrier wave may be amplified
independently before being superimposed, i.e. modulated, after which they are sent to the antenna. In
another method, the audio signal and carrier wave may be modulated and then amplified before being
sent to the antenna. In either case, if amplitude modulation is used, the audio waves amplitude is varied
accordingly.
It was felt that a well-designed AM broadcast system could significantly improve reception quality,
reliability and ease of use and ensure the continued use of AM bands.
To meet these aims, a highly flexible design has been developed. This was made possible with
the recommendations from the KBP standards and the Radio Codes that served as guides.
This design is aimed at the management of broadcasting organizations in areas of policy making
as well as in programme making and technical planning. It explains the technical considerations needed
to take into account in building an AM studio.
CHAPTER III
Acknowledgment
To Almighty God
To my friends
To my family
To my professors
I am heartily thankful for the encouragement, guidance and support

from initial to final level, which enabled me to develop
an understanding of the course.
I offer my regards and blessings to all of those

who supported me in any respect during
the completion of the project.
CHAPTER VI
Technical Requirements
Technical Factors Considered in the Site Selection
A. Studio
When the studio and the transmitter are to be separated to each other, Studio site must be within
densely populated areas, or within a city proper. This is facilitating same technical aspects as:
1. Accessibility of the Studio for maintenance purposes
2. Nearness of the Studio to the public
3. The Studio will be accessible to the studio personnel (announce, technician etc.) as well as guest.
B. Station
The proper selection of the site for the technical station is an essential and exciting task in the
planning of any communication system. The cost of the site development and installation of facilities
is high and warrants utmost care. Recognizing the factors involved in the correct choices of
equipment site is essential in order to avoid costly mistakes resulting to the poor performance or even
total system failure. The following are to be considered:
1. In the absence of any local regulations of the contrary locations should be chosen so that for the
power and antenna to be used. The following intensities are delivered over the city to which the
station is associated.
Overall urban parts
25 mV/m min
Overall suburban parts
2 mV/m min
2. The site should have the highest soil conductivity for a distance of at least 1mile from the antenna.
3. The site should offer a clean path to the city.
4. Avoid obstruction at high hills between the antenna and the nearest city to be observed.
5. The area of this station should be large enough to close a ground system of about wavelength
in radians or as near to this as a local condition with permit.
6. Soil should be consistent which will permit suitable footing for the antenna and guy wires without
necessary expenses.
7. The site should be where the antenna height will not become an obstruction for air traffic.
8. Locate the site as convenient as possible after the above conditions are satisfied to the power
and telephone lines as well as rail roads or roads and for transportation.
9. Avoid a location that requires the same precautions regarding ground system of an antenna as to
that flat terrain. There is no advantage electrically to hill topsides for station operating on low and
or medium frequencies.
10. Avoid locations where there are chances of flooding of any seasons.
11. The location should be reasonably flat and above sea level.
Factors Considered in Choosing the Site for Transmitter and Studio

The main considerations in selection of a Broadcast site are:
A. Location in relation to the population to be served and to other communication installations and airports.
B. Conductivity of the soil at and immediately adjacent to the site.
C. Conductivity of the path between the site and the target area.
Before the approval is given for any site, the authority shall refer to existing local and natural
regulations governing antenna construction. Restrictions may be imposed on the height and location of
masts in certain areas and obstruction painting and/or lighting may be necessary. Except in the area now
officially designated as an antenna farm, masts or tower less than 150 feet from the ground in height may
be erected and are exempted from this provision. Masts or towers with heights above 150 feet from the
ground are normally required to put up the standard obstruction lighting and painting.
A. TRANSMITTING EQUIPMENT
The transmitting equipment and facilities shall be laid out in accordance with good engineering
practice, thereby providing ease of maintenance and operation, and safety to personnel.
B. LOCATION AND LAYOUT
The building shall be of a design and type of construction suitable to the area in which it is located
and it shall comply with relevant building regulations.
1. Adequate space shall be provided in the building to facilitate access to all equipment for operation and
maintenance purposes. Adequate space for staff facilities shall also be provided.
2. Adequate ventilation and where necessary, air conditioning shall be provided to ensure satisfactory
working conditions for staff and equipment.
3. Adequate lighting shall be provided in all equipment rooms to facilitate operation and maintenance of the
equipment.
C. STUDIO LOCATION AND LAYOUT
1. The building that will contain the studio shall satisfy the provisions given in section of these standards.
2. Each studio shall be associated with a control room from which the operational area of the studio may be
viewed with ease. The authority may, however, approve an operation whereby the studio and control
rooms are integrated into one and that responsible personnel shall perform simple font panel type
functions like level adjustments and switching during his/her board hours, provided, a licensed ratio
technician with a 1st, 2nd or 3rd class radio telephone licensed is employed to perform all the more
complicated pre and post sign on adjustments of a more technical nature including maintenance jobs
which are necessary for the proper operation of technical studio equipment. Provided further, that this
kind of operation, an automatic program level control is employed to ensure that a proper program level is
fed to the transmitter.
3. Studios and control rooms shall be constructed that they are adequately insulated from sources of
extraneous noise and vibration, and the acoustic treatment of such studios and control rooms shall be in
accordance with good engineering practice.
Location Plan of Studio and Transmitter

A. For Studio
Building should be located in an area of the metropolitan district where the following conditions
could best to met:
1.
Zoning restrictions must permit type of building required and permit erections of tower on site.
2.
Sufficient land for the erections of a two-storey building and room for future additions or
expansion.
3.
A site location approximately in the geographical center of the metropolitan area to be served by
the television signal.
4.
Attractive frontage.
5.
Land of reasonable valuation, but with good prospects for future developments.
B. For Transmitter Site
Step 1: Select a frequency
You may operate on any AM frequencies that do not interfere with a licensed operator.
Step 2: Survey onsite listening
Survey the streets and roadways where listening is required with an automobile digital AM radio
tuned to your candidate frequencies. Monitor all the candidate frequencies throughout the listening
area at least once during daylight hours and at least one after dark. Note which frequency appears to
be quietest when monitored.
Step 3: Choose a general location for coverage
Use a map to select a general antenna location such that a signal-radius circle fully encompasses
the streets, parking lots and other areas that require coverage. If a geographic area is critically
important to cover, consider locations near the center of that area. Mark the map to show the area
within which the antenna should be located to meet your coverage goals.
Step 4; Consider the installation style
Install the transmitter and flexible antenna system in a building to produce coverage in the vicinity
of a building.
The transmitter may be located in the building or in a weatherproof cabinet at the base of the pole
or tower. The same power considerations above will apply. The coaxial cable that connects the
transmitter to the antenna may be one of the following length ranges: 0 25 ft., 75 200 ft. and 250
400 ft.
Remote Audio Modules

If you will be controlling audio by telephone, a telephone line must be accessible at the
transmitter location.
Step 5: Consider equipment, options and services

Review the price sheet, options and services.
Step 6: Preparing your transmitter site
You can get ready for installation by preparing your transmitter location. This preparation
is detailed in the Installation Instruction Manual and includes 3 steps:
1.
Equipment Operating Location
For building-oriented stations, this means identifying the equipment operating
location in the building. For isolated-style stations: installing the equipment
cabinet at the transmitter site.
2.
Installation of Power and Telephone Services
For building-oriented considerations, this means making sure the 120 VAC power
and a (optional) shielded-line telephone service are present/installed at the
equipment operating location in the building. For isolated style stations: installing
power and shielded telephone line to the equipment cabinet.
3.
Prepare the Antenna Support System
For Roof-Style stations, this includes identifying or setting up a antenna-support
system on the building roof and running coaxial cable to the equipment operating
location in the building. For Yard and Isolated-Style stations includes setting the
pole to support the antenna.
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Transmitter Technical Aspect

The locality must be reasonable flat and free from screening hill angles, buildings and elevated
structure in the neighborhood.
It must be reasonable above sea level and must not be subjected to dampness or liable to water
lugged.
It must be reasonable to have suitable contours soil conductivity, particularly near the site.
On the standpoint of the foundation for the mass of the building, the best site must be the bottom,
it is little below the best site surface point. The areas of this shape of the land to be acquired are
govern by the building code up to the extent of the grounding system.
In the absence of local regulation of the country. Location should be chosen for the power and the
antenna to be used. The following intensity to be delivered over the city to which the station is
associated.
Overall urban parts
25 mV/m min
Overall suburban parts
2 mV/m min
ECONOMIC ASPECT CONSIDERED IN THE SITE

A. Studio
1. The site must be near a road to make it accessible.
2. It should be near the power line and water supply.

3. The site is not critical.
Since the studio is near densely populated area, it gathers income from site and studio goers
specially when having live shows. Sometimes this economic signal aspect often gives less
attention the technical aspects.
B. Station
After accessing the physical characteristics of the site favorable to the type of service proposed,
the engineer must acquaint himself with the following:
1.
Building restriction enforced by the local authority.
2.
Aviation regulations governing the mass.
3.
The prevailing cost of the land in the locality.
4.
Cost of preparing the site, concerning erecting buildings.
The important economic issues, which affect the construction on putting into operation of, station
area:
1.
A good road within a short distance of the site in rainy season and all weather conditions.
Any bridge along the route must be able or capable of handling the heaviest load to be
transported.
2.
It must be reasonable short distance from the nearest town railways, etc.
3.
It must be low cost of building materials, skilled workers and means of transporting them
into the site.
4.
Cost electricity derived from the proposed site to which existing power transmission line
extends.
5.
The abundance of fresh water supply at all times.
6.
Cost of construction and installation of the telephone line between the studio and the
transmitter.
7.
Consideration of highways within the large site and appreciable areas of land bay, the
tower beneath the antenna system.
8.
Cultivated land area must be avoided to the high cost of compensation to the owner.
9.
The site must be sometimes outside the city for the low cost of the land.
CHAPTER VII
Site Description
LOCATION PLAN
A. STUDIO
The studio is set to be located in the district of Tagbilaran City in Bohol. Particular location of the
studio is on the 3rd floor of a commercial building. The studio and its adjacent function rooms will
occupy at least one half of the floor area of the third floor.
The location of the studio passed all the most important factors in choosing a site for broadcast
studio. The place is very accessible to the public, to maintenance personnel and the studio personnel
itself. Being in the heart of Tagbilaran, Bohol, it enjoys an adequate power supply and easy access of
water and telephone lines.
The selection of the studio offers very excellent economics plus factors to the building owner and
would owner of the station. In addition, the site offers good commercial opportunities. Income from the
promotion and advertisement from the nearby commercial establishments should not be discounted.
B. STATION (Transmitter)
The transmitting station is to be located in spacious ground of Tagbilaran City, Bohol. It will be
house in a one story-building especially constructed for the purpose. The station and the antenna
space will cover an approximate area of 2000 square meters of land.
The conductivity of the adjacent soil, area is quite good. The place is not too far with a body of
water, fishing grounds and lines of trees as well as rice fields. Basically, the environment within the
area shows a very good condition of propagation.
C. SITE DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
The AM Broadcasting studio and the transmitter station are separated by approximately 3
km. both locations enjoys a good access to supply of electricity, telephone lines of course water
because its a town proper or main city of Bohol.
The main broadcast studio will be constructed at the second floor of a commercial
building in Tagbilaran City wherein it will occupy about 55% of the floor area of the 3 rd floor. Some
renovations are to be made to segregate studio room and adjacent facilities from one other
commercial store within the building. The transmitting antenna of the STL will be in the roof top of
the building.
CHAPTER VIII
Design Procedures
1. Select the area where the proposed station is to be set up.

