Fig MPE 1

Fig. 1.
1
Prof. Dr. J. Tomas, chair of Mechanical Process Engineering
1.
Dispersity of particulate systems,

1.1 About rocks, gravel, lumps, nuggets, corn, particles, nanoparticles and
colloids
1.2 Particle characterisation - Granulometry,
1.3 Particle size distributions,
1.4 Physical particle properties
Fig_MPE_1 Mechanical Process Engineering - Particle Technology Disperse Systems Prof. Dr. J. Tomas 31.03.2014
Figure 1.1
Fig. 1.2
Size Scale of Polydisperse (Material) Particle Systems

10-10
o
1A
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
1 nm
10-5
10-4
1 m
10-3
10-2
1 mm
10-1
1 cm
1
1m
visual ability of human eye

wave length of visible light:
X-rays and electron interferences
ultramicroscope
light microscope
electron microscope
capacitive und inductive sensors
dispersity
molecular-disperse
pore dispersity
microporous
dispersed
elements
one-dimensional
two-dimensional
molecules
colloiddisperse
mesoporous
high-disperse,
ultra-fine
fine-disperse
coarse-disperse
macroporous
makromolecules,
colloids
ultra-fines
fines
surface coatings, liquid films, membranes

chains of macromolecules, needles, fibres, threads
Figure 1.2
medium grain
coarse
Fig. 1.3
Blatt 2
Mixtures of Polydisperse (Material) Particle Systems
dispersant
10-10
disperse
phase 1 Ao
10-9
10-8
10-7
1 nm
gas gas mixture

liquid
solid
transition l-g
10-6
10-5
1 m
10-4
10-3
1 mm
10-2
1 cm
gas
liquid
solid
gas
liquid
solid
gas
liquid
solid
aerosol, fog
aerosol, smoke
foam
solution, lyosol,
hydrosol
bubble system
micro-emulsion
emulsion
suspension
xerogel, porous membrane
rigid-foam insulation
gel
liquid filled, porous solid material
mixed crystal, solid solution, s-s alloy
monodisperse = uniform-sized elements
Figure 1.3
10-1
1
1m
Fig. 1.4
Size Scale and Properties of Nanoparticles

Bioavailability
Quantum effects
Strongly developed
surface effects
109
0,001
0,01
0,1
106 m
1 m
10
100
1000 nm
Polymers
Proteins
Metal powders
Virus, DNS
Ceramic powders
Tobacco smoke
Atmospheric
aerosols
Nanoparticles for
life sciences
Figure 1.4
Fig. 1.5
Expression of the Particle Size

characte- Eq./sketch
ristic size
breadth: b b + 1 b + l + t b 1 / 3
, ,
,
3
2
length: l
t
1/ 2
thickness: t
3
2lb + 2bt + 2lt
1/ l + 1/ b
, lb ,
equivalent diameter d, for b l t

equivalent length l, for rods l >> b t
equivalent area b l , for chips, plates
b l >> t
(4) equivalent mass s b l t , for extreme
shaped clusters:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Feret
diameter
Martin
diameter
sieve
diameter
volume V
equivalent
diameter
area A
equivalent
diameter
surface area
AS equiv.
diameter
physical
feature
equivalent
diameter
a1
A = A1 + A 2
1
(a 1 + a 2 ) or a 1a 2
2
a2
equivalent volume diameter

3
equivalent projection area

diameter 4A /
equivalent surface area diameter
specific surface diameter V / A S
AS /
Stokes diameter
v s 18
( s f ) a
aerodynamic diameter
vs
da =
image analysis d0
geometric anal. d0
geometric anal. d0
mass balancing d3
image analysis,
number basis d0
image analysis,
number basis d0
sieving, mass or
volume basis d3
Coulter counter
electrical method,
number basis d0
light extinction,
number basis d0
6V/
d St =
measuring method,
quantity r = 0...3
r = 0 number basis
r = 1 length
r = 2 area
r = 3 volume basis
v s 18
a
equivalent
light-scattering
diameter
light extinction,
number basis d0
gravitational, centrifugal sedimentation
and impactor, mass
basis d3
sedimentation, mass
or volume basis d3
low angle laser lightscattering method,
number basis d0
Figure 1.5
Fig. 1.6
Characterisation of Granulometric Properties of

