Human Impact on Peat-swamp Forests in Malaysia and

Indonesia

Written by:
1
Tanuw idjaj a, Gunawan

1
MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)
Urban Planner & Researcher,

Green Impact Indonesia

Integrated Urban, Drainage and Env ironmental Planning and Design
Email: gunteitb@yahoo.com
http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/

Peat swamp forest can be defined as a forest that has peat soil
accumulation in the floor and usually is located in the lowlands. The peat soil is
actually made of 65% organic matter and has reddish-brown colour.1

Globally Peat swamp can be found in South East Asia, Central and South
America, Africa 2 which are tropical forests; and Russia, Ireland, Scotland,
Germany and Scandinavia which are temperate forests.3 Further we are going to
explore more on the South East Asia peat swamp forest, which are mostly
located in Malaysia and Indonesia.

Further the characteristics of peat swamp forests will be described in a-

biotic, which are: climate, soil and water; and biotic component which are: flora,
fauna and micro-organism.

A-biotic Component

Climate Condition

The tropical forests have intensive rainfall, warm annual temperature, and
4
high humidity. Intensity of rainfall in South East Asia is 200 mm/month during
wet season and 100 mm/month during dry season. The rainfall pattern in the
area further explained in Figure 1-1. 5 This shows that peat swamp forest in
Sumatra, Kalimantan and Malaysia have the wettest climate since receiving 12
month of rain.

The annual temperature in the lowland area will be between 26-28°C.6 But
the altitude of the place also can influence forest temperature.7

Microclimate is other component found in dense peat swamp forest. This

was proven in Semengo arboretum, Kuching, Serawak. The research proved that
the temperature in forest lower part is also lower because of the forest canopy
8
protection. The result will be presented in Figure 1-2.

Soil Condition

The peat is made from the decayed wood, leave, or body of animal.9 The
peat will loss 77-94% of the biomass when burned.10 The form of peat also varies
from solid, fibrous form to soft crust.11 Peat is also highly acidic (pH from 3.85 to
4.15).12

Peat swamp forests are important to minimize the effects of global

13
warming, as a major carbon sink. Actually this become more urgent since the
accumulation of carbon dioxide is estimated by IPCC to reach 31 percent higher
than it was 250 years ago.14

The depth of peat soil is variable from 0.5-20 m, which the deepest part is
the centre of the swamp.15 Generally the soil contains low phosphorus and other
nutrients or known as oligotrophic.16

The peat deposit also can be categorised in two forms, which are:
ombrogenous peat and topogeneous peat. The ombrogenous peat is the
common one and is above the surrounding land. The plants live in it get nutrient
from the peat soil and directly from the rain only. Also no nutrient enters the peat
from the soil layer below or from the rain water. This type is usually found behind
the mangroves with 20 m depth of deposit.

The topogenous peat is the less common one and is formed in the
topographic depression. The plants in this kind of peat obtain nutrients from
mineral subsoil, river water, plants remain and rain. Topogenous peat is usually
found behind coastal sand ridge and in mountain depressions. The peat is
17
usually found in a relative thin layer about 4 m.

Water Condition

Water flowing out of the peat swamp forest appears tea-coloured or

opaque-black. It is also found very acidic (pH 3.45) because of high humic acids.
The humic acids transform inorganic ions into larger molecules which can not be
taken up by plants. Lastly it also contains lower inorganic ions and low dissolved
18
oxygen.

The water table in the peat swamp is actually high. In Brunei it is found
that the water table is almost 10 cm below the surface in April.19 This actually
shows that peat swamps carry important functions such as water storage, flood
20
control and fisheries, acquisition, storage and recycling of chemical elements.

Biotic Component

Flora

The vegetation in the peat swamp forest modifies consecutively from the
periphery to the centre of the swamp due to the declining nutrients in the soil.
The succession of vegetation is marked by decreasing canopy height,
decreasing total biomass per unit area, increasing leaf - thickness and
decreasing average girth of certain species. 21

There are two finding on forest community in peat swamp, which are peat
swamp forest community in Sarawak and Brunei; and forest community in
Sumatra. Both of these are resulted from Anderson and Whitmore.

