‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ – ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ – ٣٢‬ﺃﺒﺭﻴل ‪ - ٢٠٠٢‬ﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪٣١-٢٣‬‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫*‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬

‫ﻤﻠﺨﺹ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻕ ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻹﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪ (On-The-Fly Kinematic GPS Technique‬ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ – ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ‪ -‬ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻔﻴﺽ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ‪٥‬ﺭ‪ ٨٦‬ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌـﺩ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻤﺘـﺭ ﺸـﻤﺎل ﻜـﻭﺒﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪٤٥٠‬ﺭ‪ ٨٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ‬
‫‪ ١٢‬ﻤﺘﺭ( ‪ ٦٠٠١٥٢‬ﻤﺘﺭﺍ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺒﻴﺔ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ( ‪١٦٩٢٣٠٨‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﺭﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻲ )ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ( ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻤﺞ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺭﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺼـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁـﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻤﺞ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪ -‬ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ %٧٠‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ .%٥٠‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻴﻭﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫* ﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺒﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ – ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻲ ﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ – ﻤﺼﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ‪Dawod_gomaa@yahoo.com :‬‬

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻔﻴﺽ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ‪٥‬ﺭ‪ ٨٦‬ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺸﺭﻕ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻁﻠﺒﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ )ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ١٥٠٠‬ﻓﺩﺍﻥ( ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﺄﺴـﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺃﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺠـﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻟـﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ‪٠‬ﺭ‪ ٨٣‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ‪٥‬ﺭ‪ ٨٦‬ﻭﺒﻌﺭﺽ ‪ ١‬ﻜﻡ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪٥‬ﺭ‪ ٠‬ﻜﻡ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ‪٥‬ﺭ‪ ٨٦‬ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺩ ‪٥‬ﺭ‪ ٠‬ﻜﻡ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ ﻭ‬
‫‪ ١‬ﻜﻡ ﺸﺭﻗﺎ )ﺸﻜل ‪. (١‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪١‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺫ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗـﻊ‬
‫)‪ (GPS‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺨﻔﺽ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺩ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭل ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪. ١٩٨٦‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻗﻤﺭﺍ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ )‪ ٢١‬ﻗﻤﺭ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٣‬ﺃﻗﻤـﺎﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻴـﺔ(‬
‫ﻴﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪٠٠٠‬ﺭ‪ ٢٠‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺼﺩ ‪ ٤‬ﺃﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ GPS‬ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻫﻠﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ )ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﻗـل( ﻋـﺸﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺘﺎﺤﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺭﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴـﺎﺡ( ﻻ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻼﺸﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ‪ GPS‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺼـﺩ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻠل ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‪ :‬ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ‪ GPS‬ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺄﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺼﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ GPS‬ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﺤـﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ % ٥٠‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ GPS‬ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ]‪:[١‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ )‪ (Static Positioning‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺤﺘﻼل ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ‬
‫‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ )‪ (Kinematic Positioning‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺠـﺴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﺭﺼﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫‪Stop and Go, Semi-Kinematic, Pseudo-Kinematic, On-The-Fly‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ )‪ On-The-Fly (OTF‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻭﻓﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻟﻠﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺤـﺩﺙ ﻭﺃﺩﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻟـﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ‪ GPS‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪- Dual-Frequency GPS Receivers (use both L1 and L2 frequencies‬‬

‫‪- Capable of receiving both C/A and P codes‬‬
‫‪- Use 24 independent channels for receiving satellite signals‬‬
‫‪- Track up to 12 GPS satellites simultaneously‬‬
‫‪- Record received signals on a built-in memory enough for up to 12‬‬
‫‪continuous hours‬‬
‫‪- Use a high-precision geodetic antenna with minimum multipath effect‬‬
‫‪- Capable of performing both static and kinematic observation techniques‬‬
‫‪- Perform On-The-Fly (OTF) initialization technique‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪- The normal accuracy of the obtained baseline length, in a static mode, is‬‬
‫‪5 mm 1 ppm (part per million). In other words, this means that for a‬‬
‫‪baseline of 10 km, the expected mean square error is 15 mm.‬‬