Disperse Material Systems
Characterisation of particle size distributions
direction of measurement
1. Particle size characteristics by

image analysis
2. Particle size distribution function

(cumulative distribution curve)
1
Qr(d)
dM
dS
0,5
Qr(d2)
dF
Qr(d)
d
Qr(d1)
0
dF FERET chord length

dM MARTIN chord length
dS maximum chord length
dmin
d1 d2
dmax
d
4. Example of measured particle size distribution

3. Frequency distribution of particle size
(distribution density curve)
qr(d) q (d) = dQr(d)

r
d(d)
Mode dh
du
di
di-1
di+1
particle size
fraction
di-1 ... di
in mm
- 0.16
0.16 ... 0.63
0.63 ... 1.25
1.25 ... 2.5
2.5 ... 5.0
5.0 ... 6.3
6.3 ... 10
10
... 16
d0
16
... 20
+ 20
d
mass
in kg
0.180
0.648
0.919
1.920
3.021
1.084
1.748
0.761
0.232
0.054
mass
cumulative
fraction
fraction
Q3(di)-Q3(di-1) Q3(d) in%
in %
1.7
1.7
7.8
6.1
16.5
8.7
34.6
18.1
63.2
28.6
73.5
10.3
90.1
16.6
97.3
7.2
99.5
2.2
100.0
0.5
10.567
100.0
5. Particle size distribution function Q3(d) and frequency distribution of particle size q3(d) of
the above example 4.
0.20
a)
b)
Q3(d) in %
80
q3(d) in mm-1
100
Qr(d*<di)
60
40
qr(d) Qr(di) - Qr(di-1)

di - di-1
0.15
0.1
dm,i =
di-1 + di
2
0.05
20
Median d50
0
0
12
16
20
Particle size d in mm
0
0
8
12
16
particle size d in mm
20
Figure 1.6
Fig. 1.7
Typical frequency distributions and cumulative probability distributions

Normal Distribution (GAUSSIAN Distribution):
q r (x ) =
1
2
Q r (x ) =
1 x 2
exp

2
(1)
1 t 2
exp 2 dt
2 < 1
qr(x)
(2)
normalizes :
Q r (x ) =
1
2
t2
exp
2 dt
(3)
Qr(x50) = 0,5
with
u=
x x 50
(4 )
x 84 x 16
2
x16
(5)
xh = x50
x84
Mode xh = x50 Median
Four - Parameter Log - Normal Distribution:

1
1
q r (x ) =
exp
ln x 2
2
ln x ln x 50

ln
(6)
qr(x)
0.3
ln x50 = 1, ln = 1
Q r (x ) =
ln
1
2
1 ln t ln x
1
50
exp
t
ln
2
x=
d d min
d max
d max d
u=
ln x ln x 50
ln
(7)
dt
(8)
for d min d d max
(9 )
ln =
x
1
ln 84
2
x 16
0.2
ln x50 = 3, ln = 3
0.1
ln x50 = 3, ln = 1
(10)
0
10
15
WEIBULL Distribution:
for xmin = 0 and x* = x63 = 1
q r (x ) =
x x min
x x min

x x min
n 1
xx
min
exp
x
x

min
qr(x)
2.0
n = 5.5
n = 0.5
n=3
(11)
xx
min
Q r (x ) = 1 exp
x
x
min

for xmin = 0 and n = 1 follows the

Exponential Distribution if = 1
x63
Q(x) = 1 - exp(-x)
n=2
(12) 1.0
n=1
(13)
Figure 1.7
Fig. 1.8
Graphical characterisation of selected particle size distributions

