9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)

Data Booklet for Chemistry (Advanced Level)

TABLES OF CHEMICAL DATA
Important values, constants and standards
molar gas constant

= 8.31 J K" mo!"'

the Faraday constant

= 9.65 x 10'C mor'

the Avogadro constant

= 6.02

the Planck constant

= 6.63 X 10,34 J s

speed of light in a vacuum

= 3.00 x 10' m s"

rest mass of proton, : 1-1

mp

= 1.67

10,27 kg

rest mass of neutron, ,',11

mn

= 1.67

10,27 kg

rest mass of electron, _~e

me

= 9.11

10,31 kg

electronic charge

=,1.60x lO"'C

molar volume of gas

Vm

= 22.4 dm' mol" at s.l.p.

10" mol"

Vm
= 24 dm' mol" under room conditions
(where s.t.p. is expressed as 101 kPa, approximately, and 273 K (0 C))

ionic product of water

= 1.00

10,14 mol' dm"

(at 298 K 125 CD

specific heat capacity of water

=4.18kJk "K"
(= 4.18 J g.9 K")

35

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY 12008)

Ionisation encrgies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selectcd elemcnts, in kJ mol-'
Proton
Number

First

Sccond

Third

Fourth

1310

He

2370

5250

Li

519

7300

11800

Be

'I

900

1760

14800

21000

13

799

2420

3660

25000

1090

2350

4610

6220

1400

2860

4590

7480

1310

3390

5320

7450

1680

3370

6040

8410

Ne

10

2080

3950

6150

9290

Na

11

494

4560

6940

9540

Mg

12

736

1450

7740

10500

AI

13

577

1820

2740

11600

Si

14

786

1580

3230

4360

15

1060

1900

4960

16

1000

2260

2920
_ 3390

CI

17

1260

2300

3850

5150

Ar

18

1520

2660

3950

5770

19

418

3070

4600

5860

Ca

20

590

1150

4940

6480

Sc

21

632

1240

2390

7110

Ti

22

661

1310

2720

4170

23

648

1370

2870

4600

Cr

24

653

1590

2990

4770

Mn

25

716

1510

3250

5190

Fe

26

762

1560

2960

5400

Co

27

757

1640

3230

5100

Ni

28

736

1750

3390

5400

Cu

29

745

1960

3350

5690

Zn

30

908

1730

3828

5980

Ga

31

577

1980

2960

6190

Ge

32

762

1540

3300

4390

Br

35

1140

2080

3460

4850

Sr

38

548

4120

5440

Sn

50

707

1060
1410

53

1010

1840

2940
2040

3930
4030

56
82

502
716

966
1450

Ba
Pb

36

4540

3390
3080

4080

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)

Bond energies
(a)

Diatomic molecules
Bond

H-J-i
D-O
N"N
0=0
F-F
Cl-CI
Br-Br
I-I
H-F
H-el
H-Br
H-I

(b)

Energy/kJ mor'
436
442
994
496
158
244
193
151
562
431
366
299

Polyatomic molecules
Bond
c-e
C=C
C"C
C~C

(benzene)

C-H
c-el
C-Br
e-I
C-O
C=O
e-N
C=N
CiiN

N-H
N-N
N=N
O--+i

0-0
Sf-.CI
Sf-H
Si--O
Si-Si
S-Cl

s-H

s-s

Energy/kJ mol-'
350
610
840
520
410
340
280
240
360
740
305
610
890
390
160
410
460
150
359
320
444
222
250
347
264

37

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)

Standard electrode potential and redox potentials, E e at 298 K (25 DC)

For ease of reference, two tabulations are given:
(a) an extended list in alphabetical order;
(b) a shorter list in decreasing order of magnitude, i.e. a redox series.
(a)

E"" in

alphabetical order

EeN

Electrode reaction
Ag' + e'
Ai" + 3e
Sa:- + 2e'
Br, + 2e'
Ca" + 2e'
CI, + 2e'
2HOCI + 2H' + 2e'
Co" + 2e'
Co 3 - + e-

[Co(NH')6I" + 2e'
Cr" + 2e'
Cr" + 3e'
Cr" + e'
Cr,O," + 14H' + 6e'

.
Cu +e

Cu" + 2e'
Cu" + e'
(Cu(NH,),l" + 2e'
F, + 2e'
Fe" + 2e'
Fe" + 3e'
Fe" + e'
(Fe(CN)6I" + e'
Fe(OH), + e'
2H' + 2e'
I, + 2e'
K+ + e'
U+ + eMg" + 2e'
Mn" + 2e'
Mn" + e'
Mn02 + 4H' + 2e'
MnO, + e'
MnO, + 4H' + 3e'
MnO, + BH' + 5e'
NO,' + 2H' + e'
NO,' + 3H' + 2e'
NO,- + 10H' + Be'
Na+ + e'

Ni" + 2e'

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Ag

+0.80

Al

1.66

Ba

2.90

2Br-

+1.07

Ca

2.87

2CI'