22
The forest / phasic community (PC) classification can be described as:
• PC1 or Gonystylus-Dactylocladus-Neoscrotechinia (Mixed swamp forest).
• PC2 or Shorea albida-Gonystylus-Stenonurus (Alan batu forest).
• PC3 or Shorea albida (Alan bunga forest).
• PC4 or Shorea albida-Litsea-Parastemon (Padang alan forest).
• PC5 or Tristania-Palaquium-Parastemon. It is a close transitional forest
between PC4 and PC6.
• PC6 or Combretocarpus-Dactylocladus (Padang paya forest).

Further the structure of this forest community can be seen in the Figure 1-
3 and Figure 1-4 23, Table 1-1 24 and Table 1-2. 25 Beside that Anderson (1963 )
also found 1706 species of plants in peat swamp in Sarawak. In Sumatra
Sewandono (1938) found that fewer than 100 species of tree exists. These data
ensure the complexity of the forest.26

Fauna

The terrestrial fauna are not found abundantly in the peat swamp forest in
Peninsular Malaysia. The existing fauna that present in this area is mostly
primate that would be 10 groups per km 2. One of the reasons is because primate
needs vine-fruit which is not abundant there. 27

On the other hand Bornean peat swamps is able to support Bats,

Primates, Rodents, Wild pigs, Mouse deer, Sambar deer and Tiger. They also
support primates, like Langurs, Gibbons, Macaques and Orang-utan. This
actually shows that peat-swamp forests are important as the habitat of
endangered species.28

Aquatic animals are also less abundant in it rivers. Only 10% fish species
are found compared to other river in Malaysia. Cladocera (water fleas), annelid
worms, rotifers, nematodes, protozoans are hardly found in the water. The
reason is the low calcium content in the water and the high phenolic compounds
29 30
in the water. Further Figure 1-5 will present the fauna of lowland forests.

Micro-organism

Some decomposer organisms are found in the soil. But since the oxygen
supply to the substrate and the energy sources are limited, the micro organisms
can only compose in very slow process. Another factor of this is the resistance of
31
phenolic compound to fungi, bacteria, roots, vertebrates, insects and worms.

Key Economic Products of Peat Swamp Forests

Since 1960 the peat swamp forest has been logged for Ramin (Gonystylus
bancanus), Alan (Shorea albida), Meranti buaya (Shorea uliginosa), Jongkong,
32
Nyatoh, Kapur, Sepetir, Jelutong, and Geronggang padang for commercial use .
Shorea Albida is commonly used for rail-road sleepers that need to be change in
every three years.

Other minor products from the forest are Kelubi fruit (Sallaca conferta),
Rattan (5 types), fish and many medicinal plants and herbs. This is usually
harvested by the Aborigine or called ‘Orang Asli.’33

Further other research on economic value of this product also has been
done by Ramakrishna, Sundari, from Wetlands International - Malaysia Office.
3
For example construction timber can be produced in 2,850 m annually in East
Kalimantan Peat Swamp Forests and is worthy of $ 100,000. Later this is
presented in Table 1-3. 34

Past and Present Peat Swamp Forests Condition

In Southeast Asia, peat-swamp forests actually can be discovered in the

lowlands of eastern Sumatra, Sarawak, Brunei, Malay Peninsula, south-western
New Guinea, and southern Philippines. It was estimated that peat swamp forest
in Indonesia are 17 million ha (Coultier,1957), in Sarawak 1.5 million ha
35
(Anderson,1963), and in Malay Peninsula 0.5 million ha (Wyatt-Smith,1963).
The past distribution of peat swamp forest further presented in Figure 1-6.36

Later MacKinnon (1997) found that in Sumatra only 4.219 million ha peat
swamp forests were undisturbed in 1996 from 7.28 million ha area in the past
(60% of former forest area). 37 Similarly Shamsudin (1996a) found that peat
swamp forests in Peninsula Malaysia decreased to 0.34 million ha in 1991 from
0.67 million ha in 1981 (reserve 50% from 1981 condition).38

In 2001 WWF released the data on Borneo and Peninsula Malaysian peat
39
swamp forests. Borneo peat swamp forests is estimated to be 6.75 million ha ,
while Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests is estimated to be 0.36 million
40
ha. Generally it shows that peat swamp forests areas are declined because of
the human intervention.

Further we are going to review important functions of peat swamp forest:

41

• Mitigates flooding, and droughts in the area

• Provides fresh water supply
• Prevents saline water intrusion
• Genetic bank of unique biota and haven for animal species
 • Provides variety of commercially valuable timber, latex, resins, traditional
culture foods, dyes, medicinal plants, fungi and microbes
• Stores carbon and reducing CO2 contribution to global warming
• Regulates local climate via forest cover.
• Stores record of ecosystem's natural history
• A valuable repository of ecological materials

Human Impacts in Past, Present and Future in Peat Swamp

Forests

The human activities related to peat swamp forest in Malaysia and

Indonesia are categorized into: logging, agriculture, minor forest harvesting,
aquaculture, mining, and housing and industries.

To understand the condition of peat swamp forest we have to observe 5

stages of human activities in peat swamp forest by Victor Phillips (later presented
42
in Figure 1-7), which are:

1. The healthy, undisturbed mixed peat swamp forest

2. Logging process occurs and leaves several trees and pioneer species
3. The practise of burning destroys the trees and the peat, the land is
drained and cultivated. The land is fertilized and limed, and finally the crop
is harvested.
4. After 2 years the land is abandoned since the crops and the profit decline.
5. Different communities occupy the land. The hydrology is changed and
land subsidence occurs in 2.5 cm/year. The acid land prevents restoration
of original forest communities.
Logging

Logging is one of main economy acti vity in forest area of Indonesia and
Malaysia. For e xample since 1960, two-thirds of the total peat swamp forest in
43
Sarawak, were seriously exploited, with selective logging. Totally estimated the
about 62.4 m3/ ha log was harvested in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak.44 This
extensive logging is actually supported by machine equipment, tra xca vator and
canal systems.

While in Indonesia, it is estimated that possibly 11 million ha peat lands or

50% of peat swamp forest have been exploited (Silvius, 1987).45

In 1992, in Tanjung Puting National Park, South Eastern Kalimantan,

46
Bennett and Gombek found that small numbers of animal species had survived
in lightly logged peat swamp forest, including orang-utans, proboscis monkeys
and gibbons. On the other hand in the Maludam, Sarawak, populations of the
proboscis monkeys and silvered langurs have decreased since post-logging
silviculture (Bennett, 1989).47 The loss actually occurs after the slash and burn
process. Other endangered species in Sarawak's peat swamp forests is the Red-
banded Langur and Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus ).48

Agriculture

Conversions of peat swamp forest to agriculture were common in

Indonesia and Malaysia. There are two kind of cultural practices in peat swamp.
First is silviculture that relies only from rain water for irrigation. Second is the
intensive agriculture that uses drainage. Both of culture types actually require
application of lime and fertiliser to get good yield. The products from deep peat
are oil palm, sago, palm, and coffee. While the products produced from shallow
49
peat are ginger, soya bean, cabbage, capsicum, onion, and tomato.
 One big example how the agriculture affected the peat swamp ecosystem
is the the Mega Rice Project in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Because of
conversion of about one million hectares of rice paddy in Java, President
Soeharto ordered to create paddy field in the same numbers of area in peat
swamps in Borneo. Without international aid organisations and funding agencies,
he endorsed the project from reforestation fund in the forestry ministry.50

Since there is no independent environmental impact assessment (EIA),

the project actually had swiped half a million hectares of primary peat swamp
forest, killed around 5,000 Orang-utan, and created more than 4,600 kilometres
of channels. After 5 years actually the 60,000 settlers in that area can not grow
enough rice or substitute crops to exist. This causes more disease and poverty
51
also illegal logging in remaining forest.

This is a good example of unsustainable logging and agriculture in peat

swamp forest has contributed to forest fire; climate change (CO2 release); loss of
biodiversity; depletion of water table; and land subsidence.

Minor Product Harvesting

As mentioned above in the key economic products of peat swamp forest,

the Aborigines people harvested the medicinal plants, fruit, rattan, etc. These
activities are actually found a sustainable way of using the natural resources of
the forest. One example is the Semelai community in Tasek Bera.52

The community actually harvest rattans, gaharu wood, keruing oil,

dammar that can be sold while the ladies collect mengkuang, kercut, rasau, and
selinsing leaves that later dried and made into mats and basketry. The important
part of this development are the market comparison and pricing for the products.
A lot of improvements are needed since the Semelai community live under the
poverty line income.53

Aquaculture

The aquaculture needs removal of the peat soil. This activity actually
promotes a depletion of fresh water table resulting further in saline water
54
intrusion. Very clear this is not a sustainable use of peat lands.

Mining

Mining is another human activity that affects the peat swamp forest. It is
reported several kind of mining such as Tin mining in Malaysia55, Sand mining in
Andulau Peat Swamp Forest, Brunei56, and Gold mining in The Tanjung Puting
57
National Park, Indonesia. Actually mining also is not a sustainable use of peat
swamp. These activities actually contribute to degradation of landscape; and
water and land pollution (for illegal gold mining).

Land Use Conversion to Housing and Industries

Land use conversion is the common use of peat swamp forest after the
agriculture phasing down. This is happened in coastal cities because of low price
of the peat land. For example numbers of large cities in Borneo are located in the
coastal areas, these cities actually expanded themselves to peat swamp. 58
Further in Malaysia the peat swamp areas are changed into industrial and
residential development because of social-economic need.59 This activity brings
impact, such as: climate change; depletion of water table; and air, water, and
land pollution.
Proposed Actions for Reduce Impact of Peat Swamp Forests
Use

Actually many actions have been done by the International agencies as

well as Malaysia and Indonesia Government to overcome the impact of the peat
swamp utilisation. Types of actions that have been done so far are: workshops,
research, setting nature reserves and sustainable forest.

For example the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment

Malaysia organised workshop to proposed Conservation and Sustainable Use of
Peat Swamp Forests in Malaysia, assisted by Wetlands International and
proposing funding from Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations
60
Development Programme (UNDP).

In Malaysia it is reported in July 10th, 2003 The Malaysia Government set

a RM20 million project to endorse conservation and sustainable use of peat
swamp forests. The program further gathers the best practices of sustainable
use and implemented them in 3.3 million ha of peat swamp forest. This project is
funded by the UNDP/ GEF, Danish International Development Agency (Danida)
and executed by The Primary Industries Ministry and Forest Research Institute
Malaysia (FRIM). Further these researches are going to be implemented in
National Park such as: Loagan Bunut National Park in Sarawak, the Klias
61
Peninsula in Sabah and the Southeast Pahang Peat Swamp Forest.

Some example of Indonesia peat swamp forests reserves are Berbak

National Park in Jambi62 , Giam-Siak Kecil Wildlife Reserve63 , Kerinci Seblat
National Park64, Padang Sugihan Wildlife Reserve65, and etc.
 Other research programs that conducted in peat swamps are:
• Forest Resources Management for Carbon Sequestration (FORMACS) in
Indonesia 66
• The Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia Project (CCFPI)
in Indonesia67

Conclusion

Peat swamp forests are very unique ecosystem. Without low fertility, high
water table, high acidity and enormous carbon sink, the utilisation of this forest
need more sustainable management in the future since the people that live
around it also need to use the resources. Further some important species also
has to be conserved to protect the biodiversity. This can be done with setting
nature reserves. In the future we hope the sustainable practice will be
implemented in the South East Asian forestry.
Appendix 1

Figure 1-1. Rainfall types of the Tropical Far East based on dry/wet period ratios.
68

Figure 1-2. Temperature at 3 levels in lowland forests at Semengo arboretum,

Kuching, Sarawak, in 1969. 69 Note how temperature 1.2 m below ground
remains steady. While the fluctuations within the canopy are similar at 0.6m and
2.4m with the upper canopy usually higher 3ºC.
 70
Figure 1-3. Sarawak peat swamp forest catena types 1-3.

71
Figure 1-4. Sarawak peat swamp forest catena types 4-6.
Figure 1-5. Stratification of the non-flying mammals
in the lowland rain forest of Sabah 72

Figure 1-6. The location and extent of the lowland peat swamps of Indonesia and
Malaysia. (After Andriesse, 1974; Driessen and Soepraptohardjo,1974 and Rieley,
1992.). 73
 Figure 1-7. Impact-degradation sequence of a tropical lowland mixed
peatswamp forest. (After Giesen, 1990 and Rieley and Ahmad-Shah, 1996).74
Table 1-3. Resource Use in East Kalimantan Peat Swamp Forests75

No Product Annual Quantity Economic value

($) **
1 Construction 2,850 m3 100,000
timber
2 Fuel woods 4,400 m3 119,000
3 Mi xed timber 375 m3 67
4 Wooden roofing 52,000 bundles 46,000
5 Bamboo 15,000 pieces 517
6 Rattan 164,273 pieces 7,300
7 Resin 223 kg 17
8 Medicinal plant 10,345 items 1,750
9 Deer 168 9,700
10 Pig 71 625
11 Singing birds 345 137
12 Fish 2,850,000 kg 671,260
Total 956,373
*) Based on survey conducted in East Kalimantan from 100 respondents.
**) Converted using current exchange rate of US$ 1 = Rp 8,500
After Murdiyarso et al. (2003)
The Writer’s Description
I. Personal Information
Full name : Gunawan Tanu widjaja
e-mail : gunteitb@ yahoo.c om

website : http://greenimpacti ndo.wordpress.com/

Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)
Place of Birth : Bandung
Date of Birth : 08 of August 1978
Sex : Male

Nationality : Indonesian
Mother Language : Indonesian
Language Skill : Indonesian, English
II. Education Backgrounds
Formal Educ ation

Name of City/Countr y Study T ime Graduated from Specializ ation GPA

Institution (Months/Years) (Month and Year)

National MSc 3.86

Universit y of Singapore 1 year October 2006 Environment from scale
Singapore Management of 5
Bandung Institute
of Technolog y 2.73
Bandung / Bachelor of
(Institut 5 year s July of 2001 from scale
Indonesia Archit ecture
Teknologi of 4
Bandung)

III. Informal Education

Study T ime (Year s) Name of Institution Course Nam e & Specialization

2008 Singapore Ins titute of Planner Spati al Planning for a Sustainable

Singapore (1-day seminar)
2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Polic y "Lessons Not to Learn from American
Cities" by Prof Alan Alts huler (Half-day
seminar)

2007 National Uni versity of Singapore, Fac ulty of Short C ourse On "A – Z Of Oil & Gas To
Engineering, PAC (Professional Acti vities Petroc hemicals (3-days seminar)
Centre)

2007 Singapore Ins titute of Planner Destinati on Res orts, T he Next Wave
(1-day seminar)

2007 Singapore Ins titute of Planner, Malaysia Semi nar of Planni ng of Is kandar
Institute of Pl anner and Uni versiti Kebangsaan Development R egion (1-day seminar)
Malaysi a

2001 The British Institute IELTS Preparation Course

2000 Language Center ITB English Writing Course
1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student U nion of Architec ture Journalistic Traini ng
Gunadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)
1997 Architecture Department ITB AutoC ad R 14 Traini ng

1993-1995 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course level C 6 to C11

1990-1992 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course l evel J 2 to J5

IV. Working Exper ience
Name of City/ Countries Position Job Description Contract
Institute/Companies Periods

Green Impact Indonesia Bandung Manager Team Leader and March 2003 to
Integrated Urban, Urban Pl anner now
Drainage and
Environmental Planning
Consultant

Agenc y for Research and Bandung Urban Pl anni ng Assistant October 2008 to
Development, Institute of and Management now
Water Resources, Ministr y Expert
of Public Wor ks, Republic
of Indonesi a,

Jurong Cons ultants Pte Singapore Planner Physical Planner November 2006
Ltd., Planning Di vision to October 2008
National Par ks Boar d, Singapore Intern Researcher July 2006 to Aug
Republic of Singapore 2006
Agenc y for Research and Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Res earcher GIS Expert Assistant Jan 2005 - Aug
Development, Institute of (Arc View 3.2), in 2005
Water Resources, Ministr y Polder T eam
of Public Wor ks, Republic
of Indonesi a,