6. Three - parameter logarithmic
normal distribution (L) with upper
limit do and transformation (T)
97
90
Qr(d)
L
T
50
transformed
distribution
10
5
1
0.20
0.02
1
99.9
99,9
95
60
40
98
96
90
80
60
40
full-logarithmic net
3 - parameter
distribution
20
10
5
1
0.5
20
10
6
5 10
5
d50 do
d or
16 50 84
2 3
1 2 3 50
RRSB-net
full-logarithmic -net
log - normal
net
10
0.5
100
10-1
10-2
10
101
100
10-1
102
101
100
104
103
102
103
102
101
particle size d in m
1 Log-Normal distribution
2 RRSB-distribution
3 GGS-distribution
8. RRSB - distribution in a double - logarithmic diagram
cumulative distribution Q3(d) in %
10
7.0 7.5 8 9
AS,V,K d63 in m3/ m3
15
20
25 30
40
4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
0.9
99.9
99
95
90
x
0.8
x
x
63.2
50
0.7
0.6
x
0.5
60
80
100
120
150
200
300
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
x
0.4
10
x
0.3
0.2
x
1
0.1
0.5
10-3
10-2
Pol -1
10
RRSB - net
99.9
99.5
cumulative distribution Q(d) in %
99.90
99.50
7. Comparison of particle size distribution functions

in a full-logarithmic, RRSB and log - normal
diagram (net)
0
100
101
102
Figure 1.8
Fig. 1.9
Statistical Moments of Particle Size Distributions

Complete k-th Moment of Particle Size Distribution Qr(d*<d) related to Quantity r:
( d d * ) q r (d ) d (d ) =
do
du
du
do
M k, r =
d*
( d d * ) dQ r (d ) d m,r ,i d
k
i=1
r ,i
(1)
First Initial Moment (k = 1, d* = 0) or Expected Value

do
do
du
du
M 1, r = d m,r = d q r (d ) d (d ) =
d dQ (d ) d
r
i =1
m , r ,i
r ,i
(2)
Central Moment related to expectation (mean) dm,r

do
d m, r
M k , r = Z k ,r = (d d m,r ) k q r (d ) d (d )
(3)
du
Second Central Moment or Variance

do
do
du
i =1
Z 2 ,r = = (d d m,r ) q r (d ) d (d ) = (d d m,r ) 2 dQ r (d ) (d m,r ,i d m,r ) 2 r ,i

2
r
du
(4)
Variance according to Satz von Steiner

N
2r = Z 2 ,r = M 2 ,r M 12,,r d 2m,r ,i r ,i d 2m,r
(5)
i=1
Incomplete k-th Initial Moment du...d, i...n and Complete Initial Moment du...do, i...n...N
d
do
d q r (d ) d (d ) d m,r ,i r ,i
k
i=1
du
d q r (d ) d (d ) d km,r ,i r ,i
(6)
(7)
i =1
du
Conversion from given quantity r to a searched quantity t of Frequency Distribution

d t r q r (d )
M t r ,r
q t (d ) =
(8)
and Cumulative Distribution

d
Q t (d ) =
M t r ,r
M t r ,r
du
do
du
do
du
d t r q r (d ) d (d )
tr
q r (d ) d (d )
du
tr
m , r ,i
tr
m , r ,i
i =1
N
i =1
r ,i
(9)
r ,i
Conversion of cumulative distributions from number to mass basis or from mass to number
basis
d
Q 3 (d ) =
d q 0 (d ) d (d )
du
do
q 0 (d ) d (d )
du
i =1
N
d
i =1
3
m , 0 ,i
0 ,i
(10)
3
m , 0 ,i
0 ,i
Q 0 (d ) =
d 3 q 3 (d ) d (d )
du
do
q 3 (d ) d (d )
du
3
m , 3 ,i
3
m , 3 ,i
i =1
N
i =1
3 ,i
(11)
3 ,i
Conversion of k-th complete initial moment of a known quantity r in a searched quantity t