‫ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ‪ GPS‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﺍ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻤﺜل ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـﺅﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻐـﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻨﻘـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺘﺔ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﻋـﺔ ‪ -‬ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ‪ -‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘـﻡ ﺭﺼـﺩ ﺍﻹﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪Y23‬‬
‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻷﺭﺼﺎﺩ ‪ GPS‬ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺎﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺼﺎﺩ ‪ GPS‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ )‪ World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84‬ﻤﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴـﺴﻰ )‪.Ellipsoidal Heights (h‬‬
‫ﺃﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﻴﺏ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ‪ Mean Sea Level‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ )‪ . Orthometric Heights (H‬ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﺸﻜل ‪ ٢‬ﺭﺴﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻼ ﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻜـﻼ ﻨـﻭﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ]‪ [٥‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻗﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﻼ ﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠـﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺭﺼﺩ ‪ ٦‬ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺴـﻴﺏ ﻨﻘـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻜـل ﺃﺭﺼـﺎﺩ ‪ GPS‬ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﻴﺏ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺸﻜل ‪٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ‪ GPS‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻰ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ‪ OTF‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺤﺘﻼل ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒـﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺼﺎﺩ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪٠٠٠‬ﺭ‪ ١٥‬ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻐﻁﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻻﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﺒـﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴـﺏ ﺍﻵﻟـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ )ﺨﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ‪ -‬ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻰ( ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ .WGS84‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺃﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ‪ ٥‬ﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻗـﺔ ‪ ٩‬ﻤﻠﻠـﻲ ﻟﻺﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﻴﺏ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ١٥ ٠٠٠‬ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ WGS84‬ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ‪ ٣‬ﺴﻡ ﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ‪ ٥‬ﺴﻡ ﻟﻺﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﻴﺏ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ‪.‬‬ ‫*‬

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‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻜﻨﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ ‪٥‬ﺭ‪ ٠‬ﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫*‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ )ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ( ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻤـﻥ ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ – ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗل ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻤﺞ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺃﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %٧٥‬ﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺨﻔـﺽ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %٥٠‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪.١‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪١‬‬

‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺩ‬

‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫‪ ١‬ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪ ٤‬ﺃﺴﺎﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ٨‬ﺠﻨﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪ ١٦‬ﺠﻨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫‪%٧٥‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬
‫‪%٥٠‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ ﻻﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻜﻤﻔـﻴﺽ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ ٤‬ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ‪ ١٤‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ‪ ١٢‬ﻤﺘﺭ )ﻤﺎﺯﺍل ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ‬
‫‪ ١٤‬ﻤﺘﺭ(‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻹﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤـﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺠﻭﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﻴﺏ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺘﺒـﺩﺃ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ‪ ١٤‬ﻤﺘﺭ )‪ ١٢‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ( ١‬ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ‪٥‬ﺭ‪ ٠‬ﻤﺘﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ٢‬ﻤﻠﺨﺼﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺸـﻜﻠﻲ ‪، ٣‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫‪ ٤‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻷﻭل ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ١‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻜﻭﺒﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫‪٤٥٠‬ﺭ‪ ٨٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨـﺴﻭﺏ ‪ ١٢‬ﻤﺘـﺭ(‬
‫‪ ٦٠٠١٥٢‬ﻤﺘﺭﺍ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺒﻴﺔ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ( ‪ ١٦٩٢٣٠٨‬ﻤﺘـﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪٢‬‬

‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬

‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‬ ‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ(‬ ‫)ﻤﺘﺭ(‬
‫‪٦٠٠١٥٢‬‬ ‫‪١٦٩٢٣٠٨‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪٢٦٨٩٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٥٤٣٠١‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪٥٨٣٠٣‬‬ ‫‪١٩٥٤٦٢‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪٢٦٠٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٣١١٧٥‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪٣٤٤٧٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٣٤٧‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪٣‬‬

‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪١‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪٤‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪١‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻔـﻴﺽ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺒﺸﻤﺎل ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺩﻤﺠﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺭﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺨﺭﻴﻁـﺔ ﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ‪ ١٥٠٠‬ﻓﺩﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪%٧٥‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻗﺩ ﻗﻠﻠﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ .%٥٠‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻴﻭﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪References:‬‬

‫‪[1] Chen, X, Liu, J., and Li, D., 1999, OTF method for GPS aided‬‬
‫‪photogrammetry, Proceedings of the IUGG XXII General Assembly,‬‬
‫‪Birmingham, U.K, July 18-30.‬‬

‫‪[2] Dawod, G., 1992, On the use of pseudo-kinematic GPS satellite‬‬

‫‪positioning technology in surveying reclaimed lands in Egypt,‬‬
‫‪Proceedings of the first national conference on reclamation and‬‬
‫‪development in Egypt, El-Minia University, November 2-5, pp. 237-‬‬
‫‪246.‬‬

‫‪[3] Mervart, L., Beutler, G., Rothacher, M., and Wild, U., 1994,‬‬
‫‪Ambiguity resolution strategies using the results of the International‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 GPS Geodynamics Services (IGS), Bulletin Geodesique, V. 68, No.
1, pp. 29-38.