Satyamitra J asapuri Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect, House, Factory and Aug 2003 - Dec
Engineering Estimator Café Design 2004
PT. Trinitas Buana Utama Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect Apartment Design Aug 2002 - Aug
2003
PT. Imesco Dito Jakarta/ Indonesia Junior Architect Junior Architect Jan 2002 – Aug
2002
COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Res earcher Urban Development Aug 2001 - Jan
Research, es peciall y 2002
on Urban Garbage
Management
CV. Cipta Bina Sar ana Bandung/ Indonesia Wor k Trainee Junior Architect May - J uly 2001
ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia Program Garbage Jan 2000 - Aug
Facilitator Management , 2001
Community Mechanis m Making
Recover y Program and Contr olling of
(CRP-HUI) in RW Cooperati ve Credit
11, Cibang kong Unit
District
V. Resear ch, Planning & Design Works

Name of Project Position Year

Under Green Impact Indonesia

Assistanc e for Directorate of Spatial Team Leader and Urban Planner Dec 2009
Planni ng, Public Works D epartment
(2009), Sus tainable Urban
Improvement Program (SUSIP) -
Executi ve Pres entation

Drainage Master Plan Revitalisati on Team Leader and Urban Planner Apr – D ec 2009
in Summarec on, Kelapa Gading,
Jakarta, Indonesia

Hospital Pr eliminar y D esign and Team Leader and Senior Architect Apr – Aug 2009
Study in Pangalengan, West J ava,
Indonesi a (Proposal to KPBS, Milk
Produc er Cooperative in
Pangalengan)
 Name of Project Position Year
Community Bas ed Development Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009
Revitalisation in PT Newmont Nusa
Tenggara, Sumba, N usa T enggara
Barat, Indonesia (Pr opos al)
Traditional Market Mapping, GIS Team Leader and Urban Planner Aug 2009
Database and Anal ysis in the
framework of Implementing
Presidential Decree No 112/2007 on
Development of Traditional Mar ket
and Relocation of M odern Mar ket in
Indonesi a (Proposal to Ministr y of
Trade of Republic of Indonesia)

Integrated Water Resources Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009

Management Plan for Bar ang kal
River, s ub c atchment of Brantas
River Basin, i n relati on with Soci al
Aspect and Institution Capacity
Building (Proposal to JICA)
“9 Pearl” Elementary School in Team Leader and Architect 2003
Bandung
Propos al 99’ers Radi o Sc hool Team Leader and Architect 2003
(Proposal)
Under Jurong Consultants Pt e
Ltd.
Preliminar y Study and Brief Planner 2007 to 2008
Development C oncept of QEZ3,
Petroc hemical Complex, Qatar

Dera Bassi D etailed Master Plan, Planner 2007 to 2008

Greater Mohali Ar ea, Punjab, India

Libya Africa Ec onomic City Planner 2007 to 2008

Wonogiri Indus trial Par k, Indonesia Planner 2007 to 2008
(Guanxi State Far m - Biofuel Plant)

Master Plan An Tay Industrial Planner 2007

Servic e Centre
Master Plan Zhangzhou Waterfront Assistant Planner 2006-2007
City, Chi na
Master Plan AMRL Internati onal Assistant Planner 2007
Tech City, T amil Nadu, India

W ith MSc Environmental

Management Program
“Neotiewpia” Ec o Village Mas ter Planner & Environmentalist 2006
Plan in Kranji Singapore
Under SJP Engineering

BTC Café Junior Architect 2004

Kopomas Fac tor y Junior Architect 2004
Private Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Design Devel opment 2003 – 2004

Under PT. Trinitas Buan a Utama

Rental H ouses in Bandung Studi o Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Bukit Resi k Exclusi ve Apar ment Studi o Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Site Pl an “S. Par man” Elite H ousing Studi o Coordinator 2002
 Name of Project Position Year
Under PT. Im esco Dito

Private Houses i n Jakarta Junior Architect 2002

Freelance Project
Cibangkong Low Cost H ousing, Final Year Student 2001
Bandung Indonesia

Design Development of KARANG Junior Architect, Design Devel opment 2001

SETRA Hotel, Spa and Cottages,
Bandung Indonesia under Cipta
Bina Sarana
Master Plan of Cipulir Housi ng Site Junior Architect 2001
Plan, J akarta under Prof Ir.
Danisworo

VI. Awards, Prestige, A ctivities, and Publication

Awards/ Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National Uni versity of Singapore, 2006-2007
Prestig e Shell Grant Bursar y Holder in MEM National Uni versity of Si ngapore, 2005-2006
Second C hampion of Design Competition of Infor mal Traders Stand held by The Municipal\
Government of Kota Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma IT B Year 2001

