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Figure 1: x = x0 + v0 (t t0 ) + 21 a (t t0 )
dv
dt
= dv = a dt, integrando,
v
t
a dt
dv =
v0
t0
t
Como a = cte = v v0 = a t0 dt = a (t t0 ) v = v0 + a (t t0 ) (2)
Como v = dx
dt = dx = v dt, integrando,
x
t
dx
v dt
x0
t0
t
x x0
[v0 + a (t t0 )] dt
=
t0
t
=
t
a (t t0 ) dt
v0 dt +
t0
t0
t
x x0
= v0 (t t0 ) + a
(t t0 ) dt
t0
= x0 + v0 (t t0 ) +
1
2
a (t t0 ) (1)
2
Figure 2: V = v0 + a (t t0 )
Figure 3: a = cte
1.1
Relacin importante
Si:
a
dv
dt
=
=
dv
a dt
=
=
V dv
a dt
a dx
dx
dt
Integrando:
v
x
v dv
v0
dx
x0
=
v2
v2
0
2
2
v2
a (x x0 )
v02 + 2a (x x0 )
~ =
R
~
R =
Si ~a = cte, como ~a =
~v
dt = ~v v~0 = ~a (t t0 )
= ~a
t0
~
v0
= v~0 + ~a (t t0 )
~v
~
dR
dt
d~
v
dt
t
d~v
Como ~v =
xi+yj+zk
p
R = x2 + y 2 + z 2
~ = ~v dt, integrando:
= dR
t
R~
~
dR
~v dt
t0
~0
R
t
~ R~0
= R
[v~0 + ~a (t t0 )] dt
=
t0
t
=
t
~a (t t0 ) dt
v~0 dt +
t0
t0
t
~ R~0
R
= V~0 (t t0 ) + ~a
(t t0 ) dt
t0
~
R
~0 (t t0 ) + 1 ~a (t t0 )2
= R~0 + V
2
2.1
Caso particular
t0
~
= R
R0 y v0
1
= R~0 + V~0 t + ~at2
2
= 0
~ = 1 ~at2
= R
2
2.2
Conclusin
~ 6= ~a
Si V~0 y ~a tienen direcciones distintas = V
Definen un plano
Tiro Oblicuo
~a = ~g
Condiciones iniciales: AA0
OB
v0x
v0y
= v0 cos(x)
=
= v0 sen(x)
v0y
v0x
sen(x)
cos(x)
= cte
= hm
= xm
= tan (x)
v0 cos() i + v0 sen() j
Como ~v = v~0 ~g (t t0 ),
~ = v0 i + v0 j gt j
si t0 = 0 = V
x
y
(
~ = vx = v0x = v0 cos()
V
vy = v0y gt = v0 sen () gt
~
V
= ~v en x es constante.
= ~v en y es M U V
~ 0 = 0 en T0 = 0 = R
~ = v~0 t 1 ~g t2 = V0 i + v0 j t 1 gt2 j
Si R
x
y
2
2
(
= M U en x
~ : x = v0x t = v0 cos () t
R
1 2
1 2
= M U V en y
y = v0y t 2 gt = v0 sen () t 2 gt
(
v (hm)
= v0 cos () i
En AA0 = hm : vy = 0 =
v0 sen() gtm = 0 = Tm = v0 sen()
g
v0 sen () 1
hm = v0 sen ()
g
g
2
2
2
v0 sen ()
hm =
2g
5
v0 sen ()
g
2
=
v02 sen2 ()
2g
o xm
o sea =
3.1
2V0 sen ()
2v 2 cos () sen ()
xm = V0 cos (tb ) = 0
g
g
2
v0 sen (2x)
El x es maximo cuando sen (2) = 1
g
TB =
xm =
v02
g
Ecuacin de la trayectoria
x
y
= y
x
v0 cos ()
sen ()
1
x2
= y =
x g 2 2
cos ()
2 v0 cos ()
= v0 cos () t = t =
1
= v0 sen () t gt2
2
g
x2 + tang () x =
=
2v02 cos2 ()
Movimiento Circular
S
V
= R
ds
d
=
=R
dt
dt
Velocidad Angular:
w=
d
= V = Rw
dt
4.1
= cte
T
=
m
m
1
=
=
T
P
Periodo P
Frecuencia
Si w = cte = d = wdt, integrando,
T
d
wdt
T0
T
0
dt
w (t t0 )
0 + w (T T0 )
T0
Si T0 = 0 y 0 = 0 = = wt.
Para una vuelta completa T = P y = 2
w
2
P
2
=
=
4.2
Aceleracin Angular
Si w 6= cte = aceleracin .
=
dw
d2
= 2
dt
dt
T
dw =
w0
dt
T0
w w0 = (t t0 ) = w = w0 + (t t0 )
Como w =
d
dt
= d = wdt, integrando,
T
d =
wdt
T0
T
0
[w0 + (t t0 )] dt
=
T0
T
= w0
T
(T T0 ) dT
dt +
T0
T0
1
2
= w0 (T T0 ) + (T T0 )
2
1
2
= 0 + w0 (T T0 ) + (T T0 )
2
4.3
Relaciones Vectoriales
~
~
R = Rsen
() = V = wR = wRsen
()
~ w
~ = V
~ =w
~
Como V
~ yR
~ R,
d~v
M CU (w
~ = cte)
dt
~
~ =w
~ = ~a = d w
Si V
~ R
dt ~ R
~a =
~a =
~
dw
~
dR
~ +w
~
R
~
= ~a = w
~ ~v = ~a = w
~ w
~ R
dt
dt
~a = w
~ ~v = |~a| = |w
~ ~v | = wv
y comov = Rw,
= |~a| = an = Rw2 =
4.4
v2
R
(
~=
A
dv
AT = dT
= R dw
dT
v2
AN = R
= R
= Rw2
P~ : Momentum lineal.
dP~
d
P~ = m~v = F~ =
=
(m~v )
dt
dT
Si m = cte (Debido a que v << c)
~
dV
= m~a
= F~ = m
dt
Si ~a = ~g = W eight = m~g
m
F~ = Kg 2 = 1Newton
s
Si F~ = 0 =
~
dP
dt
= 0 P~ = m~v = cte
10
dP~1
dT
dP~2
dT
Como
dP~1
dT
= F~1
= F~2
P~2
~2
= ddT
= F~1 = F
Momentum Angular
~ =R
~ P~ = R
~ mV
~ =m R
~ ~v = mRV sen ()
L
~ Plano R
~ V
~
L
i
j
k
~ = R
~ P~ = x
y
z
L
Px Py Pz
~ = (yPz zPy ) i (xPz zPx ) j + (xPy yPx ) k
L
Movimiento plano (x, y) = z = 0 y Pz = 0
Lx = Ly = 0 = Lz = (xPy yPx )
~ = (xPy yPx ) k
L
11
~
d
~ =R
~ P~ = dL
~ P~ =
Como L
=
R
dT
dT
(
~
~
~
~
V mV = m V V
=0
Como
~
~
~
RF
=Z
10
~ k F~
F =0R
~
P~ + R
~
dP
dT
~
dL
~ F~ = Z
~
=R
dT
=
~ = 0 =
Si Z
~
dR
dT
~
dL
dT
~ =0L
~ = cte
=Z
= EP
EkB EkA
= EPA EPB
EkB + EpB
= EkA + EpA
EMB
= EMA = EM = cte
EM = Ek + Ep = cte
Ek =
1
mv 2
2
y como P~ = m~v
= Ek =
P2
2m
1
mv 2 + mgh (Energa potencial gravitatoria)
2
1
1
mv 2 + kx2 (Energa Potencial Elastica)
2
2
12
11
~cm = dR~ cm =
V
dT
Pi = mi vi
Vcm
F~ext =
d~
p
dT
m i vi
M
P~
Pi
p~
~cm
=
=
= P~ = M V
M
M
= M dVdTcm = M~acm
F~ext = M~acm
Si F~ext = 0 =
~
dP
dT
=0
P~ = cte
Conservacin de P~ .
13
12
~ =R
~ m~v Z
~ =R
~ F~
L
~
dL
dT
~
Z
~1 + L~2
d
L
~
dL
=
=
dT
dT
Z~1 = R~1 F~1 + F~12
Z~2 = R~2 F~2 + F~21
~ = Z~1 + Z~2
Z
dL~1
dL~2
~ 1 + Z~2
+
=Z
dT
dT
~
= R~1 F~1 + R~1 F~12
= R~2 F~2 + R~2 F~21
0
d L~1 + L~2
dT
En general
d(
= Z~1
P ~
Li )
dT
+ Z~2
ext
P ~ ext
Zi
~
dL
~ ext
=Z
dT
~ ext = 0 =
Si Z
~ =
L
ext
~
dL
dT
=0
~i = L
~1 + L
~ 2 + ... + L
~ m = cte
L
14
13
p
Si F~ij (int) es conservativa = Eij
(int)
como
B(T
T
)
p
p
dEij
dE12
F~12 dR~12 =
F~ij =
= Wint =
dR~12
~ ij
dR
dR~12
T0
A(T0 )
= Wint =
p
E12,0
p
E12,F
p
p
E12,F
como Ek = Ek Ek,0 = Wext + Wint = Wext + E12,0
p
p
= Ek + E12,F
= u Ek,0 + E12,0
= u0 = Wext
1
1
p
m1 v12 + m2 v22 + E12
2
2
X p
1X
mi vi2 +
Eij (int)
2
15
14
k
x
Fe = kx
= cte elastica
= desplazamiento
= fuerza elastica
= kx
d x
+ kx
dT 2
d2 x
k
+ x=0
dT 2
m
d2 x
+ w2 x = 0
dT 2
2
d x
2
En M OAS = x = Acos (wT ) = satisface a dT
2 + w x = 0
Donde A(amplitud), w(pulsacin) y wt(angulo de fase),
1
2
perodo M OAS P = 2
w y frecuencia: = p y w = p = 2
Como x = Acos(wt) =
dx
= wAsen(wt) = oscila [wA, +wA]
dT
dv
= w2 Acos(wt) = w2 x = oscila w2 A, +w2 A
dT
1
1
mv 2 = mw2 A2 sen2 (wt)
2
2
16
(
sen2
como
x
= Ek =
Ek
Ek :
Ep : F =
1
mw2 A2 1 cos2 (wt)
2
Ek
dEp
dx
si x = 0
si x = A
dEp
dx
= 1 cos2
= Acos(wt)
1
mw2 A2 x2
2
1
k A2 x 2
2
= Ek (max) = 21 kA2
= Ek = 0
= kx dEp = kxdx, integrando,
x
dEp = k
1
Ep = kx2 Ep
2
xdx
0
x=0
x = A
= Ep (min) = 0
= Ep (max) = 21 kA2
Em = Ek + Ep
Em =
1
1
1
k A2 x2 + kx2 Em = kA2
2
2
2
Em = cte
F~ conservativo
17
15
k
F
= cte elastica
= kx fuerza elastica
= v fuerza de amortiguamiento; = factor de amortiguamiento
Ecuacin del movimiento,
ma = kx v
m
d2 x
+ kx + v = 0
dT 2
d2 x
k
+ x+ v =0
2
dT
m
m
d2 x
+ w02 x + 2v = 0
dT 2
d2 x
dx
+ w02 x + 2
=0
dT 2
dT
p
w02 = w2 + 2 w1 = w02 2
Si el amortiguamiento es muy grande (F 0 muy elevado a F 0 >> F )
> w0 = w es imaginario6 oscilaciones
Como A decrece exponencialmente con el tiempo = AeT
x = AeT cos (wt)
18
16
F
F0
00
F
= kx : Fuerza elastica
= v : Fuerza de amortiguacin
= F0 cos (wF T ) : Fuerza oscilatoria
Ecuacin del movimiento,
ma = kx v + F0 cos (wF T )
dx
d2 x
+
+ kx = F0 cos (wF T )
dT 2
dT
d2 x
dx
k
F0
+
+ x=
cos (wF T )
dT 2
m dT
m
m
k
F0
= si
= 2,
= w02 ,
=B
m
m
m
d2 x
dx
+ 2
+ w02 x = Bcos (wF T )
dT 2
dT
X = AeT cos(wt) + Bsen (WF T ) (Solucin General)
m
X = Bsen (WF T )
17
~ = Iw
~
Como L
~ d IdTw~ = Z
= I
dw
~
~
=Z
dT
Luego,
~
I
~ =Z
~ = 0 = w
~
Si Z
~ = cte I w
~ = cte = L
19
18
Ek =
2
2 mi vi
: CR = vi = wRi Ek =
Ek =
P1
2 mi w
Ri2
1 X
mi Ri2 w2
2
P
y como
mi Ri2 = I = Ek = 12 Iw2
2
~ = Iw
como L
~ = Ek = L2I
En general: T + R (Rototranslacin) = Ek (T ) + Ek (R) = Ek
Ek =
1
1
2
M Vcm
+ Iw2
2
2
1
1
2
M Vcm
+ Iw2 + Ep = cte
2
2
20