M k ,t =
M k + t r ,r
M t r ,r
(12)
Figure 1.9
Fig. 1.10
Cumulative Particle Size Distribution, Mass and Number Basis

d
dU
i =1
mass basis: Q 3 (d ) = q 3 (d ) d(d ) 3,i
Verteilungsfunktion Q3(d) in %
100
90
80
70
Masseverteilung
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.5
10
50
100
Partikelgre in m
number basis: Q 0 (d ) =
3
d q 3 ( d ) d( d )
du
do
q 3 ( d ) d( d )
du
i =1
500
1000
3
m ,i
3 ,i
d
i =1
1000
3 ,i
d
N
500
3
m ,i
Verteilungsfunktion Q0(d) in %
100
90
80
70
Anzahlverteilung
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.5
10
50
100
Partikelgre in m
Figure 1.10
Fig. 1.11
Multi-modal Frequency Distribution

1.8
frequency distribution q*(log d)
1.6
1.4
subcollective 1
1.2
1.0
subcollective 2
0.8
0.6 subcollective 3
0.4
0.2
0
1.0
10.0
0.1
SC,k(t) mass fraction of the k-th
total frequency distribution:
q3,tot (d, t) = SC,k q3,k d, do,k , d50,k , ln,k

k =1
subcollective (subpopulation)
q3,k
truncated log-normal distribution:

q3,k (d) =
do,k d
2 ln,k do,k
u2
exp
2
d
do,k
do,k d50,k
1 do,k d
ln
ln
u=
ln,k do,k d
do,k d50,k
d(log d)
median particle size of the

distribution function
ln,k
standard deviation of the

k-th subcollective
normalisation:
=
upper limit of the particle size

of the k-th subcollective
d50,k
dQ 3 (log d)
frequency distribution
of the k-th subcollective
with
q*3,tot
100.0
Q 3 (log d)
=
log d
3,i
total number of subcollectives
d
log i
di1
1
lim SC ,k Q 3,k [d, d o ,k , d 50,k , ln,k ] =
N
2
k =1
u2
exp 2 d(d) = Q3,tot (d, t )
u
Figure 1.11
Fig. 1.12
Mass Fraction Related to the Number of Stressing Events

discrete mass balance model:
d sc ,1
n
d sc ,3
n
= S n ,1 sc ,1
= S n ,3,1 sc ,1 + S n ,3, 2 sc , 2
k =1
sc , k
=1
number of stressing events
Sk,j
kinetic constants for mass transfer from j to k subcollective
measured
3
model
mass fraction sc,k

1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
2
0,0
k-th subcollective
3 4
2
3
0 1
number of stressing events n
Figure 1.12
Fig. 1.13
Application of Image Analysis to Characterise Particle Size

1. Image of Microscope by CCD-camera
directlight
transmitted
light
direct-light
transmitted
light
particle
pixel number
2. Definition of Threshold Value
Definition of grey tone limits

for particle detection in a 8-bit
grey tone image
3. Conversion of Grey Tone Image in a
Binary Image (Binarisation)
grey tone distribution
(black)
255
(wite)
Binary image means: which

pixel of original image is shown
by 0 (black) or by 255 (white)
4. Classification of Particles
dF,ma
min. and maximum Feret diameter

equivalent circle diameter
d = 2 A/ ,
shape factor U = 4
dF,mi
dequ
A
U2
U = circumference, A = projection
area
Presentation of Particle Size Fractions

in a Colour Code
Figure 1.13
Fig. 1.14
Principle of Laser Light Diffraction

large diffraction for particle size d wavelength, small diffraction for d >>
sample cell
lense system
Fourier
lense
detector
r
laser
f
focal distance
principle of laser light diffractometer
computer
light diffraction pattern

Fourier lense
radial light intensity

distribution at detector
I tot =
d max
tot
detector
q 0 (d ) I( r , d i ) d (d )
d min
particle size distribution
frequency distribution q3 in 1/mm
Intensity I
cumulative distribution Q3 in %
prinziple of Fourier lense

100
50
particle size
Figure 1.14
Fig. 1.15
In-Line Particle Size Analysis (Sympatec)

feed opening
particle loaded air stream
inductive sensor
drive for rotating

sampling device
on-line sampling
dispersion air
laser beam
detector with
sensor array
low-angle laser
light-scattering
instrument
(LALLS)
d = 0.5 1750
m
nozzle and
sample cell
isokinetic sampling device for a split particle stream:

rotating sector
moving pipe
d
Figure 1.15
Fig. 1.16
In-Line Particle Size Analysis (Malvern)

isokinetic sampling
particle
stream
laser
Injektion nozzle
particle
feed back
detector
pressurized air
monitoring of size ranges:
0.5 - 200 m
1.0 - 400 m
2.25 - 850 m
Figure 1.16
Fig. 1.17
Principle of Photon Correlation Spectrometer (PCS)

in suspensions at rest: light scattering at dispersed particles, that oscillate by Brownian
molecular motion
Laser
Optik
Probenbehlter
Korrelator
Photomultiplier
Optische Einheit
autocorrelation function RI,I()
intensity of scattered light
Determination of intensity time function of scattered light (reasons: interferences,

change of particle number concentration within the charac-teristic volume element)
and calculation of autocorrelation function:
fine particle
coarse particle
retardation time
time t
Autocorrelation function (Dp particle diffusion coefficient, K scattered light vector,

- retardation time)
T
R I, I () = lim I( t ) I( t + ) dt = e
T
2 D p K 2
kB T
d
=
with
3 Dp
EINSTEIN equation (d particle size, kB BOLTZMANN constant, T absolute

temperature, - dynamic viscosity)
Figure 1.17
Fig. 1.18
page 1
1. Physical Principle
Laser diffraction technique is based on the phenominon that particles scatter light
in all directions (backscattering and diffraction) with an intensity that is dependent
on particle size
2. Measurement setup
Using two laser beams with different wavelength (red and blue light) additional
information to particles smaller 0,2 m is obtained
red light setup
Detectors
large angle
forward angle
backscatter
Laser
Fourier lens
Sample chamber
- scattering light hits only forward angle detectors

- the angle of the deflected laser beam is inverse proportional to the particle size
Detectors
blue light setup
large angle
forward angle
backscatter
Laser
Fourier lens
Sample chamber
- blue light (wavelength 466 nm) leads to a scattering signal for small particles
(isotropic scattering pattern) which can be detected from large angle- and
backscatter- detectors
Figure 1.18
Fig. 1.19
Figure 1.19
Fig. 1.20
Principle of Acoustic Attenuation Spectroscopy

Suspension
Level sensor
Stopper motor
and digital
encoder
HF Transmitter
HF Receiver
LF Transmitter
LF Receiver
Transducer
Positioning Table
Stirrer
Discharge
Control
module
Microwave
and
DSP module
during acoustic wave penetration, amplitude and intensity attenuation (damping) of

ultrasonic frequency spectrum (1 to 100 MHz) in high concentrated particle
suspensions with sizes d = 10 nm 1 mm
RF generator
RF detector
detection of attenuation (damping) spectrum
correlation between attenuation characteristics
x <<
entrainment
and particle size distribution (K = 2/
suspension wave number, k fluid wave number,
s particle volume concentration, i = 1...n
particle size fraction, ri particle radius, Ami
reflected compression wave coefficient, ARe real
contribution, m number of acoustic dispersion
coefficient):
3 n i s ,i
K
= 1 3 3 (2m + 1)A Re A mi
2 i=1 k ri m=0
k
x >>
scattering
measuring zone
100
50
particle size
Figure 1.20
frequency distribution q3 in 1/mm
frequency
cumulative distribution Q3 in %
damping
Fig. 1.21
Determination of Particle Size Distribution and Zeta-Potential using