+1.36

CI, + 2H,O

+1.64

Co

028

Co"

+1.82

Co + 6NH,

0.43

Cr

,0.91

Cr

0.74

Cr"

0.41

2Cr" + 7H,O

+1.33

Cu

+0.52

Cu

.
Cu

+0.34

Cu + 4NH,

-0.05

2F

+2.87

Fe

-0.44

+0.15

Fe

-0.04

Fe"

+0.77

(Fe(CN)6I"

+0.36

Fe(OH), + OH

-0.56

H,

0.00

2r

+0.54

-2.92

Li

-3.04

Mg

-2.38

Mn
Mn 2+

-1.18
+1.49

Mn" + 2H 2O
MnO;'

+1.23

Mn02 + 2H,O

+1.67

Mn" + 4H,O

+1.52

+0.56

NO, + H,O

+0.81

HN0 2 + H,O

+0.94

NH; + 3H 2O
Na

+0.87

Ni

-0.25

38

-2.71

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)

IN,(NH,).i" + 2e

N, + 6NH,

-051

H,O, + 2H'

2e

2H,0

+1.77

0, + 4H' + 4e

2H,0

+ 1 23

0, + 2H,0 + 4e

40H

+0.40

..

H,O,

+0,68

II, / 201-1'

-083

Pb

-0.13

0, + 2H' + 2e
2H,O + 2e
Pb" + 2e
Pb" + 2e

-'

Pb"

+1,69

PbO, + 4H' + 2e

Pb" + 2H,0

+1.4 7

SO.... + 4H' + 2e

SO, + 2H,0

+0,17

S,O,"+ 2e

2S0.."

+2.01

2S,0,'

+0.09

Sn

-0.14

--

Sn"

+0,15

V
V'

-026

V' + H,O

+0.34

S.,O.'"+ 2e
Sn" + 2e
Sn'/' + 2e
V' + 2e

v3 ' + e
VO, + 2H' + e

=
~

-1.20

VO,' + 2H' + e

VO, + H,O

+1,00

VO; + 4H' + e

,-

VO, + 2H,O

+1.00

Zn" + 2e

Zn

-0.76

1111 ionic states refer 10 aqueous ,ons but other state symbols have been omitted,
(b)

E" in decreasing order of oxidising power

(see also the extended alphabetical list on the previous pages)

E'N

Electrode reaction
F, + 2e'

S,O,"+ 2e'

H,O, + 2H, + 2e'

MnO; + 8H' + 5e
PbO, + 4H' + 2e'

2F'
2S0,,.

+2,87
+2.01

2H,0

+1,77

Mn" + 4H,0

+1,52

Pb" + 2H,O

+1.47
+1.36

2C/'

Cr,O," + 14H' + 6e'

2Cr" + 7H,0

+1,33

Br, + 2e'

2Br'

+1.07

NO; + 2H' + e'

NO, + H,O

+0.81

Ag' + e'

Ag

+0,80

Fe" + e'

Fe"

+0.77

I, + 2e'

21'

+0,54

0, + 2H,O + 4e'

40H'

+0.40

Cu" + 2e'

Cu

+0,34

sol' + 4H' + 2e'

SO, + 2H,0

+0,17

Sn" + 2e'

Sn"

+0,15
+0.09

CI, + 2e

S,O.'"+ 2e'

2S,O,'-

2H' + 2e'

=
=

H,

0.00

Pb

-0.13

Sn" + 2e'

Sn

,0.14

Fe" + 2e'

Fe

-0.44

Zn" + 2e'

Zn

-0.76

Pb" + 2e'

39

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)

Mg" + 2e'
Ca" + 2e'
K' + e'

=
=
=

Mg

-2.38

Ca

-2.87

-2.92

40

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)

Atomic and ionic radii

(a)

Period 3
metallic

single covalent

atomiclnm
Na
0.186
Mg
AI

0.160
0.143

Si
S
Cl

0.117
0.110
0.104
0.099

Ar

0.192

Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra

0.112
0160
0197
0.215
0.217
0.220

C
Si
Ge

0.077
0.117
0.122

Sn

0.162
0.175

Sn"

Pb

0.072

F-

0.136

CI

0.099

cr

o 181

Br

0.114

Br-

0.195

0.133

At

0.140

van der Waals

(b)

(c)

Group II
metallic

Group IV
single covalent

metallic

(d)

(e)

Group VII
single covalent

ioniclnm
Na+
0.095
M ,.
0065
A?'
0.050

First row transition elements

single covalent
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe

0.144
0.132
0.122
0.117
0.117
0.116

Co
Ni
Cu
Zn

0.116
0.115
0.117
0.125

41

Si'"
S,

0.041
0.212
0.184

cr

0.181

Be"
Mg"
Ca"
Sr"
Ba"

0031
0065
0.099
0.113
0.135
0.140

p,.