2. Obtain a list of stations already existing within the area and nearby regions together with their
operating power, frequency, class of operation and approximate locations.
3. Choose the class operation of the proposed broadcast station, its operating power, operating
frequency taking into account all the information obtained from #2
4. Determine the general shape of area intended to be served and choose a specific site for
your antenna.
5. Choose an antenna system to fit the general shape of the intended area.
6. Determine the inverse field strength at different distances from the antenna taking into
account the conductivity of the ground in each and every direction.
7. Determine the inverse field strength of one mile from the selected antenna site at the
operating power in every direction.
8. Draw the field intensity contour of the class of operation and check if it satisfies the
requirements of the intended service area, the co-channel, adjacent channel interference and
other relative considerations.
Modify whatever system parameter necessary (EG transmitted power, antenna system,
antenna spacing, etc.) to obtain a satisfactory design.
From Step 6: Determine the inverse field strength at one (1) mile.
1. Determine the operating wavelength
=c/f =
Vc / fc
2. Obtain the antenna height from the ground entitles (frequency vs vertical height for
broadcast station).
3. Convert the antenna height from feet to wavelength.
4. Determine the effective field strength E from 1 KW for 1 mile, for a simple omnidirectional
vertical antenna with ground station at least 120 radials or from the graph entitled
Antenna Height.
5. Determine the inverse field strength at 1 mile at operating power frequency
Eff = Eo sqrt Pt / each
where:
Pt = operating power in kW when using 2 tower directional antenna
Eo = field strength
Eff = Effective field strength, mV / m
Inverse field strength at one mile from the antenna

E = E1 sqrt(2F) sqrt { [ (1 + F2) / 2F ] + cos (Scos + ) }
where:
E =
E1 =
E2 =
F =
=
S =
=
inverse field strength

inverse field strength at 1 mile from tower 1 when operating in array, mV/m
inverse field strength at 1 mile from tower 2 when operating in array, mV/m
E2 / E1, the ratio of field strength from 2 to 1, degrees
azimuth angle from the line of tower, degrees, radial angle
spacing between tower to tower, degrees
phasing of antenna
Inverse field strength of one mile operating in the array

E1 = Eo = sqrt { R1 / [ ( R11 + RL1 + RC1 ) + M ( R22 + RL2 + RC2 ) ] }
where:
E1 =
inverse field strength at 1 mile for tower 1 operating alone as standard
reference
area, mV / m
Eo = effective field strength, mV / m
R11 = Loop resistance at tower 1,
RL1 = Loop resistance assumed for tower 1,
RC1 = Coupled resistance at loop of tower 1 from another tower while array is in
operation,
R22 = Loop resistance at tower 2,
RL2 = Loop resistance assumed for tower 2,
RC2 = Coupled resistance at loop of tower 2 from another tower while array is in
operation,
M = ratio of current at loop of tower 2 divided by current at loop of tower 1
Coupled Resistance Formula:
RC1 = Mz cos ( + )
RC2 = M / z cos ( - + )
Where:
Z = magnitude of loop impedance between the two towers,
= angle of loop mutual impedance, degrees
= electrical phase of current in tower 2 with respect to tower 1, degrees
M = magnitude of loop current ratio of loop current in tower 2 divided by tower 1
CHAPTER IX
Design Computations
CHANNEL:
5
CALL SIGN:
DYKA
OPERATING FREQUENCY: 567 kHz
CLASS OF STATION: Class B
POWER OUTPUT: 10kW
OPERATING WAVELENGTH ()
Vo
3 x10 8
529.1005meters
f
567 kHz
( 3.28 ft) 529.1005m( 3.28 ft)
ft
1735.45 ft.
m
m
1735.45 ft.
433.8624 ft.
4
4
*Actual Antenna Height
ANTENNA HEIGHT (m)
From Figure 1
hom = 310 ft
hom
310 ft.(1m)
96.0366 meters
3.28 ft.
ANTENNA HEIGHT IN WAVELENGTH
h1
Antenna Height (m)

96.0366m.
0.1815
Operating Wavelengt h (m) 529.1005m
ANTENNA HEIGHT IN ELECTRICAL DEGREES

h2
= h1 x 360 = 0.1815 x 360 = 65.3433
POWER CLASS
Power Class = 10 kW
P1 = 0.5Power Class
= 0.5*10kw = 5kW
*INVERSE FIELD STRENGTH AT 1 MILE FROM TOWER OPERATING ALONE AS A

STANDARD REF. ANTENNA
E0 = E * p1/2
E = Effective field strength (mV/m)
E = 180 mV/m
E0 = 180(51/2)
E0 = 402.4922 mV/m
ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS
No. of Antenna in the System: 2
Spacing of the two antenna (); 90
Phasing of the two antenna (): 165
% Field Strength Radiated in Horizontal Plane
from No. I Antenna:
63 mV/m
from No. 2 Antenna:
63 mV/m
% RMS Field Strength in Horizontal Plane
from Antenna System: 56
DETERMINE THE RADIATION LOOP RESISTANCES
R11 = Tower 1 ;
R22 = Tower 2
*for identical towers, R 11 = R22
From Figure 3:
R11 = R22 = 25
DETERMINE THE LOOP MUTUAL IMPEDANCE BETWEEN A/4 VERTICAL ANTENNA
From Figure 4:
Impedance (Z) = 7
RC1 = MZ*cos( + )
RC2 = (Z/M)*cos( - )
*M is constant
Phasing () = 100
Spacing () = 90
M=0.995
RC1 = 0.995*7*cos(90+100)
RC1 = -6.8592
RC2 = (7/0.995)*cos(90-100)
RC2 = 6.9283
*INVERSE FIELD STRENGTH AT 1 MILE FROM TOWER 1 WHILE OPERATING IN THE
ARRAY (mV/m)
E1 = E0 *{R11/ [(R11+RL1+RC1) + M * (R22 + RL2 + RC2)]}
mV/m
E0 = 402.4922 mV/m
RL1 = RL2 = 2 (Assumed Loop Resistance)
E1 = 402.4922 *{25/ [(25 + 2 + (-6.8592)) + 0.995*(25 + 2 + 6.9283)]}
E1 = 274.1166 mV/m
COMPUTING FOR THE RADIANS

E = E1 * (2)1/2 * {1 + cos[ (cos( + ))]}
= 90
= 165
For the Graph:
By substitution:
E0
E15
E30
E45
E60
E75
E90
E105
E120
E135
E150
E165
E180
E195
E210
E225
E240
E255
E270
E285
E300
E315
E330
E345
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
397.8938 mV/m
387.6594 mV/m
397.8938 mV/m
426.2309 mV/m
465.8395 mV/m
506.5014 mV/m
536.9453 mV/m
548.2332 mV/m
536.9453 mV/m
506.5014 mV/m
465.8395 mV/m
426.2309 mV/m
397.8938 mV/m
387.6594 mV/m
397.8938 mV/m
426.2309 mV/m
465.8395 mV/m
506.5014 mV/m
536.9453 mV/m
548.2332mV/m
536.9453 mV/m
506.5014 mV/m
465.8395 mV/m
426.2309 mV/m
E0
E15
E30
E45
E60
E75
E90
E105
E120
E135
E150
E165
E180
E195
E210
E225
E240
E255
E270
E285
E300
E315
E330
E345
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
14.5155
14.1421
14.5155
15.5493
16.9942
18.4776
19.5882
20.0000
19.5882
18.4776
16.9942
15.5493
14.5155
14.1421
14.5155
15.5493
16.9942
18.4776
19.5882
20.0000
19.5882
18.4776
16.9942
15.5493
CHAPTER X
Graph, Tables and Contour Mapping
Conductivity Table
Terrain
Conductivity mV / m
Sea water
5,000
Fresh water
Dry, sandy, flat coastal land
Marshy, forested, flat land
Rich agricultural land
Pastoral, medium hills & forestation
Rocky land, green hills mountainous hills up to 3000 ft.
Cities, residential
Cities, industrial
0.5
Contour Mapping
Distance (mi)
From
Terrain
Conductivity
(mV / m)
To
Distance
4.0000
4.0000
4.0000
4.3077
0.3077
Sea water
5000
4.3077
4.7692
0.4615
4.7692
5.5385
0.7692
Sea water
5000
5.5385
8.4615
2.9231
8.4615
11.5385
3.0769
11.5385
16.9231
5.3846
16.9231
17.6923
0.7692
Sea water
5000
17.6923
18.4615
0.7692
18.4615
20.0000
1.5385
Sea water
5000
At 0
At 15
0
5.8462
5.8462
5.8462
6.6154
0.7692
6.6154
11.8462
5.2308
11.8462
18.4615
6.6154
18.4615
20.0000
1.5385
9.6923
9.6923
9.6923
12.3077
2.6154
12.3077
13.8462
1.5385
13.8462
16.9231
3.0769
16.9231
20.0000
3.0769
9.2308
9.2308
9.2308
11.5385
2.3077
11.5385
14.6154
3.0769
14.6154
16.9231
2.3077
16.9231
20.0000
3.0769
4.1538
4.1538
4.1538
12.4615
8.3077
12.4615
16.0000
3.5385
16.0000
20.0000
4.0000
At 30
At 45
At 60
At 75
0
2.4615
2.4615
2.4615
12.1538
9.6923
12.1538
14.9231
2.7692
14.9231
16.6154
1.6923
16.6154
18.0000
1.3846
18.0000
20.0000
2.0000
2.4615
2.4615
2.4615
3.6923
1.2308
3.6923
5.0769
1.3846
5.0769
7.0769
2.0000
7.0769
8.1538
1.0769
8.1538
9.8462
1.6923
9.8462
12.3077
2.4615
12.3077
20.0000
7.6923
2.1538
2.1538
2.1538
9.3846
7.2308
9.3846
20.0000
10.6154
Sea water
5000
0.9231
0.9231
0.9231
2.3077
1.3846
2.3077
20.0000
17.6923
Sea water
5000
At 90
At 105
At 120
At 135
0
0.4615
0.4615
0.4615
0.7692
0.3077
0.7692
20.0000
19.2308
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.4615
0.3077
0.4615
0.7692
0.3077
Sea water
5000
0.7692
1.2308
0.4615
1.2308
20.0000
18.7692
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.7692
0.4615
Sea water
5000
0.7692
2.6154
1.8462
2.6154
20.0000
17.3846
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.7692
0.4615
Sea water
5000
0.7692
3.2308
0.4615
3.2308
20.0000
16.7692
Sea water
5000
At 150
At 165
At 180
At 195
0
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.7692
0.4615
Sea water
5000
0.7692
3.6923
2.9231
3.6923
20.0000
16.3077
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.6154
0.3077
Sea water
5000
0.6154
5.2308
4.6154
5.2308
20.0000
10.9231
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.3077
0.1538
0.3077
0.6154
0.3077
Sea water
5000
0.6154
9.0769
8.4615
9.0769
20.0000
10.9231
Sea water
5000
0.1538
0.1538
0.1538
0.4615
0.3077
0.4615
0.6154
0.1538
Sea water
5000
0.6154
8.9231
8.3077
8.9231
20.0000
11.0769
Sea water
5000
At 210
At 225
At 240
At 255
0
0.3077
0.3077
0.3077
0.4615
0.1538
0.4615
0.7692
0.3077
Sea water
5000
0.7692
3.0769
2.6154
3.0769
6.1538
3.0769
6.1538
20.0000
13.8462
Sea water
5000
0.3077
0.3077
0.3077
0.4615
0.1538
0.4615
0.6154
0.1538
Sea water
5000
0.6154
2.0000
1.3846
2.0000
20.0000
18.0000
Sea water
5000
0.3077
0.3077
0.3077
0.4615
0.1538
0.4615
20.0000
19.5385
Sea water
5000
0.4615
0.4615
0.4615
0.6154
0.1538
0.6154
20.0000
19.5385
Sea water
5000
0.7692
0.7692
0.7692
0.9231
0.1538
0.9231
20.0000
19.0769
Sea water
5000
At 270
At 285
At 300
At 315
At 330
1.8462
1.8462
1.8462
2.1538
0.3077
2.1538
7.0769
4.9231
Sea water
5000
7.0769
10.1538
8.0000
10.1538
10.4615
0.3077
10.4615
20.0000
9.5385
Sea water
5000
2.3077
2.3077
2.3077
2.4615
0.1538
Sea water
5000
2.4615
6.9231
4.4615
6.9231
7.2308
0.3077
Sea water
5000
7.2308
10.7692
3.5385
10.7692
13.0769
2.3077
13.0769
14.0000
0.9231
14.0000
14.1538
0.1538
Sea water
5000
14.1538
15.3846
1.2308
15.3846
20.0000
4.6154
Sea water
5000
At 345
CHAPTER XII
Acoustical Treatment of the Studio
A. Control of Room Resources

A room with good acoustics is essential to recording and mixing your music correctly. "Good
acoustics" can be defined as getting the sound from the speakers to your ears as unchanged as possible.
A good home studio room should be as neutral as possible while still having some life to enable you to
hear detail (such as stereo positioning) properly. This ensures that music you have mixed and equalized
to sound good has the best chance of sounding good in other rooms. Controlling the sound in a room is
achieved by selective acoustic treatments. Once again, let me stress acoustic treatment is not
soundproofing - it does not stop sound from getting in or out of the room, it controls the characteristics of
sound within the room.
These are the common problems which you need to fix to make your room conform to the ideal
listening environment mentioned above:
Room Reverberation
We home reccers are often at a disadvantage as we are working in relatively small rooms
with parallel walls, as well as a parallel ceiling and floor. Any sound in a room like this reflects
repeatedly backwards and forwards between these surfaces, creating reverberation. You know
what this sounds like - we have all clapped our hands in an empty room and listened to the reverb
(some of us do this compulsively!). Controlling these reflections is one of the most important
things we can do to make the room sound good. For our purposes, the reverberation time (the
amount of time it takes for the reverb to die away) should be close to a half second.
Early Reflections
When either the sound source or the listener is close to a boundary or any hard surface,
the reflection from that boundary can cause a sound to arrive at the listening point via two paths
(direct and reflected) at slightly different times. The two sounds will be out of phase with each
other at some frequencies and these frequencies will cancel each other out. Other frequencies
will be in phase and these will be reinforced. The resulting frequency response will be very
uneven, and the stereo image will also be distorted.
Standing Waves & Dead Spots
Standing waves are created when you have two parallel boundaries (two walls, or the
ceiling and floor). Some frequencies are reinforced by the distance between the boundaries (the
sound makes exactly one round trip on each cycle of the speaker and the pressure fronts pile up).
This is why it's nice to sing in the shower - the low frequencies of your voice are greatly amplified
by the standing waves.
B. Treatment of the Work Place

You may be surprised to find that basic sound control of a room is actually quite simple and can
often be accomplished with inexpensive materials.
Tools
Fortunately, the best tools to measure sound in a room are your ears! Listen to the sound of a
room before and after the acoustic treatments listed below by listening to CDs you are familiar with.
Vocals and words should be clear, the bass balanced and tight, and cymbals bright without being harsh. A
mono signal will seem to come from a spot exactly between the speakers - and that spot should not move
with different notes. Clap your hands and listen to the resulting sound - you should hear a slight
thickening of the sound, but little reverb - and no definite pitches or echoes.
Monitor Speaker Positioning
Everything in the room should be as symmetrical as possible. Monitor speaker placement should
be symmetrical within the room - with each speaker the same distance from its closest wall. Putting
speakers too close to corners tends to emphasize the bass in an unpredictable way, so place your
speakers away from them. Small changes in position can affect the sound quite significantly, so
experiment with moving your speakers forward or backwards while your CD is playing and aim for a
smooth response, especially at the low end. If some bass notes seem louder than others, move the
speakers around until this is minimized. The distance between the monitors should be equal to the
distance between each speaker and your ears - forming an equilateral triangle.
Avoid strong early reflections from near field monitors (which cause phase interference). Put them
on solid speaker stands behind the desk rather than on the meter bridge of a large mixer (this creates an
early reflection path off the mixer surface). If you're getting strong reflections from the ceiling above the
speakers, consider putting a foam absorber or two up there.
Diffusion
You can break up reverb from flat surfaces by mounting objects called diffusers on them. When
sound is reflected off a convex or complex surface, it spreads the reverberant sound evenly throughout a
room. This prevents standing waves and also eliminates "dead spots"- where frequencies are drastically
reduced or missing. The thicker the diffuser, the lower the frequency that will be affected. One of the best
diffusers I know is a deep bookcase well stocked with a variety of sizes of book. A rough stone wall is also
quite an effective diffuser.
Absorption
Excessive reverb and standing waves can be tamed by using materials which absorb sound.
These are often fiberglass or particleboard panels, special foam tiles (which often double as diffusers).
These generally work well down to 100 Hz or so. Absorption materials need not be expensive. Carpet on
a thick under felt, thick curtains with backing and even plush furniture can help reduce reflections. Dont
try covering every surface of your room with absorptive material to completely deaden the room. A dead
room would be unpleasant to work in, as your ears use the subtle phase differences of a live room to
accurately place sound sources in a stereo image. Also, absorptive materials are frequency selective, with
high frequency sound being absorbed easier than low. This means that as absorption is added to a room
it becomes more and bassier in tone.
Avoid bare walls in the front of the room (behind the speakers). Remember, you want only direct
sound from the monitors to reach the listening position. So 80-100% coverage with acoustic tiles or at
least some heavy drapes will work wonders. Fix a few square meters of acoustic tiles to the walls each
side of the listening position to absorb and diffuse. This will help keep the stereo image nice and tight.
Use diffusion behind the listening position, at the rear of the room. This makes the room seem deeper
than it really is. We happily use materials which do not absorb well below 100 Hz due to the fact that
normal wall and floors are absorptive in the low end, but very reflective above 200 Hz.
CHAPTER V
Definition of Terms
Amplitude modulation (AM)
A technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via
a radio carrier wave.
Analog Transmission
The broadcasting of a signal using an analog recording. Examples of use include radio.
Bandwidth
The available space between two given points on the electromagnetic spectrum and, inter alia,
the amount of information that can be squeezed into that space.
Broadcasting
The distribution of audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. The
audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young
adults.
Call Letters
The official name of the radio station in the Philippines. Also known as a station's callsign.
Crystal Radio Receiver (crystal set)
A very simple radio receiver, popular in the early days of radio. It needs no battery or power
source and runs on the power received from radio waves by a long wire antenna.
Coverage
Percentage of households that can tune into a radio station within the theoretical broadcast
radius.
Daypart
The radio station's broadcast day is normally split up (starting at 6am) into a series of 4 hour
sessions containing one or more shows.
DBS - Direct Broadcasting (by) Satellite
Television and radio programmes distributed by satellite for reception via a dish at the receiver's
property.
Feedback
A loud noise produced when the amplified sound from an output ( loudspeaker ) is picked up by
an input ( microphone, phonograph ) feeding that loudspeaker.
FCC - Federal Communications Commission
An independent United States government agency, established by the Communications Act of
1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio,
television, wire, satellite and cable.
Ground Wave
In radio transmission, it is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.
ITU - International Telecommunication Union

