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In 1900, the countries of Europe, the USA, and Japan dominated the world. They
were suspicions of each other, and made alliances with one another for safety. The
powers settled in two groups. The Triple Alliance linked Germany, the Austrian
Empire, and Italy. The Triple Entente brought together Britain, France, and Russia.
There was some previous tension in the area but what really triggered the First
World War happened in the Balkans. The Archduke Franz Ferdinand, next in line to
the Austrian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo. Austria used this event as an
excuse to humiliate Serbia. Serbia resisted so Austria declared war on Serbia. Russia
mobilized its army so Germans declared war on Russia. War was also declared on
France, which was Russias ally. Germany was afraid that it could not win a war
against Russia and France, so they planned to quickly defeat France and then turn
on Russia. This was called the Schlieffen Plan. It nearly worked. When Germany
invaded Belgium to attack France, Britain (which had a treaty with Belgium) entered
the war on the side of France and Russia. The war in France (the Western Front) was
in deadlocks and neither side could find a way to break it. Germany had been trying
to starve Britain out of the war by using submarines to sink supply ships for two
years when it announced that their submarines would attack any ships, even those
from a neutral country. As a consequence, the USA entered the war in the side of
the Allies. After two revolutions, Russia pulled out of the war. Germans made a
mayor attack in France which finally broke through the trenches but were pushed
back by American troops. Germany realized they could not win the war, and that
invasion of Germany was only a matter of time. The Germans negotiated an
armistice with the Allies. On 11 November, 1918 the war was over. Germany
thought the peace treaty would be based on the Fourteen Points by Woodrow Wilson
but the peace treaty was imposed on losers by victors. Many of the terms of the
treaties seemed unfair to the losers, especially for Germany, and they were to cause
much trouble in Europe in the next 20 years.
The Effects of the First World War
The treaty imposed on the losers was called Treaty of Versailles. The main things
the Germans objected were: