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Review Questions Slide 2
(Due 15-09-08)
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Q4. How many specializations have you learned? What are the features in
structure and function?
A4. The different polarization surfaces of the epithelium allows for different
specialized projecting structures.
Apical membrane: for absorption and secretion
Microvilli/stereocillia (extremely long microvilli):
o Increase surface area of absorption
o Contains microfilament that aids in movement of microvilli for
efficiency
Cilia/flagellum:
o Rapid back and forth movements
Basal membrane: for adhesion to tissue beneath and transport
Hemidesmosomes
o Adhesive structures
o Resemble half of a desmosome
o Contain abundant integrins rather than cadherins
Basement membrane/basal lamina
o For movement and differentiation of epithelium
o Made from collage and glycoprotein
o Lies between the epithelium and connective tissue
o Has three layers: clear layer, dense layer and reticular lamina
Plasma membrane infoldings
o Infoldings of the basal membrane
o Mitochondria are more longitudinal to assist active transport of water
and electrolytes across basal membrane
Lateral membrane
Lateral interdigitations
Types:
o Seals:
Tight junction/zonula occluden:
To ensure transcellular (through) movement of materials
rather than paracellular (between).
Most apical
Sealing strands are transmembrane proteins known as
claudin and occludin
o Adhesion:
Zonula adherens:
Firmly adhering the cells to its neighbors by cadherins
and Ca2+
Located below the zonula occludens
Macula densa/desmosomes
Firm adhesion
A single spot weld and has no belt formed around the
cell
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o Cell Communication:
Gap junction
For communication between cells
Circular patched formed by a complex
transmembrane protein known as connexons
Each connexon is made up of 6 connexins
Present almost everywhere
of