Ra 2 +

si'"
Ge"

Pb"

,-

Sc"
Ti"
V'
Cr"
Mn"
Fe"
Fe"
Co"
Ni"

Cu 2 '
Zn"

0.041
0093
0.112
0120

0.216

0.081
0.090
0.074
0.069
0.080
0.076
0.064
0.078
0.078
0.069
0.074

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)

Characteristic values for infra-red absorption (due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules).

Bond

Characteristic ranges
Wavenumber
(reciprocal wavelength)
Icm- 1

C-Cl

700 to 800

C-o

1000 to 1300

alcohols, ethers, esters

1610 to 1680

C=C

C=o

aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters

1680 to 1750
2070102250

C"N

2200 to 2280
'hydrogen-bonded' in acids

2500 to 3300

C-H

alkanes, alkenes, arenes

2840 to 3095

G-H

'hydrogen-bonded' in alcohols, phenols

3230 to 3550

primary amines

3350 to 3500

'free'

3580103650

42

9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)

Typical proton chemical shift value (0) relative to T.M.S.=O

Type of proton

Chemical shift (ppm)

R-CH 3

0.9

R-CH 2 -R

1.3
1.4-1.7

R3CH

2.0

2.1

O)-CH

2.3

R-C=C-H

18-31

R-CH 2 -Hal

32-37

R-O-CH 3

33-40

R-O-H

05-6.0'

R2C=CH-

4.5-60

4.5-7.0'

6.0-9.0
<yO

9.0-100

R-C

"H
<yO

9.0-13.0'

R-C
"O-H

10-5.0'

R-NH 2

<O)-NH

3.0-60'

5.0-12.0'

'Sensitive to solvent, concentration

43

... - . _.. __ .- Tabl

.
.- - f the

EI

_... _.. t

~::;

Groun

II

III

IV

VI

0
4.0

VII

1.0

He

helium

hydrogon

Key
6.9

9.0

relative atomic mass

Li

Be

atomic symbol

16.0
0

name

boron

carbon

",troqe n

o"yge n

IiIhlum

beryllium

23.0

24.3

Na

Mg

sodium

11

K
potassium

19

n'!On

32.1

35.5

10
39.9

Al

Si

CI

Ar

alumtnlum

Slticon

phosphorus

sulphur

ChIOrlno

argon

14

13

15

16

18

17

45.0

52.0

54.9

55.8

58.9

58.7

63.5

65.4

69.7

72.6

74.9

79.0

79.9

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

calcium

scandium

litanlum

vanadium

chromium

manganese

iron

cobal!

nickel

C(Jpper

zinc

gallium

germanium

arsenic

selenium

bromine

kryplon

21

24

23

22
91.2

92.9

95.9

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

rubidium

slront'um

yltflum

Zlfconlum

nooblum

133

137

39
139

Cs

Ba

La

38

barium

Ra

Fr

radium

88

122

128

127

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

ruthenIum

rhodIum

O"II"(\IU(l"l

silver

cadm'um

InC'um

""

:If\l'l"Ony

rolturtu m

'Ot:'I'l(!

'r.I'lt)n

46

45

47

49

48

50

51

52

178

201

204

207

209

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

PI

Au

Hg

TI

Pb

Bi

tanlalum

lungslen

74

dubnium

rhenium

seaborgium

Bh
bohrlum

107

106

osmium

76

75

Sg

Db
105

iridium

Hs
hasslum

108

pl,wnum

78

77

Mt

gold

79

Unu

mercury

Uuu

meltnOhum

ununn,ltum

ununun,um

109

110

111

lead

thallium

81

80

82

bismuth

53

Po
polonIum

84

83

At

Uub

Uuq

Uuh

UUO

ununbtum

ununquadlum

ununhextum

ununochum

116

118

112

114

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

promethium

samilllum

(luroplum

gadohnoum

terbIum

dysprOSIum

holmIum

erbIum

thulium

ytterbium

lutollum

59

61

Nd
60

Th

Pa

Ihorlum

prOlachnium

91

144

U
uranium

92

150

62

Np
noplunlum

93

152

plutonium

94

64

63

Pu

157

Am
americium

95

159

65

Cm
CUllum

96

163

berkelium

165

67

66

Bk
97

radon

86

praseodym'um neodymIum

Pr

Rn

aSlal,ne

85

Sm

141

Ce

131

54

Pm

140
cerium

90

119

197

58

115

195

104

aclinides

112

192

ac1in,um rutherfordium

lanthanides

108

190

73

36

35

106

186

Rf

89

34

33

103

44

43

32

184

72

Ac

42

31

30

83.8

101

Tc

molybdenum technetium

29

28

181

hafnium

lanlhanum

57

56

41

40

27

26

25

88.9

franCIum

Ne

111'''''1'1''

20.2

50.9

87.6

caesium

31.0

F
9

28.1

19.0

47.9

85.5

55

27.0

20

37

14.0

12.0

magnesium

12
40.1

39.1

10.8

atomic number

87

Cf

68

Es

californium

einsteinium

98

99

169

167

70

69

Fm

Md

fermium

mendeleulum

100

173

101

175

71

No
nobOlium

102

Lw
lawrenCIum

103