Activities Bandung Independent Li ving Center (BILIC)

2003 - 2004 : Vol untary Attendant for Difabl e (Disable) Person
2003 : Coordi nator Research T eam in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disabl e) Person in Several
Location i n Bandung
Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Devel opment Discussion Forum)
2002 : F orum Gel ar Kota Secretariat
2001 : J uni or Researcher
Ikatan Mahasis wa Arsitektur Gunadhar ma IT B (Gunadhar ma Student Uni on of Architecture
Department of ITB)
2001 Member of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma
Member of Sus tainable Human Settlement Discussi on Group
Coordinator of TOR T eam of Sustainable Human Settl ement Seminar
1999 – 2000 Coordinator of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G)
OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High School)
OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Uni on of St Al oysius Junior High School)

Publication s Integration of Sustai nable Pl anni ng Polic y and D esign of Low-Cost Apartment, in the Context of
Sustai nable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, M aranatha Uni versity,
Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.
Bamboos as Sus tainabl e and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatife material of Low-
Cost Apartment, Nati onal Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha U niversity, Bandung,
Indonesi a, 2009.
Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agenc y for Res earch and Development,
Institute of Water Resources, Ministr y of Public Wor ks, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2009.
Developi ng a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Cas e Studies Bi ntan Island,
Indonesi a, MSc Environment M anagement Program, National Uni versity of Singapore (Bes t
Dissertation Award)
Report of Resear ch in Accessibilit y Issue for Difab le (Disable) Per son in Several Location in
Bandung
Reports of Bandung Urban Discu ssion Forum on Urb an Solid W aste Managem ent, Januar y
2002.
Reports of Bandung Urban Discu ssion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001.
Thesis of Design Studio, Cas e of Low Economy Flat for Cibang kong Village, Bandung, Indonesia
(Kelurahan Cibang kong), Theme Pattern Language Arc hitecture
Semi nar Report of Housing Devel opment Based on Low Ec onomy People.
1
Whitmore T.C. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East, Oxford University 1984 p.180
2
Yamada I. Tonan Ajia no Nettai Taurin Sekai. Tokyo: Sobunsha. (Translated to English in _ by
P. Hawkes, Tropical Rain Forests of Southeast Asia: A Forest Ecologist’s View. Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press) 1997 p.78
3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat
4
Miller G.T. Environmental Science, Working With Earth, 10th edition, Brooks/Cole Thomson
Learning USA 2003 p.120
5
Whitmore T.C. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East, Oxford University 1988 p.55
6
Ibid. p.57
7
Op.cit.4, p.72
8
Op.cit.5, p.61
9
Whitten T. The Ecology of Sumatra, Periplus, North Clarendon, Hong Kong 2000 p.167
10
Op.cit.2, p.78
11
Op.cit.5, p.180
12
Op.cit.2, p.78
13
http://www.monash.edu.au/news/newsline/story.php?story_id=371
14
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/272.htm
15
Op.cit.5, p.180
16
Op.cit.2, p.78
17
Op.cit.9, pp.167-168
18
Op.cit.9, pp.171-172
19
Op.cit.2, p.78
20
Rieley, J.O. The ecology of tropical peatswamp forest - A South-East Asian Perspective. In
Tropical Peat, Proceedings of International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, Kuching, Sarawak,
Malaysia, 6-10 May 1991 (B.Y. Aminuddin, ed.) Kuching, Malaysia. Malaysia Agricultural
Research Development Institute & Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, Malaysia 1992 pp. 244 -
54
21
Op.cit.9, p.172
22
Anderson J.A.R. The Ecology and Forest Types of the Peat Swamp Forests of Sarawak and
Brunei in Relation to Their Silviculture. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Vol. I (191 pp) and Vol. II
(appendices). University of Edinburgh 1961
23
Op.cit.5, p.184
24
Op.cit.5, p.185
25
Phillips V.D. “Peatswamp Ecology and Sustainable Development in Borneo,” Biodiversity and
Conservation 7 1998 pp.661-663
26
Op.cit.2, p. 81
27
Op.cit.9, p.178
28
Op.cit.25, p.659
29
Op.cit.9, pp.177-178
30
Op.cit.5, p.37
31
Op.cit.9, p.177
32
FAO The Peat Swamp Forests of Sarawak and their Potential for Development, United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization Forestry and Forest Industries Development, Malaysia. FO:
DP/MAL/72/009 Technical Report No. 3. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1974