Electroacoustic Effect - Electrokinetic Sonic Amplitude (ESA)
1. Physical Principle
Alternating electric field (frequency range 1 to 20 MHz) generates particle oscillations
at velocities that depend on their size and zeta potential (O' Brien- Theory)
acoustic signal (ESA) as response
ESA = A( ) s
A()
s
p
Z
Z E
p
calibration function
volume fraction of particles
suspension density difference
particle density
acoustic impedance (complex resistance)
electrophoretic mobility (E)
2. Measurement Setup
E = = 0 r
ESA-Signal
Processing
0
r
v
E
permittivity of vacuum
permittivity
particle velocity
electric field strength
viscosity
suspension
m = E (d , , s ) q(d )d (d )
3. Data Analysis
Particle motion in an electric field
E;v
d
s
q(d)
Tim e
applied electric field
particle velocity
measured dynamic mobility

zeta-potential
particle diameter
volume fraction of particles
particle size frequency distribution
Mobility Spectrum
m
dyn. mobility
phase lag
phase lag
adjusting q(d) and zeta-potential from

the measured mobility spectrum
frequency
Figure 1.21
Fig. 1.22
Particle Density Measurement by HELIUM-Pycnometer

Determination of porefree particle volume by gas pressure measurement in a doublechamber system by HELIUM gas (migration access of internal pores dPore > 0,1 nm)
probe chamber
pressure
feed valve
discharge valve
Helium
filter
prep./ test valve
V Exp
overpressure
valve
VProbe
5,
35
VCell
V Exp
150
V Exp
VCell 35,
VCell 150
Pressure measurement in probe chamber: (VCell VProbe)
p1
Pressure test in probe and expansion chamber: (VCell VProbe) + VExp
p2
Calculation of probe volume and solid density, pre-measurement of particle mass ms

by balance
VPr obe = VCell
VExp
p1 / p 2 1
and
s =
ms
VPr obe
Figure 1.22
Fig. 1.23
Measurement of Particle Surface by Gas Adsorption according to

BRUNAUER, EMMET and TELLER
Physical adsorption of gas molecules at particle surfaces in multi-layers due to VAN
DER WAALS interaction
gas supply
vacuum
dosing
valve
adsorbed gasv olume Vg
standard vessel
desorption
adsorption
BET range
0
probe chamber
sorption isotherms
0.35
relative partial pressure of gas p/p0
adsorbed
dewar vessel
p0 - test chamber gas molecules
(adsorpt)
liquid nitrogen
N2 at T = 77 K
p0 = 101 kPa
adsorptiv
particle surface
(adsorbens)
BET- line, valid for: 0.05 < p/p0 < 0.3
p / p0
1
C BET 1
=
+
p / p0
Vg (1 p / p 0 ) Vg ,mono C BET Vg ,mono C BET
p / p0
Vg (1 p / p 0 )
b=
a=
(CBET 1)
Vg ,mo n o C BET
BET- constant:
H m H multi a + b
C BET = exp
=
R T
a
H m free molar adsorption enthalpy of

mono-layer
H multi molar bonding enthalpy of n
multi-layers
Hcondensation
1
Vg ,mono C BET
Adsorpt mono-layer coverage:

1
Vg ,mono =
a+b
Particle Surface:
A S = A M ,g N A Vg ,mono / Vm ,l
AM,g
relative gas pressure p / p 0
NA
Vm,l
cross-sectional area of adsorpt

molecule
AVOGADRO-number
molar volume of condensed adsorpt
Figure 1.23
Fig. 1.24
z c
Regular Packing Structures
b
y
porosity , coordination number k
x
a
lattice type
primitive
basic facecentred
face-centred
space-centred
cubic
a=b=c
= = = 90
a0
a0 0,1nm k = 6
k = 12
k=8
monodisperse
sphere
packing
d = const.
= 0,4764
= 0,3955
hexagonal
a=b=c
= = 90
= 120
k = 12
sphere
packing
octahedron
vacancy
tetrahedron
vacancy
= 0,2595
Figure 1.24
Fig. 1.25
Figure 1.25
Fig. 1.26
Stressing and Flow of Wet Particle Dispersions

particle in liquid dispersion (suspension)
diluted
concentrated
suspension
and particle
flow pattern y
dy
dy
du
= x
dy
vx
f (. )
normal stress
d
a
a
d
a
>1
d
a
0 < d < 0.2
particle
volume
fraction
s < 0.066
0.3 < s <

6
particle
friction
i = 0
i = 0
particle
separation
dy
f ()
s
a -3
s,0= (1+ d )
vx
ux
moist packing
ux
shear rate
cubical cell
packing
model
liquid in particle packing
liquid saturated
ux
flow function
paste
a
=0
d
a
contact
-0.01 <
contact
a
< 0 deformation
d
s,0 =
s >
6
S<1
i 0
i > 30
6
pore saturation S = 1
Figure 1.26
Fig. 1.27
Sampling
Figure 1.27
Fig. 1.28
Figure 1.28

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Fig. 1.

Dispersity of particulate systems,

Size Scale of Polydisperse (Material) Particle Systems

visual ability of human eye

surface coatings, liquid films, membranes

Mixtures of Polydisperse (Material) Particle Systems

gas gas mixture

monodisperse = uniform-sized elements

Size Scale and Properties of Nanoparticles

Expression of the Particle Size

equivalent diameter d, for b l t

equivalent volume diameter

equivalent projection area

Characterisation of Granulometric Properties of

1. Particle size characteristics by

2. Particle size distribution function

dF FERET chord length

4. Example of measured particle size distribution

qr(d) q (d) = dQr(d)

qr(d) Qr(di) - Qr(di-1)

Typical frequency distributions and cumulative probability distributions

Mode xh = x50 Median

Four - Parameter Log - Normal Distribution:

for d min d d max

for xmin = 0 and n = 1 follows the

Graphical characterisation of selected particle size distributions

8. RRSB - distribution in a double - logarithmic diagram

cumulative distribution Q3(d) in %

AS,V,K d63 in m3/ m3

7. Comparison of particle size distribution functions

Statistical Moments of Particle Size Distributions

First Initial Moment (k = 1, d* = 0) or Expected Value

Central Moment related to expectation (mean) dm,r

Second Central Moment or Variance

Z 2 ,r = = (d d m,r ) q r (d ) d (d ) = (d d m,r ) 2 dQ r (d ) (d m,r ,i d m,r ) 2 r ,i

Variance according to Satz von Steiner

2r = Z 2 ,r = M 2 ,r M 12,,r d 2m,r ,i r ,i d 2m,r

Conversion from given quantity r to a searched quantity t of Frequency Distribution

and Cumulative Distribution

Conversion of k-th complete initial moment of a known quantity r in a searched quantity t

Cumulative Particle Size Distribution, Mass and Number Basis

mass basis: Q 3 (d ) = q 3 (d ) d(d ) 3,i

Multi-modal Frequency Distribution

frequency distribution q*(log d)

SC,k(t) mass fraction of the k-th

total frequency distribution:

q3,tot (d, t) = SC,k q3,k d, do,k , d50,k , ln,k

truncated log-normal distribution:

median particle size of the

standard deviation of the

upper limit of the particle size

total number of subcollectives

Mass Fraction Related to the Number of Stressing Events

number of stressing events

kinetic constants for mass transfer from j to k subcollective

mass fraction sc,k

Application of Image Analysis to Characterise Particle Size

2. Definition of Threshold Value

Definition of grey tone limits

grey tone distribution

Binary image means: which

min. and maximum Feret diameter

Presentation of Particle Size Fractions