Originally the International Telegraph Union, the ITU is the international organization established
in 1865 to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications.
Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP)
A broadcast media organization in the Philippines which provides its members broadcasting
standards.
kHz - Kilohertz
Thousand cycles per second. kHz is used to measure mediumwave and often shortwave
frequencies.
Network
A system which distributes programming to multiple stations simultaneously, or slightly delayed,
for the purpose of extending total broadcast coverage beyond the limits of a single radio or
television signal.
NTSC - National Television Standards Committee
An American committiee formed to set the line standard and later color standard for broadcasting.
Gave its name to the method of color reproduction used in the Americas (except Brazil) and in
Japan.
Positioning statement
A radio station's mission statement or vision statement. A one to two sentence statement that
conveys what you do for whom, to uniquely solve an urgent need. These are usually aired during
Image Liners.
Radio broadcasting
An audio (sound) broadcasting service, broadcast through the air as radio waves (a form of
electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to a receiving antenna.
Radio Studio
A room in which a radio program or show is produced, either for live broadcast or for recording for
a later broadcast. The room is soundproofed to avoid unwanted noise being mixed into the
broadcast.
Radio wave
A type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer
than infrared light. Naturally-occurring radio waves are produced by lightning, or by astronomical
objects
Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)
A measure used in science and engineering to quantify how much a signal has been corrupted
by noise. It is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power corrupting the signal.
Skywave
The propagation of electromagnetic waves bent (refracted) back to the Earth's surface by
the ionosphere.
CHAPTER XV
AM Broadcast Standards
CHAPTER IV
Introduction to Broadcasting
CHAPTER XI
Introduction to Acoustics
CHAPTER XVI
Brochures
CHAPTER XVIII
License
CHAPTER XIX
Permits, Application Forms and Procedures
CHAPTER XXII
Recommendations
Here are the recommendations to be filed for the design of the AM broadcast system in
Tagbilaran City, Bohol:
1. The implementation of additional broadcast sites in the growing population of the province.
2. As a provincial radio station it must serve as a medium of development communication, a
conduit between the government and the people, aiming to mobilize all sectors of society
towards development and nationalism. Live government news must be aired here.
3. For the studio design, cost of materials should be maintained thus improving the acoustical
quality of the room.
CHAPTER XXIII
Topographic Map
CHAPTER XXI
Conclusion
AM radio technology is simpler than FM radio, DAB, Satellite Radio and HD Radio. An AM receiver
detects amplitude variations in the radio waves at a particular frequency. It then amplifies changes in the
signal voltage to drive a loudspeaker or earphones.
Because of its susceptibility to atmospheric and electrical interference and the generally lower
sound fidelity of superheterodyne receivers, AM broadcasting has attracted mostly talk radio and news
programming, while music radio and public radio mostly shifted to FM broadcasting in the late 1960s and
1970s.
AM radio signals can be severely disrupted in large urban centers by metal structures, tall buildings
and sources of radio frequency interference (RFI) and electrical noise, such as electrical motors,
fluorescent lights, or lightning. As a result, AM radio in many countries has lost its dominance as a music
broadcasting service, and in many cities is now relegated to news, sports, religious and talk radio
stations..
CHAPTER XIII
Technical Specifications
Acoustics
The sound absorption coefficient indicates how much of the sound is absorbed in the material.
The absorption coefficient can be expressed as:
= Ia / Ii
where
Ia = sound intensity absorbed (W/m2)
Ii = incident sound intensity (W/m2)
Total Sound Absorption
The total sound absorption in a room can be expressed as:
A =S11 + S22 + .. + Snn = Sii
where
A = the absorption of the room (m2 Sabine)
Sn = area of the actual surface (m2)
n = absorption coefficient of the actual surface
Mean Absorption Coefficient

The mean absorption coefficient for the room can be expressed as:
m = A/ S
where
m = mean absorption coefficient
A = the absorption of the room (m2 Sabine)
S = total surface in the room (m2)
Reverberation Time
RT = KV / A
where:
K = 0.16 (m2)
= 0.049 (ft2)
V = volume
CHAPTER XIV
Indoor and Outdoor Safety Rules
INDOOR PLANT SAFETY RULES
GENERAL RULE:
This section establishes safety rules for all electronics and communications equipment installed
and/or located inside buildings or in sheltered structures, except consumer products.
5.1.1 SHOCK, CASUALTY or FIRE HAZARD shall not result when normally used and operated
5.1.2 A grounding system shall form a part of all indoor electronics and communication installations failing
under any of the following category:
a. When any equipment is powered from 1 10 VAC or higher;
b. When an outdoor exposed facility is connected to any equipment for its normal operations;
c. All radio stations, telephone/telegraph/telex exchanges and fixed computer installations.
5.1.3 The grounding system shall be designed to direct foreign currents in the shortest route possible to
earth.
5.1.4 Potential rise on accessible parts shall be no greater than the values specified in rule.
5.1.5 Strength consideration for indoor equipment installation shall be sufficient to assure that no casualty
hazard shall result from falling or collapsing equipment or their
5.1.6 Operation of electronic and communications equipment shall not result in emission of fumes,
chemicals, radiations, etc to such a level considered hazardous by those recognized by the government
to make such assessment.
5.1.7 Users of electronics and communication systems or services shall be protected from shock or fire
hazards attendant to the use of the service.
5.1.8 It shall be the users responsibility to ascertain that adequate internal protection is built into the
equipment by the supplier in such a manner that no shock or fire hazard shall result when the equipment
is operated within its rating.
5.1.9 The electrical protection measures shall coordinate with the inherent dialectic strength and surge
current carrying capacity of the equipment or system being protected.
5.2.2 Mobile Station (Land mobile, Maritime mobile, Aero mobile)
This section covers radio transmitters, receiver, transceiver and allied equipment at mobile
locations such as:
1. Land Mobile radio installation on board vehicles, like automobiles, trucks, trains, etc, whose
movement or travel is confined overland.
2. Maritime Mobile -- radio installation on board water crafts, like boats, ships, etc.
3. Aeromobile -- radio installations on board aircrafts and spacecrafts.

5.3 SWITCHING EQUIPMENT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS (Telegraph, Telephone, Telex, etc.)
5.3.1 Switching equipment is subject to damage from lightning and power fault currents which may be
conducted from outside plant cable or wire circuits. A.C operated equipment can be damaged from
lightning and switching surges conducted through the electric power lines. To protect personnel and
prevent damage to equipment these foreign potential surges shall be effectively limited by application of
suitable protective devices.
5.3.2 Surge arresters of suitable type and rating shall be connected on all wire circuits entering the
building except on wire lines in all of the following criteria:
1. The entire length is underground.
2. Not bunched with a circuit any portion of which is installed above ground level.
5.4 The Computer is the vital nerve center in any EDP installation and prevention of fire shall be
the overriding concern.
The signal wiring shall be contained in cable structure with an over all jacket or Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) or equivalent formulation with equal or better resistance to burning.
Office furniture required in the EDP operations should be of metal construction or other non
combustible material contents.
The Computer requires special environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature and dust,
making air-condition systems, a vital accessory to operations and shall be given attention as fire
prevention.
The condition unit shall be installed in anon-combustible area cut-off from all other areas. If
possible the air-conditioning unit for the computer room shall be independent of equipment supplying the
other areas in the building.
5.5 STATION SAFETY REQUIREMENT

A station installation for the purpose of this code shall comprise all equipment installed inside
customer premises such as telephone instruments, teletype/data, CRT terminals, PABX/PBX, etc either
customer-owned or leased requiring a physical line connection to a serving office for its normal operation.
5.5.1 Protectors
5.5.1.1 Electrical protection shall be provided for station installations falling under any of the
following:
a. The line serving the station is partly or filly of aerial plant installation
b. The station equipment operates from voltages thru the line in excess of 45 VAC RMS
or 135 VDC (telephone ringing voltage not considered)
c. Where the station equipment is installed m a bathroom, near a swimming pool, on boat
dock or in a boat
d. Where any loop served by the station equipment is exposed to lightning.
e. Any on-premise extension whose facility could accidentally come into contact with
supply voltages must have protection at both ends

5.5.1.2 Protectors shall be used on station installations falling under any of the conditions in rule 5.5.1 A
thru E.
5.5.1.3 Protector voltage breakdown rating shall be as low as may be allowed by the circuit being
protected
Protector location shall consider the following:
a. Must be accessible for maintenance
b. Avoid excessively damp locations and where the atmosphere may be combustibles.
c. At least 15 cm away from curtains or draperies.
d. At least 30 cm from electric wires, devices or appliances.
e. Avoid locations subject to tampering or where materials may be stored or placed against.
f. Must be separated by rigid mechanical divider from supply devices and wirings.
5.5.2
Grounding and Bonding

5.5.2.1 Customer equipment installation and wiring shall meet rule 3.1.5.
5.5.2.2 Ground wires run shall not exceed 15 m of No.10 or 14 AWG wire free from sharp bends and
kinks.
5.5.2.3 Earth grounds shall be selected and used in the following order:
a. A public or private water system metallic pipe buried and in contact with the earth for at
least 3 m.
b. buried extensive metallic pipes or tanks.
c. ground rods.
5.5.2.4 Ground connections shall not be made to gas, gasoline or oil lines, fuel tanks, power
transmissions, hot water pipes, etc.
5.5.2.5 Ground rods shall not be places within 2 m of foreign ground rods.
5.5.3
Locations
Special Occupancy
Special protection measures shall be adopted for the following:
a. Power generating and sub-stations
b. Flammable material processing storage or loading areas
c. Mines
d. Trailer Parks
e. Radio tower sites
Customer Equipment Safety Requirements
Without proper protection, subscriber/customer equipment and telephone subsets are
susceptible to damage from transient voltage on the telephone lines and may cause shock to the
users.
The transient voltages and currents in the telephone lines may be caused by the
following:
a. lightning strikes
b. Close proximity of the phone lines to power lines
c. Contact with power lines
d. The normal operation of the telephone subset

GROUNDING CONDUCTOR SIZE AND TYPE
OUTDOOR PLANT SAFETY RULES

The company you work for as an Electrician probably has a list of safety rules list your employee
handbook.
Be sure to look over thee rules. Here are some safety ruleso
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Carry a first aid kit in your toolbox.

Maintain all tools in its operating condition.
Tag out defective equipment so others will not use them.
Avoid hazardous work positions above and below the ground.
Use protective gear appropriate to the environment.
Clean up work area before, during and after work.
Lift heavy materials properly. Seek help as needed.
De-energize circuits while making repairs to avoid electric shock.
Proper footwear is mandatory.
BETWEEN WIRES, CONDUCTORS, CABLES AND MESSENGERS