[4] Sickle, J., 1996, GPS for land surveyors, Ann Arbor Press, Inc.,
Michigan, USA.

[5] Tscherning, C., Radwan, A., Tealeb, A., Mahmoud, S., Abd El-
Monum, M., Hassan, R., El-Sayed, I., and Saker, K., 2001, Local
geoid determination combining gravity disturbances and
GPS/levelling: A case study in the Lake Nasser area, Aswan, Egypt.,
Journal of Geodesy, V. 75, No. 7, pp. 343-348.

Appendix 1: OTF Kinematic GPS Technique

GPS is the most advanced satellite positioning system currently in use for
a wide range of civilian and military applications. The classic GPS
observation approach is the static mode in which more than one receiver
is kept fixed over ground stations and record satellite signals for more
than thirty minutes of observation. Positioning of moving platforms with
GPS (the kinematic mode) is the last frontier in GPS surveying.
Kinematic positioning can be classified into two main groups: absolute
kinematic and relative kinematic. The absolute kinematic deals with
positioning of a moving antenna with respect to an implied coordinate
system. On the other hand, relative kinematic positioning is performed
relative to one or more receivers at known stations. There are several
modes of relative kinematic GPS surveying based on the way of the
receivers capabilities, data processing; and field observation procedures.
Some of these modes are: pseudo-kinematic, rapid static, stop and go,
antenna swap; and On-The-Fly (OTF). Details concerning those
kinematic techniques are found in a lot of surveying literature [e.g. 4].

One of the main aspects of data processing in GPS positioning is the so-
called ambiguity resolution. It is known that GPS receivers measure the
accumulating phase over time, but do not have knowledge about the
integer number of full cycles of phase that occur from the first moment of
the lock on a satellite. The number of full cycles of phase, which does not
change unless that lock is lost, is known as the integer ambiguity or phase
ambiguity and could be solved for easily in the static GPS positioning,
since the receivers collect data from the same satellites for a period of
time. On The Fly (OTF) relative kinematic approach is the most advanced
technique for resolving the phase ambiguity while the receiver is actually
in motion. This implies that unlike all other relative kinematic GPS
techniques, the initialization process tack place with no delay. The

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mathematical model behind OTF technique is called wide-lane
observable, which is based on the linear combination of the measured
phases from both GPS frequencies, L1 and L2. The strategy starts by
solving for the phase ambiguity on the fictional wide-lane observable,
which is then used to resolve the phase unknowns on both L1 and L2
frequencies, as follows [3]:

Li1k = ik – Iik * (f22 / (f21 - f22 )) + 1 bi1k (1)

Li2k = ik – Iik * (f21 / (f21 - f22 )) + 2 bi2k - i
k (2)
i i i
L 3k = (1/(f1-f2)) * (f1 L 1k – f2 L 2k ) (3)
= ik + Iik * (f1 f2/ (f21 - f22 )) + ik (f2/ (f1 - f2 )) + 3 bi5k (4)
bi1k = Ni1k + 1k -
i
1 (5)
bi2k = Ni2k + 2k - i
2 (6)
bi3k = bi1k - bi2k (7)
3 = c / ( f1 – f2) (8)

where: k is the receiver index, i is the satellite index, Li1k , Li2k are the
carrier-phase pseudoranges, ik is the non-dispersive delay, lumping
together the effects of geometric delay, ionospheric delay, tropospheric
delay, clock signatures, and any other delays which affect the
observables, ik is the differential delay between the L1 and L2 antenna
phase centers, Iik is the difference in ionospheric delay between the L1
and L2 carriers, f1 , f2 are the frequencies of the L1 and L2 carriers, which
equal1575.42 MHz and 1227.60 MHz respectively, 1 , 1 are the
wavelengths of the L1 and L2 carriers, which equal 19.0 and 24.4 cm
respectively, 3 is the wavelength of the wide-lane observable, which
equals 86.2 cm, bi1k , bi2k are the phase biases on the L1 and L2 carriers,
bi3k is the wide-lane phase ambiguity to be estimated, Ni1k , Ni2k are the
initial phase ambiguities, 1k , 2k are un-calibrated components of
phase delay originating from the receivers (assumed to be common for all
i i
satellite channels), and 1, 2 are un-calibrated components of phase
delay originating from the satellites (assumed to be common for all
receivers).

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