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1. CASES
Most of the examples are from Euripides Alcestis and Platos Euthyphro.
Nominative
Most Common Nominative Endings
First declension: -, -, -[], -; -
Second declension: -, -; -, -
Third declension: - [-, ], -, -, -[]; - [-], - [-]
Examples:
Examples:
315
316
Genitive
Most Common Genitive Endings
First declension: -, -, -; -
Second declension: -; -
Third declension: - [-, -]; -
Examples:
Examples:
1. Cases
c. Genitive of Comparison: used with comparative adjectives and adverbs
and with verbs implying comparison.
Example:
Example:
Examples:
/ . Angered at
which, I killed the Cyclopes, workers of Zeus fire.
Alcestis 56
This genitive is often used in exclamations.
[= ]. Ah me for my [ill] fortune.
Alcestis 398
f. Genitive of Source: with verbs of hearing, the genitive is used for the person or thing heard; the sound heard is accusative.
Example:
Examples:
317
318
Examples:
, , / . For
you have lost a nobleno one will deny itand chaste wife.
Alcestis 61516
. But I am still in need of a little
something.
Euthyphro 12e
i. Genitive of Time within which: The genitive is used of the period of time
within which something happens.
Example:
Example:
Examples:
Dative
Most Common Dative Endings
First declension: -, -; - [-]
Second declension: -; - [-]
Third declension: -; - []
1. Cases
Example:
,/ .
You will bury her though you are yourself her murderer and you will still
pay the penalty to your in-laws.
Alcestis 7301
b. Dative with Verbs: many intransitive and impersonal verbs take the dative:
verbs meaning benefit, obey, serve, assist, please, satisfy, advise, and their opposites; and those expressing friendliness, hostility, blame, anger, reproach, likeness,
accompaniment, and agreement. Compounds in - and some in -, -,
- and - take the dative.
Examples:
Example:
Example:
/,
. She has made life most glorious for all women, having undergone
this noble deed.
Alcestis 6234
319
320
Example:
Example:
, /
. For you were alone to them (you were their only child)
and there was no hope (they had no hope)once you were deadto produce more children.
Alcestis 2934
f. Dative of Agent: used with the perfect and pluperfect passive (and rarely
with other passive tenses).
Example:
Examples:
1. Cases
h. Locative Dative: The dative is used for place where (with a preposition)
and time when (with or without a preposition).
Examples:
Accusative
Most Common Accusative Endings
First declension: -, -; -
Second declension: -; -, -
Third declension: -, -, -, -; -, -, -
Examples:
, [= ], . They call
him, I think, Meletus.
Euthyphro 2b
[= ] ; What wrong have I done you?
Alcestis 689
b. Cognate Accusative (internal object): the cognate accusative repeats the
meaning already contained in the verb and can be used with both transitive
and intransitive verbs.
Example:
Example:
321
322
Example:
Example:
Example:
/ , . For it is
sweet to see loved ones even at night for whatever time he/she is there.
Alcestis 3556
g. Accusative Absolute: used instead of the genitive absolute when the participle represents an impersonal verb.
Example:
Vocative
Most Common Vocative Endings
First declension: -, -; - same as nominative
Second declension: -, -; -, -
Third declension: like nominative or like base
Example:
. , .
. , , .
Admetus: Hello, son of Zeus of the blood of Perseus.
Heracles: Admetus, hello to you too, king of the Thessalians.
Alcestis 50910