INSULATED CABLES are treated as single conductor and therefore no specified clearance is
required between the individual conductors of the cable.
The minimum clearance for span wires, messengers, and guys as well as with communication
conductors is not applicable to wires, conductors, etc. of the same entity.
Communication service drops crossing below supply conductors of 0-750 volts, or above supply
line cables with metallic sheaths where such metal sheath is adequately grounded may have a vertical
clearance less than 1.2 meters but shall be less than 0.6 meters.
Where communication conductors cross under or in con collinear with supply conductors of 750
to 7500 volts within 1.8 meters, the vertical clearance shall be increased to not less than 1.5 meters.
For supply voltages over 200,000 volts, the clearance of 1.8 and 2.4 meters shall both be
increased to not less than 3.9 meters
On poles which carry no cross arms, open wire conductors attached to the sides of poles by
means of hooks, knobs/brackets may be placed on any position with in the 1.0 meters next below the
topmost conductor on the pole.
CABLES, MESSENGERS that where attached to the surface of poles which support supply
conductors shall not less than 1.8 meters vertically below the level of supply conductors.
For supply voltages over 200,000 volts the clearance of 1.8 meters shall be increased to not less
than 1.8 3.9 meters.
The clearance of 0.15 meters is not required between conductors on line arm and related buck
arm.
FROM STRUCTURES
The basic minimum clearances of wires, conductors, cables, and messengers from signs
mounted on buildings/structures are shown in 7.1 E.
CLIMBING SPACE
CLIMBING SPACE shall be provided on one side/quadrant of all poles/structures supporting
communication conductors except at the level of one pair of conductors attached to the pole below the
lowest cross arm and the top 0.9 meters of poles carrying communication conductors only which are
attached directly to the pole.
The POSITION OF THE CLIMBING SPACE shall not be shifted more thin 90 degrees around the
pole within a vertical distance of less than a 2.4meters
VERTICAL RUN RISERS, GROUND WIRES
VERTICAL RUNS OF COMMUNICATION WIRES or cables supported on the surface of wood
poles or structures shall be covered by a suitable protective covering within a vertical distance of 0.9
meters above or I.8 meters below unprotected supply conductors supported on the same pole or
structure.
RUNS OF BRIDDLED CONDUCTORS attached to the surface of the pole need not be covered
provided such runs are below the guard arm and in the same quadrant as the longitudinal cable or where
such runs are below and on the same sides of the pole with a cable arm and are not in the climbing
space.
RUNS which terminate in the top enclosure which afford ample mechanical protection to the runs
may extend within 2.4 meters of the ground but not less than 1 8 meters of the ground without being
treated as risers.
RISERS
RISERS OF WIRES OR UNDERGROUND CABLES Shall be encased in securely grounded
metal or plastic pipe from the ground line to a level not less than 8 feet above the ground line.
GUYS AND ANCHORS
Where mechanical loads imposed on poles, towers, or structures are greater than can be
supported with the safety factors as specified in Rule 4.3.2 under the loading condition of Rule 4.2
additional strength shall be provided by the use of guys or either suitable construction.
GUYS shall be attached to structures as nearly as practicable as the center of load.
GUY WIRES shall be protected by the use of guy thimbles when attached to anchors
GUYS attached to or passing poles supporting only communication conductors need not to be
sectionalized provided such guys are not exposed or in proximity m supply conductors
Table of Contents
AM Broadcast Design
I.
Letter of Transmittal
II. Preface
III. Acknowledgment
IV. Introduction to Broadcasting
A. Philippine Broadcast History
B. History of AM Broadcasting in the Philippines
C. AM Broadcasting
V. Definition of Terms
VI. Technical Requirements
A. Technical Factors Considered in the Site Selection
a. Studio (Accessibility of studio for maintenance purposes)
b. Station (The cost of the site and installation facilities)
B. Factors Considered in Choosing the Site for Transmitter and Studio
a. Transmitting Equipment
b. Location and Layout
c. Studio Location and Layout
C. Location plan of Studio and Transmitter
a. For Studio ( A site location approximately in the geographical center of the
metropolitan area to be served by the signal)
b. For Transmitter
Step 1 --- Select a Frequency
Step 2 --- Survey Onsite Listening
Step 3 --- Choose a General Location for the Coverage
Step 4 --- Consider the Installation Style
(The transmitter may be located in the building or in a
weatherproof cabinet at the base of the pole or tower)
Step 5 --- Consider equipment, cost and service
Step 6 --- Prepare your transmitter site
1. Equipment Operating Location
2. Installation of Power and Telephone Services
3. Prepare the Antenna Support System
c. Transmitter Technical Aspect
(It must be reasonable to have suitable contours soil conductivity
particularly near the site)
D. Economic Aspect Considered in Site Selection
a. Studio
b. Station
VII. Site Description
A. Location Plan
a. Studio
b. Station Transmitter
c. Site description and location
i. History of the Place and Map
ii. Geographic Location
iii. Topography
iv. Industries
v. Support facilities
1. Power
2. Water
3. Transport
vi. Social and Economic Facts
vii. List of AM Stations in the Vicinity
VIII.Design Procedures
IX. Design Computations
X. Graph, Tables and Contour Mapping
XI. Introduction to Acoustics
A. What is Sound?
B. Propagation of Sound
XII. Acoustical Treatment of the Studio
A. Control of Room Resources
B. Treatment of the Work Place
XIII.Technical Specifications
A. Reverberation Calculations Trail
B. Design Computation
XIV. Indoor and Outdoor Safety Rules
A. Philippine Electronic Code System Rule (Indoor and Outdoor Plant Safety Rules)
a. Indoor Plant Safety Rules
b. Outdoor Plant Safety Rules
XV.
AM Broadcast Standards
XVI. Brochures
XVII. KBP Standards
XVIII. License
XIX. Permits, Application Forms and procedures
XX.
Radio Codes
XXI. Conclusion
XXII. Recommendation
XXIII. Topographic Map

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Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Boulevard, Ermita Manila

Engr. Luna A. Dela Cruz

Rolando Y. Morante, Jr.

2nd Semester, S.Y. 2009-2010

Technological University of the Philippines

February 27, 2010

Engr. Luna A. Dela Cruz

Very truly yours,

Rolando Y. Morante, Jr.

I am heartily thankful for the encouragement, guidance and support

I offer my regards and blessings to all of those

Factors Considered in Choosing the Site for Transmitter and Studio

Location Plan of Studio and Transmitter

Remote Audio Modules

Step 5: Consider equipment, options and services

Transmitter Technical Aspect

ECONOMIC ASPECT CONSIDERED IN THE SITE

2. It should be near the power line and water supply.

1. Select the area where the proposed station is to be set up.

Inverse field strength at one mile from the antenna

inverse field strength

Inverse field strength of one mile operating in the array

ANTENNA HEIGHT IN WAVELENGTH

Antenna Height (m)

ANTENNA HEIGHT IN ELECTRICAL DEGREES

= h1 x 360 = 0.1815 x 360 = 65.3433

*INVERSE FIELD STRENGTH AT 1 MILE FROM TOWER OPERATING ALONE AS A

COMPUTING FOR THE RADIANS

Dry, sandy, flat coastal land

Marshy, forested, flat land

Rich agricultural land

Pastoral, medium hills & forestation

Rocky land, green hills mountainous hills up to 3000 ft.

Rich agricultural land

Dry, sandy, flat coastal land

Marshy, forested, flat land

Rocky land, green hills mountainous hills up to 3000 ft.

Rich agricultural land

Dry, sandy, flat coastal land

Rich agricultural land

Marshy, forested, flat land

Rich agricultural land

Rocky land, green hills mountainous hills up to 3000 ft.

Rich agricultural land

Rich agricultural land

Pastoral, medium hills & forestation

Rich agricultural land

Pastoral, medium hills & forestation

Rich agricultural land

Rich agricultural land

Pastoral, medium hills & forestation

Rich agricultural land

Pastoral, medium hills & forestation

Rich agricultural land

Rich agricultural land

Pastoral, medium hills & forestation

Rich agricultural land

Pastoral, medium hills & forestation

Rich agricultural land

Pastoral, medium hills & forestation

Rich agricultural land

Pastoral, medium hills & forestation