Lee H.S. Utilization and Conservation of Peatswamp Forests in Sarawak, In Tropical Peat,
Proceedings of International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, 6-10
May 1991 (B.Y. Aminuddin, ed.) Kuching, Malaysia: Malaysia Agricultural Research Development
Institute & Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, Malaysia 1992 pp. 286-292

Lee H.S., and Chai F. Production Functions of Peat Swamp Forests in Sarawak, In Tropical
Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia, Proceedings of Workshop on Integrated Planning and
Management of Tropical Lowland Peatlands, Cisarua, Indonesia, 3-8 July 1992 (E. Maltby, C.P.
Immirzi and R.J. Safford, eds.) Gland, Switzerland: IUCN International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources. 1996 pp.129-136
33
Phang T.J., and Effendi M.K. (ed) Proceedings of the GEF Inception Workshop on
Conservation and Sustainable Landuse of Peat Swamp Forests in Malaysia, 24-25 July 1997
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment, Malaysia 1997
pp.31-32
34
www.peatsociety.org/user_files/files/ramakrishna.doc
35
Op.cit.2, pp.77-78
36
Op.cit.25, p.652
37
Op.cit.9, p.25
38
Shamsudin I. The Extent of Disturbed and Undisturbed Peat Swamp Forest in Peninsular
Malaysia Unpublished Report to FRIM
39
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0104_full.html
40
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0145_full.html
41
Op.cit.25, p.655
42
Op.cit.25, pp.661-663
43
Op.cit.25, p.663
44
Shamsudin I. “Forest Management Systems in Peat Swamp Forest: A Malaysian Perspective,”
in Maltby E., Immirzi C.P., Saffard R.J. (eds) Proceedings of A Workshop on Integrated Planning
and Management of Tropical Lowland Peatlands, IUCN 1996b pp.175-180

Jalong N.P. and Ngui S.K. The Forest Resource Base of Sarawak and Its Contribution to Natural
th
and Development, Presented at 7 Malaysian Forestry Conference 24-26 September, Penang
1979
45
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/272.htm
46
Bennett E.L. and Gombek F. “Wildlife and Conservation in Sarawak's Peat Swamp Forests.” In
Tropical Peat, Proceedings of International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, Kuching, Sarawak,
Malaysia, 6-10 May 1991 (B.Y. Aminuddin, ed.) Kuching, Malaysia: Malaysia Agricultural
Research Development Institute & Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, Malaysia 1992 pp.307-
310
47
Bennett E.L. Conservation and Management of Wetland Areas in Sarawak. WWF Project No.
3518 (MYS 92/86) Final Report. New York: Worldwide Fund for Nature, Kuala Lumpur/New York
Zoological Society. 1989
48
Op.cit.25, pp.663-664
49
Op.cit.33, p.32
50
http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit65/jack.htm
51
Ibid.
52
Carey I. Orang Asli: The Aboroginal Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia. Oxford University Press.
Kuala Lumpur 1976 pp.250-267
53
Op.cit.33, p.49
54
Op.cit.33, p.33
55
Op.cit.33, p.33
56
http://www.ecologyasia.com/html-loc/andulau.htm
57
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0153_full.html
58
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/frcgc/jp/publications/news/no21/eng/03.html
59
Op.cit.33, p.33
60
Op.cit.33
61
http://www.mtc.com.my/coverage35.htm
62
http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sumatra/berbak.html
63
http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sumatra/giam.html
64
http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sumatra/kerinci3.html
65
http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sumatra/padang.html
66
http://www.rcfa-cfan.org/english/profile.19.htm
67
Ibid.
68
Op.cit.5, p.55
69
Op.cit.5, p.61
70
Op.cit.5, p.184
71
Op.cit.5, p.184
72
Op.cit.5, p.37
73
Op.cit.25, p.652
74
Op.cit.25, pp.661-663
75
www.peatsociety.org/user_files/files/ramakrishna.doc